Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bangladeshi state'
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Siddiq, S. A. "The influence of the State in the industrial relations systems of Third World countries with special reference to Bangladesh." Thesis, Brunel University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355211.
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Sarker, Abu Elias. "State intervention in rural development : a case study of Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277158.
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Ahamed, Farid Uddin. "Ethnicity and environment : 'tribal culture' and the state in Bangladesh." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446502/.
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This thesis investigates the current predicament of the people of Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) in Bangladesh, a population with significant cultural differentiation from the mainstream Bengali population. Dealing with the issues of their survival in the forest and their quest for identity, the research explores how their ethnicity and environment are intertwined. This is examined in the context of state policies towards non-Bengali ethnic minorities in the CHT. The study identifies sources of diversity at the micro level and the forces that create conditions for 'unity in diversity' at the macro level. One is the assertion of 'self-image' on the basis of cultural polarity within the confines of a multi-ethnic locality. The other is the assertion of 'collective image' as unifying forces stemming from the notion of shared deprivation and marginalisation generated by conditions of the State and State institutions. This ethnographic study is based on two years fieldwork between January 1999 and December 2000 among three ethnic groups, Marma, Bawm and Tanchanga in Banderban district of southern CHT. The thesis is divided into three main parts. Part one deals with research context, the historical development in CHT and the main theoretical issues concerning the relationships between ethnicity, social movement and indigenous land rights. The second part looks at local perceptions of settlement, locality and village organisation and at the dimensions of linguistic identity at both group and collective levels. The third part examines broader issues, events and processes concerning ethnic mobilisation around the traditional land use system, jhum, and the politics of khas land, based on case materials of how jhum lands are leased out to Bengalis. This is followed by analysis of local electoral processes and a concluding discussion of 'ethnic mobilisation', 'multi-ethnicity', and 'social movements'. The study promotes a deeper understanding of the multi-ethnic nature of the Bangladeshi State and provides a more balanced assessment of the relationship between ethnicity, environment, development and the state. It also contributes to the wider anthropology of forest-dwelling peoples of South Asia. It challenges the political use of environmentalism and anthropological knowledge in national and regional disputes over the control and use of natural resources.
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Nurunnabi, Mohammad. "Role of the state in implementing IFRSs in a developing country : the case of Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7843.
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The purpose of this study is to examine what factors have been affecting the implementation of IFRSs in Bangladesh from 1998 to 2010. The study seeks to answer these specific research questions: (1) What is the relative impact of accounting regulatory frameworks and politico-institutional factors on the implementation of IFRSs in Bangladesh?; 2(a): How do (i) training opportunities in the accounting profession and (ii) the state of corruption, as outcomes of culture in Bangladesh, affect the implementation of IFRSs?; 2(b): What other country specific factors are affecting implementation of IFRSs?; (3) How does a study of implementing IFRSs help to build an understanding of a theory of the role of the state in accounting change in a developing country such as Bangladesh? This study adopts a mixed methodology in which interviews over two years (2010-2011) are conducted and documentary analyses of IFRSs-related enforcement documents (1998-2010) are evaluated to identify the possible obstacles for implementing IFRSs in Bangladesh. In relation to RQ-1, the study finds that politico-institutional factors are stronger and more dominant factors than accounting regulatory frameworks for impeding IFRSs implementation in Bangladesh. A lack of co-operation among the institutional bodies has existed in both democratic and military-backed government eras (the military-backed government ruled for 19 years out of 40 years of independence in Bangladesh). However, the military-backed government was effective compared to the democratic government in terms of taking action against companies identified as being corrupt. There is evidence of ‘blaming culture’ with the state institutions and the professional bodies blaming each other regarding the IFRSs implementation process. With respect to RQ-2(a), deficiencies in the training opportunities in accounting profession and high levels of corruption are inhibiting IFRSs implementation. Interviewees comment that professional curricula contain limited content on IFRSs and there are limited training opportunities for accountants in the majority of companies. Looser enforcement of the laws is found during the periods of democratic government. However, the levels of corruption were lower during the military-backed government. Regarding RQ-2(b), some country specific factors are also identified in this study: a lack of qualified accountants; a lack of interest in IFRSs by managers of some companies; a culture of secrecy; and higher costs of IFRSs compliance with lower benefits for small companies. In terms of RQ-3, this study contributes to IFRSs implementation as an example of accounting change in a developing country by applying a Weberian view of the theory of the role of the state. Additionally, this study considers the state-society relationship employing institutional dynamics (Dillard et al., 2004). In particular, outcomes of accounting change in Bangladesh are observed from state and individual organisation levels. However, the influence of the organisation field level is unknown in this research because industry lobbying groups were not interviewed. Since the role of the state is vague in prior accounting research, this study discusses roles of the state (i.e. the state approves experts to write rules; it consults with various stakeholders; it enforces outcomes; it is accountable to its citizens; and it engages with donor agencies) in a developing country’s experience during the process of accounting change. Extending Weber’s (1958)[1904], (1968)[1922] argument on state-society, the study finds that for a state in an era of democratic government, politico-institutional factors and corruption (as an indication of societal values) may be more important and concentrated factors than for a state under a military-backed government in terms of impeding IFRSs implementation. The study reveals that all roles of the state have negative influences on accounting change. However, interviewees’ initial concerns about the roles of donor agencies are transformed into concerns about the democratic government’s failure to implement IFRSs. The implications of the study are relevant to policy makers, practitioners and users of financial information. Although the study is based on Bangladesh, the results of the study are expected to be relevant to other developing countries experiencing similar phases of IFRSs implementation.
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Ahsan, Syed Aziz-al. "Islamization of the state in a dualistic culture : the case of Bangladesh." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74603.
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This study examined the interaction of religion and politics in Bangladesh in light of the hypothesis that the nature of the particular process of Islamization of the state of Bangladesh, leading to its present semi-Islamic status, has been a function of three independent variables: the specific nature of Islam in the society; the configuration of political interests; and the international environment. The study found that the semi-Islamic status of the state in Bangladesh achieved under military rule is a consequence more of the manipulation of Islam by the military for the sake of legitimacy and of the influence of the Middle East, particularly the flow of remittances, rather than changes in the value orientation of the people of Bangladesh.
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Stanislawski, Jens-Filip Nycander. "States without citizens : taxation, governance and citizenship in Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.602334.
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The idea that taxation 'demands' representation is central to British and American historiographies that explain egalitarian forms of citizenship. Recently, the idea that taxation is relevant to state building in developing countries has begun to emerge among international development scholars. This thesis explores an empirical case for the idea that taxation inspires democracy and citizenship culture. It combines a detailed case study account of a tax-experiment in Sirajganj, Bangladesh, with an ethnographic account state-citizen interaction surrounding a local government body that took part in the experiment. The study shows that taxation can become a trigger for a wider discussion on justice, rights and correlative duties - enabling a conception of 'right' on legal-contractual, rather than patrimonial basis. A clear finding of the thesis is that given the opportunity for free speech, taxation can inflame underlying social tensions to motivate voice and action where normally citizens tread more carefully. The dissertation reviews a wide academic literature in order to contextualize a nexus of taxation, democracy and citizenship. It critically engages in the debate of foreign aid as a potential resource-curse that may displace the primacy local forms of voice and association. It highlights the fact that NGOs have become the most important institutional actor in Bangladesh, in organizing interests and providing for the poor. But given concerns over sovereignty, these foreign sponsored local interests may not seek representation in parliament. Where the state out-sources the delivery of fundamental rights, with respects to a significant part of the population, to foreign sponsored private initiatives - it becomes relevant to ask whether we a looking at a 'state without citizens'. Moreover, it becomes relevant to consider whet her taxation could be used as a tool to improve democratic forms of governance, as it requires interaction and public dialogue between state and citizens. Whether taxation could improve terms for citizenship in Bangladesh depends on meaning of 'citizenship'. The Bangladeshi legal framework for citizenship envisions expansive health and educational entitlements but limited freedoms of speech, association and insecure property rights. This framework for citizenship should be reconsidered since, given the state of the economy, it is unrealistic that the state could retain enough tax-revenues as to provide in accordance with the law. From a tax-feasibility point of view, Bangladeshi reformers are wise look to the American rather than European example, that exemplifies industrial state society relations. The American emphasis on protecting Individual forms of speech; right and property reflects a pre-industrial model for citizenship. In the agrarian setting collective forms of voice are difficult to organize and thus Bangladeshi citizens need an additional avenue of representation to empower citizens with formal rights. In the American example this is found in an expansive justice system, operating the principle of non-discrimination.
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Ahmed, Nasim. "Privatisation of State Owned Enterprises in Bangladesh: A Study of Policy Implementations." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490041.
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The study explores, examines and analyses the policy context and content, implementation process, impediments and constraints of implementation, and output and impact of the policy relating to privatisation of State Owned Enterprises during 2000-2006 in Bangladesh. Keeping an account of previous policies and efforts, the latest framed Privatisation Policy 2001 and Privatisation Act 2000 of Bangladesh and the role of the Privatisation Commission in privatising jute sector State Owned Enterprises have been given emphasis. Considering relevant theoretical and conceptual issues of policy implementation, the study is conducted on the basis of primary and secondary data.
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Zia-Us-Sabur, Mohammed. "State-non-state relationship within the context of decentralization : understandings of school-level actors in Gopalpur sub-district, Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/60172/.
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The focus of this study is to understand how policies to decentralize governance have affected the primary education sector in Bangladesh with specific reference to non-state schools. Decentralizing education has emerged as an important strategic tool to reform and enhance education quality globally. The study analyzes the relationship between the state and non-state primary education providers in the context of education reforms delivered via decentralization. The investigation used a qualitative case study approach with respondents residing and working in Gopalpur, a small township 125 km away from the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Three categories of school-level actors were interviewed - School Management Committee (SMC) members, head teachers and teachers within two types of schools: Registered Non-Government Primary Schools (RNGPS) and Quomi madrassas. A primary focus of the study is to explore what the basic comprehension of the respondents regarding concepts and the implications of decentralization. The findings indicate that most of the school-level actors interviewed in the Gopalpur area were in fact familiar with the concepts of decentralization and related to it as an act of transfer of power and participatory education processes. The study further revealed that most of the RNGPS respondents supported policy guidelines and directives from the state, which is based on deconcentration, while the Quomi madrassas preferred delegated space. The research also explored the operational relationship between state and non-state providers in terms of two specific aspects. The first aspect was the relationship between state and non-state providers in three specific areas: the SMCs, monitoring activities and the training of education personnel with a focus on teachers. The other aspect involves the extent of trust and respect displayed from the center towards the school-level actors. The SMCs apparently do not feel motivated to be proactive in schools‘ affairs due to limited scope as dictated by the state and lack of authority to hold the school administrations accountable for their actions. However, Quomi Madrassa Management Committees (MMC) is very involved and act as effective mediators on behalf of the community as well as madrassas. In regards to monitoring and training inputs, the state‘s centralized system does not produce far-reaching enough results according to the RNGPS respondents. This study also investigated the mindset of officials belonging to the DPE (Directorate of Primary Education) and MOPME (Ministry of Primary & Mass Education) towards the school-level actors, which are characterized by lack of mutual trust and respect. This study reveals that given the diverse nature of non-state providers, each category of non-state providers has its own historical origins and its own understanding and approaches towards the state. The study also shows that SMCs, monitoring and training sub-systems within the governance play an important role in defining operational relationship between the state and non-state providers. The findings and analyses included herein contribute to the current policy discourse on decentralizing education in Bangladesh within the context of non-state providers and their relationship in operational terms with the state. It adds to more informed and participatory policy formulation and planning processes. Along this process, it serves to inform policy makers, school-level actors and researchers about the value of collective ownership of the policy discourse through meaningful dialogue.
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Shahid, Tahrat Naushaba. "Imaginary lines? : 'Islam', 'secularism', and the politics of family laws in Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5d092800-be1a-42bf-8632-e733889ada15.
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With the world's fourth-largest Muslim population, Bangladesh is an important case study in the exploration of what it means to be a 'secular' country with Islam as a state religion. One important mechanism through which to analyse the relationship between religion and the state is through the country's laws, and family laws are especially significant in that they represent the state's determination of which long-standing social and religious practices find their way into legislation as a representation of societal values. As with many other countries with significant Muslim populations, personal status legislation has remained relatively static in the years following independence, despite attempts at change. Inspired by studies of negotiations between state and civil society actors in bringing about changes in law, this study analyses the evolution of family laws for Muslims in Bangladesh, revealing a range of voices using such laws in their negotiations between competing notions of 'Islam' and 'secularism' and their role in governance. Using parliamentary and Supreme Court records, newspaper archives, expert interviews, and secondary literature, I show that there has been little change in personal status legislation beyond procedural simplification, and that the judiciary and policymakers have had a tendency to support freedom of religious practice except in family laws. This study explores why this is the case, and focuses on the discourse around the National Women Development Policy and its clause on property and inheritance as the greatest point of contention in enhancing women's rights in family laws.
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Myint, Zin Mar. "Peace journalism and framing in the Northern Rakhine State of Myanmar." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35433.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Journalism and Mass Communications
Angela Powers
The country of Myanmar started political reforms in 2010. Along with the process of becoming more democratic, peace and reconciliation have become very important due to the decades-long civil wars that continue to rage between ethnic minority groups and Myanmar Army. The Myanmar media have the potential to play a huge role in national reconciliation. One conflict between the Muslim and the Buddhist of Rakhine State of Myanmar has gained international attention. Research shows that media play a destructive or constructive role in conflict resolution depending on which news frames they adopt in reporting. This uses the theoretic peace journalism perspective, in which media take a careful, consistent and conscientious approach to report stories that create opportunities for society at large and emphasizes non-violent responses to conflict (Lynch, 2008). Using mass media framing theory and existing peace journalism literature, this study investigates the prominence of war and peace journalism framing in the media coverage of an ongoing conflict in the Northern Rakhine State of Myanmar between a group of Muslims and Buddhists who inhabit the region. This study employed a comparative analysis to examine war and peace journalism frames from stories published in four newspapers; two from Myanmar, one from Bangladesh, and one from the U.S. The analysis was guided by Galtung’s (1986) classifications of peace and war journalism and operational definitions derived by Lee and Maslog (2005). Findings suggest that war journalism frames are dominant in the coverage of the Rakhine conflict regardless of media origin. Even though not statistically significant, the government-run newspaper from Myanmar was revealed to produce more peace journalism stories than the other three newspapers. There was a slight difference in coverage of the conflict between English-language and Burmese-language newspapers in terms of peace/war journalism framing. English news stories were more likely to be framed as war journalism than peace journalism. In addition, news stories produced by U.S. journalists and foreign news wire services such as the Associated Press and Reuters were more war-dominant than stories produced by local/regional journalists of Myanmar and Bangladesh. This study calls for international and local journalists to reevaluate their current conflict reporting practices to promote their positive roles in peace processes.
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Huda, Zeenat. "Problem of national identity of the middle class in Bangladesh and state-satellite television." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2004. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1150/.
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This thesis is about the construction and reconstruction of the national identities in Bangladesh, from the Pakistan era to the birth of Bangladesh, to present time. In the light of this political framework, I am looking at the ways in which the state, through the control of the medium of television sought to shift a more syncretic and secular nationalism to a more Islamicist one called Bangladeshi nationalism. I am also looking at Satellite television and the way in which this ruptures the national identities. The study employs the qualitative method to offer an elaborate description of the problem of this national identity by exploring the role of TV officials as cultural artists and the political brokers, as well as the state, in utilising the medium of television for inculcating the certain kinds of identities. The responses of the various professional groups as the middle class viewers of the state television and satellite television in this context has been examined, regarding the question of national identity. The qualitative method has been employed in this work to obtain an in-depth analysis of the problem of nationalism and its association with the history, culture and religion of the middle class in Bangladesh. Through such a procedure this work contributes in demonstrating the fragmentation, multiplicity and plurality of the national identities of the middle class of Dhaka City who find the narrative of the history of the Liberation War and cultural heritage in anomalous ways in various televised programmes under the different political constituencies of Bangladesh.
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Anwar, Anwar, and n/a. "The interplay between the 'political' and 'administrative' ways of governing in nation-states : the case of Bangladesh." University of Canberra. Management, 1989. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060605.122653.
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Ahmed, Khondoker Emran, and Suman Karmakar. "Challenges in the initial stage of internationalization : A study of Swedish and Bangladeshi SMEs." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-19549.
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Internationalization is a topic of much importance because of its complex nature. In this study, the focus is on the initial challenges that the SMEs have to face when they go international. The literature suggests that, due to the simple structure and comparatively weaker financial base of SMEs, they face many hurdles when entering into a foreign market. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate what challenges a Swedish and a Balangedishi SME are faced with in the initial stage of the internationalization process. We have used a qualitative method and collected empirical data through interviews. For the analysis, we use a theoretical framework that emphasizes the Uppsala Internationali-zation Model. Our main results show that the SMEs suffer because of the challenges to collect appropriate information and to reduce cultural differences. With this thesis we hope to contribute with a new understanding of challenges that can help the SME to better cope with challenges in practice when involving in internationalization.
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Khan, Enamul Haque. "A Technology and Management Perspective on Performance in Private and State-owned Banks – Bangladesh Cases." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-37868.
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Abstract Title: Comparative Study Between Private and State-owned Banks: Technology and Management Perspectives Author: Khan, Enamul Haque Supervisor: Catherine Lions Background: Bangladesh is a lower developing country with limited resources and income. In Bangladesh, both private and state-owned banks operate side by side but under dissimilar conditions. State-owned banks are obviously overstaffed but secured by the government guarantee while private banks need to be competitive and profitable to survive. Two major competitive factors are technology innovation and good governance system. Private banks in Bangladesh are providing complete online solutions and function with a decentralized management while state-owned banks behave opposite due to government’s traditional attitude. Therefore it is relevant to explore what the state-owned bank can learn from the private bank so that the former can be more effective and profitable like private banks. Purpose: The purpose is to explore what the state-owned bank can learn from its private competitor. My first purpose is to analyze the functioning of technological improvements that, due to generation change, are vital for banks in developing countries. Secondly, since good governance is necessary for the organization to be efficient, I want to identify the main differences between state-owned and private banks that influence the performance. Finally, how to adapt these issues by state-owned banks to improve the performance is other purpose of this study. Method: Unstructured interviews with qualitative approach were carried by interviewing a private bank and a state-owned bank expertise. Primary data collected through telephone interviews helps to identify the practice in the different ownership systems and how growth factors work. Secondary data works as accelerator of the primary data. Conclusion: I have found that state-owned banks have three major problems are: Poor IT infrastructure, clumsy managerial governance working on regulatory bindings and political influence. To overcome these problems, state-owned banks should try to move towards decentralization of managerial activities and meet the technology standard requirements. Key words: Information Technology (IT), Private Bank, State-owned Bank, Developing Countries, Management, Ownership, Government, Regulation, Politics, Interview, Primary and Secondary Data.
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HOCK, LIM BOON. "Rural-urban industrial shift : A study on the current state of salt production in Bangladesh." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145497.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地域研究)
甲第11077号
地博第12号
新制||地||4(附属図書館)
22609
UT51-2004-J749
京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻
(主査)教授 山田 勇, 教授 田中 耕司, 助教授 安藤 和雄
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Khan, Mushtaq Husain. "Clientelism, corruption and capitalist development : an analysis of state intervention, with special reference to Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250954.
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Khan, S. A. "The state, village society and the political economy of agricultural development in Bangladesh : 1960-1985." Thesis, University of York, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373287.
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Choudhury, Nilufar Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "Gender, class and the environment in development: state interventions and civil society responses in Bangladesh." Ottawa, 1996.
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Sultana, Moshahida. "Do migrants transfer tacit knowledge? : the case of highly skilled Bangladeshi immigrants in the United States." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33040.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-81).
Transfer of knowledge is a complex process. While codified knowledge is easy to transfer, tacit knowledge is not. "Tacit knowledge is difficult to exchange over long distance because it is heavily imbued with meaning arising from the social and institutional context in which it is produced, and this context specific nature makes it spatially sticky" (Gertler 2003). This thesis argues that there is certain tacit knowledge that migrants often transmit over long distances after customizing the knowledge to apply in different institutional settings. This thesis takes the example of Bangladesh, a country having an unfavorable socio- economic and institutional setting for receiving new technology, and explains how, despite the unfavorable conditions, some expatriates do transfer their knowledge to Bangladesh. Based on in-depth interviews with those expatriates creating the most impact in the economy of Bangladesh, the thesis shows that highly skilled Bangladeshi immigrants in the United States transfer tacit knowledge through building partnerships with individuals and organizations in Bangladesh. The thesis also finds that these partnerships are mostly based on trust, often coming from basic commonalities: same language, common "codes" of communication, shared norms, and personal knowledge about each other.
by Moshahida Sultana.
M.C.P.
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Nasreen, Zobaida. "The indigeneity question : state violence, forced displacement and women's narratives in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12063/.
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This research aims to examine the experiences of forced displacement arising out of decades of militarisation and land grabbing perpetrated by the Bangladesh Army and Bengali settlers on the indigenous communities in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh. Situated within the context of the anthropology of violence, displacement, indigeneity and South Asia this is rooted in the paradigm of historical and social anthropology. The approach of the study is multi-sited, discursive, uses qualitative methodology and is based on nine months of ethnographic research between 2012 and 2013 in two districts in the CHT among four indigenous groups. I focus on ordinary (non-activist) indigenous hill women‘s narratives of violence and forced displacement in the pre- and post- peace accord (signed in 1997) periods. Ordinary indigenous people were drawn into the armed conflict between the Bangladesh army and the Shanti Bahini (SB), the armed wing of Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti (PCJSS). Women‘s participation was in the form of direct and organised resistance as well as unorganised, everyday resistance and negotiation, yet none of it is acknowledged in the peace process. While there is some work on the narratives of indigenous woman activists there is little documentation of ordinary (often assumed to be passive) indigenous women’s narratives of violence and everyday forms of protest and negotiation. Instead, I argue that the various kinds of non-activist women’s everyday experience of terror as a result of Forced Displacement in the CHT is not a singular experience. Their experience can only be understood through the confluence of their encounter with state and army violence; as well as through interactions with activists, infra-politics in the local community and at the conjuncture of their own various locations. In the process, the ethnography of the ordinary indigenous women interrogates and challenge the concept of indigeneity.
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Chowdhury, Ashraful Aziz. "Path analysis : a multivariate statistical procedure for nuptiality studies." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/445620.
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This thesis may be broadly divided into two parts.The first part critically discusses various aspects of path analysis as a statistical tool for abstract analysis. The second part investigates the changing pattern of nuptiality in Bangladesh by districts using 1981 census data. Path analysis has been applied to find and analyze the nature and extent the of causal relationship between the dependent variable, nuptiality and its determinants. It is observed that education, urbanization,female employment and economic development are all strongly positivelyrelatedto nuptiality. That is, formal and effective education policy combined with proper urbanization and development policies may increase the female employment rate which in turn will raise age at marriage. Further, effects of various indices through childlessness is reasonably high. This indicates that appropriate population distribution policies and introduction of insurance schemes for childless couples and couples with fewer children may indirectly put positive effect on nuptiality.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306
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Chowdhury, M. H. "Intelligence agencies and the evolution of the state in South Asia : from East Pakistan to Bangladesh, 1947-2008." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597656.
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This is the first scholarly work in the Western academy to document from primary intelligence sources hitherto unavailable the use of intelligence agencies by states taking over from the Raj and involves a study of the contemporary secret service communities of Bangladesh, Pakistan and India. Intelligence agencies have actually played a significant role in the subcontinent in forming new states, in sustaining weak states, and in Bangladesh’s case, strengthening states born from secession. The evolution of the state from East Pakistan to contemporary Bangladesh is part of a much wider picture of how national intelligence machinery equally evolved, to be used and abused by governments in the course of nation building in weak and incomplete post-colonial states conforming to a Westphalian system. The first account of the role of intelligence agencies in East Pakistan confirms that the continuous denial of Bengali agency in the Pakistan enterprise and recourse to intrigue, coercion and force led to the break-up of Pakistan and the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent state in 1971. The study supports the view that intelligence operations in South Asia have been dominated by covert action, counter-insurgency and clandestine wars, identifiable in Indian intelligence support to the Bangladesh independence movement and later in their sponsoring the insurgency in Bangladesh’s Chittagong Hill Tracts. With the very first literature on Bangladesh’s intelligence community and its role in the evolution of the state from post-revolution anarchy to parliamentary politics the research follows the Mujib phase, through the military-bureaucratic period of the Zia and Ershad regimes, and concludes with the era of democracy in contemporary Bangladesh. Bangladesh’s national intelligence machinery has evolved in correspondence with the progress in strength and stability of the state and civil-military relations, and has been used by every type of government to maintain absolute power and political security.
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Puri, Nikhil Raymond. "Minds of the madrasa : Islamic seminaries, the State, and contests for social control in West Bengal and Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1eba9e10-389a-42a4-8316-dfb69ded1c94.
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This qualitative study analytically compares State-madrasa and inter-madrasa relations in Hindu-majority West Bengal and Muslim-majority Bangladesh. It uses Migdal’s State-in-Society approach to explain the nature and bases of these interactions as expressed in three interrelated arenas: educational, organisational, and political. The central question addressed in the educational arena is why some madrasas (recognised madrasas) respond positively to State-initiated incentives for reform while others (unrecognised madrasas) reject the same. In resolving this puzzle, the study seeks also: 1) to classify madrasas in each setting according to their relative thresholds for engagement with the State; and, 2) to identify how, and to what extent, the State can extend the appeal of its reform scheme to unrecognised madrasas. In the organisational arena, the study focuses exclusively on those madrasas that reject State-initiated reform, asking how they organise independently of the State. A key objective here is to determine how inter-madrasa relations vary between Muslim-minority and –majority contexts, and which specific aspects of the State’s policies most encourage such variation. The study’s third empirical section examines State-madrasa relations as expressed through two phenomena in the political arena. The first phenomenon involves the politicisation of recognised madrasas by the State (represented by political parties and their student wings). The study explicates the mechanisms through which this politicisation occurs, identifies the factors facilitating/impeding such politicisation, and assesses the impact of this politicisation on the political allegiances of individual students. The second phenomenon sees representatives of unrecognised madrasas (attempting to) reach into the State complex by launching madrasa-based political parties. The study focuses on this phenomenon to gauge the relationship between a madrasa man’s careers in the educational, organisational, and political arenas: To what extent can madrasa-based political entrepreneurs leverage influence wielded in the educational and organisational arenas towards success in the political arena? And do those who succeed in entering the State complex use this opportunity to promote the societal interests they represent in the educational arena, or in pursuit of increased authority in the organisational realm?
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Hakim, Md Abdul Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "The colonial legacy in the administrative system of a post-colonial state; the case of Bangladesh, 1971-1985." Ottawa, 1987.
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Hassan, Sajjadul. "Evaluation of alternative farming systems with reference to income and gender in selected areas of Bangladesh /." View thesis View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030407.134141/index.html.
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Thesis (M.Sc.)(Hons.) -- University of Western Sydney, [2002]."A thesis presented to the School of Environment and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Honours) " Bibliography: leaves 133-140.
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Ahmed, T. "Decentralisation and the local state under peripheral capitalism : a study in the political economy of local government in Bangladesh." Thesis, Swansea University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.635859.
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Conventional social sciences literature usually presents decentralisation as a means of achieving development and democracy. The present thesis, however, argues that the significance of decentralisation and local government is rooted in the specific material conditions of a society which in turn are reflected in the nature of the state stemming out of it. In a developed capitalist society, the local state helps to reduce the variable costs of accumulation to private capital through its 'social investments' and 'social expenditures' and legitimises bourgeois institutions as humane and benevolent providers of social services. Nevertheless, in the developed capitalist societies, because of the development of the productive forces and the existence of an organised working class, the local state can also be used as an arena of class struggle against the hegemonic bourgeois class. While decentralisation and local government support the process of private accumulation and political legitimation in the peripheral capitalist societies as well, the difference in the material conditions of society there and the corresponding class nature of the state make for substantial differences in the character and functions of local government. The absence of a single hegemonic class brings different fractions of contending classes into coalition in order to control the state because control of the state is central to the whole process of accumulation. Local government in these societies provides the central state with an institutional basis on which to forge and extend the class alliance on which the state is based. As peripheral capitalist accumulation is not dependent on the indigenous production system, the provision of social investment and social expenditure is not intended to support the reproduction of labour power in general, but rather to secure the support of class alliance. State-induced development initiatives are designed as a patronage distribution system for the local power structure in order to serve their support to the central power bloc. Local government in Bangladesh since 1958 has been used by military-bonapartist regimes to create local support through a patron-client network. Because of this the potential of local government institutions to act as a viable means of progress and social change has been arrested. However, the potential still remains if progressive social and political forces could be realigned for enlarging the class consciousness of the rural majority, enabling it to participate authentically and more fully in the political process at local and national levels.
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Ali, Syed Mahmud. "Nation-building and the nature of conflict in South Asia : a search for patterns in the use of force as a political instrument within and between the states of the region." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319383.
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Mamun, M. A. A. "An application of stated choice to the valuation of bus attributes : a case study of Dhaka, Bangladesh." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16198.
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Bus is the main mode of urban transport in most cities in developing countries. Despite a high mode share, bus service quality is often poor and para-transit services are regarded as a problem in urban transport systems rather than a solution. Using Dhaka as a case study, this thesis investigates bus service quality through identification and valuation of thirteen important attributes using discrete choice models. The attributes examined are travel time, travel cost, waiting time, headway, priority seats for women, crowding inside the bus, boarding and alighting, picking up and dropping off passengers, bus stop facilities, driving quality, driver and crew behaviour, cleanliness inside the bus, and air conditioning. Five focus groups were conducted to identify key qualitative bus attributes and their levels in order to design choice experiments for valuation. A survey of 431 respondents in Dhaka was then undertaken. Two choice experiments were designed and implemented within the survey, each with seven attributes (set A and set B) with travel cost as the common attribute. Multinomial Logit (MNL) models and Mixed Logit (MXL) models were developed using the Dhaka choice data. Twelve of the thirteen attributes were statistically significant at the 99% level. The values of in-vehicle time (IVT), waiting time and headway were BDT 34.80, 47.40 and 64.20 per hour respectively for low income groups in the segmented model. Waiting time has a premium valuation, 1.36 times higher than IVT, which endorses existing evidence. The highest valuation is for the dummy variable seating all the way which is BDT 42.20 for high income females. The next largest was bus stops properly, picks and drops passengers nicely , followed by wide door and mild steps for boarding and alighting , smooth and safe journey , bus stop with shed, but no seating arrangements , and air conditioning . The lowest value was BDT 4.61 for deck and seats are clean and tidy , for the low income group. The WTP for the qualitative attributes is high, but given the poor level of the existing service and low fare levels this seems reasonable. Income has a significant impact on travel cost, as well as gender on priority seats for women and crowding inside the bus. However, household car ownership does not have a significant impact on any of the bus attributes examined. The high income group has 75% higher WTP for A set attributes and 79% higher WTP for B set attributes than low income group. Females have 76% higher WTP for standing comfortably all the way , but 38% higher WTP for seating all the way compared to the male. However, females have a WTP of BDT 0.44 for per percent of priority seats for women in contrast with males who have a WTP of BDT -0.11. There is significant taste heterogeneity for both quantitative and qualitative attributes. The qualitative attributes for picking up and dropping off passengers, boarding and alighting facilities and driving facilities have higher valuation and this attributes came from the existing within the market competition structure in a highly fragmented bus market. Therefore, it is recommended to introduce competition for the market and incentives for bus industry consolidation.
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Mirza, Maha Zeeshan [Verfasser]. "State Business Nexus & Democracy In Bangladesh: The case of Asia Energy, BGMEA, and Quick Rental Power Plants / Maha Zeeshan Mirza." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1229086102/34.
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Yusha, Victor. "The Role of Multinational Corporations and of the State in Promoting Human Rights in Bangladesh: A Case Study of the Rana Plaza Factory Collapse." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22227.
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My study analyzes the role of the state and multinational corporations in the promotion of workers’ rights in Bangladesh through a case of the Ready-Made Garment(RMG) industry. My study examines the responsibility of Multinational Corporations(MNCs) and the motivation behind it. It also examines the principles of Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) and the way they work on practice in the aftermath of the Rana Plaza factory collapse. Additionally, it reveals the roots to the state’s failure to sufficiently comply with its obligations towards the protection of human rights through the lens of globalization and neoliberalism. My study concludes that as multinational corporations have much more resources at their disposal, the state of Bangladesh should not be held entirely accountable for the human rights violations, but the promotion of human rights should be performed in a mutual manner.
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Jahan, Farhat [Verfasser], Burkhard [Gutachter] Schnepel, Carmen [Gutachter] Brandt, Kirsten W. [Gutachter] Endres, and Rahul Peter [Gutachter] Das. "The issue of identity : state denial, local controversies and everyday resistance among the Santal in Bangladesh / Farhat Jahan ; Gutachter: Burkhard Schnepel, Carmen Brandt, Kirsten W. Endres, Rahul Peter Das." Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1210731576/34.
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Rahman, MD Shafiqur. "Transnational media reception, Islamophobia, and the identity constructions of a non-Arab Muslim diasporic community : the experiences of Bangladeshis in the United States since 9/11 /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456295571&sid=11&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Pachauri, Anupam. "Multi-stakeholder partnerships under the Rajasthan education initiative : if not for profit, then for what?" Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43256/.
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This thesis explores the development of a multi-stakeholder partnership model using a multiple case study research design. Specifically this study examines the rationale for the launch of the Rajasthan Education initiative, its development and its impact on educational development and reaches conclusions about the scalability and sustainability of multistakeholder partnerships (MSPs) in the context of Rajasthan. The literature review shows that there is insufficient independent research evidence to support the widespread claims that public private partnerships (PPPs), of which MSP is a new ‘avatar', are able to deliver results in terms of developmental gains and added value. This paucity of evidence and profusion of claims is partly explained by the fact, that the research that has been commissioned is not independent and its conclusions have been shaped by vested interests of those promoting the organisations they claim to evaluate. In particular organisations associated with the World Economic Forum (WEF) have been projecting PPPs and programmes of corporate responsibility as a way to engage for-profit organisations and enhance the effectiveness of external support for the delivery of services to basic education. Alongside this not-for-profit PPPs are seldom scrutinised in terms of public accountability, value for money, scalability, or sustainability partly due to the voluntary nature of such inputs to the public system. I believe my research makes a new and unique contribution to the independent evaluation of state enabled, not-for-profit MSPs in action. The research selected eight formal partnerships for case study which were selected using a matrix of organisational characteristics, scale and scope of interventions. The case studies are organised into four thematic groups i.e, School adoption, ICT based interventions, teachers' training and universalisation of elementary education in underserved urban localities. Each case study is examined using a framework which highlights three dimensions. These are i) the design of the partnership, ii) stakeholder involvement and intra agent dynamics and iii) the Governance of the partnership. A cross case analysis of the eight partnerships is used to arrive at conclusions about MSPs in Rajasthan. This uses the concept of double contingency of power (Sayer 2004), and specifically the concept of causal power and causal susceptibilities and Stake's (2006) multiple case analysis, to discuss the commonalities and differences across partnerships and emerging themes while cross analysing the partnerships. I have engaged in interpretivist inquiry and sought to understand the workings of an MSP which involves businesses and CSR groups alongside NGOs and government agencies with an aim to place Rajasthan on a fast development track. Rather than looking for an ideal type MSP, I problematise the MSPs in Rajasthan as I explain the workings of an MSP model in action. Given this methodological perspective, I have used semi structured interviews, observations of the partnership programmes in action, and document analysis as methods to collect and corroborate data for this study. The study concludes that the exiting MSP arrangements in REI are not scalable, unsustainable and have very limited impact. Moreover, the MSPs are unstable and reflect fluid inter-organisational evolution, as well as ambiguous public accountability. There was no purposeful financial management at the REI management level. In addition the exit routes for partners supporting interventions were not planned, resulting in the fading away of even those interventions that showed promise in accruing learning gains for children, and by schools and teachers. Non-scalability and lack of sustainability can be inferred from the fact that the partners do not have a long term view of interventions, lack sustained commitment for resource input and the interventions are implemented with temporary work force. The instability of the partnerships can be explained through the absence of involvement of government teachers and communities. Also economic and political power dominated the fate of the programmes. In this MSP it was clear that corporate social responsibility (CSR) was a driving force for establishing the MSP but was not backed by continued and meaningful engagement. The ‘win-win' situation of greater resources, efficiency and effectiveness, which formed the basic premise for launching the REI was not evident in reality. MSPs are gaining currency globally. This research points to the fact that much more intentional action needs to be taken to ensure that partnerships such as these have a sustained impact on development. The problems and issues of education are historically, politically and socially embedded. Any action that does not take this into account and which is blind to the interests of different stakeholders in MSPs, will surely fall short of achieving what it set out to do. Further independent research examining the ambitions and realities of other MSPs is needed to inform policy development and implementation. This is essential for achieving the goals of education for all before investing further in what appears to be a flawed modality to improve access, equity and outcomes in education.
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Khan, Riaz Arshad. "The Britannic voices : legislating citizenship in empire and nation-state /." 2001. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3029507.
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(13980581), Abul Hossain Ahmed Bhuiyan. "Developmentalism and disciplinary power: The case of Bangladesh." Thesis, 2022. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Developmentalism_and_disciplinary_power_The_case_of_Bangladesh/21359379.
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Over the last fifty years or so, a myriad of strategies and techniques were deployed with a hope of bringing the people of post -colonial and underdeveloped societies under the process of 'normalization', i.e. development, such as was already experienced by the Western industrial societies. In the process of their deployment, three actors - European rational science, local trustees and the masses - emerged within an ideal construct, developmentalism. This thesis, using discourse insight, examines the process of normalization that operated through the execution of developmentalism in a particular country - Bangladesh.
The thesis shows that, despite achieving the status of political independence as a nation state, Bangladesh not only remained dependent but also entered into a decisive condition of management and control by this disciplinary power of normalization. This occurred through an acceptance of Western modernity as a truth applicable to all humanity. In concrete terms, the Bangladeshi state actively participated in this project by forming (1) a 'think tank' comprising the planning commission and various research institutions; (2) a huge bureaucracy, both public and private; and (3) a mobilisation of the masses into various cooperatives/collectives. The think tank produced development knowledge by directly appropriating the rationality of Western science and technology. Various development projects produced by the application of this knowledge were then implemented by the bureaucracy at the local level. Unlike under colonial subjugation, the masses were not forced to accept the project, but they were made to conform 'of their own free will'. Regardless of its level of achievement in transforming the lives of poor Bangladeshis in material terms, the project achieved their consent to being ruled by the development elite.
Although numerous studies have concluded that most Bangladeshis remained poor (if not worse-off), the trustees or elite of development in Bangladesh managed to change their own fortunes. They gained recognition by intellectually promoting Bangladeshi underdevelopment to the West, keeping themselves personally afloat on Western aid, in luxury. In the end, Western science and rationality are enabling them to remain in power until an alternative--a resistance to this hegemony--can be established.
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Riaz, Ali. "State, class and military rule in Bangladesh : 1972-1982." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10140.
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Ashik, S. M. Tariqul Hasan. "Journalist insecurity & state control over journalism in Bangladesh." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/23533.
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The media upholds democracy and rights of mass people in the contemporary globe, and it is regarded as the fourth estate of a state. It is known to all that freedom of press is a fundamental right of citizens in a democracy. This fundamental right is being questioned by world governments bearing manifold interpretation in the related laws and systems along with different kinds of insecurity issues like killing, force disappearance, attacking or being threatened. Mass-media systems of the world vary from one another according to the economy, polity, religion, and culture of different societies. Journalism and freedom of speech has been an important part of a democratic society from the very beginning of modern history. Violence, threats, and insecurity against journalists all over the world have been increasing steadily. Additionally, fear of losing jobs, political pressure and harassment by the state-authority or political leaders, providing anti-public law and self-censorship are suffocating media freedoms every now and then. A good number of researches have been done; and published literature on the subject matter is also ample. But there are very few on the issue of media-control and journalist insecurity in Bangladesh. This research is an attempt to explore the journalists’ insecurity issues and overt/covered control mechanisms by the state that has been practiced over the mainstream news media in Bangladesh in different times. The study mostly focused on the socio-political environment of journalists’ insecurity and state-sponsored media-control mechanisms in Bangladesh. There were possibilities to work with other countries, but the area has been chosen based on Bangladeshi Media to add something new to that gap.Os meios de comunicação social defendem a democracia e os direitos das pessoas de massas no mundo contemporâneo, e é considerado como o quarto estado. Todos sabem que a liberdade de imprensa é um direito fundamental dos cidadãos numa democracia. Este direito fundamental está a ser questionado por governos mundiais com múltiplas interpretações nas leis e sistemas relacionados, juntamente com diferentes tipos de questões de insegurança como matar, forçar o desaparecimento, atacar ou ser ameaçado. Os sistemas de mass-media do mundo variam uns dos outros de acordo com a economia, política, religião e cultura de diferentes sociedades. O jornalismo e a liberdade de expressão têm sido uma parte importante de uma sociedade democrática desde o início da história moderna. A violência, as ameaças e a insegurança contra os jornalistas em todo o mundo têm vindo a aumentar constantemente. Além disso, o medo de perder empregos, a pressão política e o assédio por parte da autoridade do Estado ou dos líderes políticos, proporcionando leis anti-públicas e auto-censura, sufocam de vez em quando as liberdades dos meios de comunicação social. Um bom número de pesquisas tem sido feito; e a literatura publicada sobre o assunto também é ampla. Mas há muito poucos sobre a questão do controlo dos media e da insegurança dos jornalistas no Bangladesh. Esta investigação é uma tentativa de explorar as questões de insegurança dos jornalistas e os mecanismos de controlo aberto/coberto pelo Estado que tem sido praticado sobre os principais meios de comunicação social no Bangladesh em diferentes épocas. O estudo centrou-se principalmente no ambiente sócio-político da insegurança dos jornalistas e nos mecanismos de controlo dos meios de comunicação social patrocinados pelo Estado no Bangladesh. Havia possibilidades de trabalhar com outros países, mas a área foi escolhida com base nos meios de comunicação social do Bangladesh para acrescentar algo de novo a essa lacuna.
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Bunch, Patrick Dean. "Deliberate uncertainty : the South Asian Crisis of 1971, the Nixon White House, and the U.S. State Department." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6191.
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This thesis focuses on the events surrounding the South Asia Crisis of 1971, beginning in when the Pakistani government launched its military crack-down in East Pakistan in the spring and extending to the conclusion of the Indo-Pak War by the year's end. It examines how President Nixon's administration and the US State Department viewed the events in South Asia, what they saw as being the appropriate response, and the differences in what they thought the US should do in response to what was happening on the other side of the globe. The analysis will reveal that the President and his primary foreign policy advisor, Dr. Kissinger, deliberately misled and misinformed the US State Department and its Ambassadors abroad in Pakistan and India in an effort to keep secret from them and the American public, the President's desire to support Pakistan and to blame India as the source of the conflict. The resulting confusion and misunderstanding by the diplomatic community raised tensions in the region, lengthened the conflict, and weakened America's credibility in the sub-continent.text
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Alam, Muhammad Badiul. "Democracy and authoritarianism in a new state :The case of Bangladesh." Thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/6092.
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Nova, Nafisa I. "A Comparison Of Art Education Practices In Bangladesh And In The United States." 2016. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/art_design_theses/209.
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The intent of this study is to provide a comparison study of art education philosophies, methods, and practices in Bangladeshi schools to schools in the United States. This is a descriptive study with an intensive examination of curriculum materials and textbooks from the education system in Bangladesh as well as narrative based on my past experiences as a student in Bangladeshi primary schools. After translating and analyzing Bangladeshi middle school curriculum, I compared and contrasted art education philosophies, objectives and practices in Bangladesh with those in the United States.
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Chowdhury, Rashid A. "United States foreign policy in South Asia : the liberation struggle in Bangladesh and the Indo-Pakistan war of 1971." Thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9882.
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Islam, Kazi Maruful [Verfasser]. "The impact of health sector reform on state and society in Bangladesh, 1995 - 2005 / vorgelegt von Kazi Maruful Islam." 2007. http://d-nb.info/986695424/34.
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Bozack, Anne K. "Chronic arsenic exposure in Bangladesh and the United States: from nutritional influences on arsenic methylation to arsenic-induced epigenetic dysregulation." Thesis, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-dg91-0d76.
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Background: Chronic arsenic (As) exposure in a global public health concern. Arsenic exposure through drinking water affects over 140 million people in at least 70 countries, including 40 million people in Bangladesh. In the United States (US), 2.4 million people rely on private wells or public water systems with As levels above the US maximum contaminant level.
Ingested inorganic arsenic (InAs) is methylated to monomethyl (MMAs)- and dimethyl (DMAs)-arsenical species using the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Full methylation of InAs to DMAs decreases As toxicity and facilitates urinary As excretion. Arsenic methylation capacity is influenced by nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism (OCM), the biochemical pathway that synthesizes SAM. Folate recruits one-carbon units for the remethylation of homocysteine and the synthesis of SAM. The availability of one-carbon units is also impacted by nutrients including the alternative methyl donor betaine, its precursor choline, and possibly the cofactor vitamin B12. In addition, As methylation capacity may also be influenced by creatine; an estimated 50% of SAM is consumed by the final step of endogenous creatine synthesis.
The adverse health outcomes associated with chronic As exposure include impaired intellectual function, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, inflammation, and cancers of the bladder, lung, kidney, liver, and skin. In utero As exposure is associated with adverse birth outcomes include decreased birth weight and gestational age. Elevated health risks persist after exposure has been reduced or ended, leading to the hypothesis that epigenetic dysregulation, including changes in DNA methylation, may be a biological mechanism linking As exposure to health outcomes.
Objectives: This research has three main objectives: (1) to investigate the influence of OCM nutritional factors on As methylation by evaluating effects of folic acid (FA) and creatine supplementation on As methylation capacity, and effect modification by baseline status of OCM-related nutrients; (2) to examine associations between As exposure and loci-specific DNA methylation in an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS); and (3) to assess mediation of the association between in utero As exposure and birth outcomes (i.e., gestational age and birth weight) by DNA methylation of target genes identified in an EWAS, as well as the candidate gene DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A), a protein-coding gene involved in de novo DNA methylation.
Methods: This research used data from three studies of As-exposed individuals. To address the first objective, we used data from the Folic Acid and Creatine Trial (FACT), a 24-week randomized clinical trial of FA (400 or 800 μg/day) and/or creatine supplementation (3 g/day or 3 g creatine and 400 μg FA/day) among As-exposed adults in Bangladesh recruited independent of folate status (N = 622). We investigated overall FA and creatine treatment effects on mean within-person changes in As metabolite proportions in urine compared to the placebo group (weeks 0 to 12). Rebound of As methylation capacity following the cessation of FA supplementation was assessed from weeks 12 to 24. We also assessed effect modification by baseline choline, betaine, vitamin B12, and plasma folate of treatment effects on changes in homocysteine, guanidinoacetate (GAA) (biomarkers of OCM and endogenous creatine synthesis, respectively), total blood As, and urinary As metabolite proportions and indices.
To address the second objective, we used data from the Strong Heart Study (SHS), a population-based prospective cohort of American Indians with low-moderate levels of As exposure. DNA methylation was measured in 2,325 participants using the Illumina MethylationEPIC array, which interrogates > 850,000 loci. We tested for differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and regions (DMRs), and conducted gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis to understand functions of genes containing differential methylation.
To address the third objective, we used data from a prospective birth cohort in Bangladesh. In a discovery phase, an EWAS was conducted to identify CpGs with methylation measured in cord blood that are associated with maternal water As levels and birth outcomes (N = 44). In a validation phase, DNA methylation in cord blood was measured using bisulfite pyrosequencing at three target CpGs annotated to miR124-3, MCC, and GNAL (N = 569). We applied structural equation models (SEMs) to assess mediation of the association between in utero As exposure and gestational age by DNA methylation. In addition, mediation of the association between in utero As exposure and birth outcomes by DNA methylation of the candidate gene DNA methyltransferase alpha (DNMT3A) was assessed.
Results: In FACT, the mean within-person decreases %InAs and %MMAs and increase in %DMAs were greater among all groups receiving FA supplementation at weeks 6 and 12 compared to placebo (P < 0.05) (Chapter 3). Stratified by median choline and betaine concentrations at baseline, we observed a trend towards greater FA treatment effects among participants with levels below the median of both nutrients compared to participants above the median (Chapter 4). Among participants who discontinued FA supplementation, at week 24, %InAs and %DMAs were not significantly different than baseline levels, suggesting a rebound in As methylation capacity with cessation of FA supplementation. We observed a significantly greater mean within-person decreases in %MMAs with creatine supplementation compared to placebo at weeks 1, 6, and 12; mean within-person changes in %InAs and %DMAs did not differ significantly between the creatine and placebo groups (Chapter 3). The mean within-person decrease in urinary %MMAs at week 12 with creatine treatment was significantly greater than placebo among participants with baseline choline concentrations below the median, but did not differ from placebo among participants with choline concentrations above the median (Chapter 4).
In an EWAS conducted in SHS, we identified 20 DMPs associated with urinary As levels at FDR < 0.05; five DMPs were significant at PBonferroni < 0.05 (Chapter 5). The top significant CpG, cg06690548, was located in solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11 ), part of the amino-acid transporter cystine:glutamate antiporter system xc-, which is involved in biosynthesis of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Additional Bonferroni-significant CpGs were located in ANKS3, LINGO3, CSNK1D, and ADAMTSL4. We identified one FDR-significant DMR (chr11:2,322,050-2,323,247) including the open reading frame C11orf21 and tetraspanin 32 (TSPAN32 ).
Mediation of the association between in utero As exposure and birth outcomes by cord blood DNA methylation was assessed in a Bangladeshi birth cohort. In the discovery phase (N = 44), the association between maternal water As levels and gestational age was fully mediated by DNA methylation of the top 10 CpGs associated with both variables. In a discovery phase (N = 569), there were significant indirect effects of maternal water As levels on gestational age through DNA methylation of miR124-3 and MCC ; the indirect effect through DNA methylation of GNAL was not significant (Chapter 6). In an adjusted SEM including miR124-3 and MCC, mediation of the association between in utero As exposure and gestational age by DNA methylation of miR124-3 was borderline significant (P = 0.06); DNA methylation of MCC did not act as a mediator. We also assessed mediation by DNA methylation of DNMT3A (Chapter 7). In an adjusted SEM including birth weight and gestational age, there was a significant indirect effect of maternal toenail As levels on gestational age through DNMT3A methylation, the indirect effect on birth weight was borderline significant (P = 0.082). However, the indirect effects of maternal toenail As levels on birth weight through all pathways including gestational age were statistically significant. A doubling in maternal toenail As concentrations had a total effect of a decrease in gestational age of 2.1 days and a decrease in birth weight of 28.9 g.
Conclusions: Results from FACT (Chapters 3 and 4) provide evidence of the associations between OCM-related nutrients and As methylation capacity. Specifically, FA and creatine supplementation may increase As methylation capacity by increasing the availability of SAM, and treatment effects may be greater among individuals with low betaine and choline status, respectively. In addition, results reported in Chapters 5-7 support the hypotheses that chronic As exposure is associated with epigenetic dysregulation, and that changes in the epigenome may mediate the association between As exposure and adverse health effects. Findings from the research presented here may help inform public health interventions to reduce the adverse health effects of chronic As exposure. However, further research is needed to fully understand the biological mechanism that influence As methylation and that underlie the associations between chronic As exposure and adverse health outcomes.
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Bhuiyan, Md Mahmudur. "Understanding and explaining social welfare policies in developing nations." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31044.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last five decades, a rich literature on the welfare state has developed. Multiple theories and models seek to explain the contemporary welfare state, including structural functionalist, structural-Marxist and Marxist perspectives, culturalist approaches, pluralist analyses, neo-institutionalist theories, power resources theory, Harold Wilensky and Lebeaux’s dual model, Richard Titmuss’s tri-polar model, and Gøsta Esping-Andersen’s tri-polar model, all designed to account for the emergence of and variations among welfare states. However, these theories and models originated within the developed world, and empirical examinations of these theories are largely restricted within this part of the world. The welfare state literature is too confined to the West today.
This study examines key welfare state theories and models in the contexts of developing and least developed nations employing a combination of quantitative, qualitative, and comparative methodologies. It suggests that social policies and programs in the developing nations can be systematically understood in the light of mainstream Western theories and models of the welfare state. Therefore, in addition to challenging current practices that limit the study of the welfare state within particular geographical areas, the research presented here provides rationale for increased efforts to understand welfare policies and programs in developing nations. This will increase our knowledge about the applicability of theories in the developing world and will enrich the understanding of the developed world, and thus contribute to the advancement of welfare state scholarship.February 2016