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1
Mayes, David. "Getting the right balance between regulation and governance in the non-bank financial sector." Journal of Governance and Regulation 1, no. 3 (2012): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v1_i3_c2_p5.
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This paper uses the example of the collapse of the finance company sector in New Zealand in 2006-2010 to illustrate the problems with light touch regulation and a reliance on good governance to ensure financial stability. It shows two major governance failures, the first in the governance of the sector by the authorities and the second, serious failures in corporate governance by the firms involved. While a light touch may assist economic development it also increases fragility. New Zealand has now switched to a greater emphasis on regulation and to a better alignment of incentives to ensure good governance. While other countries might consider implementing aspects of its new bank resolution regime most are opting for considerably more regulation and compliance costs.
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OLIINYK, ANDRIY. "ASSESSMENT OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES OF CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE BANKING SYSTEM OF UKRAINE." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 300, no. 6 Part 2 (December 2021): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-300-6/2-9.
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In the current conditions of implementation and development of banking, bankers are paying more and more attention to the definition, assessment and measures to reduce the operational risk of the bank. Examples of this type of risk are personnel fraud, information system failures, and specific software failures that can result in significant losses and losses. In order to adequately protect against such risk, the bank must generate capital adequate to cover losses from the bank’s operational risk. The lack of systemic among the manifestations of the bank’s operational risk complicates the process of its identification, evaluation and management decisions. Therefore, the assessment of financial and economic prerequisites for operational risk management in the banking sector of Ukraine is becoming important in order to form an effective management system. The purpose of the article is to assess the financial and economic prerequisites for operational risk management in the banking system of Ukraine and determine their impact on the effectiveness of operational risk management of banking institutions. The main indicators of banks’ financial activity and functioning of payment systems in the banking system of Ukraine are analyzed. It is established that the level of operational risk increases with the increase in the volume of payment system transactions in banking. The assessment of financial preconditions of operational risk management in the banking system of Ukraine is carried out. The influence of financial and economic preconditions on the efficiency of operational risk management of banking institutions is determined and substantiated. Analysis of banks’ activity in the payment card market allows to identify negative aspects that necessitate improving the system of operational risk management of banks and finding ways to minimize them for the following reasons: increasing the share of non-cash payments by payment cards in trade and services compared to cash; expansion of the infrastructure for accepting payment cards; increase in revenues to local and state budgets due to fuller taxation of business entities and individuals (non-cash services sharply reduce opportunities for concealment of income.
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Bagloee, Saeed Asadi, Mohsen Asadi, and Cyrus Mohebbi. "A Model for Screening Vulnerability in the Loan Market in the Context of Credit Rationing." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsds.2014010104.
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The loan market has contributed to the success and failure of economies. Examples of such failures are the US subprime mortgage crisis as well as the global economic meltdown that followed. Many factors influence the loan market, making it volatile and vulnerable. As such, it is important to understand the extent of its vulnerability. Such uncertainties emerge from asymmetric information in the loan market that may lead to credit rationing. Many studies have been devoted to exploring theoretical aspects of the credit market. However, before delving into the theory, it is important to understand and analyze empirical data. Having said that, the literature has yet to provide reliable methodologies for analyzing the empirical data of the loan market. Therefore, given an empirical survey, this study provides a model describing borrowers' behavior in the loan markets. Borrowers are faced with a variety of loan contracts with different terms and conditions from different banks. Logit models can be used to capture the borrowers' choice of bank. Credit is not easily available rather it is rationed and borrowers compete to obtain their required credit via best suited banks offers. The competition is guaranteed by developing a mathematical programming formulation (an objective function subject to constraints) integrated with the logit models for which a solution algorithm using Successive Coordinate Descent was developed. Numerical results of the methodology are presented. Loan terms and conditions as well the borrowers characteristics and preferences are captured in the logit models as explanatory variables. The methodology allows sensitivity analysis on the explanatory variables demonstrating the fluctuation and vulnerability of credit flow.
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Modi, Sandeep Nath. "Greece Crisis: Critical Analysis of Failure of Governance." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 5, no. 3 (December 17, 2016): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v5.n3.p4.
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<em>Greece, which is one of the world’s largest shipping powers, is suffering from financial crisis in Euro Zone. It has impaired the European Economy, besides having an impact on World Economy too. Greece is exposed to huge debt crises owing to IMF, Germany, Spain, Italy, other European Members and European Central Bank. Recently, Greece is trying to strike a deal with its creditors for extension of time for repayment of the loan and have also requested to increase the limit of emergency funding by European Central Bank. The Government has also taken many steps on domestic level to stop the liquidity easing from its financial system and markets. Today, Greece is at cross –road between the Government and the Governance. This Paper dwells on four aspects; first, critical analysis of Greece Economic Structure to know the actual economic condition of Greece. Second, in depth examining the debt portfolio of Greece to know the exposure of the Greece to the European Union Members, European Central Bank, IMF, Private Investors and also critical analysis of Greece Debt Structure along with repayment deadlines. Third, Greece Government’s decisions regarding finding the solutions to counter the financial crisis as to know how governance is more important than growth. And fourt, what would be the repercussions on Greece if it decides/ made to leave Euro Zone. </em>
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Gunawan, Michael, Retno Wijayanti, Febri Nila Chrisanty, Budi W. Soetjipto, Ani Wahyu Rachmawati, and Santi Rahmawati. "Transformational entrepreneurship and its effect on readiness for change, psychological capital, and employee performance: evidence from an Indonesian bank." F1000Research 10 (September 3, 2021): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52480.1.
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Continuing failures of financial capitalism across borders have led corporation to develop a more balanced economic growth model of transformational entrepreneurship that emphasises both short-term economic and longer-term social impacts. The model encourages entrepreneurial activities that bring major changes in the related markets and industries, as well as changes in society and culture. At the corporate level, transformational entrepreneurship prepares employees for any potential changes induced by a dynamic environment; it also improves the psychological capital of individual employees, and effective transformational entrepreneurship can eventually accelerate performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate (1) the direct and indirect effects of transformational entrepreneurship on readiness for change, psychological capital and employee performance, and (2) how the effects to readiness for change and psychological capital influence employee performance. The study data were collected using questionnaires completed by employees in 257 branches of a state-owned bank with locations throughout Indonesia. The data were analysed using the structural equation model. The results show that transformational entrepreneurship significantly and positively influences readiness for change, psychological capital, and employee performance and that readiness for change and psychological capital significantly and positively influences employee performance. Additionally, the effect of transformational entrepreneurship on employee performance is more significant if it is related to psychological capital than to readiness for change or to aspects of employee performance unrelated to transformational entrepreneurship. These findings enrich our understanding of transformational entrepreneurship and its value related to the direct and indirect effects on variables such as readiness for change, psychological capital and employee performance.
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Boreiko, Volodymyr, and Olha Mitchuk. "FAILURES OF THE UKRAINIAN ECONOMY AND USING THE EXPERIENCE OF THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION OF NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES TO OVERCOME THEM." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 4 (September 2018): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-4-50-55.
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Introduction. The most important task of every state is ensuring of citizens’ welfare continuous growth. For centuries, the most famous economists of the world devoted their researches to this issue; they have substantiated the theoretical aspects and have given the practical recommendations for the effective management of national economies. However, using these recommendations, one should be aware that during the last two centuries in the organization and operation of complex economic systems, which are national economies, the significant changes associated with globalization and monopolization of markets, and strengthening the role of the state took place. Purpose of the study. In the article, the reasons that led to the deepening of the gap between Ukraine and mature economies over the last twenty-five years are researched, and it was proposed to use the experience of the European integration of neighbouring countries to overcome them. Results. It is substantiated that the cause of periodic recession of the Ukrainian economy in the nineties of the XX and early XXI century is neglecting of changes that have occurred in the laws of complex economic systems development in the XX century, the loss of state control over social and economic processes in the country, insufficient financing of scientific researches, and implementation of new technologies. It is shown the discrepancy in actions of the National Bank of Ukraine, the Ukrainian government and demands of the national economy for loans. Conclusion. In order to eliminate these causes and providing dynamic development of Ukraine, it is suggested to use the experience of the European integration of neighbouring countries, to create a favourable legal and tax climate to attract foreign and domestic investment, strengthen law enforcement activities for the unshadowing of the national economy, provide structural transformation of cost-inefficient and unprofitable industries, improve the system of taxation entities and persons incomes, ensure equitable distribution of incomes in the country. It is recommended to increase spending on state funding for science and innovation, and implement a set of measures in order to make loans available to local manufacturers and consumers.
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Silva, Adilson Aderito da, Dimária Silva e Meirelles, and Elvio Correa Porto. "Development cycle and carrying capacity." Management Research: The Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management 13, no. 3 (November 16, 2015): 285–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrjiam-06-2014-0554.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the development cycle of Brazilian banking sector during the lengthy period between 1889 and 2009, also identifying an equilibrium number of financial institutions based on the carrying capacity of the environment. Design/methodology/approach – The number of institutions in equilibrium is calculated based on the population density dependence model adopted under the organizational ecology theory. Quantitative data of founding and failure and qualitative data (interviews with the directors, officers and chief executive officers (CEOs) of selected companies) were used. Findings – In all three bank segments (commercial, investment and multiple), the total number of banks in operation on December 31, 2009 was below the carrying capacity. However, in the multiple bank segment, the gap between the actual and potential figures is slightly smaller. As indicated by the respondents, there is almost no room for newcomers in the major bank segments. In counterpart, there is still space for new arrivals in the mid-market bank sector. Research limitations/implications – The findings presented here may change, as carrying capacity is determined by political, legal and economic factors, including the availability of resources in niches and constraints imposed through laws, rules and other regulatory aspects. However, raising the life cycle of the entire population offers opportunities for future research on individual organizational trajectories, using new theoretical and methodological perspectives, such as dynamic capabilities and process theory. Practical implications – The main contribution of this paper lies in indicating the growth potential for banking institution populations in Brazil, and may be used not only by potential newcomers eager to enter the sector, but also as a tool for assessing anti-trust policies. Originality/value – The development cycle of Brazilian financial institution populations is unknown, and carrying capacity is a construct less explored by academic literature, particularly in Brazil. This is a unique study since a demography of an entire banking population in a developing country does not exist, besides there is not such a financial institution like the multiple bank in Brazil.
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Gattoo, Muneeb Hussain, and S. M. Jawed Akhtar. "The Development of India’s Financial Inclusion Agenda—Some Lessons for Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2015): 569–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.569-584.
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Financial Inclusion has assumed a vital position in the Public Policy discourse of developing economies. Provision of financial services to the otherwise excluded strata of the society enhances their potential to climb the economic ladder of opportunity and prosperity. Access to financial services to the otherwise excluded impacts their quality of life and enables the less privileged to increase and diversify their incomes, improve their social and economic conditions. Due to lack of access to financial services, most poor households have to rely on their meagre savings or money lenders which limit their ability to actively participate and benefit from the development process. The main theoretical arguments that economic theory postulates regarding the failure of financial markets in percolating poor and rural areas are of informational asymmetries, difficulties in contract designing and enforcement, greater transaction costs. The demand side aspects may be low demand for such services, arising from illiteracy, less investment opportunities in rural areas and difficult loan contracts [Basu (2006)]. When households are access constrained with respect to financial services, it becomes one of the important reasons for persisting inequalities. Economic theory suggests that unrelenting inequalities has a negative impact on the long term growth prospects of an economy [World Bank (2007)]. While establishing causality between financial development and economic growth has been quite tedious, with no simple answers, the evidence of a strong link between financial development and economic growth has continued to rise [Gattoo and Akhtar (2014)]. The interest in the financial inclusion discourse across developing and developing world stems from the recognition that a strong and vibrant financial system does not necessarily imply increasing financial to all across the societal divide [Honohan (2003)].
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Gilbert, R. Alton, and Levis A. Kochin. "Local economic effects of bank failures." Journal of Financial Services Research 3, no. 4 (December 1989): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00114049.
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Bott, Jürgen, and Udo Milkau. "Risk Culture and the Role Model of the Honorable Merchant." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 11, no. 3 (July 13, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm11030040.
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The current discussion about a “risk culture” in financial services was triggered by the recent series of financial crises. The last decade saw a long list of hubris, misconduct and criminal activities by human beings on a single or even a collective basis in banks, in the industry or in the whole economy. As a counter-reaction, financial authorities called for a guidance by a “new” risk culture in financial institutions based on a set of abstract, formal, and normative governance processes. While traditional risk research in economics and in banking was focused on the statistical aspects of risk as the probability of loss multiplied by the amount of loss, culture is a paraphrase for the behavior in collectives and dynamics of organization found in human societies. Therefore, a “risk culture” should link the normative concepts of risk with the positive “real-world” decision-making in financial services. This paper will describe a novel view on “risk culture” from the perspective of human beings interacting in dynamical and intertemporal commercial relations. In this context “risk” is perceived by economic agents ex−ante as the consequence of the time lag between the present and the uncertain future development (compared to a probability distribution calculated by observers ex−post). For all those individual decisions—to be made under uncertainty—future “risk” includes the so-called “normal accidents”, i.e., failures that will happen at some uncertain point in time but are inevitable, and the only questions are when failure will happen and how to maintain function in the first line of defense. Finally, the shift from an abstract definition of “risk” as a probability distribution to a role model of “honorable merchants” as a benchmark for significant individual decision-making with individual responsibilities for the uncertain future outcome provides a new framework to discuss the responsibilities in the financial industry.
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Zaritskiy, B. E. "The Role of Banks and Stock Market in the German Economy." World of new economy 12, no. 4 (June 3, 2019): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2018-12-4-93-108.
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Relevance. The purpose of this article is to analyse particular features of the modern situation in of the banking and stock market sectors of the Federal Republic of Germany. Some of the topical characteristics of the development of the German banking system during the last years are as follows: The restructuration of the Lands Banks, which was in the centre of the financial crisis of 2008–09; Continuing attempts to reorganise the Deutsche Bank which was and is in continued failure of profits; The decrease in inter-banking credits on the background of expected abandonment of the policy of “quantitative easing”. On the other hand, following a series of unlucky attempts by Deutsche Boerse to establish an alliance with the largest World’s Stock Exchanges, Frankfurt hope to get even with London and become European “financial capital” after Brexit completed.Methods. By analysis of publications edited by EU, ECB, Bundesbank, related German agencies, and also books and articles written by Russian and foreign authors this text demonstrates the changes within the structure of the German banking sector and the strong and weak aspects of the stock market of this country. The author used system’s approach and historical and statistical methods to allow the making of a holistic analysis of the selected topic in its development, as well as ranging statistical data properly and drawing up some conclusions regarding the eventual scenario of further development.Results. This research provided a background for the conclusion that the world financial and economic crisis of 2008–09 has more strongly affected the German banking sector than in former considerations. The leading banking institutions of the country such as Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank are in a hard financial situation. Relatively limited capital adequacy and low level of profitability of the majority of German banks represent important limits for its international activities. Meanwhile, the German stock market remains underdeveloped and therefore plays a subordinated role in financing companies.Prospects. The outcomes of this research could be useful for the assessment of long-term perspectives of the socioeconomic and innovative development of Germany which remains the biggest economy of the EU.
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Warf, Barney, and Joseph C. Cox. "U.S. Bank Failures and Regional Economic Structure*." Professional Geographer 47, no. 1 (February 1995): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1995.00003.x.
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Warf, Barney, and Joseph C. Cox. "U.S. Bank Failures and Regional Economic Structure*." Professional Geographer 47, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1995.003_a.x.
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Lin, Ching-Chung, and Shou-Lin Yang. "Bank fundamentals, economic conditions, and bank failures in East Asian countries." Economic Modelling 52 (January 2016): 960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.10.035.
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Ashcraft, Adam B. "Are Banks Really Special? New Evidence from the FDIC-Induced Failure of Healthy Banks." American Economic Review 95, no. 5 (November 1, 2005): 1712–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282805775014326.
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Recent bank failures are followed by significant and permanent negative declines in real county income. These declines are larger for small failures than for large failures per dollar of assets, are larger for bank failures than thrift failures, and are larger for bank closures than assisted mergers. More interestingly, the failure of even healthy banks has significant and permanent negative effects on economic activity.
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Esbitt, Milton. "Bank Portfolios and Bank Failures During the Great Depression: Chicago." Journal of Economic History 46, no. 2 (June 1986): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700046258.
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Bank failures in Chicago during 1930–1932 are examined to determine whether failures were attributable to poor management practices or to worsening economic conditions. Non-Loop state-chartered banks were divided into those which did not fail and those which failed in 1930, 1931, and 1932. Portfolio variables which contemporary writers held were indicative of poor management practices are used in a multiple discriminant analysis. Using semiannual bank call reports from December 1927 through December 1929, support was found for the poor management hypothesis only for banks destined to fail in 1931
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Jain, P. K., and Manmohan Yadav. "Developing Economies in A Borderless World." Foreign Trade Review 35, no. 1 (April 2000): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515000104.
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The “Death of Distance” will be the single most important economic force shaping the society over the next half century with geography, borders and time zones becoming irrelevant with the new communication revolution. The world trade has increased manifolds since World War II and the merchandise exports have increased to about $6,000 billion today from just $50 billion in 1950 while the trade in services is increasing faster and stands at about $1,450 billion as the economies are opening up and integrating with the world economy. As evident from the experience of the countries that followed open-market and free trade policies, achieved higher growth rates in their GDP, per capita GDP, and the exports than the closed economies. As more and more countries are opening their economies and integrating with the world economy and the revolution in IT, we are heading towards a “borderless” world with free flow of trade and resources. The autarkic strategies for economic development followed by India since its independence inevitably cut the economy off from the technological advancements in rest of the world and as a result India still remains way behind the industrialised economies. Also, despite above average growth in India's GDP and exports since 1970s than the world average, India's per capita GDP is among the lowest at $370. Even the most populous country in the world, China has per capita GDP of $860. The balance-of-payments crisis in mid-1991 forced the Indian policymakers to make a paradigm shift, though under IMF-led bail out package and prescription for structural adjustments, in its economic, industrial, and trade policies more commonly known as the “economic reforms”- liberalisation and globalisation of Indian economy. While the reforms have helped overcome the liquidity crisis and the economy broadly got back to the growth charted in 1980s, yet the structural adjustments have propelled investment in non-traded goods and in buying out of well performing Indian companies and brands by the MNCs than actually increasing the gross fixed capital formation in the manufacturing sector with the modern technologies. It is under this background and the similarities in cultural, political, ethnic and alike factors among the South Asian countries, that the present paper aims at analysing and learning lessons from the progressive aspects as well as failures of India's economic reforms, while the South Asian countries emulated the same.
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Ghosh, Amit. "Do bank failures still matter in affecting regional economic activity?" Journal of Economics and Business 90 (March 2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2016.12.001.
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Hastoety, Sri Poedji, Nunik Kusuma Wardhani, Sihadi Sihadi, Kencana Sari, Dwi Siska Kumala Putri, Rika Rachmalina, Nur Handayani Utami, Made Dewi Susilawati, Reviana Chitijani, and Febriani Febriani. "Disparitas Balita Kurang Gizi di Indonesia." Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan 28, no. 3 (December 3, 2018): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/mpk.v28i3.219.
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AbstractMalnutrition has a role not only to increase morbidity and mortality, but also to psychosocial aspects and intellectual development. Three criteria for malnutrition are: underweight, stunting and wasting, reflecting both past and present growth failures. Growth failure in children under five that occur simultaneously is strongly influenced by the socio-economic conditions of the family. This analysis discusses how disparities in malnourished children in Indonesia are seen from the socioeconomic dimensions of the household. The analysis was done by using Riskesdas 2013 data that was processed by using the HEAT (Health Equity Assessment Toolkit) program issued by WHO 2016. From the analysis, the prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting simultaneously CIAF (Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure) was 2.5%. The lower the economy the higher the prevalence of underfive children experiencing CIAF, under-fives with CIAF mostly live in rural areas compared to CIAF children under five living in urban areas. There are still 15 provinces that have a CIAF prevalence higher than the national figure. CIAF toddlers are more prevalent in mothers with lower level education compared to mothers who have a fairly good level of education. CIAF toddlers occur more common at age over 36 months from the age under 36 months. The provincial dimension gives the highest disparity compared to other dimensions.
Abstrak
Kurang gizi mempunyai peran tidak hanya terhadap bertambahnya angka kesakitan dan kematian, tetapi juga terganggunya aspek psikososial dan perkembangan intelektual. Tiga kriteria kurang gizi yaitu underweight (berat kurang), stunting (pendek), dan wasting (kurus), mencerminkan kegagalan pertumbuhan baik di masa lalu maupun dimasa kini. Kegagalan pertumbuhan pada balita yang terjadi bersamaan sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi sosial ekonomi keluarga. Analisis ini membahas bagaimana disparitas pada anak kurang gizi di Indonesia dilihat dari dimensi sosial ekonomi rumah tangga. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2013 yang diolah dengan menggunakan program Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) yang dikeluarkan oleh WHO 2016. Dari analisis yang dilakukan prevalensi balita yang mengalami underweight, stunting, dan wasting secara bersamaan Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) (sebesar 2,5%. Semakin rendah status ekonomi rumah tangga semakin tinggi prevalensi balita mengalami CIAF. Balita dengan CIAF lebih banyak tinggal di perdesaan dibandingkan dengan balita CIAF yang tinggal di perkotaan. Masih ada 15 provinsi yang memiliki prevalensi balita CIAF lebih tinggi dari angka nasional. Balita CIAF lebih banyak terjadi pada ibu dengan tingkat pendidikan rendah dibandingkan dengan ibu yang mempunyai tingkat pendidikan cukup baik. Balita CIAF lebih banyak terjadi pada usia diatas 36 bulan dari pada usia dibawah 36 bulan. Dimensi provinsi memberikan perbedaan disparitas yang paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan dimensi lainnya.
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Ullrich, C. Robert, D. Joseph Hagerty, and Ronald W. Holmberg. "Surficial failures of alluvial stream banks." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t86-044.
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Erosion of alluvial stream banks is of scientific and economic significance. The principal focus of this investigation was stream bank erosion caused by piping of sand seams, which leads to collapse of overlying strata. Analyses were performed to determine which parameters of the riverbank system are most important in controlling the amount and rate at which piping occurs. Among the failure mechanisms studied were wedge failure of large masses and surficial shearing (slabbing failure) of bank faces. Analyses showed that the most important factors governing piping were permeability and capillary suction in sand seams, slope of sand seams, and water in tension cracks behind the bank face. Flood hydrograph parameters (height of rise and duration of event) were less important, though significant. Whereas unit weight, cohesion, angle of internal friction, and water in tension cracks influenced wedge failures, only unit weight and cohesion directly influenced slabbing failures; however, those parameters influencing piping indirectly also influenced slabbing failures. Results of the analyses agreed closely with field observations. Key words: alluvial stream bank, erosion, sand seam, slope stability, piping, tension cracks, slabbing.
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Meier, Kenneth J., and Jeff Worsham. "DEREGULATION, COMPETITION, AND ECONOMIC CHANGES: ASSESSING THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR BANK FAILURES." Policy Studies Journal 16, no. 3 (March 1988): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1988.tb01858.x.
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Serebrennikova, Anna I., Aleksey V. Mikryukov, and Tatyana A. Tchilimova. "Socio-economic aspects of bank lending to agriculture." E3S Web of Conferences 176 (2020): 04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017604014.
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The article is devoted to the socio-economic aspects of banks ' activities in relation to agricultural lending. The contextual background of the study is the social significance of agriculture for the country in terms of food security and the formation of a stable standard of living of the population. The purpose of the study was to reach the essential understanding of the social aspects of the Bank's activities by considering the social functions of the Bank in the lending process. The article considers the composition of credit subjects and gives a brief description of them. The activity of the State as a regulator of credit relations and a full participant in lending is emphasized. The essential understanding of the bank 's social functions in the context of solving the state 's social task of financing agriculture through the mechanism of concessional lending has been expanded. Conclusions are made about the leading role of the state in the formation of the mechanism of interaction between the Bank and the borrower with the strengthening of social functions of the Bank.
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Evdokimova, Yulia V., Andrey V. Evdokimov, and Anastasia A. Evdokimova. "BANK CUSTOMER ASSESSMENT: ECONOMIC, LEGAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 2-3 (2022): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2022-2-3-03.
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The presented scientific article is devoted to the study of the functioning of the «Know your Customer» platform, implemented by the Bank of Russia in order to increase the transparency of banking operations. The analysis of the structure of doubtful transactions in banks for two periods: the first half of 2020 and the first half of 2021. The process of introducing the «Know Your Customer» platform into action from the standpoint of legal and technological support has been studied. The groups of clients subject to high, medium and minimum risk levels are considered in detail and their detailed characteristics are given. A study of suspicious transactions was conducted. The mechanism of interaction between the regulator, banks and their clients within the framework of the «Know your Customer» platform has been studied. The algorithm of information and technological interaction of banks with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is presented. The main advantages that allow banks, the regulator and clients of banking organizations to optimize their activities within the framework of compliance with the requirements on countering the laundering of proceeds from crime have been identified.
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ZHEN-JIA-LIU. "CROSS-COUNTRY STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF BANK FINANCIAL DISTRESS." Revista de Administração de Empresas 55, no. 5 (October 2015): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-759020150510.
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ABSTRACTBank failures affect owners, employees, and customers, possibly causing large-scale economic distress. Thus, banks must evaluate operational risks and develop early warning systems. This study investigates bank failures in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the North America Free Trade Area (NAFTA), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the European Union, newly industrialized countries, the G20, and the G8. We use financial ratios to analyze and explore the appropriateness of prediction models. Results show that capital ratios, interest income compared to interest expenses, non-interest income compared to non-interest expenses, return on equity, and provisions for loan losses have significantly negative correlations with bank failure. However, loan ratios, non-performing loans, and fixed assets all have significantly positive correlations with bank failure. In addition, the accuracy of the logistic model for banks from NAFTA countries provides the best prediction accuracy regarding bank failure.
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Wheelock, David C. "Regulation and Bank Failures: New Evidence from the Agricultural Collapse of the 1920s." Journal of Economic History 52, no. 4 (December 1992): 806–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700011918.
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This article examines the contribution of government policies to the high number of bank failures in the United States during the 1920s. In the state of Kansas, which had a system of voluntary deposit insurance and where branch banking was strictly prohibited, bank failure rates were highest in counties suffering the greatest agricultural distress and where deposit insurance system membership was highest. The evidence for Kansas illustrates how prohibitions on branch banking caused unit banks to be especially vulnerable to local economic shocks and suggests that deposit insurance caused more bank failures than would have occurred otherwise.
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Carnegie, Garry D. "The accounting professional project and bank failures." Journal of Management History 22, no. 4 (September 12, 2016): 389–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-04-2016-0018.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the strategies and dynamics of the fledging accounting professional project in the context of boom, bust and reform in colonial Victoria. In doing so, the study provides evidence of the association of members of the Incorporated Institute of Accountants, Victoria (IIAV) (1886) and other auditors with banks that failed during the early 1890s Australian banking crisis, and addresses the implications for the professionalisation trajectory. Design/methodology/approach The study uses primary sources, including the surviving audited financial statements of a selection of 14 Melbourne-based failed banks, reports of relevant company meetings and other press reports and commentaries, along with relevant secondary sources, and applies theoretical analysis informed by the literature on the sociology of the professions. Findings IIAV members as bank auditors are shown to have been associated with most of the bank failures examined in this study, thereby not being immune from key problems in bank auditing and accounting of the period. The study shows how the IIAV, while part of the problem, ultimately became part of a solution that was regarded within the association’s leadership as less than optimal, essentially by means of 1896 legislative reforms in Victoria, and also addresses the associated implications. Practical implications The study reveals how a deeper understanding of economic and social problems in any context may be obtainable by examining surviving financial statements and related records sourced from archives of surviving business records. Originality/value The study elucidates accounting’s professionalisation trajectory in a colonial setting during respective periods of boom, bust and reform from the 1880s until around 1896 and provides insights into the development of financial auditing practices, which is still an important topic.
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Balatskyi, Y., and V. Murka. "PROBLEMARY ASPECTS OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 1 (2019): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2019.1-1.
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The article substantiates the issue of important aspects of financial and economic security of commercial banks. In order to maintain the financial and economic security of the bank, it is important to comply with a number of conditions. Such conditions include an adequate level of liquidity, securing loan repayments, increasing bank profitability and minimizing banking risks. Models and methods by which the level of financial and economic security of banks are evaluated are analyzed and systematized in the article. All available models are reduced to an economic security assessment, as the bank's work is based on financial transactions. Therefore, the method of ratios and indicators was used to assess the level of financial security of the bank. The study raised the problem of selecting the required number of indicators that most affect the financial and economic security of a commercial bank. Credit risk was chosen among a large number of external and internal factors, as they have a significant impact on creditworthiness and are set to limit the credit risk of the bank. The weakening of financial security is evidenced by a decrease in liquidity and an increase in accounts payable and receivables, non-compliance with credit risk indicators. Therefore, the article analyzes the financial security by internal factors of influence, namely, the credit risk standards H7, H8 and H9. Three banks were selected for analysis: Oschadbank, Alfa-Bank and UkrSibbank. Today, the level of financial and economic security of the bank is insufficient among Ukrainian banks. In order to form a high level of financial and economic security of the bank it is necessary to achieve effective management of all subsystems of the bank, to develop effective financial management of the bank, to carry out careful personnel selection, as well as to ensure effective risk management. Keywords: financial and economic security of a commercial bank, methods of assessing financial security, models of financial security assessment, credit risks.
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Thießen, Friedrich. "Korruption in der EU und Finanzmärkte." WiSt - Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium 48, no. 1 (2019): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0340-1650-2019-1-25.
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This paper analysis the relationship between corruption and non-performing-loans. Background are EU-programs to help member countries with loans in times of crises. Non-performing-loans and bank failures are regarded as signs of crises. It turns out that most of such loans have been allocated to countries with high corruption grades. The economic literature reveals however that non-performingloans and bank failures are common phenomena in corrupt countries and no signs of specific and acute crises. They are the ordinary consequence of corruption.
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Uteubayeva, A. T., А. А. Kabiyev, and М. Imangaliyeva. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF BANK MARKETING AND THE REAL SECTOR." REPORTS 2, no. 330 (April 15, 2020): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1483.44.
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In an era of rapid technological development and increasing competition, the value of the mass customer as a source of profit is growing steadily. The client becomes the main asset of the bank, its needs and requirements are in the focus of the banking business. The survival strategy in the struggle for the mass customer is based on the submission of all business processes and procedures to one single goal – customer satisfaction. In the future, business performance will be determined by the degree of customer satisfaction. The economic crisis, the crisis of industrial production is pushing for a review of key aspects of banking marketing, which should explore the interaction of the industrial and banking sectors and generate solutions to increase the effectiveness of their interaction. The crisis confirms that it is necessary to improve the tools of banking marketing in the industrial sector of the economy of the region. Computer models, where the atoms are agents, are called agentbased models. In most works devoted to the construction and study of agent-based models, the rules for interaction between agents are extremely simple. Nevertheless, the result is quite meaningful meaningful results. The issues of improving the use of bank marketing tool to improve the efficiency of interaction between the industrial and banking sectors of the economy are considered. Reasoning upon the economic aspects of the effectiveness of bank marketing, the authors state that a marketing performance evaluation system should have not only mechanisms for a posteriori analysis (that is, analysis of the results of acceptance or rejection of an offer), but also possibility of priori assessment of marketing offers, campaigns, profitability, and even marketing budgets. The system should contain a tool that simulates the appearance of clients, the selection of offers to clients and assessing the acceptance or rejection of offers, probable consumption or non-consumption of the proposed product.
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Cox, Raymond A. K., Randall K. Kimmel, and Grace W. Y. Wang. "Drivers of US Bank Failures during the Financial Crisis." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 8 (July 18, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n8p19.
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Hundreds of banks failed during the financial crisis of 2008 to 2010 causing significant social cost and enfeebling economic growth for years following. In the aftermath of the crisis, regulators responded, as always, with new regulations, the efficacy of which is debatable. For policy makers to enact effective regulation, they must understand the true cause of bank failures during crisis periods. We study the effects of 31 variables using univariate t-tests and probit regression to determine their influence on the probability of bank failure. We find that banks failed during the 2008 to 2010 financial crisis because of choices management made to accept more risk, specifically by having higher financial leverage, investing in higher risk loans in real estate and construction and by holding less liquid assets and fewer low risk loans like single family real estate loans. That is, the cause of US bank failures during the finance crisis was poor management.
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SEN, Safa, and Sara Almeida de Figueiredo. "Forecasting Bank Failure with Machine Learning Models: A study on Turkish Banks." Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 3, no. 2 (September 11, 2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2021.3.2.6.
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Forecasting bank failures has been an essential study in the literature due to their significant impact on the economic prosperity of a country. Acting as an intermediary player, banks channel funds from those with surplus capital to those who require capital to carry out their economic activities. Therefore, it is essential to generate early warning systems that could warn banks and stakeholders in case of financial turbulence. In this paper, three machine learning models named as GLMBoost, XGBoost, and SMO were used to forecast bank failures. We used commercial bank failure data of Turkey between 1997 and 2001, where we have 17 failed and 20 healthy banks. Our results show that the Sequential Minimal Optimization and GLMBoost provide the same performance when classifying failed banks, while GLMBoost performs better in AUC and SMO when considering total classification success. Lastly, XGBoost, one of the most recent and robust classification models, surprisingly underperformed in all three metrics we used in research.
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SEN, Safa, and Sara Almeida de Figueiredo. "Predicting Bank Failures with Machine Learning Algorithms: A Comparison of Boosting and Cost-Sensitive Models." Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 3, no. 2 (September 5, 2021): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2021.3.2.5.
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Predicting bank failures has been an essential subject in literature due to the significance of the banks for the economic prosperity of a country. Acting as an intermediary player of the economy, banks channel funds between creditors and debtors. In that matter, banks are considered the backbone of the economies; hence, it is important to create early warning systems that identify insolvent banks from solvent ones. Thus, Insolvent banks can apply for assistance and avoid bankruptcy in financially turbulent times. In this paper, we will focus on two different machine learning disciplines: Boosting and Cost-Sensitive methods to predict bank failures. Boosting methods are widely used in the literature due to their better prediction capability. However, Cost-Sensitive Forest is relatively new to the literature and originally invented to solve imbalance problems in software defect detection. Our results show that comparing to the boosting methods, Cost-Sensitive Forest particularly classifies failed banks more accurately. Thus, we suggest using the Cost-Sensitive Forest when predicting bank failures with imbalanced datasets.
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Smith, Andrew. "Continental Divide: The Canadian Banking and Currency Laws of 1871 in the Mirror of the United States." Enterprise & Society 13, no. 3 (September 2012): 455–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700010843.
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In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, international observers praised the stability of Canada's banks. When financial institutions in the United States and the United Kingdom collapsed, Canada did not experience any bank failures. The World Economic Forum'sGlobal Competitiveness Reportrated Canada's banking system as the most sound in the world. Historically, bank failures have been quite rare in Canada. Some authors argue that the stabilizing features of Canada's financial system were established in the first five years after the creation of the Canadian nation-state in 1867. This paper will examine the making of the Canadian banking law in 1871, an event widely regarded as a crucial turning point in Canadian financial history.
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Estes, Kathy. "Diversification and Community Bank Performance during a Financial Crisis." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 3, no. 4 (January 19, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/.v3i4.190.
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<p><em>Many U.S. banks failed or performed poorly during the recent financial crisis. Although the costliest failures were large institutions, the majority of failures were community banks (less than $1 billion in total assets). Community banks, which are considered instrumental in small business lending and employment growth, face different risks and challenges than their larger counterparts, including a lack of economies of scale and scope and exclusion from “too-big-to-fail” status. These challenges, coupled with the recent failures, motivate research into potential strategies managers can use to improve performance. This study examined the relationship between three potential diversification strategies and community bank risk-adjusted performance from 2007 to 2011. Understanding these relationships could improve management’s decision-making, allowing them to choose risk-mitigating strategies during a severe economic downturn. Herfindahl-Hirschman Indexes (HHIs) were calculated as proxies for geographic, activity, and asset diversification. Multiple regression models for each of the five years were used to calculate the impact of diversification variables on risk-adjusted ROA. The results show that diversification in all areas is directly related to performance; however, only the asset diversification relationship is significant. To the extent possible for community banks, diversification may improve risk-adjusted performance.</em></p>
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Estes, Kathy. "Diversification and Community Bank Performance during a Financial Crisis." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 3, no. 4 (October 21, 2014): 01–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v3i4.190.
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Many U.S. banks failed or performed poorly during the recent financial crisis. Although the costliest failures were large institutions, the majority of failures were community banks (less than $1 billion in total assets). Community banks, which are considered instrumental in small business lending and employment growth, face different risks and challenges than their larger counterparts, including a lack of economies of scale and scope and exclusion from “too-big-to-fail” status. These challenges, coupled with the recent failures, motivate research into potential strategies managers can use to improve performance. This study examined the relationship between three potential diversification strategies and community bank risk-adjusted performance from 2007 to 2011. Understanding these relationships could improve management’s decision-making, allowing them to choose risk-mitigating strategies during a severe economic downturn. Herfindahl-Hirschman Indexes (HHIs) were calculated as proxies for geographic, activity, and asset diversification. Multiple regression models for each of the five years were used to calculate the impact of diversification variables on risk-adjusted ROA. The results show that diversification in all areas is directly related to performance; however, only the asset diversification relationship is significant. To the extent possible for community banks, diversification may improve risk-adjusted performance.
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Parnes, Dror. "The search for an optimal RBC regulatory system." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-05-2013-0021.
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Purpose – The author assembles three hypothetical regulatory regimes and deploys computer simulations to contrast different banking systems based on conventional strategies for appointing risk-based capital minimum thresholds. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The author instigates cascading failure models within numerous directed graphs and measures the inflicted costs, the accumulated bank failures, and the general robustness of the networks following various economic shocks. Findings – The author finds that a homogeneous regulatory regime is an inferior approach. However, a selected too-big-to-fail scheme portrays the best defensive banking model with the lowest number of total bank failures and the fewest banks' costs and social costs. Research limitations/implications – The author can only theoretically examine this topic. Originality/value – The author overcomes some obstacles in prior studies including the use of a large and complex network and the proportional allocation of funds upon a bank failure.
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Irawan, Sandi, Muhammad Iqbal Fasa, and A. Kumedi Ja’far. "Analisis Akad Pembiayaan Murabahah di Bank Syariah Indonesia Cabang Pringsewu." Reslaj : Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal 4, no. 2 (December 17, 2021): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/reslaj.v4i2.693.
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Islam as ad-din contains comprehensive and perfect teachings. Islam regulates all aspects of human life, not only aspects of worship, but also aspects of muamalah, especially sharia economics. The Islamic economic system has developed along with the advancement of science and technology. One form of embodiment of the Islamic economic system is the establishment of Islamic financial institutions in the form of banks and non-banks. The role and position of Islamic financial institutions is considered very important, especially in the development of a people's economic system. This is because the priority of Islamic financial institutions is more focused on forming stronger economic fundamentals.
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Igwe, Augustine Uche, and Festus Chibuike Onuegbu. "Rethinking the Challenges of a Multilateral Development Bank in African Society: The African Development Bank in Nigeria, 1986-2015." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 20, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v20i2.1.
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Multilateral development banks as international donor institutions, oftentimes, are wholly blamed for the failures they encounter in their operational activities in African society. Many scholars have harped on the bourgeois development approach of such banks to fault everything about their operation in Africa. However, a cursory look at the problems that confronted those multilateral development institutions in some African societies tended to present a different scenario. This paper, therefore, examines the challenges of the African Development Bank as one of the international donor-development institutions in Nigeria. Methodology wise, it adopted the qualitative method of research but, as a study in economic history, relevant data were presented and analysed. The writer drew his sources of information mainly from oral respondents, official policy documents and reports. Also, books, newspapers and magazines served as sources. The paper having adopted the structural functionalist theory as the relevant frame of analysis argues that not all the blame for failures about the Bank operation in Nigeria did originate from the Bank: both Nigeria as a recipient and the Bank as a donor share in the responsibility for the performance or failures that the Bank had recorded in the country. The paper found that contrary to the common belief that the African Development Bank is wholly responsible for the problems that confronted it in Nigeria most of those problematic challenges are inherent symptoms of a dysfunctional structure of the Nigerian society. It concludes that the Bank has not been able to realise its developmental targets in Nigeria not because of its bourgeois approach to development but, largely, because the country’s body-politic had been defectively structured in a way that often impedes development. It, thus, enjoins Nigerians not to wholly blame international institutions and donor agencies for all the development failures; hence, it recommends a workable framework and attitudinal reorientation for Nigeria to rid off its structural disabilities and understand her role in the spectrum of development agenda in a globalising world.
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Kotlikoff, Laurence. "Misreading the great recession and applying the wrong fix." Acta Oeconomica 68, s2 (December 2018): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2018.68.s2.2.
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Most economists differ not on the causes of the Great Recession, but on their relative importance. They agree, however, that the core problem is human, not market failure. Their widely held assessment helps explain why the Dodd-Frank banking “reform” says so much and does so little. This study re-tries the usual suspects and finds none guilty. Instead, it points to multiple equilibria in banking and the overall economy. Whether it is Cooke and Company in 1873 or Lehman Brothers in 2008, leverage and opacity are the wicked brew that stokes bank runs. And bank runs prompt employer runs – laying off your employees (other firms’ customers) for fear that others are laying off their employees (your customers). The answer is fundamental, not cosmetic banking reform that fixes banking and the economy for good. The answer is replacing leveraged, trust-me banking with fully transparent, 100 percent equity-financed mutual fund banking. This reform, called Limited Purpose Banking, handles all aspects of finance, including lending, risk allocation and the payment system. It would permanently end the leveraging of taxpayers by banks and bring a permanent end to financial crises.
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ZOLOTAREV, Evgenii V. "To possible negative aspects of privatization of the Russian banks." National Interests: Priorities and Security 17, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.17.1.26.
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Subject. As Russia integrates into the world economy, it needs foreign investment, including the large-scale privatization of public property, especially in the banking sector. In the mean time, the process is coupled with positive effects, posing threats to the national security. Objectives. The study identifies and evaluates possible challenges and threats to the economic and food security, military capabilities and social tensions at the micro- and macrolevels, since the challenges and threats are associated with adverse effects of the privatization of the Russian credit institutions. Methods. The study is based on the dialectical method, systems approach, interpretation of empirical data and facts through charts and graphic representation. Results. I describe credit institutions with the prevalence of the State ownership, point out and analyze their economic and social role in the Russian economy. I reviewed foreign privatization practices in banking, including adverse effects on the economy. The article enlists potential threats to the national security that includes the sensitive data leakage, external governance of national processes, criminalization of administrative agencies, destructive activities of non-residents and failure to achieve economic results desired for the federal budget. I prepared and substantiate proposals on the privatization of banks, including the limit of stock portfolio, which can be sold without a detriment to the national security. Conclusions and Relevance. The prevailing shareholding of the State in the capital of some banks is importance for the stewardship of economic and social processes nationwide. The privatization should not entail the loss of the national sovereignty.
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Ferreira, Sebastián Vargas, Eduardo Aguayo Ruíz Díaz, and Leticia González Kunert. "Corruption: Review, social dimension of corruption and legal efforts in Paraguay." Internacional Multidisciplinary Journal of the Brazil 3, no. 1 (May 8, 2020): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46343/imjbr.v3i1.16.
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The present work is a revision of corruption and the social effects it has on culture, poverty, gender and social organizations, interpreting these instances as integrative for the understanding of corruption as a phenomenon. Furthermore, the present work analyses the legal context of corruption in Paraguay. To address this, a literature review of current and topical research was carry it out, contextualizing the problem from a regional South American perspective and relating it to the efforts of the Paraguayan state with a focus on social corruption as described by various experts on the matter. In terms of the latter, the revision of the legal context of corruption in Paraguay creates an overview of the phenomenon, thus not only identifying the principal institutions, but also exposing their institutional evolution and the changes they represent in reality.
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Mugarura, Norman, and Patience Namanya. "Supervisory mandate of central banks and the spate of bank failures: who is to blame?" Journal of Money Laundering Control 23, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-10-2019-0084.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine how central Banks (in the narrow purview of Bank of Uganda) exercise their supervisory mandate to foster an efficient sound business environment for banks to operate efficiently. The authors were motivated to write on the subject of bank supervision because of the closure of Crane Bank and putting it under administration in 2016. The closure of this bank generated a lot of controversies on both sides of the political divide and in the press. Initially, the popular view was that Crane bank was poorly supervised, and as a result, it was exploited by insiders to commit money laundering, fraud, insider dealing, just to mention but a few. This put Bank of Uganda (the Central Bank) in a negative spotlight for failure to provide the required oversight of this bank. In Uganda, the supervision of banks and other financial institutions is the responsibility of Bank of Uganda. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopted a qualitative research approach using secondary data sources, including books, journal papers and websites, and evaluating primary legislation but also empirical evidence both in Uganda and other jurisdictions. The secondary data was evaluated to draw comparative analyses of causes of banks failures in countries both in Africa, Europe, USA and others jurisdictions across the globe. Findings It would be onerous to charge central banks with the responsibility of preventing bank failures, even though they would are required to institute measures to prevent banks from collapsing and its ripple effects on the economy. Effective banking supervision is a core factor for the success of every bank, but it cannot single-handedly prevent a bank from collapsing. A well-supervised bank can also fail not necessarily because of inherent weaknesses within its banking supervision, but it could fail because of extraneous factors beyond the control of individual banks. For example, Lehman Brothers Ltd (a highly leveraged of broker dealers) collapsed due to factors beyond its control, the Northern Rock and Royal Bank of Scotland in the UK were nationalised by the British Government. Research limitations/implications The limitation of the paper was that data on central banks and failed banks both in Uganda and other jurisdictions (the scope of the paper) was overwhelming, and it was daunting to sift through and analyse it in depth. Practical implications Banks play a fundamental role in the social-economic development of countries, and how they are regulated is significantly important for the stability of economies. They provide loans, guarantees and other financial products to businesses, and they are engines for economic growth and development. Social implications Banks affect, people, societies, businesses, markets and governments. Therefore, this paper has wider implications for the foregoing constituencies. Originality/value The originality of the paper is that this paper is unique, draws experiences across jurisdictions and evaluates in the narrow purview of banking regulation in Uganda.
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Rai, Riya Anil. "Impact of corporate governance on bank profitability - post reforms by RBI and SEBI." Independent Journal of Management & Production 12, no. 7 (October 1, 2021): 1919–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v12i7.1473.
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In India, the increasing awareness with respect to CG, particularly in the commercial banking industry can be attached to a variety of factors such as liberalization, scams, corporate failures in banks, accounting and other irregularities that have led to an era of rising public distrust of the governance process in the banking landscape. Because of economic problems arising out of banking mis-management and failures, studies on bank profitability have become imperative for recognizing problems and mitigating economic risks. Over the last few years, Indian banks' toxic loan pile has increased considerably in addition to frequent instances of governance lapses being identified by the regulator. Indian banks' failure to adhere to acceptable business practices has unraveled a chain of events that have caused distress to the public causing the regulator to overhaul its outlook towards CG in banks and decision to infuse capital in the banking sector to revive it. The study attempts to assess the relation between governance and other factors' impact on the bank profitability with empirical evidence from Axis, HDFC, ICICI, PNB, SBI and Yes Bank. The study outlines links between the Bank's Size, Board Independence, Independence of Audit Committee, Audit Committee Strength, Duality of Role, NPA Divergence and profit by using Return on Equity, Return on Assets and Net Interest Margin as proxies for measuring profitability. The findings indicate that Audit Committee Independence, Audit Committee Strength had a statistically significant impact on bank profits, while Bank Size had a negative affiliation to profits as per all three indicators of profits.
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Brentford, Philip. "Constitutional Aspects of the Independence of the European Central Bank." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 1 (January 1998): 75–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300061571.
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At the celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the signature of the Treaty of Rome 1957 on 26 March 1997, Romano Prodi, President of the Italian Council, said that, with the Maastricht Treaty “we are perfecting our common economic constitution”, and that this Treaty should not be seen simply as an “instrument for the introduction of the single currency, but also as the awakening of the European peoples to the necessity of setting limits on the action of governments”. This notion of constitution or of economic constitution has received much attention from European legal scholars within the ongoing debate on constitutionalism and constitutionalisation within the Community legal order. However, constitutionalisation presents us with semantic difficulties, as legal doctrine has to adapt itself to the specificity of Community law. The discussion is further complicated by the divergence of views on the subject of whether the Treaties are a constitution for Europe and, indeed, whether Europe needs a constitution. Before we consider what constitutionalisation signifies, the notion of a constitution and an economic constitution in Community law merit consideration.
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Cheong, Calvin W. H., and Sockalingam Ramasamy. "Bank Failure: A New Approach to Prediction and Supervision." Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting 11, no. 1 (April 8, 2019): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v11i1.14455.
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Bank failures are costly to customers and the wider market. Prevention is always better than cure but in light of recent economic downturns, it has become increasingly difficult for regulators to allocate more resources towards in-depth monitoring of banking practices. In this paper, we construct a tool that is able to predict bank failures ahead of time with reasonable accuracy. Through a logistic regression on a matched sample of 536 failed and non-failed US banks, we determine the financial indicators that most accurately predicts bank failure. From the regression, we construct a Bank Health Index that assesses a bank’s propensity to failure. In-sample and out-of-sample tests show that our model is about 90% accurate two years prior to failure, and 95% accurate the year before failure. The accuracy and efficiency of the model and index provides a more efficient and effective tool for assessing a bank’s propensity to failure besides requiring far less resources. With these methods, regulators will be able to take preventive measures at least one year before failure, saving the economy millions if not billions in the process.
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Monferrer-Tirado, Diego, Marta Estrada-Guillén, Juan Carlos Fandos-Roig, Miguel Ángel Moliner-Tena, and Javier Sánchez García. "Service quality in bank during an economic crisis." International Journal of Bank Marketing 34, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-01-2015-0013.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the aftermath of the crisis that has plagued the Spanish financial sector from a microeconomic and emotional perspective associated to financial entities’ relationships with their customers. Design/methodology/approach – The authors build a model of effects with structural equation modelling based on the quality of the relationship between financial entities and their customers. The authors identify the different dimensions of quality in the entity’s service provision (tangible quality, functional quality and staff quality) as essential antecedents of the different dimensions of relationship quality (satisfaction, trust and loyalty). Moreover, the authors develop a multi-group analysis to test the moderator effect of age in the proposed model. Findings – The work shows that bank customers have been eminently results driven focusing on functional quality which is a determinant cause of customer satisfaction and trust. Research limitations/implications – Furthermore the authors consider that the dimensions of service quality are interrelated. Functional quality represents an essential quality in customer service, whereas tangible and personnel qualities act to reinforce functional quality. In turn, qualities based on tangible aspects have positive effects on qualities based on intangible aspects. Practical implications – Moreover, the results confirm the consideration of related variables to conform the construct of relationship quality: satisfaction, trust and loyalty. Finally, age has been found to have a considerable effect as a moderating variable in the relations. Originality/value – These results represent a significant change in traditional patterns of bank customer behaviour, and fit in with postulates of a new approach based on individual differences in attitudes, with relevant practical implications.
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Kimura, Mitsuhiko. "Financial Aspects of Korea's Economic Growth under Japanese Rule." Modern Asian Studies 20, no. 4 (October 1986): 793–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00013731.
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Feeling strong pressure from Western Powers Japan abandoned her seclusion policy in 1854 and inaugurated serious efforts to modernize her society and economy after the Meiji Restoration in 1868. She, in turn, forced Korea who had been keeping the seclusion policy on her own to open the door in 1876. The feudal Korean government (the Yi Dynasty, 1392–1910) was impelled to embark on social and economic reforms by opening the door. Yet, after nearly thirty years’ struggle to make reforms and to secure the independence of the country, Korea was converted into a protectorate of Japan in 1905 and was officially annexed to her in 1910. The Japanese government recognized that the creation of modern monetary and banking systems in Korea was the precondition for trade expansion between the two countries (for Japan, rice imports on the one hand and textile exports on the other) and thus started its colonial rule over Korea by establishing a central bank, development banks and financial cooperatives. This paper aims at setting forth an analysis of a more or less unexplored field in the study of the economic history of Korea, that is, the financial aspects of her economic growth under Japanese rule. Particularly, emphasis will be placed on quantitative analysis of major financial variables represented by money, interest rates and bank credit. Before proceeding to the main subject, it may well serve to review some of the financial problems in the late Yi Dynasty period.
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Naumov, I. V., and E. V. Karpova. "Analysis of causes of failures in 10 kV electrical power distribution networks (on the example of the Southern electrical networks of the city of Irkutsk)." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 11, no. 4 (January 21, 2019): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2018-11-4-299-304.
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Disconnection of power consumers from power grids is quite a common event, with a wide range of consequences. Power supply interruptions can be caused by both casual events, and planned shutdowns. Disruptions in systems of power supply of consumers lead to a variety of adverse events (under-delivery of products, large-scale product rejection, failure of production equipment, etc.), which inflicts a significant economic damage. The retrospective analysis of the failure rate of electrical networks of the Right Bank and Left Bank districts of Irkutsk over 2013–2017 has been carried out. The analysis was based on the data from dispatching logs of observations on events of failures caused by emergency damage to the Southern electrical networks. It is established that the greatest number of failures occurs for such reasons as damage at substations, damage to consumer electrical networks, wire breakage in air and cable power lines as well as damage of switching equipment. Failures related to wind load, damage at packaged transformer substations, insulators and surge arresters are also analysed. The percentage rate of failures of electrical power networks caused by specific reasons from the total number of failures is presented. Besides, the analysis is performed of the duration of interruptions of power supply owing to damage of individual elements of power network equipment as well as the amount of electric energy undelivered for these reasons, and financial losses caused by these failures due to under-delivery of electric energy, with the average wholesale electricity prices taken into account.
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Mitrache, Gabriel Razvan. "Big data and AI: a potential solution to end the conundrum of too big to fail financial institutions?" Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2021-0030.
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Abstract The “too big to fail” institutions are a widespread concern, especially in the financial world. Their failure can create severe economic downturns and social turmoil. In past bank failures, governments intervened with public funds to save such institutions from collapse to avoid economic downturns. Since, measures have been put in place to prevent bank failures and limit the utilisation of public funds. However, failures cannot be prevented and risks of affecting the economy are always present in the case of too big to fail institutions. This article explores the possibilities offered by recent advancements in the fields of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, widely implemented by the financial institutions themselves, as tools to be used by authorities in ending the too big to fail conundrum. The adequate implementation of these technological capabilities will contribute to the areas already targeted by governments – reducing the probability of failure and providing tools to limit negative externalities and spillover effects – and will also introduce a new capability that could address the too big to fail matter. Since financial institutions are, in their essence, data hubs, now in a digitalised format, the possibilities to automate tasks and provide insight for decisions should address the issue. The actual transfer of assets and liabilities to institutions that can carry on the activity, currently need years to be handle:. Big Data and Artificial Intelligence technologies could make such operations a matter of hours or days.
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Krásnická, Martina. "Legal and economic aspects of deeper EU integration in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072351.
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The deeper economic integration in form of fiscal union, bank union, or increased macroeconomic surveillance is for the Czech Republic not only the question of whether and when to enter the euro zone, but also whether and when to join the other institutes. The aim of this paper is to analyse the legal background of these instruments and estimate their possible economic impact. These hypotheses would be a subject of author’s further search. The future impact on enterprises in the Czech Republic is evident in some areas of the EU enhanced cooperation. Adoption of the euro is an example. Other aspects of deeper economic integration as for example the bank union do not impact the microsphere so obviously; however can significantly change the business environment in the country.