Academic literature on the topic 'Bananas (Musa acuminate Cavendish)'

This study aims to: (1) determine the process of processing cavendish banana (Musa acuminata) into banana sponge in the study area, (2) knowing the added value generated from the processing of cavendish banana (Musa acuminata) into banana sponge in the study area, (3 ) know the internal and external factors that are strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the development of cavendish banana processing (Musa acuminata) into banana sponge in the research area and (4) find out what alternatives and priorities can be applied in the development of cavendish banana processing (Musa acuminata) becomes a banana sponge in the study area. This research was conducted at PT. Trans Retail Indonesia, Medan Fair The determination of the research area was carried out purposively. The data collection method uses a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed descriptively and SWOT analysis. The results showed the process of making banana sponge begins with stripping bananas, followed by the process of mixing, then printing, steaming, cooking, cooling and packaging. The added value of the average processing of cavendish banana into a banana sponge is Rp 97,662.42, with an added value ratio of 46.66% <50% meaning that the added value is relatively low. The internal factors in the development of processing banana cavendish into banana sponge in the study area are the strength factor: 18.20% due to easily obtainable raw materials, 15.30% due to affordable sponge prices and 15.80% due to the easy making of banana sponge. The weakness factor of the development of banana sponge in the study area is 16.30% because the raw material of bananas is easy to rot, 17.40% because the banana sponge is not durable and 17% because with a banana that is too ripe can make the resulting banana sponge too sweet, making it less preferred . External factors consist of the chance that 17.1% of the business opportunity for processing cavendish banana into a banana sponge is due to the high demand of consumers, especially children, 13.90% because similar products are not available around the place, 16.90% because raw materials can be made into another new product. The threat factor to the development of cavendish banana processing into banana sponge is 17.20% because there are other products that are of interest to consumers, 17% because many other food businesses are around the business and 17% because they are far from residential areas. Alternative and priority strategies that must be done by the company, the S-O that has been formulated, namely: keeping prices affordable to maintain market share. Keywords: added value and cavendish banana, banana sponge and SWOT

Vacuum impregnation of banana was analysed by a hydrodynamic mechanism to determine effec tive porosity ( ∈e). In the initial experiments, the influence of the ripening degree and cut was deter mined without taking into account sample deformations caused by the pressure gradients; in these cases ∈ e decreased as maturity progressed. Important structural changes were observed 2-4 days after the bananas were purchased from the local market, probably due to the climacteric charac teristic of the product. Other experiments were carried out to analyse the coupling of the hydro dynamic mechanism (HDM) with deformation-relaxation phenomena (DRP) by varying the time of treatment; ε e values determined by this procedure were approximately 10.1% and significant deformation values in the vacuum step (γ e = 3.6%) were observed. The height/diameter ratio also seemed to influence the behaviour of the product to the HDM-DRP action. The most impregnated samples were the ones with a height half that of the banana diameter.

Banana (Musa acuminata Coll. Cavendish cv. Williams) eating quality was assessed through winter, spring and summer, and for mildly chilled bananas with symptoms mimicking that of ‘winter-chilled’ fruit using sensory testing and principal component analysis of mass-spectrometric data obtained from a ‘chemical nose’. Sensory testing of bananas harvested at different times of the year showed no differences in flavour preference, even though soluble solids were higher in spring at 23.6%, compared with winter at 22.6% and summer at 21.9%. Principal component analysis of mass-spectrometric data did not reveal aroma differences between times of the year. Results of difference tests for mildly chilled and non-chilled bananas indicated no differences in aroma intensity or sweetness. Mild chilling did not alter soluble solids and principal component analysis of mass-spectrometric data did not discriminate between chilled and non-chilled bananas.

In Brazil, bananas are extremely important because they are the second most cultivated fruit after citrus. Therefore, this work aimed to perform the osmotic dehydration of the dwarf banana (Musa acuminata'Dwarf Cavendish')associated with microwave drying. The characterization of the raw material, dehydration and domestic microwave drying, drying kinetics, rehydration capacity and characterization of the final product were performed. As a result it was noted that microwave drying was satisfactory for drying. A moisture content of 29.38% was obtained, a pH of 4.77 and a rehydration capacity of 174% in banana without pretreatment and 32.33%, 4.83% and 120% respectively for osmotically dehydrated. The use of this combination proved to be a viable alternative in extending the life of the Dwarf Cavendish.

Abstract Macro and micronutrients are essential minerals for the development of living beings, and this separation is given in quantitative reason, that is, while macronutrients, such as potassium and calcium, are required in larger amounts, micronutrients such as iron and zinc, are required in small quantities. For humans, potassium (K) is an essential macronutrient. In the human body, potassium has the function of regulating osmotic pressure, transmitting nerve impulses and carrying out muscle contraction. Its existence is found in high concentration in bananas. The heart banana plant is a little-known part among the by-products generated by banana cultivation, and is commonly discarded in the soil in order to increase its organic content, due to its high content of minerals such as potassium, calcium and zinc. Thus, this research work aimed to explore the nutritional potential of unconventional parts of banana for human consumption, through Energy Dispersion X-Ray Fluorescence technique, with which it is possible to identify and quantify the main constituent elements. The species were studied Musa Acuminata ‘Dwarf/Cavendish’, Musa Acuminata x M. Balbisiana ‘Apple/Manzano’, Musa Ornata ‘Ornamental’ and Musa Acuminata ‘Fig’. The quantity of potassium and of other elements such as Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Rb in the banana heart samples were studied superior to the findings in the literature.

Bananas are a horticultural commodity that originates from Southeast Asia and the West Pacific, including Indonesia. Banana cultivation is carried out with the aim of increasing the economic value of the community by cultivating the Cavendish banana species. Cavendish banana (Musa acuminata L.) is one type of banana that is widely exported, and has high economic value. The constraints in the cultivation of this Cavendis banana plant are the small, high-quality tillers produced in large quantities and in a short time. Propagation of seeds with tissue culture technology is one solution in dealing with the problem of providing these seeds. This study aims to determine the effect of ZPT IAA and BAP concentrations on the growth of cavendish banana shoots in vitro. This research was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cokroaminoto University, Palopo, on Jalan Lamaranginang, Batu Pasi Village, Wara Utara District, Palopo City. Starting from January to May 2020. This research was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD), which consisted of 5 treatments and 3 replications with a total of 15 experimental units. By giving treatment concentrations of P0: Control, P1 (IAA 0.5 mg L-1 and BAP 1 mg L-1), P2 (IAA 1 mg L-1 and BAP 2 mg L-1), P3 (IAA 1.5 mg L-1 and BAP 3 mg L-1), P4 (IAA 2 mg L-1 and BAP 4 mg L-1). With research parameters callus color, callus texture, root emergence time, shoot emergence time, number of shoots, and number of leaves. The results showed that at the concentration with treatment P3: IAA 1.5 mg L-1 and BAP 3 mg L-1 produced the highest number of leaves, namely 3 strands. The fastest root emergence time was 25.33 days and the highest number of shoots was 2.33. While for the time of emergence of treatment shoots P0: Control showed the best results, namely 7 DAS (days after planting). This is because a balanced amount of auxins and cytokinins can affect the growth of banana plants in vitro

ABSTRAK Buah pisang Cavendish merupakan salah satu produk hortikultura yang rentan mengalami kemunduran fisiologis dan sangat rentan terhadap kerusakan fisik setelah panen. Penggunaan berbagai konsentrasi asap cair bambu tabah dengan lama perendaman yang berbeda dapat digunakan sebagai pengawet alami. Buah pisang yang digunakan adalah pisang Cavendish yang berasal dari Kabupaten Buleleng, dalam satu sisir berisi paling sedikit10 buah dengan panjang rata-rata 18.89 cm dan berat rata-rata 125 gram (g). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menemukan kombinasi perlakuan terbaik dari perlakuan konsentrasi asap cair dan lama perendaman untuk menjaga kesegaran dan masa simpan pada buah pisang Cavendish selama penyimpanan. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial dengan dua faktor, yaitu faktor pertama adalah konsentrasi asap cair bambu tabah dan faktor kedua adalah lama perendaman. Faktor pertama terdiri dari empat taraf konsentrasi yaitu 1%, 3%, 5%, dan 7%. Faktor kedua terdiri dari tiga taraf lama perendaman yaitu 10 menit, 20 menit dan 30 menit dengan suhu penyimpanan menggunakan suhu ruang (28±2oC). Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah laju respirasi, susut bobot, kekerasan, TPT, tingkat kerusakan, dan organoleptik. Hasil interaksi terbaik ditunjukkan pada perlakuan 7% konsentrasi asap cair bambu tabah dan perendaman 10 menit, dengan nilai rata-rata parameter laju respirasi 51.18 ml CO2/kg.jam, nilai rata-rata susut bobot dengan nilai 17.61%, nilai rata-rata kekerasan 3.82 kg, nilai rata-rata TPT 15.65 %Brix, nilai tingkat kerusakan 2.40, nilai rata-rata organoleptik rasa sebesar 4.67, aroma sebesar 4.54 dan warna sebesar 3.87. Disimpulkan bahwa kombinasi perlakuan A4B1 (konsentrasi asap cair bambu tabah 7% dengan perendaman selama 10 menit) adalah kombinasi terbaik untuk menjaga kesegaran dan memperlambat penurunan kualitas buah pisang Cavendish hingga akhir periode penyimpanan hari ke-15. ABSTRACT Cavendish banana one of the horticultural products that are prone to physiological setbacks and very vulnerable to physical damages after harvest. Various concentrations of tabah bamboo liquid smoke with different soaking times can use as natural preservatives. The bananas used in this study were Cavendish bananas from Buleleng, every bunch consists of at least ten banana with a length of 18.59 cm and a weight of 125 ± 5 g. This study aims to find the best treatment combination of the treatmentoof liquid smoke concentration and soaking time to maintain freshness and shelf life of Cavendish bananas during storage. The experimental design used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors, the first factor was the concentration of tabah bamboo liquid smoke, and the second factor was the soaking time. The first factor consists of four levels of concentration namely 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. The second factor consists of three levels of soaking time, namely 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes with storage temperature using room temperature (28 ± 2oC). The parameters observed in this study are: repiration rate, weight loss, hardness, level of damages, TPT and organoleptics. The best interaction results are shown in the treatment of 7% concentration of tabah bamboo liquid smoke with 10 minutes of soaking with an average value of respiration rate parameters of 51.18 ml CO2 / kg.hour, an average value of weight loss with a value of 17.61%, an average value of hardness of 3.82 kg, the average value of TPT was 15.65% Brix, the value of the level of damage was 2.40, the average organoleptic value of taste was 4.67, aroma was 4.54 and color was 3.87. The conclus of this study indicates that the combination of A4B1 (7% tabah bamboo liquid smoke concentration with soaking for 10 minutes) is the best combination to keep freshness and the quality of green bananas until the storage period of the 15th day.

Banana streak virus (BSV) belongs to the members of the genus Badnavirus, family Caulimoviridae. At present, BSV contains nine species in the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classification report (2018b release). Previous study indicated that the viral particles of Banana streak virus Acuminata Yunnan (BSV-Acum) were purified from banana (Cavendish Musa AAA group) leaves in Yunnan Province, China, and its complete genome was obtained. To further determine whether this sample infecting with Banana streak GF virus (BSGFV), the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cloning and complete genome analysis of the Banana streak GF virus Yunnan isolate (BSGFV-YN) isolate were carried out in this study. The result showed that BSGFV-YN infecting Cavendish Musa AAA group was co-infecting this sample. Its genome contains a total of 7,325 bp in length with 42% GC content. This complete genome sequence was deposited in GenBank under accession number MN296502. Sequence analysis showed that the complete genome of BSGFV-YN was 98.14% sequence similarity to BSGFV Goldfinger, while it was 49.10–57.09% to other BSV species. Two phylogenetic trees based on the complete genome and ORFIII polyprotein indicated that BSGFV-YN and other BSV species clustered into a group, while it was the highest homology with BSGFV Goldfinger. Although BSGFV-YN and BSGFV Goldfinger were highly homologous, their cultivating bananas are different. The former cultivating banana was from Cavendish Musa AAA group, while the latter cultivating banana was from Goldfinger Musa AAAB group. Compared with BSGFV Goldfinger, the genome of BSGFV-YN has an extra multiple repetitive sequences in the intergenetic region between ORFIII and ORFI, suggesting that this region might be related to host selection. In summary, a BSGFV-YN distant from BSV-Acum was identified from the same sample, and its complete genome sequence was determined and analyzed. The study extends the polymorphism of BSVs in China and provides scientific clue for the evolutionary relationship with host selection of badnaviruses.

Background. This study sought to investigate the antioxidant and antihyperglycemic properties ofMusa sapientum(Latundan banana) (MSL),Musa acuminata(Cavendish banana) (MAC), andMusa acuminate(Red Dacca) (MAR).Materials and Methods.The sugar, starch, amylose, and amylopectin contents and glycemic index (GI) of the three banana cultivars were determined. Furthermore, total phenol and vitamin C contents andα-amylase andα-glucosidase inhibitory effects of banana samples were also determined.Results. MAC and MAR had the highest starch, amylose, and amylopectin contents and estimated glycemic index (eGI) with no significant different while MSL had the lowest. Furthermore, MAR (1.07 mg GAE/g) had a higher total phenol content than MAC (0.94 mg GAE/g) and MSL (0.96 mg GAE/g), while there was no significant difference in the vitamin C content. Furthermore, MAR had the highestα-amylase (IC50= 3.95 mg/mL) inhibitory activity while MAC had the least (IC50= 4.27 mg/mL). Moreover, MAC and MAR inhibited glucosidase activity better than MSL (IC503.47 mg/mL).Conclusion. The low sugar, GI, amylose, and amylopectin contents of the three banana cultivars as well as theirα-amylase andα-glucosidase inhibitory activities could be possible mechanisms and justification for their recommendation in the management of type-2 diabetes.

Orientador: Fernanda Elizabeth Xidieh Murr
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Neste trabalho estudou-se a influência da desidratação osmótica, como prétratamento, para a secagem de fatias de banana nanica (Musa cavendishl). O pré-tratamento osmótico foi realizado utilizando-se soluções de sacarose nas concentrações de 35, 50 e 60%. Utilizou-se também como variável do processo a temperatura de desidratação, 25 e 60°C, com agitação constante de 80rpm. No estudo da cinética da desidratação osmótica verificou-se que a temperatura do processo assim como a concentração da solução osmótica tiveram influência significativa nos valores de perda de água e ganho de sólidos das amostras. A etapa de secagem foi realizada utilizando-se duas temperaturas, 40 e 60°C, com velocidade do ar constante de 2,75m/s. Os experimentos foram realizados em secador de leito fixo. O ajuste dos dados experimentais foi realizado utilizando-se a equação de Fick para placa plana sem considerar o encolhimento e também pelo modelo de Page.
Abstract: The effect os osmotic dehydration as a pre-treatment to air drying of banana (Musa cavendishl) slices was studied. The osmotic dehydration factors involved in the experiments were sucrose syrup concentration (30, 50 and 60% w/w) and temperature (25 and 60°C). Experiments were conduted under constant agitation of 80 rpm. The drying kinetics was obtained at 40 and 60°C, and at constant air velocity of 2,75 m/s in a fixed bed dryer. The drying curves were fitted using Fick's second lawfor flat plate without considering shrinkage and with the use Page's equation.
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) are cultivated commercially as a dessert fruit and by small-scale farmers as a staple food crop in many countries of the world. Sustainable production, however, is threatened by a number of diseases and pests such as Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense), black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis), the banana weevil (Cosmopolitus sordidus) and the burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis). Many diseases and pests of banana cannot be managed by conventional control methods, and replacement cultivars are often not acceptable to local industries. Resistance can be introduced into banana by means of conventional and unconventional improvement methods. Conventional breeding programs have many limitations, due to sterility of cultivated bananas, long growth cycles, low seed set and hybrids that are often not accepted by consumers. Unconventional improvement for enhanced resistance involves methods such as in vitro mutagenesis, protoplast culture, and genetic modification. During genetic modification, foreign genes are introduced into banana by means of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or by particle bombardment. One of the most powerful means to reduce the impact of pests and diseases is the use of somatic embryogenesis for unconventional plant improvement and the propagation of disease-free plants. In this thesis, immature male flowers of Grande Naine (Musa acuminata, Cavendish subgroup, AAA) were isolated and incubated on MA1 medium to form somatic embryos with ideal callus. When ideal callus was transferred to liquid MA2 medium, a heterogeneous cell suspension was formed. Non-embryogenic aggregates were removed to ensure a cell suspension constituted of small embryogenic clusters only. Somatic embryos were obtained from the cell suspension after plating the embryogenic clusters on solid MA3 medium. These somatic embryos were transferred to MA4 medium for germination, and to P6 medium to develop into in vitro plantlets. Embryogenic cell suspension can be used for genetic engineering of disease and pest resistant plants, in vitro mutagenesis, germplasm conservation and protoplast culture. An Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system was established for the improvement of Cavendish banana cultivars, the only bananas produced for the fresh fruit market in South Africa. Embryogenic cell suspensions from the cultivar Grande Naine were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium strains harbouring the plasmids pCambia1305.1, pART-TEST7 and pKYΩOCI. Antibiotic-resistant embryos derived from transgenic cell suspensions developed into banana plantlets 12 weeks after cultivation on MA4 medium. In total, 145 putative transgenic plants were produced. Molecular analysis revealed that the Gus gene was integrated into the genome of transformed plants, and a histochemical GUS assay showed that the Gus gene was expressed in putative transgenic plants. In future, southern blot assays will be performed to determine copy numbers of the transgenes, and the putative transgenic plants containing the OcI gene tested in the greenhouse and the field for resistance to the banana weevil and the burrowing nematode. The successful transformation of Grande Naine reported in this work will contribute significantly towards improving Cavendish bananas in South Africa, and offers the opportunity to modify banana and plantain varieties cultivated in Africa for enhanced disease and pest resistance. A highly discriminative fingerprinting technique, called amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), was used to differentiate between closely related species within the Cavendish banana subgroup. AFLP profiles of eight banana varieties, cultivars and hybrids were generated on a Licor analyser using seven different primer combinations. Results showed that the banana plants were subdivided in clades according to their genomic composition. More importantly, the AFLP technique was able to separate the different cultivars within the Cavendish subgroup. Hopefully this technique could eventually be applied to accurately detect somaclonal variants in banana due to micropropagation and genetic modification.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
unrestricted

Orientador: Celso Costa Lopes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Este trabalho estudou o processo de obtenção de banana nanica crocante através da secagem a altas temperaturas e curto período de tempo (HTST - High Temperature and Short Time). O processo consistiu de um pré-tratamento a 70°C durante 5 minutos, de uma etapa à alta temperatura (130°C, 1400C e 150°C) e curto tempo (9, 12 e 15 minutos) e de uma etapa à temperatura de 70°C até atividade de água em torno de 0,320. De modo a verificar a influência da etapa HTST no processo, montou-se um planejamento experimental fatorial 22 com 3 pontos centrais, cujas respostas do processo foram o grau de reidratação, o parâmetro k do modelo de Lewis (para a etapa HTST, 70°C e secagem completa) e a crocância, avaliada por medidas sensoriais e instrumentais de textura. O planejamento experimental resultou numa matriz com as condições de ensaios de 130°C-9min, 130°C-15min, 150°C-9min, 150°C-15min e três pontos centrais a 140°C-12min. Banana crocante foi obtida com as condições de 140°C-12min e 150°C-15min de etapa HTST, com atividade de água de 0,345 e 0,363, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que o melhor grau de reidratação ocorreu para os tempos de 10 e 5 minutos e que existe uma significativa relação entre a crocância e a temperatura da fase HTST. Não foi possível encontrar um ajuste adequado ao parâmetro k do modelo de Lewis para a etapa HTST e a 70°C, porque as umidades iniciais eram diferentes e promoveram grande diferença nos valores desse parâmetro. Adicionalmente, caracterizou-se a crocância de frutas comerciais liofilizadas e determinou-se a aw. Os resultados obtidos para a banana comercial liofilizada foram comparados com os da banana desidratada obtida neste estudo. As medidas instrumentais e sensoriais mostraram que ambas foram consideradas crocantes
Abstract: We present here a study about producing crispy banana using a HTST (High Temperature Short Time) process. The process involves pretreatment of the fruit during 5 minutes at 70°C, a dry HTST stage (130, 140 and 150°C and 9, 12 and 15 minutes) and, finally, a dry stage at 70°C until the water activity (aw) is near 0,300. In order to evaluate the HTST stage in the process, we used a factorial 22 design with 3 center points. The results produced by this analysis were the rehydratation degree, the model parameter of Lewis k (considering either the complete process, the HTST stage and the dry stage at 70°C). Also, crispness was analyzed according to sensorial and instrumental measurements. This process generated a matrix containing the results of several trial runs for the following settings: 130°C-9min, 130°C-15min, 150°C-9min, 150°C-15min and 3 center points at 140°C-12min. Crispy banana was obtained only with 140°C-12min and 150°C15min, where aw = 0,345 and aw = 0,363, respectively. The results show that the best rehydration degree occurs for 10 and 5 minutes. Also, there exists a relationship between the crispness (sensorial and instrumental) and the HTST stage. However, it was not possible to find a suitable value to the Lewis Model parameter k to HTST and 70°C dry stages. This is because the initial moisture of the fruits was not the same for all tests, which produced different values for k. In addition, we evaluated the crispness of commercial freeze-dried fruits and the water activity value. Finally, we compared measurements of the commercial banana with the dried banana obtained in this work. Both were considered crispy
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

A produção de banana no Vale do Ribeira, em São Paulo, está inserida numa região que abriga um fragmento remanescente da Mata Atlântica, considerada um dos principais repositórios de biodiversidade e a floresta mais devastada entre os biomas brasileiros. Medidas sustentáveis, como a adoção de práticas agrícolas alternativas, tem sido o caminho para a conservação da fauna e flora, como também para a redução do uso inapropriado de terras que consequentemente pode aumentar o índice de doenças que atacam as plantas. Apesar, do razoável conhecimento científico sobre a fisiologia pós-colheita da banana, ainda não foram elucidadas quais são as respostas fisiológicas do fruto diante das alterações do meio ambiente decorrentes das práticas agroecológicas. Principalmente quais são os mecanismos de ação de compostos específicos, relacionados com a resistência da planta contra os estresses bióticos e abióticos. Também, não há uma abordagem analítica integrada que identifique os reguladores das vias metabólicas e possibilite um estudo holístico a nível molecular. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito da proximidade da biodiversidade nativa da Mata Atlântica sobre o perfil de metabólitos da banana (Musa acuminata AAA, Cavendish, cv. Nanicão). Foram comparados os frutos da parcela Biodiversidade, o qual apresenta 60% de seu perímetro limítrofe à floresta com a parcela Controle, inserida em uma área de produção de banana convencional. Neste estudo, foram determinados os perfis de etileno, vida verde, amido, açúcares, textura, cor, metabólitos semi-voláteis e não-voláteis e poliaminas. Como resultado, ambas as parcelas avaliadas apresentaram diferenças significativas no metabolismo primário e secundário, nos frutos verdes e maduros, respectivamente. Os metabólitos com diferença significativa entre as parcelas experimentais apresentaram maior envolvimento no metabolismo primário, sobretudo na via de biossíntese de aminoácidos, compostos precursores de uma ampla faixa de metabólitos secundários. As alterações quanto à abundância destes compostos são uma referência de que as mudanças do meio modificam as respostas da planta a estresses e estímulos.
Banana production in the Ribeira Valley, in São Paulo, is set in a region that embraces a remaining fragment of the Atlantic Coastal Forest (Mata Atlântica), considered one of the main biodiversity repositories and the most devastated forest among the Brazilians´ biomes. Sustainable measures such as the adoption of alternative farming practices has been the way for the conservation of fauna and flora, but also to reduce the inappropriate use of land which in turn may increase the disease index that attack plants. Although, reasonable scientific knowledge about banana postharvest physiology is available, the fruit´s physiologic response given the environment changes as a result agroecological practices has not been elucidated yet. Primarily what are the mechanisms of action of specific compounds, related to plant resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, there is not an integrated analytical approach to identify regulators of metabolic pathways and enable a holistic study at the molecular level. In this study, we evaluated the effect of proximity to the native biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest on the banana metabolites profile (Musa acuminata AAA, Cavendish, cv. Nanicão). The fruits of Biodiversity group were compared, which has 60% of its perimeter adjacent to the forest with the Control group set in a conventional banana production area. In this study, we determined the ethylene profiles, green life, starch, sugars, texture, colour, semi- volatile and non- volatile metabolites and polyamines. As a result, both evaluated groups showed significant differences in primary and secondary metabolism, green and ripen fruits respectively. The metabolites with significant differences between treatments showed greater involvement in primary metabolism, especially in amino acid biosynthesis, precursors of secondary metabolites. Changes in the abundance of these compounds are indicators that alterations in the environment modify the plant responses to stresses and stimuli.

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In tropical regions, intensive banana (Musa accuminata) monocropping has severe agronomic and environmental impacts, and the sustainability of this production is actually highly compromised. Yield reductions are principally due to the decrease of soil fertility and root systems damages by sod fungus and nematodes. Several alternatives actually aim to improve sustainable banana cropping systems. Among them, the cultivation of banana in cover-cropping systems with legumes is a promising one. The development of such systems, however, mainly depends on me knowledge and control of how the mixed component crop competes and affects the production of the principal banana crop. The goal of this study is to estimate the functioning of the banana canavalia ensiformis cover-crop system in field conditions Canavalia is an annual legume that is supposed to have nematode control properties. In this study, however, we focus only on the capacity of banana to perform in such cropping systems, under competition for environmental resources. It is a prerequisite to the development of further investigations uppon bio-control mechanisms that could be managed in integrated protection systems. An analysis of the elaboration of yield components during the vegetative phase of the growing cycle of the banana crop was performed: it is during that phase that the potential yield (number of fruits and fruit filling) is determined, and it is assumed that legume competition can affect yield elaboration. Three treatments were carried out: (i) BPO : banana pure crop, (ii) BA0 simultaneous mixed banana-canavalia, (iii) BA60: -mixed banana-canavalia with banana planted 2 months after canavalia. Growth and development parameter were registered weekly by non destructive methods (leaf area, leaf phenology, stipe height and diameter for banana, and canopy extension for canavalia). Destructive sampling were carried out twice a month to determine above ground dry matter (DM) and mineral composition of banana in the different treatments. In addition to this agronomical evaluation, we developed a banana-intercropped modal adapted from the STICS model for validation and scenario analysis. The analysis of the vegetative cycle of banana over 7 months shows that the plantation date is crucial for the success of the intercrop. There was no significant difference between BP0 and BA0 for DM before flowering (4,5 t MS ha-1 for BP0 against 4,2 t MS ha-1 for BA0). The number of weddings is also significantly reduced for 8 to 3 between BP0 and BA0, respectively. Bananas performances are, however, more affected in BP60. Here, banana DM is reduced lo 2,7 t ha-1, that can be explicated by a higher adverse effect by the canavalia that was dominant at the plantation of banana -- 74 cm height against 29 cm for banana. The performed yield analysis may be considered as an efficient approach for the evaluation of the vegetative phase of the banana, growing sole or intercropped. The analysis of the reproductive phase is actually carried out and should complete this first diagnosis. Model validation under simulated vs. observed data was satisfying. Scenario studies of pure crop situations predicted yield values of 28 ha -1 against 20 t ha -1 (1) in situation with 400 kg nitrogen ha -1 and 133 mm irrigation, (ii) in situations without fertilizers and irrigation, respectively. A simulated yield of 16 t ha-1 was obtained in the case of intercrop without inputs. Test of contrasting scenarios may be used as a decision tool for the definition of adapted intercropping patterns - optimization of plant density and synchronization of the plantation dates of the two species, for instance -, and new agronomical standards may be studied. These investigations, however, must be carried on with the purpose of mean and long term effects evaluation of these cover-cropping systems in relation with the evolution of soil bio-physic-chemical properties - organic matter status and evolution, soil fauna transformation, weeding -, and sustainability.
Nas regiões de clima tropical, o monocultivo da banana vem causando conseqüências ambientais desastrosas e, muitas vezes, impedindo uma exploração continuada de uma mesma área. A redução do rendimento é devido principalmente as limitações físico-químicas do solo e a rápida degradação do sistema radicular, agravada pela ação de parasitas do solo (nematóides, fungos, etc.). Em virtude destas limitações, várias iniciativas vem sendo buscadas para a minimização das perdas agronômicas e ambientais, destacando-se o melhoramento e a modificação genética, e a associação deste cultivo com espécies leguminosas. Porém uma das grandes dificuldades de avaliarmos os novos sistemas de cultivo alternativos concentra-se na falta de referenciais agronômicos relacionados principalmente com o funcionamento de sistemas de cultivos associados, especialmente relacionados aos fatores e condições que interferem diretamente na definição do rendimento da espécie principal. O presente estudo testou , em campo experimental, o uso de plantas de serviço associada a bananeira e seus efeitos na produção de biomassa durante seu o ciclo vegetativo. Isto porque é durante esta fase que a bananeira constrói sua capacidade de reservas de fotoassimilados e, consequentemente, define o potencial de produção e enchimento dos frutos. Além do monocultivo, definiu-se mais duas parcelas associadas com o feijão-de- porco: 1) o plantio simultâneo das duas espécies e; 2) o plantio de feijão-de-porco e, após 2 meses, a introdução da banana. Além de acompanhamento semanal das parcelas, realizou-se, bimensalmente, coletas destrutivas de dados sobre produção de matéria seca, superfície foliar e análise nutricional das plantas. Após a análise agronômica da fase vegetativa, aplicou-se a modelização dos sistemas de cultivo estudados e comparou-se os possíveis cenários sobre o rendimento final da bananeira, além de outros indicadores sobre os fatores de crescimento das plantas. Após o acompanhamento dos 7 primeiros meses do ciclo vegetativo, concluiu-se que a data de estabelecimento da associação foi determinante para o sucesso do cultivo associado. Podemos destacar que a associação entre a bananeira e o feijão-de-porco não causou limitações na produção de biomassa (4,2 ton/ha), quando comparada com o monocultivo (4,5 ton/ha). A redução do número de capinas também foi um indicador animador deste sistema de cultivo alternativo. Por outro lado, quando a bananeira foi plantada 60 dias após a leguminosa, a mesma representou uma séria limitação na produção de biomassa (2,7 ton/ha). Esta limitação deveu-se ao estado de forte competição devido a agressividade com que o feijão-de-porco recobria toda a parcela e alcançando uma altura (74 cm) superior que a muda de banana (29 cm). Em relação a primeira parte da metodologia aplicada - o diagnóstico agronômico -, a mesma foi eficiente para a avaliação do ciclo vegetativo da associação estudada, ficando a necessidade da continuidade do acompanhamento do ciclo reprodutivo, para a confirmação dos resultados em termos de formação e produção de frutos. Na fase de modelização, chegou-se a uma leitura dos resultados próxima dos resultados obtidos no campo. Em termos de rendimento em frutos, o monocultivo com adubação (400 kg/ha de nitrogênio) e irrigação (133 mm) teve um aumento na ordem de 50% no rendimento final (28 ton/ha) Quando comparada com a parcela nas condições reais do experimento (19,6 ton/ha). Já o rendimento em frutos da associação, apresentou o mesmo resultado com e sem adubação e irrigação (16 ton/ha). No tocante a contrução dos cenários, confirmou-se novamente algumas das vantagens da associação, principalmente na redução da adubação nitrogenada aplicada nos sistemas convencionais de cultivo. Finalmente, podemos imaginar a construção de várias formas de testar e otimizar o uso destes sistemas associados (cenários). Porém, confirma-se que a construção de novos referenciais agronômicos sobre sistemas de cultivo mais complexos (os cultivos associados) torna-se ainda muito necessário para a realização de avaliações mais precisas sobre estas alternativas. E, com estes novos referenciais técnicos, podemos imaginar, a médio e longo prazo, alguns dos benefícios das leguminosas sobre as propriedades físico-químicas do solo cultivado (cobertura viva, adubo verde, redução de adventícias, etc) e sobre a manutenção do rendimento dos cultivos (adubação verde).
Dans les régions tropicales, la monoculture de la banane (Musa accuminata) a des impacts agro-environnementaux désastreux, et interdit une exploitation continue de la parcelle en culture. La réduction du rendement de la banane est principalement liée aux limitations physico-chimiques du sol et à la rapide dégradation du système racinaire sous l’action des parasites du sol (nématodes et champignons). Du fait de ces limitations, diverses alternatives sont aujourd’hui proposées pour minimiser les problèmes agronomiques et environnementaux, parmi lesquelles l’association de la culture de la banane avec des légumineuses constitue une voie intéressante. Une des grandes difficultés pour évaluer ces nouveaux systèmes de culture tient à l’absence de références agronomiques sur les systèmes de culture associés, notamment des facteurs et conditions de production pouvant affecter l’élaboration du rendement de l’espèce principale. Cette étude a pour objectif l’évaluation au champ de l’association de la banane avec une plante de service - Canavalia ensiformis – qui en plus d’être une légumineuse fixatrice d’azote, posséderait des propriétés némato-régulatrices. Avant de s’intéresser concrètement à ces propriétés, il importe de mieux comprendre l’aptitude du bananier à supporter la présence d’une plante associée. L’analyse des effets du canavalia sur la production de biomasse de la culture de banane a été suivie durant la phase végétative. C’est en effet durant cette phase que la banane élabore ses réserves en hydrates de carbone et que se définit le potentiel de production et de remplissage des fruits. Trois traitements ont été étudiés sous l’angle de l’élaboration des composantes du rendement de la banane : (i) BP0 : banane en culture pure, (ii) BA0 : banane associée au canavalia en plantation simultanée, (iii) BA60 : banane associée au canavalia en respectant un décalage de 2 mois entre la plantation du canavalia et la plantation de la banane. Un suivi hebdomadaire non destructif des paramètres de croissance et de développement des 2 espèces sur les 3 parcelles a été réalisé (surface foliaire, rythme de développement des feuilles, hauteur et diamètre du pseudo-tronc pour le bananier, extension du couvert du canavalia), et des prélèvements destructifs de biomasse de bananier ont été effectuées 2 fois par mois permettant l’analyse de la nutrition minérale des plantes. En parallèle à cette évaluation agronomique, une modélisation de la culture de la banane a été réalisée sur la base du modèle STICS, et différents scénarios de systèmes de cultures ont été étudiés. Le diagnostic portant sur les 7 premiers mois du cycle végétatif montre que la date de mise en place de l’association est déterminante pour le succès de la culture associée. L’association simultanée de la banane et de la légumineuse (BA0) ne provoque pas de réduction significative de la biomasse produite (4,5 t MS ha-1 pour BP0 contre 4,2 t MS ha-1 pour BA0). La réduction du nombre de sarclages pour BA0 est également très significative (8 sarclages en BP0 contre 3 en BA0). En revanche, dans le traitement BA60, la culture de banane subit une série de limitations. La production de biomasse est très affectée (2,7 t MS ha-1), et s’explique par une compétition plus forte exercée par le canavalia qui est beaucoup plus couvrant et qui atteint une hauteur de 74 cm, supérieure à celle de la banane en début de cycle (29 cm). L’analyse des composantes du rendement s’est révélée une méthode efficace pour évaluer la phase végétative de l’association étudiée ; l’analyse de la phase reproductive est en cours et devrait compléter cette première évaluation. La validation du modèle a été probante en permettant de simuler des résultats proches de ceux obtenus sur le terrain. Des études de scénarios ont permis des prédictions de rendement de 28 t ha-1 contre 20 t ha-1, pour le traitement en banane pure, conduit respectivement (i) avec une fertilisation de 400 kg d’azote ha-1 et une irrigation de 133 mm, (ii) sans apports d’engrais. Le rendement de l’association sans fertilisation et sans irrigation atteint 16 tonnes de fruits par hectare. La construction de différents scénarios peut donc être conduite dans la perspective de tester et d’optimiser les modalités d’association : optimisation des densités de plantation et du calage des cycles, par exemple. La construction de nouveaux référentiels agronomiques sur ces bases est donc possible. Ces travaux se doivent d’être poursuivis em vue d’évaluer les effets à moyen et long terme de ce type d’association sur l’évolution des propriétés bio-physico-chimiques du sol cultivé et de sa fertilité - évolution de la matière organique en relation avec les restitutions de la plante de service, évolution de la faune et de la flore du sol, contrôle des mauvaises herbes – , pour statuer sur la durabilité de ces systèmes de culture.

Bananas are climacteric fruits and show climacteric patterns with respect to both their ethylene production and respiration rates during the ripening process. Treatment with ethylene accelerated the ripening process, evidenced by colour changes. Chlorophyllase apparently synthesised chlorophyll in the 0.2 kGy irradiated fruit during the post-climacteric period. Gamma irradiation of green bananas with doses of 0.4 kGy or greater resulted in extensive tissue damage, undesirable colour development, and drastic changes in respiration and ethylene production. Irradiation at 0.2 kGy, did however, effectively delay ripening (without causing any phytotoxicity) of the fruit apparently by decreasing its sensitivity to its own endogenous ethylene for a period up to 28 days when kept at room temperature, provided that the relative humidity was maintained at 75 % to prevent desiccation. Irradiation at this dose did not prevent the onset of ripening when subjected to high concentrations of exogenous ethylene. Ultrastructurally total cell collapse due to cell wall, middle lamella and membrane damage was evident at doses of 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 kGy. Irradiation with a dose of 0.2 kGy did not cause cell wall softening and membrane breakdown and thus provided a banana fruit of excellent postharvest quality with respect to ultrastructural features. Glucose and fructose occurred probably directly from sucrose that may not accumulate because it is transient after the banana fruit is harvested. The accumulation of sucrose glucose and fructose was not stimulated by ethylene in non-irradiated and irradiated fruit. These results indicate a clear temporal separation between those biochemical processes that appear to be stimulated by ethylene (respiration, fruit softening and colour change) from those that are not (sugars). Pectin methyl esterase resulted in the demethylation of pectin-like material in the cell walls of ripening bananas.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1991.

Lutein is an important micronutrient for humans as well as being the primary contributor to the pale creamy to yellow colour of bread wheat and durum based products but tends to be unstable against heat and UV light. During post harvest storage of bread wheat grain some of the lutein may be converted to mono- and di-fatty acid esters that appear to be more stable forms of lutein. The aims of the work presented in this thesis were: to study the effects of temperature on lutein esterification; to compare the relative stability of free lutein and lutein esters in grain stored under wide temperatures and conditions; to confirm that esterification is an enzymic process; to examine the genetic control mechanisms; to attempt to identify the enzyme and the endogenous substrate source of fatty acids; and finally to compare esterification in wheat grain with the same process in banana fruit tissues. This study utilised a high lutein, ester forming bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. cv DM5685*B12, a non-ester forming bread wheat cv Haruhikari and a high lutein durum wheat, Triticum durum L cv Kamilaroi, that like many durum cultivars does not form lutein esters. Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to quantify the lutein and lutein ester concentrations. Lutein esterification was strongly favoured by low relative humidity (8% RH) and followed a first order reaction rate. The maximum rate of lutein esterification was at ≈80°C, however the optimum temperature for maximum synthesis with minimum degradation was between 50 and 60°C. No ester synthesis was observed at temperature higher than 120ºC. These data were consistent with an enzyme participating in the esterification reaction. Lutein ester was found to be more stable than free lutein with a substantially longer shelf life at a temperature of 60°C. An attempt to establish a bioassay system to study esterification was only partially successful since only very low levels of esterification were achieved in reconstituted samples. Further investigation would be required to optimise the process. The limited data did provide suggestive evidence that free fatty acids were probably not involved, rather the fatty acids were more likely to be derived from phospholipids via an acyltransferase reaction. A hexane-soluble fraction derived from a non-ester forming durum, Kamilaroi, was the only substrate that in the presence of a crude enzyme extract and free lutein gave a significant formation of lutein ester. As esterification appeared to be was enzymatically controlled, the genetic control of ester synthesis was investigated. Lutein esterification was compared in a series of nullisomic-tetrasomic Chinese Spring lines and a Haruhikari (zero ester)//Sunco/Indis.82 (high ester) doubled haploid population. Lutein esterification was controlled by a locus, designated Lute, located on the short arm of chromosome 7D closely linked with the marker loci gwm295, wPt-1163 and wPt-3727. In addition to wheat, esterification in banana, Musa acuminata Colla cv Cavendish group was also investigated. Compared to wheat, different patterns of esterification were observed in banana during the ripening with ester synthesis occurring in both banana peel and flesh during post harvest ripening. Esterification in banana occurred under higher moisture content than in wheat and offers another tissue model for the study of the esterification mechanism. This thesis contributes valuable new information on the formation and genetic control of lutein ester formation in wheat grain and will be of value to manufacturers of wheat products seeking to retain lutein in end-products for delivery to costumers.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2013

Cavendish bananas are the most important sub-group of all bananas. They includes more than 30% of the global banana production and almost all bananas exported are of the Cavendish type. This sub-group is also an important food source. Most of the fruit is consumed locally, such that only 35% enters the international market. To meet the regular demand for domestic consumption and market supply there must be a reliable production strategy. The technique of tissue culture is a better option than conventional propagation techniques. However. the high incidence of somaclonal variation among plants derived from tissue culture is a problem for commercial producers. Several factors such as genotype, tissue source, duration in culture, and the tissue culture technique employed, cause somaclonal variation. The impact of plant growth regulators on somaclonal variation was studied on Cavendish banana cv. 'Zelig' obtained from African Biotechnologies Ltd., South Africa. In vitro grown plants at the 4th multiplication cycle were supplied for the investigation. The first component of the investigation dealt with the effect of types of plant growth regulators. Combinations of the auxins IAA, IBA and NAA with the cytokinins BA and TDZ were used to culture the plants for ten multiplication cycles. Plants were then randomly selected to collect leaf material for DNA extraction and RAPD analysis. The second aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the cytokinin BA on plantlets subcultured over 5-10 multiplication cycles. The auxin IAA at the concentration of 2 mgl-1 was combined with BA at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mgl-1. Plants were analyzed at each level of subculture from the 5th to the 10th cycle for respective cytokinin concentrations. Plants were then randomly selected for the collection of leaf material for DNA extraction and RAPD analysis. DNA was extracted from leaf tissue of in vitro grown plants using a modified CTAB extraction procedure. DNA amplification products were scored for the presence and absence of bands in a particular locus. Results were clustered according to their similarities. The relationship between multiplication rate and variation was assessed using correlation analysis. Results of the investigation showed that treatments with higher multiplication rates produced higher rates of variation. A variation rate of 55% was recorded for treatments containing IAA and BA. A higher rate of variation (72%) was identified in the treatment with IAA (2mgl-1) plus BA (7.5 mgl-1) over 10 cycles. In all cases the dwarf off-type was the most common type of variant obtained, contributing 87.7% of the total amount of variation. The dwarf specific marker (OPJ-041500) reported previously in Williams Cavendish was identified in cv. 'Zelig' in this study. Another band similar in size was amplified by primer OPC-15 and named OPC-151500 . This band consistently appeared in all the normal plants and was absent in all the dwarf types and hence could be used as a dwarf specific marker.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry, Durban University of Technology. Durban, South Africa, 2015.
Over decades synthetic composites have become an indispensable part of our lives with their various applications such as packaging, sporting equipment, agriculture, consumer products, medical applications, building materials, automotive industry, and aerospace materials among others. Although these polymers have the desired properties for the above applications, they are invariably costly. Furthermore, they cannot be easily disposed of at the end of their useful lives and simply pile up and cause significant damage to the environment. However, the dwindling supply of fossil fuel, increased oil prices, together with the growing public concern of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, has forced scientists to search for new development of sustainable materials from renewable resources. Hence in recent years, there is an increased interest in biocomposite manufacturing with natural resources as environmental issues are addressed. The research work presented in this dissertation is to the best of the author’s knowledge a world-first overall investigation pertaining to the concept of synthesizing a banana sap based bio-resin (BSM) reinforced with banana fibres. In this work the chemical composition of banana sap was determined to investigate the chemical reactions taking place in the resin formulation. BSM was synthesized, characterized and proposed as a potential bio-resin to be used in the biocomposite manufacture for non-functional motor vehicle components. BSM, a hybrid bio-resin was synthesized with equimolar quantities of maleic anhydride and propylene glycol and 50% banana sap. A control resin without the banana sap was also synthesized for comparison purposes. It was proposed that the presence of sugars, esters and pthalates from the sap, determined by HPLC and GC-MS, contributed to the cross-linking of the polymer chain. The acid value and viscosity of BSM were determined and found to be within specification of an industry resin. The molecular weights of the BSM and control resins were 2179 and 2114 units respectively. These were within the required molecular weight of unsaturated polyester resins. The gel and cures times of the BSM were 60% lower than the control resin suggesting that the banana sap behaved as an accelerator for the curing process. The lower cure time meant that using the banana sap in the formulation was cost effective and time saving. The thermal properties of BSM showed improved degradation temperatures and degree of crystallinity compared to the control resin. A parametric study showed that increasing banana sap concentration in the resin formulation led to increased tensile and flexural properties with 50% being the optimum amount of sap to be added to the formulation. The synthesized bio-resin and control resin were applied to biocomposites and characterized in terms of physical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, chemical and biodegradable properties. Mechanical tests indicated a 15 % increase in tensile strength, 12 % improvement in tensile modulus and a 25 % improvement in the flexural modulus, when compared to structures produced without banana sap. Natural fibres present the challenge of poor adhesion to the matrix. Chemical treatment of the banana fibre was done to improve on the compatibility of resin to fibre. Fibre pull-out showed that treated fibres had a better bond than the untreated fibre. Parametric studies were also done to evaluate the effect of fortifying the BSM resin with nanoclay. A 5% clay loading resulted in a 24% increase in tensile strength and 28% increase in flexural properties. Finally biodegradation studies of the BSM bio-resin, BSM biocomposite, control resin and control composite were investigated and compared to a positive reference, cellulose. Results showed that over a period of 55 days the BSM biocomposite showed 17.6% biodegradation compared to 8% with the control composite. No difference in biodegradation between the BSM bio-resin and the control resin was recorded. BSM biocomposite was proposed as a potential replacement to synthetic composites that contribute to the environmental landfill problems. The main contribution of this research is the use of the reinforcement and matrix from the same natural source. An enriched understanding of the synthesis, characterization and performance of the banana sap based bio-resin and biocomposite for the use of non-functional motor vehicle components is the key outcome of this investigation.