Journal articles: 'Bangladesh Budget'

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Rahman, Mohammad Mahbubur. "Budget Deficit Sustainability of Bangladesh." Asian Development Policy Review 5, no. 2 (2017): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.107.2017.52.120.130.

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Mehedi Hasan Manik. "Revenue Collection and Division-Wise National Budget Allocation of the Government of Bangladesh." Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani 3, no. 4 (April 29, 2023): 845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/mudima.v3i4.3097.

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Bangladesh is a developing country, but its inequality is increasing gradually due to improper budget allocation. This study is conducted to evaluate revenue collection, the national budget along with the division-wise allocation in Bangladesh. Data for this study has been collected from the websites of the finance ministry and Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. From the tax sector, Bangladesh collected 81.5% of revenue in 2021 and has planned to collect 88.9% in 2023. The government is expecting more earnings from the tax sector. The budget deficit of the country was -28.1% of expenses in 2021 and might be 35.7% of expenses in 2023. The increasing budget deficit is creating a fiscal burden on the economy. The country spent 18.7%, 14.8%, and 12.0% in public service, education, and interest payment, respectively, in the revised budget for 2022. Bangladesh should increase the budget allocation in agriculture, health, and housing sectors to promote sustainable development, and it should cut allocation in interest payment, public service, and defense sectors to reduce the budget deficit. Policymakers of Bangladesh may use this study to the allocate national budget and collect revenue in the future. The study considered the total expense of 15 divisions, so further study is required involving operating and developing expenses among different sub-divisions for a better understanding of the national budget allocation of Bangladesh.

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Babu, Md Tasruzzaman, and Dr Morium Akter. "Government Budget and Funding for Public Policies and Programs in Bangladesh." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis 05, no. 11 (November 12, 2022): 3073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v5-i11-15.

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This paper discussed briefly the Composition of Government Budget of Bangladesh of recent years with analyzing the composition of expenditure, explaining the share or ratio of specific policy areas in the expenditure and how the share or ratio of each major policy area got changed in the last 15 years. This paper also investigated the policy areas which were expanded and which got shrunk with explaining their reason of changes. Along with above, this paper summarized various tax sectors in Bangladesh mentioning their size and explaining major changes in tax system.

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Mithun, Md Mehedi Zaman. "Regional development planning and disparity in Bangladesh." E3 JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 010–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18685/ejmr(8)1_ejbme-20-013.

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This study sheds some light on the regional development planning and regional disparity in Bangladesh and also analyzes spatial disparity of development through several factors to picturize the poverty situation in different regions of the country. In fact, this paper tries to represent the scenario of planning in micro-regional level. Findings from the paper reveal that, some regions of Bangladesh are still underdeveloped because of the fact that they continuously receive marginal share of public expenditure and national budget of the country. Gini Index for the total budget shows an incompatible level of income inequality to the people across various regions in Bangladesh. Northern and West regions of the country are mostly deprived of proper development planning and allocation of efficient budget. Overall, this article deeply provides a briefing for field people involved in regional planning processes in the rural areas. Bangladesh is yet to decentralize empirical power to the local government authority to ensure proper budget allocation and distribution. Allocation in ADP for health, education and agriculture sector should be enhanced urgently. Generating regional data will be much effective to fabricate more dynamic development planning and to understand the current situations of the lack-lusture regions of the country. Key Words: Bangladesh, Development, Planning, Budget, Expenditure, Regions, Poverty

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Sarkar, Shakhawat Hossain, Syed Zabid Hossain, and Rashidah Abdul Rahman. "Budgetary provision for higher education: Evidence from bangladesh." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 26, no. 4 (March 1, 2014): 643–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-26-04-2014-b005.

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Using secondary sources, this study strives to appraise both the revenue and development budget allocation for education in Bangladesh compared to other South Asian countries giving special emphasis to higher education. It is observed that an insufficient budget for education in Bangladesh has a negative impact on expansion of higher education and the human development index (HDI). Inappropriate distribution among different subheads and noncompliance of the guideline for implementation of a higher education budget are two serious problems. Besides getting adequate budgetary support from the government, public universities should generate more funds from internal and other external sources. The university budget allocation should be thoroughly reviewed and revised accordingly to make it more productive and with an emphasis on teaching, research and curriculum development.

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Hossain, Tanjela, and Md Asad Noor. "Training for Cost-Effectiveness vs. Training as Tax Evasion Tool – A Study on Selected Private Companies in Bangladesh." Global Disclosure of Economics and Business 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/gdeb.v7i1.103.

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Bangladeshi organizations consider employee training as an indispensable strategic tool for enhancing employee’s performance. Although training seems to be an expense, it is regarded as an investment. Every company is increasing the amount of the budget on training programs showing the reason that training brings the competitive edge. The study is focused on analyzing the tendency of increasing the training budget to know whether it is an investment or an evasion medium of tax in Bangladesh. A survey has been administered to find the degree of effectiveness of training programs, the utilization of budget on training, the cost-effectiveness of training programs and the possibility of training programs used as a tax evasion medium in Bangladesh. We have collected data through a semi-structured questionnaire from a sample of 200 employees working in 20 private organizations located in Dhaka city. We have observed from our survey that most of the time training programs held in different organizations in Bangladesh are not always effective. Trainees are not getting the most out of it. Contrary to the expectation, the analysis showed that the training budget is not sufficient. Although companies are increasing the amount of the training budget every year, it is not enough to give best results. And the budget is not utilized effectively in many cases. For this, many company’s performance in cost-effectiveness of training is not satisfactory. The formal evaluation method is not followed in every company, and the training programs are not improved always. Every organization doesn’t conduct cost and benefit analysis of training programs. The study has also found that training can be used as a tax evasion tool and in many organizations, it is somewhat being used. Training program opens up the opportunity to include false expenses which increases the total cost. The result of increased expense is a decrease in taxable profit. We have used mean, standard deviation, variance, percentage analysis, hypothesis testing, etc. for statistical analysis.

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Rana, Ebney Ayaj, and Abu N. M. Wahid. "Fiscal Deficit and Economic Growth in Bangladesh." American Economist 62, no. 1 (October 6, 2016): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0569434516672778.

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The economy of Bangladesh is currently going through a period of continuous budget deficit. The present data suggest that the government budget deficit, on average, is nearly 5% of the country’s GDP. This has been true since the early 2000s. To finance this deficit, governments have been borrowing largely from domestic and foreign sources resulting in inflationary pressure on one hand, and crowding out of private investments on the other. During the same period, although the economy has grown steadily at a rate of more than 6%, this growth is less than the potential. This article presents an econometric study of the impact of government budget deficits on the economic growth of Bangladesh. We conduct a time-series analysis using ordinary least squares estimation, vector error correction model, and granger causality test. The findings suggest that the government budget deficit has statistically significant negative impact on economic growth in Bangladesh. Policy implications of our findings include reestablishing the rule of law, political stability in the country, restructuring tax structure, closing tax loopholes, and harmonizing fiscal policy with monetary policy to attract additional domestic and foreign investment.

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KRISHNAMURTI, T. N., H. S. BEDI, D. K. OOSTERHOF, and G. D. ROHALY. "ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE BUDGET DURING A BANGLADESH FLOOD EVENT." International Journal of Climatology 16, no. 7 (July 1996): 791–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(199607)16:7<791::aid-joc49>3.0.co;2-a.

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Sarwari, Sara, Tanvir Ahmed Minar, Nasrin Shah Naaz, and Md Al Amin Hossain. "Customer Satisfaction Model." International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Digital Age 5, no. 1 (January 2021): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijthmda.2021010103.

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In the service industry, one of the main challenges is to provide customer satisfaction. Though the number of budget hotel in Bangladesh is increasing, but customer satisfaction of these hotels are still ignored. The aim of the study is to identify the determinants that satisfy the customers in these hotels. The research targeted a total of 350 selected respondents from different budget hotels in Bangladesh. The descriptive analyses were conducted by using Amos SPSS 24. Findings reveal that price is the ultimate preference for budget hotels along with products and service quality for satisfying customers. Customers are unconcerned with the services provided by the hotel staff and the location of the hotel as well.

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Sadekin, Md Nazmus, Md Mahbub Alam, Al Amin Al Abbasi, and Subrata Saha. "ANALYSIS OF TREND AND SOURCES OF GOVERNMENT BUDGET DEFICIT FINANCING IN BANGLADESH." Journal International Studies 16 (December 30, 2020): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jis2020.16.8.

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Budget deficit is one of the most significant macroeconomic issues which have been debated both in the academic and political arena since 1970s. This study aims to explore the current position of government budget deficit, its trends, and sources of budget deficit financing in Bangladesh covering the periods of 1980 to 2018. Secondary data has been used which is collected from Bangladesh Economic Review and World Bank. Data has been analyzed through descriptive methods. The Government financing budget deficit from two sources like domestic and foreign sources. The study finds that Government finances most of its budget deficit from the domestic sources than foreign sources especially from non-banks sources due to the increase in the net sale of national savings certificates while borrowing from bank sources is on the decline. Along with the effective measures of generating more internal resources, the government should also focus on other areas to reduce the budget deficit. The government should be taken proper steps to make progressively investable resources and generate a fund for financing the non-development spending for reducing the reliance on debt that can guarantee more distribution on the development sector.

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Bhuiyan, Muhammad F., and Paula Lackie. "Mitigating Survey Fraud and Human Error: Lessons Learned from A Low Budget Village Census in Bangladesh." IASSIST Quarterly 40, no. 3 (July 8, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/iq398.

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12

Khan, Wajid, Muhammad Yar Khan, and Anam Javeed. "Government Revenues and Government Expenditures, or Fiscal Synchronization: Empirical Evidence from South and Eastern Asia." Journal of Tax Reform 9, no. 3 (2023): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2023.9.3.144.

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To understand and solve budget deficit problems, some academics propose budgets cuts while some suggest increase in taxes. The purpose of this study is to check the causal relationship among ten countries from two regions, south and eastern Asia, where all countries are developing except, Japan. The relationship is tested among three fiscal variables for the period of twenty-seven years from 1980 to 2017. For analysis purposes, Augmented Dickey Fuller test, Toda and Yamamoto Granger Causality Test and Johnson co-integration tests has been used. The results reveal three co-integrating effects for, Bangladesh and Mongolia, two for India and Japan, one for Sri Lanka, Nepal, China, South Korea, North Korea, while non for Pakistan. The Toda and Yamamoto Granger causality tests reveal evidence of tax-and-spend hypothesis for China, Pakistan, and Nepal. For Nepal, we found support for spend-and-tax hypothesis. There is evidence of neutrality for Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Mongolia, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. The results validate that south and eastern Asian countries tax policies have lessor impact to reduce budget deficits and do not offer permanent solution for fiscal problems. Our findings support increase in taxes may be a good solution to budget deficit problem, but it can be reduced if revenues and expenditures are controlled simultaneously. Major policy implications include, raising tax rates in nations like China, Pakistan, and Nepal, to increase revenue and strengthen fiscal sustainability, the significance of government spending reduction as a key tactic for managing budget imbalances, the importance of balancing both revenue generation and expenditure and flexibility in approach and continual monitoring of fiscal indicators.

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Lamichhane, Basu Dev, Amiya Bhaumik, and Achyut Gnawali. "Dimension of Governance on Microfinance Institutions in South Asian Countries (A Cross Country Study of Nepal and Bangladesh)." Janabhawana Research Journal 2, no. 1 (October 12, 2023): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jrj.v2i1.57484.

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This research aims to empower Nepalese and Bangladeshi microfinance institutions (MFIs) to strengthen their microfinance governance. By contrasting the governance structures of MFIs in Bangladesh and Nepal, the study focuses on the corporate governance aspect of MFIs for sustainability. This study adopted an interpretive methodology and a qualitative research design. Internal control, timely internal audit, proper rules and regulations, institutional culture, full compliance with rules and regulations, budget and annual plan review, financial transparency, and board literacy education are the main dimension of corporate governance, broadly influencing MFIs for sustainability. The study found sustainability of MFIs is affected by proper guidelines for operation, effective internal control mechanisms, professional management, board literacy education, financial transparency, the rule of law in operation, institutional culture, and review of budget and achievement. The findings of the study might be applicable to the BFIs, MFIs, regulatory authorities, economist, HR analyst, and planners.

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14

Abdullah, S. M., Abul Kalam Azad, and Salina Siddiqua. "Budget deficit and growth: in search of ceiling for Bangladesh." Business and Economic Horizons 14, no. 4 (August 14, 2018): 743–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/beh.2018.52.

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15

Hassan, Mostafa Ferdous. "Gender Responsive Budgeting at Union Parishad: Current Status, Potentials and Challenges." Indian Journal of Social Science and Literature 1, no. 5 (September 30, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijssl.e1023.091522.

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While the idea of gender-responsive budgeting has piqued the imagination of individuals all around the world, it is a relatively new phenomenon in Bangladesh. This budgeting technique has been stressed in Bangladesh's previous four National Budget speeches. The government is prioritizing it in order to distribute government funding to all parts of society, especially women. The goal of this research is to establish the level of gender-responsive budgeting at the Union Parishad (UP) and its impact on the responsiveness of UP services, with a focus on health care. Furthermore, it strives to highlight at the union level the opportunities and challenges of gender-responsive budgeting in the health industry. Timeliness in service delivery and level of satisfaction of the service recipients were measured. The impact of gender responsive budgeting, and local political control on budget for UP health services is analyzed. 'The study considers the amount of allocation, flow of fund, continuity of budgetary allocation, responsiveness in service delivery, level of satisfaction of women and level of local autonomy as independent variables to know what services are being provided along with their impacts. The study has opted for a mixed method for data collection and analysis including survey, interview from primary sources along with secondary literature. The study found that most of the local people don’t avail health service from Union Parishad and their expectation is not reflected in service delivery or the UP Plan and budget. Timeliness of service delivery and access to information were also major issues. All UP members were not aware of the allocation amount for women's health issue despite 50% UP members saying consultation with women happens before preparing budget. Overall, the study finds that the budgets are not gender sensitive and there is no priority setting of the budget in health sector It recommends training for the UP officials and government initiatives 10 adopt and implement gender responsive budgeting at the union level.

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Kabir, Mohommod Lutful. "Skimpy Wash Financing in Bangladesh: Overall Trend and Regional Disparities." GIS Business 1, no. 6 (November 28, 2006): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v1i6.5144.

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The access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services is one of our basic needs without which no human being can service, let alone lead a decent life. Therefore, promotion of water and sanitation services are placed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) taken by UN for an extended period from 2016-2030. In line with this goal, the governments of developing countries are increasing their budget allocation to attain this decent living target. However, allocations are, in many cases, inadequate and skewed among different geographic regions. Further, due to an absence of separate ministry or authority to manage this important, but often neglected function of governments, allocations are disguised under other heads of allocations made for different ministries and make the assessment of allocation even more difficult. In the context of WASH sector in Bangladesh, the objective of this paper is thus to demonstrate an effective methodology to capture WASH data at national and district level, to make such assessment possible. Data on WASH allocation was compiled from national budget statements, relevant inter-ministerial reports, and other local government offices related to WASH. Ambiguity on data was further clarified through interviews with concerned government officials from different ministries and local government offices. Analyzing WASH budget allocation for a period of six years under this framework, this paper indicates that WASH allocation in Bangladesh remains inadequate and highly inequitable to attain SDG.

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Sarkar, Dr Shakhawat Hossain. "Utilization of Higher Education Budget: Study on Public Universities in Bangladesh." IOSR Journal of Business and Management 18, no. 08 (August 2016): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-1808030113.

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Galy, Albert, Christian France-Lanord, and Louis A. Derry. "The strontium isotopic budget of Himalayan rivers in Nepal and Bangladesh." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, no. 13-14 (July 1999): 1905–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00081-2.

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Dey, Nepal C., Sujit K. Bala, and Seiji Hayakawa. "Assessing the economic benefits of improved irrigation management: a case study in Bangladesh." Water Policy 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.058.

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This paper explains the economic benefits that the country can achieve if improved irrigation management is followed in Bangladesh. The present study has been carried out using data from different studies by different organizations on the existing status of irrigation management practices in Bangladesh. As a result, defects were detected in the system, which are possible to eliminate through taking up various effective measures. A quantitative assessment has been done based on savings to be acquired as a result of eliminations of the defects. An additional amount of US$140 million may be saved from improved irrigation and water management practices, US$543 million from elimination of the present system loss of water and US$155 million by providing supplementary irrigation in the Aman (summer) season. An amount of US$108 million may be saved by enhancing mechanical efficiency of the diesel driven irrigation equipment through proper operation and in time repair and maintenance, US$362 million through proper conservation of water in khal (local drainage channel), beel (small water bodies), haor (comparatively larger water bodies) and pond and US$38 million by controlling unplanned installation of irrigation equipment. The Government of Bangladesh is to spend only an amount of about US$1.74 million for successful implementation of proper irrigation and other management activities, when in total an amount of about US$1,344.26 million may be thus saved and added annually in the economy of Bangladesh. The amount thus saved is about one-fifth of the total Bangladesh Budget for the Fiscal Year of 2002/03 (US$7,570 million) and about one-sixth of the total Bangladesh Budget for the Fiscal Year of 2003/04 (US$8,962 million).

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Hossain, Md Belal, and Mohammad Sorowar Hossain. "Demographic and Socioeconomic Homogeneity among Districts and District Towns in Bangladesh." Journal of Biomedical Analytics 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30577/jba.2019.v2n1.34.

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Exploring the homogeneity (or heterogeneity) at sub-national level is crucial as it associated with design, budget allocation and implementation of a research project. Since demographic and socioeconomic factors depict the first valuable insight of a community, it is imperative to explore the homogeneity within a country by considering these variables. Yet, the information on this aspect is scarce in Bangladesh. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the district and district town specific homogeneity in Bangladesh. The data for this study were extracted from the most recent Housing and Population Census of the country, and the multivariate cluster analysis was employed to identify the natural groups or segments. We found that Bangladesh could be classified into three distinct clusters both at district and district town levels based on demographic and socioeconomic factors. The findings of this study would provide insights to the policymakers and researchers for designing and implementing community-based research initiatives, particularly in the area of public health and social science as well as market analysis research. The findings could also be helpful in the situation when the national representation of data is required with budget and time constraints.

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Uddin, Mohammad Main, Md Mamunar Rashid, Rabiul Islam, and Humaira Begum. "Measuring the Connotations of Economic Variables with External Debts of Bangladesh." International Journal of Asian Social Science 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2022): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5007.v12i10.4618.

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This study ascertains the associations of the macroeconomic variables with external debts, the impacts of external debts on annual GDP, GDP growth, and per capita income, and the timing effects on the economic variables of Bangladesh. The analysis is inferential and eight hypotheses have been set and tested with the regression analysis. To complete the study, the chi-squared test and Durbin-Watson test have been used along with trends and growth analysis. The results of the study reveal that the budget deficit, current account deficit, and defense budget have a positive association with external debts. Furthermore, foreign direct investment, foreign exchange reserve, foreign remittance, and trade of balance have a negative association with external debts. The external debts have no negative impact on annual GDP, GDP growth, and per capita income. Finally, there is a significant timing effect on the economic variables of Bangladesh during the study period.

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Shahidullah, Kazi K., and Md Rifat Hossain. "Designing an Integrated Undergraduate Disaster STEM Curriculum: A Cultural Shift in Higher Education Curriculum Development in Bangladesh." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 9, no. 1 (February 26, 2022): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/1042.

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The Department of Disaster and Human Security Management (DHSM) at Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) started its journey in 2015. This is one of the few programs at this university that began at the very beginning. At the onset, this study examined some of the existing undergraduate programs in Disaster Science and Management offered by various higher educational institutions around Bangladesh. Among these programs, a handful are well-organized and utilize an integrated curriculum responsive to the needs of the 21st century. Transforming the traditional undergraduate programs and curricula of Social Disaster Management into an integrated STEM program from policy to practice is a considerable challenge, and students have many expectations for this cutting-edge discipline. This study found that very few Bangladeshi academicians and professionals can develop dynamic suggestions regarding this matter and have the knowledge to design an effective program and curriculum for the future students of this discipline. As a result, certain challenges devising integrated STEM-based programs may jeopardize the development and implementation of disaster management programs at the university level. Hence, adequate qualified members, budget, laboratory, and equipment must implement a multidisciplinary STEM program. Moreover, an innovative STEM program requires additional support from diverse professional organizations to support projects and research. Very often, national higher education policy and regulatory institutions create obstacles. At the same, attempts are made to launch such innovative and integrated programs. This study recommends that a new integration be partially implemented, turning into a milestone of Bangladesh’s 21st-century higher education reformation process.

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Chowdhury, Q. M. Monzur Kader, Muhammed Hossain, Juned Ahmed, Chamali Akter Shykat, Md Saiful Islam, and Maruf Hasan. "Impact of Climate Change on Livestock in Bangladesh: A Review of What We Know and What We Need to Know." American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering, and Technology 3, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajaset.v3i1.40.

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Bangladesh is one of the over populated disaster prone country. The effect of climate change on livestock is a great deal to talk. This review study reveals that Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries. However, the change of climate in this country momentously continuing and which determines how difficult it is to design and implement future strategies. Being a developing country, Bangladesh is less likely to face the challenges caused by global warming and climate changes owing to financial crisis and budget allocation in preparedness of emergency and urgent. As a part of agriculture, livestock sector is considered as backboneof annual GDP in Bangladesh. Besides, the financial hardship, negligence of long term planning and dearth of implementation of the existing capacity are crucial draw back for livestock development. Therefore, this review provides some advantageous rules for policymakers on habituation and pacification of the climatic hazards for wellbeing of livestock sectors of Bangladesh.

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Hasan, Anjelika. "Human Right To Safe Water Of Hard To Reach Areas In Bangladesh: Challenging Issue For GOs And NGOs." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 11, no. 1 (September 8, 2015): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v11i1.209.

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Right to safe water for every citizen has not been ensured yet because water has not been mentioned as a Human Right in the Bangladesh Water Act 2013. National water coverage is about 86 percent. Only 10 percent population has access to piped-line water supply service. The national budget for safe water supply is urban biased for the fiscal year of 2014-15. The especial budget has not been allocated for safe water for hard-to-reach areas viz. char, costal, drought, flood, haor and hilly. Though local government is accountable to ensure safe water but LGIs are not aware regarding their roles, responsibilities and mandate to provide safe water to the people. The main objective of this paper is to examine to what extent the VDCs in close cooperation with LGIs, NGOs and INGOs are able to provide safe water to establish Human Right to the hard-to-reach people in Bangladesh.

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Wahab, Md Abdul, Asbjorn Bergheim, and Bjorn Braaten. "Water quality and partial mass budget in extensive shrimp ponds in Bangladesh." Aquaculture 218, no. 1-4 (March 2003): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00009-7.

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Karageorgou, Dimitra, Fumiaki Imamura, Jianyi Zhang, Peilin Shi, Dariush Mozaffarian, and Renata Micha. "Assessing dietary intakes from household budget surveys: A national analysis in Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 13, no. 8 (August 27, 2018): e0202831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202831.

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Neogy, Taposh Kumar, and Md Shakawat Hossain. "Auditors’ Perception towards Time Schedule Pressure and Reduced Audit Quality Practices: A Study from Bangladeshi Context." Asian Accounting and Auditing Advancement 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2012): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/4ajournal.v3i1.19.

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Research on Reduced Audit Quality Practices (RAQP) has consistently shown the serious negative consequences of this practice in the auditing profession. However, research in RAQP is relatively few in emerging or newly industrialized countries, and much of the relevant literature is derived from developed countries. Therefore, this study examines the effect of time budget pressure on RAQP in the context of a developing country, Bangladesh. Based on a mailed questionnaire survey to the auditors, the results suggest that RAQP does occur in Bangladesh audit firms, particularly in non-big four firms.

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Hossain, Madhobi, and Tiasha Islam. "Effect of Advertising Expenses and Sales Incentives on Financial Performance: Dissecting the Cases of Two Market Leaders." Business and Economic Research 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v9i1.14019.

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There has been much interest among academicians and practitioners to understand the role of marketing expenses in contributing to the financial performance of organizations. Especially, in times of recession, budget reduction, or market contraction, marketing budgets get the major cut. However, organizations continue to spend millions in the development and execution of marketing programs. This paper examines the effect of advertising and sales incentives on the revenue and profit of Grameenphone and bKash, who are the market leaders in their respective industries of Bangladesh. With the help of secondary data, it has been found that there is a negative relationship between advertising and financial performance (i.e. revenue and profit), but sales incentives on the other hand have a positive relationship with revenue and profit.

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Hasan, Md Mahmud, and Jobayda Gulshan Ara. "Political Economy of Local Level Budgeting in Bangladesh: A Critical Analysis." Space and Culture, India 10, no. 2 (September 29, 2022): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v10i2.1281.

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Accompanying the estimation of revenue and expenditure, the local level budget manifests a grassroots area's development plan for a defined period. In Bangladesh, the Union Parishad (UP), the lowest tier of local government, is obliged to prepare its annual budget by ensuring people's participation through various mechanisms and committees following the Local Government (Union Parishad) Act, 2009. With this background, the study explores the UPs' budgeting procedure to identify the influential actors and effectiveness of people's participation from political economy perspectives. Following the qualitative case study approach, this study was conducted on the four Union Parishads in Sylhet, Sunamganj, Cumilla and Narsingdi districts. It follows the in-depth interview and Focus Group Discussion techniques to collect primary data from the UP chairman, members, Upazila Nirbahi Officers (UNO), and other members of various UP committees. The finding shows that mechanisms like Ward Committee (WC), Ward Shava (WS), Standing Committee (SC), Planning Committee (PC) and Social Mapping for ensuring people's participation are not working accordingly. In most cases, these committees are confined to the papers. In practice, the budgeting procedure is dominated by the politically and economically empowered groups, e.g. UP chairman and his allies, ruling party members, local elites and bureaucrats, which is hindering the socio-economic development at the grass-root level in Bangladesh.

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Islam, Sharmin, Tofayel Ahmed Bhuayan, Md Abdullah Al Mamun, and Aminur Rahman. "Tapering Healthcare Budget is a red alert for LMIC countries:The example from Bangladesh." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 3, no. 1 (November 2, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v3i1.65.

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Md. Sultan Mahmud and Habibullah. "The Satisfaction Level of the Beneficiaries of Social Safety Net Programmes (SSNPs) in Bangladesh: A Practical Observation at Field Level." International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research 7, no. 2 (June 2, 2020): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/ijospervol7iss2pp92-104.

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Abstract: Bangladesh government allocates an amount of money in its national budget every year for the wellbeing of citizens. With the spirit of liberation war and the independence of Bangladesh the present government in its roadmap of development “Vision 2021” has incorporated strategies for the banishment of poverty, inequality and human deprivation. To ensure the sustainable development the Government of Bangladesh has started a total of 126 Safety Net Programmes in the FY 2019-20. To explore the extent and to identify the satisfaction level of the beneficiaries of Social Safety Net Programmes (SSNPs) in Bangladesh, a field study has been conducted in the selected two union councils. Total 70 respondents have been interviewed in this regard. They all have enjoyed different types of benefits of SSNPs. In this study, researchers have been noticed that how many beneficiaries are satisfied after getting the benefits of SSNPs and how many beneficiaries are not satisfied after getting the benefits. The study also found that how the socio-economic conditions of beneficiaries have been changed by getting the benefits.

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Hassan, Md Zakiul, Shah Mohammad Fahim, Abu Hena Abid Zafr, Md Shoriful Islam, and Shahinul Alam. "Healthcare Financing in Bangladesh: Challenges and Recommendations." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 15, no. 4 (December 18, 2016): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v15i4.21698.

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Bangladesh has achieved remarkable success in improving most of the health indicators over the last couple of decades despite pervasive economic poverty. However, for a sustainable growth health sector should be among the top lists at Governments policy table. Unfortunately, the recent trend in budget allocation portrayed just the opposite and is concerning as expressed by health experts. Over the last seven fiscal years, budgetary allocation for health dropped from 6.2% to 4.3% of total government expenditure. Due to insufficient public spending, out of pocket payment (OPP) is much higher which is about two-third (64.7%) of total health care spending in Bangladesh. Inadequate and inefficient public healthcare and profiteering tendency of the private healthcare sector are two major factors behind such high private spending. Suffering from a massive shortage of health workforce and with such low public funding it would be very difficult for Bangladesh to fight against upcoming challenges like increasing burden of non communicable diseases (NCDs) and emerging threats due to climate change.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(4) 2016 p.505-510

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Ferdous, Jannatul, and Rajib Chandra Das. "Service Delivery Performance of Urban Local Government in Bangladesh." Journal of Governance and Social Policy 3, no. 1 (August 3, 2022): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/gaspol.v3i1.25587.

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Urban local government is critical to the delivery of essential services to residents. Paurashava is one of the tiers of local governments in Bangladesh. But, Paurashava is faced with increasing financial problems. Due to financial restrictions, city governments seem unable to expand much-needed infrastructure and utility services, as well as maintain current facilities at a sufficient level. To enhance urban living standards and alleviate constraints on the national budget, these governments' financial positions must be strengthened. The present study is aimed at exploring the performance management of Paurashava service delivery through utilizing mixed methods. Three Paurashavas were sampled for an in-depth study. The findings of the study reveal that resource mobilization opportunities in Bangladesh's urban areas are limited. A percentage of government grants that are paid based on performance can also be utilized to generate local resources. The major problems are inadequate assessment, inelasticity of revenue, employee training, and poor administration. This paper shows the performance evaluation of the Paurashava by its clients. Thus, this research is helpful to local government policymakers, municipal authorities as policy implementers and service providers, academicians, and those interested in local government and decentralized service delivery systems.

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Kamrunnahar, S. Akand, S. Rahman, HR Khan, and MA Bashar. "Basking behaviour in some nymphalid butterflies of Bangladesh." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 4, no. 1 (August 18, 2018): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v4i1.37878.

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A through study was conducted on the basking behaviour of some nymphalid butterflies in the fields of Bhawal national park, Rema-Kalenga, Zoological and Botanical Gardens of the University of Dhaka. The time budget and the wing-posture activities of butterflies during basking period were studied butterfly species under the family Nymphalidae. The experimental species were Junonia atlites, J. almana, J. iphita, Neptis soma, Labadea martha, Ergolis ariadne, Phalantha phalantha, Hypolimnas bolina and Athyma perius. Different types of wing postures (viz. appressed, horizontal, angled and closed type) were also recorded. It is found that butterflies take more time for their basking during winter season. Most of them prefer the month of November and December for their basking. The observations reveal that thermal basking increases the temperature in the butterfly body. It directly implies how thermoregulation associated with behavioural activities in different abiotic conditions. The results also showed the importance of wing postures for thermoregulation.J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2018, 4(1): 63-72

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MOHAJAN, Haradhan Kumar. "Utility Maximization of Bangladeshi Consumers within Their Budget: A Mathematical Procedure." Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 60–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v10i3.704.

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A consumer is considered as a person or a group of people who uses purchased goods, products, or services only for personal use, and not for manufacturing or resale. Consumers usually purchase valuable and useful commodities or goods by spending all or partial of their income. The property of a commodity that enables it to satisfy human wants is called utility. Producers must be conscious to increase the utility among the consumers. This study has considered the maximization of utility problem of consumers of Bangladesh subject to two constraints; namely, budget constraint and coupon constraint. Consequently, in the study two Lagrange multipliers are used and interpreted these with mathematical analysis. Prediction of consumer behavior will help both producers and consumers to take decision of their future economic productions and consumptions, respectively. This article is ornamented with sufficient theorems and economic analyses. So that all the readers find interest when go through the economic analysis of utility maximization.

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Rahman, Sanzidur, and K. K. Ahmed. "Performance of Fisheries Sector Planning in Bangladesh." Outlook on Agriculture 31, no. 4 (December 2002): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000002101294137.

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The overall planning performance of the fisheries sector in Bangladesh over the past three decades was evaluated. Performance has been unsatisfactory largely due to contiguous overestimation of the planning targets and the existence of serious financial, technological, institutional and social constraints. Despite the remarkable growth in export earnings and a stable GDP contribution of 3.2–5.6%, budget allocations remained extremely low (0.7–1.4% of total outlay) in subsequent plan periods. Production from marine fisheries performed satisfactorily with slow growth in recent years, while inland fisheries with initial poor performance showed improvements from the mid-1980s owing to increased productivity in culture fisheries, particularly in pond aquaculture. Targets should be determined with the aid of a thorough review of past performances and there is an urgent need to streamline the implementation capability. Also, a shift from production-oriented planning and seeking technical solutions only to addressing broader institutional and social issues affecting the fisheries sector is essential. Government should emphasize the development of small-scale fisheries, strengthen extension–research linkage, improve infrastructure, build partnerships between relevant agencies and shift its top-down approach to planning towards a participatory bottom-up approach so as to release existing bottlenecks.

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Sheikh, Rashidul Islam. "Analysis of the Determinants of Public Education Expenditures in Bangladesh." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 9, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v9i3.15419.

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This study based on the well-known theories of public policy analysis, economics, as well as public finance through empirically exploring and examining the determinants of public expenditure on education in Bangladesh. It is postulated, for the purpose of the research that education expenditures are determined by multidimensional factors. Economic-demographic, decision-making, political, and new institutionalism theories are therefore been studied, along with the concept of education. This research identified as well as computed education expenditure by types along with levels of education as per the distribution of government budget and the education system of Bangladesh. The results disclosed that education financing policy in Bangladesh is primarily determined by the previous year’s expenditures. Indirect tax also increased the total education expenditure as percentage of GDP. This is what in line of incrementalism theory and fiscal illusion or voting bias model suggests, respectively. Furthermore, total populations and government effectiveness has the positive impact of types as well as levels of education expenditures; implying that government of Bangladesh taken under consideration only certain factors and neglects to incorporate the importance of economic, governance and educational determinants while allocating education expenditures.

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Kouaiba, Ghizlane, and Driss Mentagui. "Resolution of the Min-Max Optimization Problem Applied in the Agricultural Sector with the Estimation of Yields by Nonparametric Statistical Approaches." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2021 (April 14, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6691678.

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The ultimate objective of the problem under study is to apply the min-max tool, thus making it possible to optimize the default risks linked to several areas: the agricultural sector, for example, which requires the optimization of the default risk using the following elements: silage crops, annual consumption requirements, and crops produced for a given year. To minimize the default risk in the future, we start, in the first step, by forecasting the total budget of agriculture investment for the next 20 years, then distribute this budget efficiently between the irrigation and construction of silos. To do this, Bangladesh was chosen as an empirical case study given the availability of its data on the FAO website; it is considered a large agricultural country in South Asia. In this article, we give a detailed and original in-depth study of the agricultural planning model through a calculating algorithm suggested to be coded on the R software thereafter. Our approach is based on an original statistical modeling using nonparametric statistics and considering an example of a simulation involving agricultural data from the country of Bangladesh. We also consider a new pollution model, which leads to a vector optimization problem. Graphs illustrate our quantitative analysis.

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Nabi, Ghulam, Kalimullah Bhat, and Faheem Ghazanfar. "Does Budget Deficit and Political Stability Effect Real Exchange Rate in South Asian Countries?" Global Management Sciences Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(vi-i).03.

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The study investigates the effect of political stability and budget deficit on the real exchange rate. We used a panel data set of south Asian countries, including Pakistan, China, Bangladesh and India. We applied the panel unit root test, Kaos panel Cointegration and fully modified the least square in the study to reach robustness of findings. Findings reveal that real exchange rate(RER) and political stability are positively related. It supports the argument that political stability attracts foreign investment, appreciates local currency, and leads to higher RER. However, results reveal that the budget deficit is not related to RER. This study provides new empirical evidence to policymakers and government officials that political stability encourages foreign investors and appreciates exchange rate.

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Hossain, Zakir. "Status of secondary school libraries and librarians in Bangladesh." IFLA Journal 45, no. 2 (April 29, 2019): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0340035219842317.

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The purpose of this study is to explore the current environment of secondary school libraries and librarians in Bangladesh. To achieve this objective, an exploratory mixed method study was conducted to ensure the best possible outcomes. In the qualitative phase, besides literature review, five school librarians were interviewed. Based on the output in the qualitative phase, a questionnaire was designed for quantitative phase and collected 87 responses using an online survey. In general, it is found that the development of libraries and creating qualified school library professionals have been slow due to a lack of governmental and non-governmental initiatives. School libraries, where they exist, offer minimal services and facilities; school librarians are not integrated with the teaching and learning process. Finally, the school library is identified as being of lesser significance to other priorities in the country’s education system and annual budget, and the resulting issues and challenges are, therefore, an important topic and issue of significance.

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Ghosh, Partha Sarathee. "Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Contextual Considerations and Areas for Reform to Offset Covid-19 Shock." Bangladesh Journal of Political Economy 37, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.56138/bjpe.dec2118.

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Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are not new. However, they are becoming increasingly pivotal to accomplishing what both sides struggle to do: rolling out the high-quality development, redevelopment, and creation of public facilities and infrastructure, and as we look to the future, the development of digital infrastructure. Ideally, PPPs create a win-win opportunity for the private sector to work with governments. Companies assume management responsibility and much of the risk in exchange for profits linked to performance. The projects create a new source of business for companies while adding private sector expertise, efficiencies, and capital to public endeavours. In most cases, these projects could not get off the ground without private support, as tightening budgets make it difficult for governments to fund improvements to ageing public assets or services. Bangladesh announced a revised PPP program in the 2009/10 Budget Session and introduced a new PPP policy in August 2010 (PPP Policy 2010). Before the mid-1990s, Bangladesh had entered into several individual PPP transactions & 1996 marked the first time that a policy framework was introduced for PPPs to enable private sector partnerships in power generation. In 2010, the 6th Five-Year Plan was launched, outlining the government’s vision to improve the country’s economic growth trajectory. Private-sector participation is essential to bridge the investment gap and satisfy infrastructure needs worldwide. PPPs are one of many arrangements to consider, but due to their complex, timely and costly procurement, governments often struggle to apply and leverage them. Governments can implement mechanisms to nurture their PPPs and infuse efficiency and performance throughout their maturity journey. These mechanisms should be carefully crafted and ensure that actors are clear on their role and are empowered to execute it. It is a paradox that the PPP project pipeline development and implementation cannot keep pace with the growing demand for infrastructure & power projects. At the same time, the government is also unable to utilise the allocated budget for the PPP. Hence, the challenges are essential for the policymakers to deal with the issue in the best possible way. Bangladesh faces the challenges of modernising and expanding its vital infrastructure services, including roads, power, gas, port, etc. However, the health sector is still one crucial area where the public-private partnership (PPP) model could play a prominent role, particularly in the diagnostic, specialised treatment and medical waste. This paper is an attempt to analyse and draw lessons in the perspectives of the institutional, regulatory, finance, and other policy-relevant issues for the development of PPP projects & try to figure out the potential of Public-private partnerships (PPPs) to contribute to a clean and green recovery from the on-going Covid-19 crisis in Bangladesh.

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Lasker, Shamima Parvin, and Arif Hossain. "Public Facilities for Better Health and Urban Plan." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 14, no. 3 (October 28, 2023): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.62865/bjbio.v14i3.77.

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Lack of physical activity is one of the main cause of obesity. Currently, scientists proposed that teenagers and women are overweight or obese than men in Bangladesh. Furthermore, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are becoming more prevalent in Bangladesh. By 2050, the illness burden of non-communicable diseases will have a significant impact on the health budget. To reduce non-communicable diseases, physical activity is one of the options. However, the lack of public facilities for physical activities in each community is a concern. According to the Department of Military Estate Administration, Central Circle, DOHS (Defense Officers' Housing Scheme) has a total of 2966 plots and 396.6327 acres of area (640 acres =1 square mile) including 5 DOSH in Bangladesh. However, each DOHS has all the public facilities including structures streets, parks, walking paths, squares, gyms, cultural and sports grounds, walkways, waterfronts, lakes, mosques, cafeterias, public toilets, sitting areas for elderly or passersby, etc for physical activities specially for women, children, and the disabled people. Gulshan, Baridhara, Banani, and Dhanmondi areas are other good examples from Bangladesh where dwellers specially, women and children have facilities for physical activities. Sangmoo Kim, urban specialist said, “it is not over-ambitious thinking to have public facilities; it is a basic need for each city dweller for a healthy life”. This report aims to explore what are the policy drawbacks of the Government of Bangladesh not providing public facilities to perform physical activities in each area.

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Kader, Sheikh Abdul, Umme Kulsum, K. M. Anwarul Islam, Md Nurul Amin Siddiki, Nurul Mohammad Zayed, and Tahsin Sharmila Raisa. "Present Situation of the Field Workers in the Development Sector: A Social, Financial and Employment Aspect in Bangladesh." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.2.29.

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This study has identified the present situation of the fieldworkers working in the development field, or we can call it data collection work, regarding their social, financial, and employment conditions. There is no existing literature on the social acceptances, financial security, job environment, and job security of the field workers working in the research and development sector. According to the founder president of the Organization of Research Associate in Bangladesh, almost 3500 to 4000 people work in the data collection field. The study found that only a few organizations have a wages policy for the field data collector. If the project budget is high, it will enable them to increase the payment of the fieldworkers. If the budget is low, they have to decrease the payment of the field workers. The working environment for the female workers working in the development sector for women is not well established.

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Pidugu, Anirudh, Sarah Pickersgill, David Watkins, Jami Husain, Deliana Kostova, Margaret Farrell, Mohammad Haider, et al. "National health and budget impact of implementing the WHO HEARTS hypertension control program in Bangladesh." Lancet Global Health 10 (March 2022): S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00152-8.

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Ahmed Jamadder, Faysal. "Food Security in Rural Bangladesh: Examining the Role of Women’s Earnings and Food Budget Control." Journal of Food Security 6, no. 1 (January 4, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/jfs-6-1-1.

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Kundu, Ramendra Nath, Md Golam Hossain, Md Ahshanul Haque, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Manoranjan Pal, and Premananda Bharati. "Burden of undernutrition among under-five Bengali children and its determinants: Findings from Demographic and Health Surveys of Bangladesh and India." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 5, 2024): e0301808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301808.

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Background Globally, undernutrition is the leading cause of mortality among under-five children. Bangladesh and India were in the top ten countries in the world for under-five mortality. The aim of the study was to investigate the nutritional status of Bengali under-five children. Methods Data on 25938 under-five children were retrieved from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18 (BDHS) and the National Family Health Survey of India 2015–16 (NFHS-4). Stunting, wasting, underweight and thinness were considered to understand the nutritional status of under-five children. Binary logistic regression was used to identify associated factors of undernutrition among children. Results Over one-quarter of Bengali under-five children were found to be suffering from the problem of stunting (31.9%) and underweight (28.1%), while other nutritional indicators raised serious concern and revealed inter-country disparities. In the cases of wasting, underweight and thinness, the mean z-scores and frequency differences between Bangladesh and India were significant. The nutritional status of Bengali under-five children appeared to have improved in Bangladesh compared to India. Child undernutrition had significant relations with maternal undernutrition in both countries. Girls in Bangladesh had slightly better nutritional status than boys. In Bangladesh, lack of formal education among mothers was a leading cause of child undernutrition. Stunting and underweight coexist with low household wealth index in both counties. Conclusions The research revealed that various factors were associated with child undernutrition in Bengalis. It has been proposed that programmes promoting maternal education and nutrition, along with household wealth index be prioritised. The study recommends that the Governments of Bangladesh and India should increase the budget for health of children so as to reach the sustainable development goals.

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Rahman, Md Habibur, and Md Shiful Islam. "Implementation of RFID in university libraries of Bangladesh." Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication 68, no. 1/2 (February 4, 2019): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gkmc-06-2018-0053.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe the present status of implementing innovative radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in university libraries of Bangladesh. The main obstacles of implementing this technology among university libraries and ways to overcome the obstacles are also described.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses both qualitative and quantitative approaches along with review of related literature. The present scenario of RFID implementation status of Bangladesh is shown by a survey with a structured questionnaire and reviewing related literature.FindingsThe findings show that RFID is being used in the university libraries to reduce staff stress, increase efficiency, track and locate items quickly, book drop support at any time, easier circulation, promote self-check-in check-out activities, etc. This study identifies the challenges in libraries of Bangladesh which are lack of adequate funding, unavailability of RFID accessories, lack of skilled manpower, unwillingness, erratic power supply, etc. Also, it suggests some suitable ways such as creating positive impression and attitudes, arrangement of proper training, appointment of skilled manpower and allocation of sufficient budget to overcome the existing challenges of RFID.Originality/valueThe study describes the benefits of RFID technology for libraries, and some recommendations are proposed for extensive use of this technology.

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Lasker, Shamima Parvin, Shakoor MA, and Arif Hossain. "Structure and Function of Ethics Committee in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 13, no. 3 (November 5, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.62865/bjbio.v13i3.43.

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A cross-sectional study was done on 50 ethics committee members from 15 different Ethics Committee (EC) over a period of 6 months from February 2018 to June 2018 to understand the structure and function of ECs in Bangladesh. Most of the ECs were male predominant (66.3%) and maximum ECs had technical members (93.33%). Only 8.3% ECs had lay person. Forty percent of the ECs did not update SOP routinely. Most of the ECs had no provision of training for its members (79.2%) and had no budget (71.8%) for the purpose of running EC efficiently. Different ECs had different quorum to start the meeting. Maximum ECs service were voluntary (82.22%). A little less than half of the respondents (45.76%) felt that their decision had not been noted down if disagreed against majority of vote in the ECs and did not placed in the minute. Maximum respondents (88.18%) did not know whether there was any law in Bangladesh to create a EC. A big percentage (89%) of ECs did not monitored by authorized body to guide and oversee the functioning of EC. This article concluded that some ECs followed the international rules and regulation to formation and function the ECs but still a handsome number of ECs were lag behind in Bangladesh. The capacity of ECs can only be strengthened by training and various recognition/accreditation programs.

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Haque, MM, MR Islam, MS Rahman, MAR Sarkar, MAA Mamun, MU Salam, and MS Kabir. "Soil Health as Influenced by Fertilizer Management in Rice Based Cropping System." Bangladesh Rice Journal 24, no. 2 (May 14, 2021): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v24i2.53452.

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Nutrient management influences soil health and crop productivity. Sustained crop production re-quires specific nutrient management options after a certain period. The objectives of this investigation were to examine the effects of inorganic and organic fertilization on yields and soil carbon budget under rice based cropping patterns in Bangladesh. The research data and informationhave been gen-erated based on previouslypublished, unpublished sources and own concept.Omission of K or im-balanced K are more influential for reduction in grain yield up to 47% in Boro (dry) season but N was most limiting up to 35% in T. Aman (wet) season. With existing fertilizer rates for growing rice, the balances of N and K are always negative. Balanced chemical fertilizer (NPKSZn) can be an option for improving crop productivity and maintain soil quality. Net ecosystem carbon (C) balances are posi-tive when 3 t ha-1 cow dung (CD), 2 t ha-1 poultry manure (PM) and 2 t ha-1 vermicompost (VC) are used in combination with chemical fertilizers. Soil amendments with organic nutrient sources (rice straw, CD, PM, VC, legume crops) and rice based cropping patterns such as T. Aman-Mustard-Boro, Boro-Fallow-Fallow, Jute-T. Aman-Fallow, Wheat-Mungbean-T. Aman, Grass pea- T. Aus-T. Aman and Potato-Boro-T. Aman can be beneficial in improving soil C budget, soil nutrient ratio, total crop production and maintenance of environmental health that will meet SDGs goal. Bangladesh Rice J. 24 (2): 119-131, 2021

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Patra, P. K., J. G. Canadell, R. A. Houghton, S. L. Piao, N. H. Oh, P. Ciais, K. R. Manjunath, et al. "The carbon budget of South Asia." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 10 (October 5, 2012): 13537–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-13537-2012.

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Abstract. The source and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) due to anthropogenic and natural biospheric activities were estimated for the South Asia region (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka). Flux estimates were based on top-down methods that use inversions of atmospheric data, and bottom-up methods that use field observations, satellite data, and terrestrial ecosystem models. Based on atmospheric CO2 inversions, the net biospheric CO2 flux in South Asia (equivalent to the Net Biome Productivity, NBP) was a sink, estimated at −104 ± 150 Tg C yr−1 during 2007–2008. Based on the bottom-up approach, the net biospheric CO2 flux is estimated to be −191 ± 193 Tg C yr−1 during the period of 2000–2009. This last net flux results from the following flux components: (1) the Net Ecosystem Productivity, NEP (net primary production minus heterotrophic respiration) of −220 ± 186 Tg C yr−1 (2) the annual net carbon flux from land-use change of −14 ± 50 Tg C yr−1, which resulted from a sink of −16 Tg C yr−1 due to the establishment of tree plantations and wood harvest, and a source of 2 Tg C yr−1 due to the expansion of croplands; (3) the riverine export flux from terrestrial ecosystems to the coastal oceans of +42.9 Tg C yr−1; and (4) the net CO2 emission due to biomass burning of +44.1 ± 13.7 Tg C yr−1. Including the emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels of 444 Tg C yr−1 for the decades of 2000s, we estimate a net CO2 land-to-atmosphere flux of 297 Tg C yr−1. In addition to CO2, a fraction of the sequestered carbon in terrestrial ecosystems is released to the atmosphere as CH4. Based on bottom-up and top-down estimates, and chemistry-transport modeling, we estimate that 37 ± 3.7 Tg C-CH4 yr−1 were released to atmosphere from South Asia during the 2000s. Taking all CO2 and CH4 fluxes together, our best estimate of the net land-to-atmosphere CO2-equivalent flux is a net source of 334 Tg C yr−1 for the South Asia region during the 2000s. If CH4 emissions are weighted by radiative forcing of molecular CH4, the total CO2-equivalent flux increases to 1148 Tg C yr−1 suggesting there is great potential of reducing CH4 emissions for stabilizing greenhouse gases concentrations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bangladesh Budget'

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