Academic literature on the topic 'Bando competitivo'

La partecipazione a un bando competitivo per progetti di miglioramento del capitale naturale ha offerto l'occasione per avviarne uno nella bassa pianura bergamasca che travalicasse i confini dei singoli comuni, sperimentando nuove modalità di governo. Denominato Arco Blu, fondato su un approccio pragmatico, consiste nella ricomposizione di un insieme di progetti locali di riqualificazione ambientale, da adattare e integrare sulla trama di un disegno territoriale e paesaggistico d'insieme che attraversa e connette le valli fluviali. La parcellizzazione iniziale degli interventi diviene quindi il punto di avvio del progetto, che per integrarli li modifica ed estende, coinvolgendo e responsabilizzando le singole amministrazioni. Si tratta di un progetto collaborativo che punta sia a conseguire risultati immediati, sia a creare le condizioni per una visione coerente di lungo periodo.

This study investigated the development of marching band traditions at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), as told through the rivalry between Southern University (SU) and Jackson State University (JSU). I interviewed directors from SU, including Lawrence Jackson, Nathan Haymer, and Kedric Taylor. Directors from JSU included Dowell Taylor, Lewis Liddell, and Lowell Hollinger. Paul Adams directed at both schools, David Ware is an HBCU bands researcher, and Julian White directed at Florida A&M University (FAMU). I found traditions established through the intense rivalry between SU and JSU. Interviewees agree that a desire to outplay and outperform the other band is a major factor. This study highlights similarities between HBCU bands and New Orleans-style “second line” brass bands, which were historically driven by a competitive edge. Narrations revealed combinations of happenstance and careful planning that birthed traditions such as the famed pre-game “zero quarter” and post-game “fifth quarter” rituals that are now commonplace at HBCU football games. Directors discussed how these traditions changed with improved video sharing. Fans now demand more music, more shock factor, and flawlessness. This competitive environment forged unique traditions which can inform modern music educators about the important and complex role of competition in performance.

Hoy existe una alta presión competitiva, esto hace que la empresas tengan que alinearse con su respectiva competencia y más aun con los deseos de los clientes, razón por la cual se crean las empresas; muchas empresas consideran que para estar actualizadas en los avances competitivos deben de considerar solamente el mantenimiento de sus diferentes recursos como materiales, equipos, entre otros. Muchas de ellas se olvidan que el potencial humano requiere su respectiva actualización, por ello la creación de programas de capacitación empresarial acorde a lo que el mercado requiere es de suma importancia, ya que ello permitirá incrementar el desempeño laboral y, por ende, la productividad laboral.

This article proposes a classification method of two-class motor imagery electroencephalogram (EEG) signals based on convolutional neural network (CNN), in which EEG signals from C3, C4 and Cz electrodes of publicly available BCI competition IV dataset 2b were used to test the performance of the CNN. The authors investigate two similar CNNs: a single-input CNN with a form of 2-dimensional input from short time Fourier transform (STFT) combining time, frequency and location information, and a multiple-input CNN with 3-dimensional input which processes the electrodes as an independent dimension. Fisher discriminant analysis-type F-score based on band pass (BP) feature and power spectra density (PSD) feature are employed respectively to select the subject-optimal frequency bands. In the experiments, typical frequency bands related to motor imagery EEG signals, subject-optimal frequency bands and extension frequency bands are employed respectively as the frequency range of the input image of CNN. The better classification performance of extension frequency bands show that CNN can extract optimal feature from frequency information automatically. The classification result also demonstrates that the proposed approach is more competitive in prediction of left/right hand motor imagery task compared with other state-of-art approaches.

Esta investigación, analiza el mercado de los servicios bancarios en el entorno competitivo de las sucursales de BANPRO y el BDF de la ciudad de Estelí, durante el período comprendido del 2014 al 2015. Para ello, se tomó en cuenta que la intermediación financiera que realizan estos bancos es muy importante para determinar el nivel de competitividad que tienen en el mercado bancario, a su vez se compararon entre si los servicios que ofrecen estas sucursales para establecer que banco brinda mejores productos y servicios que contribuyen en dar una mejor atención al público y finalmente se propusieron estrategias que apoyen al mejoramiento de la posición competitiva de estos bancos en relación a la oferta de nuevos servicios para satisfacer las necesidades de los clientes. Los resultados muestran que la intermediación financiera, da un aporte sustancial al empoderamiento competitivo de estos bancos en el mercado, además que los servicios ofrecidos por estas entidades son diversificados, pero aún deben de diseñar nuevos productos debido a la bancarización que está presente en el sector financiero, así mismo se propuso el establecimiento de nuevas estrategias que son de mucha utilidad para competir de una manera sana en el mercado bancario.

This study investigated the influence of competitive state on cerebral cortex activity of professional shooters with 10 m air rifle before shooting. Generally, professional athletes have higher neural efficiency compared with ordinary people. We recruited 11 national shooters to complete 60 shots under both noncompetitive and competitive shooting conditions, and simultaneously collected their electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) information. Theta, alpha, and beta power were computed in the last three seconds preceding each shot from average-reference 29-channel EEG, while EEG characteristics under two conditions were analyzed. The results showed a significant linear correlation between shooting accuracy and EEG power of anterior frontal, central, temporal, and occipital regions in beta and theta bands. In addition, the theta power in occipital regions, alpha power in frontal-central and left occipital regions, and beta power in frontal and mid-occipital regions were higher than those in noncompetitive state. However, heart rate (HR) and shooting accuracy did not change significantly under the two conditions. These findings reveal the changes of cortical activity underlying competition shooting as well as providing further understanding of the neural mechanisms of the shooting process and lay a foundation for the subsequent neuromodulation research.

Abstract Cooperation and competition are two basic modes of human interaction. Their underlying neural mechanisms, especially from an interpersonal perspective, have not been fully explored. Using the electroencephalograph-based hyperscanning technique, the present study investigated the neural correlates of both cooperation and competition within the same ecological paradigm using a classic motion-sensing tennis game. Both the inter-brain coupling (the inter-brain amplitude correlation and inter-brain phase-locking) and the intra-brain spectral power were analyzed. Only the inter-brain amplitude correlation showed a significant difference between cooperation and competition, with different spatial patterns at theta, alpha and beta frequency bands. Further inspection revealed distinct inter-brain coupling patterns for cooperation and competition; cooperation elicited positive inter-brain amplitude correlation at the delta and theta bands in extensive brain regions, while competition was associated with negative occipital inter-brain amplitude correlation at the alpha and beta bands. These findings add to our knowledge of the neural mechanisms of cooperation and competition and suggest the significance of adopting an inter-brain perspective in exploring the neural underpinnings of social interaction in ecological contexts.

ABSTRACTThe oxide interface SrTiO3/LaAlO3 supports a 2D electron liquid displaying superconductivity and magnetism, while allowing for a continuous control of the electron density using a gate. Our recent measurements have shown a similar surprising nonmonotonic behavior as function of the gate voltage (carrier density) of three quantities: the superconducting critical temperature and field, the inverse Hall coefficient, and the frequency of quantum oscillations. While the total density has to be monotonic as function of gate, the last result indicates that one of the involved bands has a nonmontonic occupancy as function of the chemical potential. We show how electronic interactions can lead to such an effect, by creating a competition between the involved bands and making their sturcture non-rigid, and thus account for all these effects. Adding Fock terms to our previous Hartree treatment makes this scenario even more generic.

Attraverso questo elaborato si vogliono raccontare i metodi innovativi del Gruppo Santander, con sede a Santader e come riesce ad essere uno dei gruppi più performanti ed internazionali nel contesto globale bancario. Le strategie che da sempre sono la chiave del successo del Gruppo sono: la digitalizzazione e l’innovazione dei servizi e dei prodotti offerti ai clienti. La scelta dell’innovazione avviene mediante il finanziamento di progetti e l’istituzione di fondi, tra cui il più importante è InnoVentures che raccoglie 50 imprese partner. Il Banco Santander è il primo gruppo bancario che offre alla sua clientela un insieme diversificato e adatto ai diversi segmenti di clientela retail di cui si occupa, diversissime applicazioni volte ad ottenere la massima soddisfazione e la massima fidelizzazione del cliente. Inoltre, tutta questa capacità tecnologico-innovativa è ben descritta sui diversi bilanci analizzati in termini di accantonamenti per investimenti futuri e in termini di investimenti volti a migliorare la tecnologia offerta ai clienti già esistente. Inoltre, è la prima Banca nel panorama europeo ad offrire ad alcune categorie -geograficamente localizzate in primis- l’applicativo ONE PAYFX, cioè la prima applicazione che si basa sull’uso della blockchain. Questa applicazione è stata sviluppata in collaborazione con Ripple, utilizzando la sicurezza del sistema blockchain e la velocità di transizioni assimilabili a quelle garantite da VISA, grazie a XRP.

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Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre Marketing com banco de dados, que é o marketing auxiliado por um banco de dados de clientes. No varejo, depois do advento da automação comercial, muitas empresas passaram a possuir um grande banco de dados de seus clientes com as mais variadas informações. Através de alguns exemplos enfatiza-se como aspectos conceituais estão relacionados com os casos práticos apresentados

Esta tese propõe a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: como estará caracterizado o ambiente competitivo dos bancos comerciais no Brasil nos próximos 10 anos e quais as principais estratégias e recursos que lhes habilitarão a competir nesse horizonte de tempo? Para respondê-la, pôs-se o objetivo geral de analisar as principais variáveis de configuração do ambiente competitivo dos bancos comerciais no Brasil e as possíveis estratégias competitivas correspondentes no referido horizonte de tempo. As abordagens de pesquisa utilizadas foram entrevistas semiestruturadas e um painel Delphi com treze especialistas do setor bancário: executivos, gestores, analistas e acadêmicos. A partir de uma análise de conteúdo aplicada sobre as respostas do roteiro, os principais resultados evidenciados são: tendência de uma crescente regionalização dos bancos brasileiros para a América Latina, associada a uma internacionalização para o continente africano; uma tendência de manutenção da concentração da indústria no País, com restritos espaços de atuação para bancos de pequeno e médio portes; possíveis disrupções na arena de competição devidas a novas tecnologias que impactam no modelo de negócios dos bancos, até de setores pouco relacionados à intermediação; consolidação do telefone celular como principal catalisador das transações bancárias e meios de pagamento. A consolidação das perspectivas registradas no painel Delphi não só confirmam os resultados supracitados, mas aponta que, nessa indústria, a governança, marca e reputação são os ativos intangíveis considerados os mais importantes para a competitividade dos bancos no futuro. Segue-se a eficiência em custos, esta possível não só por tecnologias de acesso pelo cliente, mas por uma extensiva revisão de processos nas operações e na gestão do relacionamento com o cliente. A pesquisa dá suporte a argumentos teóricos acerca da efemeridade de grupos estratégicos e contribui para a discussão e escolha de indicadores coerentes para a mensuração da vantagem competitiva em bancos comerciais.
This dissertation proposes the following research question: how will the competitive environment of commercial banks in Brazil be featured over the next ten years and what are the main strategies and resources that will enable them to compete in that time horizon? To answer it, it was established the overall objective of analyzing the main configuration variables of the competitive environment of commercial banks in Brazil and conceivable corresponding competitive strategies in that time horizon. The research approaches used were semi-structured interviews and a Delphi Panel with Thirteen experts from banking industry: executives, managers, analysts and academics. From a content analysis applied over responses, the main results are: tendency of a growing regionalization of Brazilian banks to Latin America, associated with an internationalization for the African continent; a tendency of enduring concentration of the industry in the country, with restricted operation gaps for small and medium banks; possible disruptions in the competitive arena due to the impact of new technologies on the prevailing banking business model, even from little brokering-related sectors; consolidation of the cell phone as the main catalyst of bank transactions and means of payment. The consolidation of the registered Delphi panel perspectives not only confirm the aforementioned results, but points out that, in this industry, governance, brand and reputation are intangible assets considered most important for the competitiveness of banks in the future. It follows cost efficiency, possible not only thanks to client-access technologies, but also to an extensive review of operations processes and customer relationship management. The research supports the theoretical arguments about the ephemerality of strategic groups and contributes to the discussion and choice of consistent indicators for the measurement of competitive advantage in commercial banks.

O cenário de competição empresarial exige das empresas diversas posturas diferenciadoras, dentre estas, posturas que sejam capazes de desenvolver vantagens competitivas sustentáveis. Como resultado de sua busca pela competitividade, as empresas procuram desenvolver suas competências essenciais por meio das pessoas que a compõe. Dentre as formas de desenvolvimento organizacional, solidificou-se a realização de treinamentos no ambiente das corporações. O pensamento científico relacionado ao tema, observa a necessidade de que o treinamento esteja alinhado às estratégias da empresa e que seja capaz de produzir resultados. Surge a necessidade de se avaliar sistematicamente o treinamento e em especial seus resultados. Com o objetivo de delinear as características particulares do fenômeno, este estudo analisou as dimensões qualitativas de um programa de treinamento o MBA (Master in Business Administration) Gestão Pública realizado no Banco do Brasil. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo de caso, valendo-se da realização de grupos focais, de entrevistas semiestruturadas e de análise de dados secundários para a obtenção de evidências que ofereceram elementos de análise do treinamento realizado. Conclui-se que o programa produziu resultados no contexto da Diretoria de Governo do Banco do Brasil, tendo atingido os objetivos de proposição do treinamento. Foram estudados quatro modelos de avalaição de treinamento, tendo sido defindo o Modelo MAIS como adequado para explorar o curso estudado. A avaliação de treinamento delineou o quanto o programa atendeu ao modelo, tendo sido observada a presença maioria dos parâmetros e ausência de alguns outros. Observou-se resultados objetivos do curso, como o planejamento de produtos e o dimensionamento de estratégias organizacionais. Muitos dos resultados observados encontram-se no contexto de outras ações organizacionais da Diretoria estudada e não podem ser apontados como resultado do treinamento, por outro lado o treinamento é apontado como um dos elementos de contexto que contribuíram com este resultado. Foram identificados ainda resultados que podem ser classificados como fonte de Vantagem Competitiva Sustentável da Diretoria de Governo do Banco do Brasil e que estão associados ao programa MBA Gestão Pública.
The competitive business environment demands differentiation postures from every company, especially, postures that are capable to develop sustainable competitive advantages. In consequence of their search for competitiveness, companies look for developing their essential abilities through the people who compose it. Amongst different forms of organizational development, training becomes a frequent practice in companies environment. The scientific thought related to the subject emphasizes a necessity of alignment between training and companies strategies, and the capability of producing results. Systematic evaluation of the training and especially its results becomes necessary. In order to delineate the particular characteristics of the phenomenon, this study analyzed qualitative dimensions of a training program called MBA Public Management implemented at Banco do Brasil. The methodology was a case study, based on focus groups, half-structuralized interviews, and secondary data analysis to attain evidences that offered analysis elements of the studied training. It is concluded that the program produced results in the context of the Government Board of the Banco do Brasil, and reached the proposal objectives of the training. Four models of evaluation of training had been studied, and the Model MAIS was considered adjusted to explore the studied course. The training evaluation delineated how much of the model was attended by the program it was observed the presence of the majority of the parameters and absence of some others. It was also observed objective results of the course, for instance the planning of products and the sizing of organizational strategies. There were many of the observed results, which are related to other organizational actions of the studied Board, and they cannot be pointed as resulted from the training. However, the training is pointed as one of the context elements that had contributed with these results. It was also identified results that can be classified as sources of Sustainable Competitive Advantage of the Government Board of the Banco do Brasil, which are associated to MBA Public Management program.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos- Finep
The content covered in this dissertation, entitled "Digital marketing as a competitive strategy: Digital Portal using the Bank of Brazil SA" it is a descriptive and exploratory study. So describes the evolution of information technology in the banking sector and investigates the Digital Portal, available on the platform of this financial institution, contributes to a better relationship between customers three portfolios "Corporate" and that institution, as well as the advantages conferred on the use of it.
O conteúdo abordado nesta dissertação de mestrado, intitulada “Marketing digital como estratégia competitiva: o uso do Portal Digital do Banco do Brasil S.A.” trata-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório. Assim, descreve a evolução da tecnologia da informação no setor bancário e investiga se o Portal Digital, disponível na plataforma desta instituição financeira, contribui para um melhor relacionamento entre os clientes de três carteiras “Pessoa Jurídica” e a referida instituição, bem como, as vantagens atribuídas quanto ao uso do mesmo.

A automação bancária implica agilidade e melhoria no atendimento. Ao mesmo tempo, estimulando o auto-serviço, desvincula o contato pessoal. Percebe-se, pois, que essa utilização tem implicações estratégicas para as instituições financeiras por provocar mudanças no relacionamento entre clientes e bancos. O Intercâmbio Eletrônico de Dados - EDI - constitui-se no primeiro passo de telesserviço. O conceito fundamental desse sistema é a transmissão eletrônica de dados padronizados de um computador a outro. Essa transferência pode ser efetuado via sistema de transporte fisico (disquete ou fita magnética) ou via sistema de transmissão computador a computador sem intervenção manual. Para avaliar as mudanças anteriormente referidas foi concebida a pesquisa utilizando a tecnologia Intercâmbio Eletrônico de Dados - EDI - para troca de informações relativas à cobrança escritural entre bancos e empresas. Os dados foram coletados através de questionário enviado via correio, junto a 60 empresas do Rio Grande do Sul, usuárias do sistema com bancos, tendo havido retorno de 34 questionários. Os aspectos básicos verificados foram os beneficios do sistema, a valorização do relacionamento cliente-banco, traduzido na concentração de negócios no primeiro banco a instalar o sistema e na percepção de melhorias no relacionamento. Os resultados permitiram uma visão de qual seria a vantagem competitiva decorrente da instalação do sistema e, também, qual a melhor estratégia a ser usada tanto para a difusão quanto para a obtenção do máximo proveito na sua utilização.
Bank automatism implies agility and improvement in service. At the same time, while stimulating self-service, it disentails personal contact. It can be seen then that this usage has strategic implications for the financial institutions, for it stirs up relatioship changes between the clients and the banks. The Electronic Data Interchange - EDI - establishes the first step in teleservice. The fundamental conceit of the system is the electronic transmission of standardized data from one computer to another. This transfer can be made either via physical conveyance system (magnetic disk or tape) or via conveyance system from computer to computer with no manual intervention. In order to evaluate the above mentioned changes the research was conceived using the Eletronic Data Interchange - EDI - technology for information exchange related to accounting collection between banks and companies. The data was gathered through questionnaires sent by mail to 60 companies that use the banking system of Rio Grande do Sul, having 34 questionnaires returned. The basic aspects to be found out were the benefits of the system, the valorization of the client-bank relationship manifesting themselves in the concentration of business having the former installed the system and in the perception of improvements in the relationship. The results made possible a view of what would be the competitive advantage of the establishment of the system and also what would be the best strategy both for the diffusion and for getting the most out of its application.

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O presente trabalho versa sobre a análise e verificação das estratégias jurídicas como recurso de vantagem competitiva, segundo o modelo “Resource –Based View (RBV)”. Para tanto, partimos de uma pesquisa bibliográfica calcada na percepção do direito e das estratégias jurídicas segundo a óptica transversal da escola “Law and Economics”, abordando conceitos de eficiência econômica como ferramenta de aplicação e interpretação do direito. Com suporte em conceitos arraigados de estratégia e vantagem competitiva segundo autores como Porter e Mintzberg especificamos os elementos da estratégia jurídica, bem como a situamos dentro da cadeia de valores da organização e a relacionamos com as cinco forças do mercado. Utilizando o modelo “RBV” para responder à questão problema – se, de fato, as estratégias jurídicas são fonte de vantagem competitiva sustentável ao preencherem os 04 requisitos (valor, raridade, impossibilidade de imitação e substituição) - encontramos na bibliografia pesquisada resposta afirmativa à questão. Resolvemos, então, confrontar a pesquisa teórica com o caso da privatização do Banespa – Banco do Estado de São Paulo, no qual as estratégias jurídico-fiscais e societárias foram decisivas para a aquisição desta instituição financeira por parte do banco espanhol Santander Central Hispânico, concluindo pela real importância das estratégias jurídicas na obtenção e manutenção de vantagem competitiva.
Salvador

Relations between music education structures and teacher agency are under-researched and under-theorized, and scholars have indicated that the traditions and competitions of school bands in the U. S. may constrain educator agency. The need for research on teacher agency in competitive environments is compounded by policy trends toward administrators' use of festival scores in music educator evaluations. The purpose of this instrumental case study was to investigate band teacher agency in a highly competitive music education environment. I used the chordal triad of agency as the primary theoretical framework. Participants were four mid-career band educators in Texas, and I collected data through interviews, observations, journal entries, website review, and email correspondence. Throughout the data, participants' agency largely reproduced existing structures. Findings coalesced around (a) participants' core values of music, students' development, hard work, and competition, (b) an inductive, cohesive collection of band teaching norms despite participants' employment in schools of varying urbanicity and student demographics, (c) power sources that transmitted values and directed teachers' agency, and (d) a compelling story of one participant's generative agency that contrasted with the rest of the data. I provide directions for further research on music teacher agency and suggest implications for band educators, professional music education organizations, and music teacher educators.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção
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Este trabalho estuda o modelo de planejamento estratégico adotado pelo Banco do Brasil e sua adequação, considerando a literatura sobre o assunto e o porte da instituição. Para a pesquisa de campo, elegeu-se a técnica da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental sobre a Instituição-alvo. Após comparar os dados sobre o modelo de planejamento estratégico da Instituição-alvo com as informações disponíveis na revisão da literatura foi possível elaborar conclusões sobre os assuntos abordados. A pergunta que serviu para orientar a pesquisa foi: qual o modelo de planejamento estratégico mais adequado a ser implementado pelo Banco do Brasil para que o mesmo possa atuar em um mercado globalizado e competitivo? A pesquisa procurou comparar o modelo de planejamento estratégico do Banco com as premissas das dez escolas de administração estratégicas mais conhecidas e proeminentes da atualidade, como, por exemplo, a escola do Design, do Poder, do Posicionamento e a do Planejamento. Com isso, visava-se analisar os pontos fortes e fracos de cada escola e, tendo verificado com qual (quais) delas o modelo da Instituição-alvo mais se identificava, opinar sobre a validade do mesmo para atuar no mercado bancário brasileiro. De todas as escolas enfocadas, percebeu-se que aquela da qual o modelo de planejamento estratégico do Banco do Brasil mais se aproximava era a do Planejamento. Analisando os pontos fortes e fracos de tal escola de estratégia, percebeu-se que, ao segui-la, o modelo do Banco podia atuar a contento no mercado bancário atual, com grandes chances de alcançar suas metas e objetivos corporativos. Concluiu-se que o modelo de planejamento estratégico adotado atualmente pelo Banco do Brasil constitui o mais indicado para que a Instituição possa atuar no mercado bancário brasileiro, contanto que determinadas adaptações sejam efetuadas no mesmo. This work studies the model of strategic planning adopted by the Bank of Brazil and its adequacy, considering literature on the subject and the transport of the institution. For the field research, it was chosen technique of documentary the bibliographical research and on the Institution-target. After to compare the data on the model of strategic planning of the Institution-target with the available information in the revision of literature was possible to elaborate conclusions on the boarded subjects. The question that served to guide the research was: which the model of strategic planning more adjusted to be implemented by the Bank of Brazil so that the same it can act in a global and competitive market? The research looked for to more compare the model of strategic planning of the Bank with the premises of the ten strategic schools of administration known and prominent of the present time, as, for example, the school of the Design, the Power, the Positioning and of the Planning. With this, it was aimed at to analyze the strong and weak points of each school and, having verified with which (which) of them the model of the Institution-target more was identified, to think on the validity of the same one to act in the Brazilian banking market. Of all the focused schools, perceived that that one of which the model of strategic planning of the Bank of Brazil more was come close was of the Planning. Analyzing the strong and weak points of such school of strategy, it was perceived that, to the follow it, the model of the Bank could act contents it in the current banking market, with great possibilities to reach its corporative goals and objectives. One concluded that the model of strategic planning adopted currently for the Bank of Brazil constitutes the most indicated so that the Institution can act in the Brazilian banking market, since that determined adaptations they are effected in exactly.

This chapter describes Hodges’s lifelong rivalry—sometimes friendly, sometimes less so—with the other leading alto saxophonist of his era, Benny Carter, along with two other notable altos, Jimmy Dorsey and Willie Smith. Carter was Hodges’s opposite in many respects; he had a thorough knowledge of harmony and music theory, though he was largely self-taught. Hodges, by contrast, was an “inspired primitive” in the words of one jazz critic; he did not pick up written music quickly and would often get frustrated when faced with a complicated score until his bandmates had walked him through his part. History’s judgment on the two men comes down slightly in Hodges’s favor. With his unique tone and his long-standing tenure in Ellington’s band, Hodges produced more memorable works than did Carter, who spent many years overseas and in Hollywood, out of the jazz mainstream.

Dynamic Spectrum Allocation (DSA) has been viewed as a promising approach to improving spectrum efficiency. With DSA, Wireless Service Providers (WSPs) that operate in fixed spectrum bands allocated through static allocation can solve their short-term spectrum shortage problems resulting from the bursty nature of wireless traffic. Such DSA mechanisms should be coupled with dynamic pricing schemes to achieve the most efficient allocation. This chapter models the DSA problem where a centralized spectrum broker manages “white space” in the spectrum of TV broadcasters and sells the vacant spectrum bands to multiple WSPs, as a multi-stage non-cooperative dynamic game. Furthermore, an economic framework for DSA is presented and a centralized spectrum allocation mechanism is proposed. The simulation results show that the centralized spectrum allocation mechanism with dynamic pricing achieves a DSA implementation that is responsive to market conditions as well as enabling efficient utilization of the available spectrum.

The obtaining of the steady-state regime of simultaneous oscillation on several given lines in CO2 and CO lasers presents difficulties because of the competition between transitions. In Ref. 1, it is shown theoretically and experimentally that the steady-state multiwave regime in a TEA CO2 laser is possible at sufficiently high intensities of the light fields in the cavity. Due to the effect of “rotational or vibrational bottleneck" the competition between the transitions becomes considerably weaker. To weaken the competition, it is necessary to purposely create the conditions under which the field intensity in the cavity exceeds the saturation intensity of the CO2 molecule operating transitions, which is determined from the expression: Is = cπγ/τB, where c is light speed, γ is the collisional half width of the line, τ is the characteristic time of collisional relaxation, B is the integral Einstein coefficient for the centre of the vibrational-rotational transition. The field mechanism considered is applicable to multiwave oscillation at rotational transitions of both one band and various bands. In the last case, it is much easier to weaken the competition between the transitions. The effect of "vibrational bottleneck" comes into action at far lower saturation intensities, because it is determined by slower processes of vibrational exchange.

The prediction of time series has gained increasingly more attention among researchers since it is a crucial aspect of decision-making activities. Unfortunately, most time series prediction methods assume the property of stationarity, i.e., statistical properties do not change over time. In practice, it is the exception and not the rule in most real datasets. Several transformation methods were designed to treat nonstationarity in time series. In this context, nonstationary time series prediction is challenging since it demands knowledge of both data transformation and prediction methods. Since there are no silver bullets, it leads to exploring a large number of data transformation and prediction method combinations for building prediction setups. However, selecting a prediction setup that is appropriate to a particular time series and application is not a simple task. Benchmarking of different candidate combinations helps this selection. This work contributes by providing a review and experimental analysis of transformation methods and a systematic framework (TSPred) for benchmarking and selecting prediction setups for nonstationary time series. Suitable nonstationary time series transformation methods provided improvements of more than 30% in prediction accuracy for half of the evaluated time series. They improved the prediction by more than 95% for 10% of the time series. The features provided by TSPred are also shown to be competitive regarding prediction accuracy. Furthermore, the adoption of a validation phase during model training enables the selection of suitable transformation methods.

In certain alloys non-homogeneous plastic flow is observed. A category of jerky flow, also called the Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect, is attributed to the competition between dislocation aging by solute atoms and plastic strain rate. In this study, the PLC effect was examined in an aluminum-magnesium alloy using digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. A cold rolling procedure was developed for Al5052-T0 specimens that resulted in repeatable jerky flow when tested in tension at nominal displacement rates that spanned three orders of magnitude. The tests were successful in producing repeatable propagating type bands of serrated flow, which resulted in serrations or stress drops on the stress versus time curve. Deforming specimens were photographed during testing, and the images were correlated using commercially available DIC software to determine local strains and local strain rates. The present study focuses upon type B, or hopping, bands. The DIC results revealed that the strain front moved along the length of the specimen and strains 1 to 2% higher were observed in the wake of the propagating bands. In addition, at least an order of magnitude increase in local strain rate corresponded to the band front as it moved through the specimen. At slower nominal displacement rates, the magnitude of the stress drops for type B bands was greater, but the number of stress drops was fewer for a given nominal displacement. The repeatability of this study shows that DIC provides an effective way to characterize this type of non-homogeneous or localized plastic flow.

The antibotulinal baceriocins, propionicin PLG-1 and jenseniin G., were the first to be identified, purified and characterized for the dairy propionibaceria and are produced by Propionibacterium thoenii P127 and P. thoenii/jensenii P126, respectively. Objectives of this project were to (a) produce polyclonal antibodies for detection, comparison and monitoring of propionicin PLG-1; (b) identify, clone and characterize the propionicin PLG-1 (plg-1) and jenseniin G (jnG) genes; and (3) develop gene transfer systems for dairy propionibacteria using them as models. Polyclonal antibodies for detection, comparison and monitoring of propionicin PLG-1 were produced in rabbits. Anti-PLG-1 antiserum had high titers (256,000 to 512,000), neutralized PLG-1 activity, and detected purified PLG-1 at 0.10 mg/ml (indirect ELISA) and 0.033 mg/ml (competitive indirect ELISA). Thirty-nine of 158 strains (most P. thoenii or P. jensenii) yielded cross-reacting material; four strains of P. thoenii, including two previously unidentified bacteriocin producers, showed biological activity. Eight propionicin-negative P127 mutants produced neither ELISA response nor biological activity. Western blot analyses of supernates detected a PLG-1 band at 9.1 kDa and two additional protein bands with apparent molecular weights of 16.2 and 27.5 kDa. PLG-1 polyclonal antibodies were used for detection of jenseniin G. PLG-1 antibodies neutralized jenseniin G activity and detected a jenseniin G-sized, 3.5 kDa peptide. Preliminary immunoprecipitation of crude preparations with PLG-1 antibodies yielded three proteins including an active 3-4 kDa band. Propionicin PLG-1 antibodies were used to screen a P. jensenii/thoenii P126 genomic expression library. Complete sequencing of a cloned insert identified by PLG-1 antibodies revealed a putative response regulator, transport protein, transmembrane protein and an open reading frame (ORF) potentially encoding jenseniin G. PCR cloning of the putative plg-1 gene yielded a 1,100 bp fragment with a 355 bp ORF encoding 118 amino acids; the deduced N-terminus was similar to the known PLG-1 N-terminus. The 118 amino acid sequence deduced from the putative plg-1 gene was larger than PLG-1 possibly due to post-translational processing. The product of the putative plg-1 gene had a calculated molecular weight of 12.8 kDa, a pI of 11.7, 14 negatively charged residues (Asp+Glu) and 24 positively charged residues (Arg+Lys). The putative plg-1 gene was expressed as an inducible fusion protein with a six-histidine residue tag. Metal affinity chromatography of the fused protein yielded a homogeneous product. The fused purified protein sequence matched the deduced putative plg-1 gene sequence. The data preliminarily suggest that both the plg-1 and jnG genes have been identified and cloned. Demonstrating that antibodies can be produced for propionicin PLG-1 and that those antibodies can be used to detect, monitor and compare activity throughout growth and purification was an important step towards monitoring PLG-1 concentrations in food systems. The unexpected but fortunate cross-reactivity of PLG-1 antibodies with jenseniin G led to selective recovery of jenseniin G by immunoprecipitation. Further refinement of this separation technique could lead to powerful affinity methods for rapid, specific separation of the two bacteriocins and thus facilitate their availability for industrial or pharmaceutical uses. Preliminary identification of genes encoding the two dairy propionibacteria bacteriocins must be confirmed; further analysis will provide means for understanding how they work, for increasing their production and for manipulating the peptides to increase their target species. Further development of these systems would contribute to basic knowledge about dairy propionibacteria and has potential for improving other industrially significant characteristics.

Macroeconomic summary Several factors contributed to an increase in projected inflation on the forecast horizon, keeping it above the target rate. These included inflation in December that surpassed expectations (5.62%), indexation to higher inflation rates for various baskets in the consumer price index (CPI), a significant real increase in the legal minimum wage, persistent external and domestic inflationary supply shocks, and heightened exchange rate pressures. The CPI for foods was affected by the persistence of external and domestic supply shocks and was the most significant contributor to unexpectedly high inflation in the fourth quarter. Price adjustments for fuels and certain utilities can explain the acceleration in inflation for regulated items, which was more significant than anticipated. Prices in the CPI for goods excluding food and regulated items also rose more than expected. This was partly due to a smaller effect on prices from the national government’s VAT-free day than anticipated by the technical staff and more persistent external pressures, including via peso depreciation. By contrast, the CPI for services excluding food and regulated items accelerated less than expected, partly reflecting strong competition in the communications sector. This was the only major CPI basket for which prices increased below the target inflation rate. The technical staff revised its inflation forecast upward in response to certain external shocks (prices, costs, and depreciation) and domestic shocks (e.g., on meat products) that were stronger and more persistent than anticipated in the previous report. Observed inflation and a real increase in the legal minimum wage also exceeded expectations, which would boost inflation by affecting price indexation, labor costs, and inflation expectations. The technical staff now expects year-end headline inflation of 4.3% in 2022 and 3.4% in 2023; core inflation is projected to be 4.5% and 3.6%, respectively. These forecasts consider the lapse of certain price relief measures associated with the COVID-19 health emergency, which would contribute to temporarily keeping inflation above the target on the forecast horizon. It is important to note that these estimates continue to contain a significant degree of uncertainty, mainly related to the development of external and domestic supply shocks and their ultimate effects on prices. Other contributing factors include high price volatility and measurement uncertainty related to the extension of Colombia’s health emergency and tax relief measures (such as the VAT-free days) associated with the Social Investment Law (Ley de Inversión Social). The as-yet uncertain magnitude of the effects of a recent real increase in the legal minimum wage (that was high by historical standards) and high observed and expected inflation, are additional factors weighing on the overall uncertainty of the estimates in this report. The size of excess productive capacity remaining in the economy and the degree to which it is closing are also uncertain, as the evolution of the pandemic continues to represent a significant forecast risk. margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. The technical staff revised its GDP growth projection for 2022 from 4.7% to 4.3% (Graph 1.3). This revision accounts for the likelihood that a larger portion of the recent positive dynamic in private consumption would be transitory than previously expected. This estimate also contemplates less dynamic investment behavior than forecast in the previous report amid less favorable financial conditions and a highly uncertain investment environment. Third-quarter GDP growth (12.9%), which was similar to projections from the October report, and the fourth-quarter growth forecast (8.7%) reflect a positive consumption trend, which has been revised upward. This dynamic has been driven by both public and private spending. Investment growth, meanwhile, has been weaker than forecast. Available fourth-quarter data suggest that consumption spending for the period would have exceeded estimates from October, thanks to three consecutive months that included VAT-free days, a relatively low COVID-19 caseload, and mobility indicators similar to their pre-pandemic levels. By contrast, the most recently available figures on new housing developments and machinery and equipment imports suggest that investment, while continuing to rise, is growing at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. The trade deficit is expected to have widened, as imports would have grown at a high level and outpaced exports. Given the above, the technical staff now expects fourth-quarter economic growth of 8.7%, with overall growth for 2021 of 9.9%. Several factors should continue to contribute to output recovery in 2022, though some of these may be less significant than previously forecast. International financial conditions are expected to be less favorable, though external demand should continue to recover and terms of trade continue to increase amid higher projected oil prices. Lower unemployment rates and subsequent positive effects on household income, despite increased inflation, would also boost output recovery, as would progress in the national vaccination campaign. The technical staff expects that the conditions that have favored recent high levels of consumption would be, in large part, transitory. Consumption spending is expected to grow at a slower rate in 2022. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) would continue to recover, approaching its pre-pandemic level, though at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. This would be due to lower observed GFCF levels and the potential impact of political and fiscal uncertainty. Meanwhile, the policy interest rate would be less expansionary as the process of monetary policy normalization continues. Given the above, growth in 2022 is forecast to decelerate to 4.3% (previously 4.7%). In 2023, that figure (3.1%) is projected to converge to levels closer to the potential growth rate. In this case, excess productive capacity would be expected to tighten at a similar rate as projected in the previous report. The trade deficit would tighten more than previously projected on the forecast horizon, due to expectations of an improved export dynamic and moderation in imports. The growth forecast for 2022 considers a low basis of comparison from the first half of 2021. However, there remain significant downside risks to this forecast. The current projection does not, for example, account for any additional effects on economic activity resulting from further waves of COVID-19. High private consumption levels, which have already surpassed pre-pandemic levels by a large margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. External demand for Colombian goods and services should continue to recover amid significant global inflation pressures, high oil prices, and less favorable international financial conditions than those estimated in October. Economic activity among Colombia’s major trade partners recovered in 2021 amid countries reopening and ample international liquidity. However, that growth has been somewhat restricted by global supply chain disruptions and new outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff has revised its growth forecast for Colombia’s main trade partners from 6.3% to 6.9% for 2021, and from 3.4% to 3.3% for 2022; trade partner economies are expected to grow 2.6% in 2023. Colombia’s annual terms of trade increased in 2021, largely on higher oil, coffee, and coal prices. This improvement came despite increased prices for goods and services imports. The expected oil price trajectory has been revised upward, partly to supply restrictions and lagging investment in the sector that would offset reduced growth forecasts in some major economies. Elevated freight and raw materials costs and supply chain disruptions continue to affect global goods production, and have led to increases in global prices. Coupled with the recovery in global demand, this has put upward pressure on external inflation. Several emerging market economies have continued to normalize monetary policy in this context. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Federal Reserve has anticipated an end to its asset buying program. U.S. inflation in December (7.0%) was again surprisingly high and market average inflation forecasts for 2022 have increased. The Fed is expected to increase its policy rate during the first quarter of 2022, with quarterly increases anticipated over the rest of the year. For its part, Colombia’s sovereign risk premium has increased and is forecast to remain on a higher path, to levels above the 15-year-average, on the forecast horizon. This would be partly due to the effects of a less expansionary monetary policy in the United States and the accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia. Given the above, international financial conditions are projected to be less favorable than anticipated in the October report. The increase in Colombia’s external financing costs could be more significant if upward pressures on inflation in the United States persist and monetary policy is normalized more quickly than contemplated in this report. As detailed in Section 2.3, uncertainty surrounding international financial conditions continues to be unusually high. Along with other considerations, recent concerns over the potential effects of new COVID-19 variants, the persistence of global supply chain disruptions, energy crises in certain countries, growing geopolitical tensions, and a more significant deceleration in China are all factors underlying this uncertainty. The changing macroeconomic environment toward greater inflation and unanchoring risks on inflation expectations imply a reduction in the space available for monetary policy stimulus. Recovery in domestic demand and a reduction in excess productive capacity have come in line with the technical staff’s expectations from the October report. Some upside risks to inflation have materialized, while medium-term inflation expectations have increased and are above the 3% target. Monetary policy remains expansionary. Significant global inflationary pressures and the unexpected increase in the CPI in December point to more persistent effects from recent supply shocks. Core inflation is trending upward, but remains below the 3% target. Headline and core inflation projections have increased on the forecast horizon and are above the target rate through the end of 2023. Meanwhile, the expected dynamism of domestic demand would be in line with low levels of excess productive capacity. An accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia and the increased likelihood of a faster normalization of monetary policy in the United States would put upward pressure on sovereign risk perceptions in a more persistent manner, with implications for the exchange rate and the natural rate of interest. Persistent disruptions to international supply chains, a high real increase in the legal minimum wage, and the indexation of various baskets in the CPI to higher inflation rates could affect price expectations and push inflation above the target more persistently. These factors suggest that the space to maintain monetary stimulus has continued to diminish, though monetary policy remains expansionary. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) in its meetings in December 2021 and January 2022 voted to continue normalizing monetary policy. The BDBR voted by a majority in these two meetings to increase the benchmark interest rate by 50 and 100 basis points, respectively, bringing the policy rate to 4.0%.