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1
Kyrychenko, O. "Latvia – NATO: Integration and Cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region." Problems of World History, no. 16 (December 16, 2021): 74–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-16-3.
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The article uses the methodology of geopolitics analysis to identify the basic characteristics of NATO’s current policy towards Latvia and the rest of the Baltic Sea countries. This region with the collapse of the former Soviet Union seemed to be one of the most stable in terms of military security. However, at present, especially after the Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine and the subsequent Russian aggression against our country, there is a noticeable increase in general tensions in the Baltics between NATO states and the Russian Federation and its allies. A study on the example of Latvia, devoted to the development of the military-political situation in the region, gives grounds to conclude that the current increase in the military presence in the Baltics is due to the need to strengthen the protection of the Baltic States from the Russian threat. The latter does not rule out the possibility of further NATO expansion not only to the East but also to the North at the expense of Sweden and Finland. Modern events in the Baltic region can be characterized as part of the next stage of the positional game on the world “chessboard”, where today the winning situation for the Anglo-Saxon strategy is obvious. At the same time, Russia’s geopolitical interests in the Baltic area, including Latvia, have remained virtually unchanged. The western vector of the republic’s development only strengthened Moscow’s attention through deeper and timely monitoring and analysis of the situation in its western neighbors in order to prevent the final and irreversible exit of the Baltic countries from the sphere of Russian influence.
The article is intended to help Ukraine to understand and study the unique experience of the transition of a certain post-Soviet country from one political state to another, which is needed not so much for history, but for the purpose of developing modern political and diplomatic methods of cooperation with the leadership of Latvia, as well as the practical application of its experience in its activities on the path of Euro-Atlantic integration. The focus of NATO and, first of all, the United States, on strengthening its presence in the Baltic Sea region is capable of influencing the relations between the Baltic countries that have developed as a result of many years of cooperation. The emphasis on the military component clearly outlines the differences in approaches between NATO member states (Denmark, Poland, Germany, the Baltic countries and Norway), neutral states (Sweden, Finland) and the CSTO allies (Russia and Belarus).
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Miloiu, Silviu-Marian. "Editorial Foreword." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 5, no. 2 (December 15, 2013): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v5i2_1.
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A large part of the articles published in the current issue of Revista Română de Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies have been initially presented at the Fourth International Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania: Empire-Building and Region-Building in the Baltic, North and Black Sea areas held at Ovidius University Of Constanța in May 2013. The conference approached the North in the wider perspective of regional cooperation intra- and extra-Nordic muros. The North is regarded as a springboard of regional cooperation which has a strong though faltering historical and cultural background and an obvious European dimension. The downfall of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the process of European integration (whether some of the Nordic countries belong to the EU or not, they are all part and parcel of the process and deeply affected by it) have encouraged the development of regional cooperation in Northern Europe. Belonging to the Northern dimension of the EU meant not only maintaining a regional identity with deep roots in history and culture and making the others acknowledge it, but also strengthening the influence of Nordic countries within and outside the EU and fostering other regional cooperation initiatives in the Baltic Sea area and outside it. Patterned on the Nordic regional cooperation, the Baltic States of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia strengthened their regional cooperation and envisaged deepening their ties to surrounding areas, especially with the Nordic countries. Alongside the Nordic countries, they also gradually turned into a model for the Danubian and Black Sea countries. In this respect, the conference addressed themes such as: the empire building, region-building, national/nationalist, cultural construction discourses present in these regions; the historic development of these regional initiatives and/or organizations and the relations between them; political, cultural and diplomatic relations between Baltic and/or Nordic states, on the one hand, and the Black Sea countries, on the other hand; the relations between the EU integration and different Baltic, North and Black Sea regional structures; education and leadership in the context of regionalization in the Baltic Sea and Black Sea areas; linguistic unity and diversity in Scandinavia and the Baltic states; Nordic and Baltic identity through cultural diversity; water protection in the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea Region and the role of agriculture; inter- and intra-regional comparisons.
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Ahlgren, Hans, Maiken Hemme Bro-Jørgensen, Aikaterini Glykou, Ulrich Schmölcke, Anders Angerbjörn, Morten Tange Olsen, and Kerstin Lidén. "The Baltic grey seal: A 9000-year history of presence and absence." Holocene 32, no. 6 (March 3, 2022): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09596836221080764.
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The grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus) has been part of the Baltic Sea fauna for more than 9000 years and has ever since been subjected to extensive human hunting, particularly during the early phases of its presence in the Baltic Sea, but also in the early 20th century. In order to study their temporal genetic structure and to investigate whether there has been a genetically continuous grey seal population in the Baltic, we generated mitochondrial control region data from skeletal remains from ancient grey seals from the archaeological sites Stora Förvar (Sweden) and Neustadt (Germany) and compared these with modern grey seal data. We found that the majority of the Mesolithic grey seals represent haplotypes that is not found in contemporary grey seals, indicating that the Baltic Sea population went extinct, likely due to human overexploitation and environmental change. We hypothesize that grey seals recolonised the Baltic Sea from the North Sea. during the Bronze Age or Iron Age, and that the contemporary Baltic grey seal population is direct descendants of this recolonisation. Our study highlights the power of biomolecular archaeology to understand the factors that shape contemporary marine diversity.
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Palmowski, Tadeusz. "The European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region and accomplishments." Baltic Region 13, no. 1 (2021): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-1-8.
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The sea and inland hinterland of Baltic Europe form a unique macro-regional unit. Strong collaboration links, and competition in the Baltic Sea region, are an inherent feature of the region from the beginning of its civilization development. Since 2004, the Baltic Sea has become an internal sea of the European Union. This fact no doubt strengthened the cooperation of the countries in the region. In many spheres, these ties take the form of networking. The EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region is an important stimulus for further integrations. The objective of the article is to identify changing trends and the structural transformation in the Baltic integration process instigated by the implementation of this strategy. The document contains common goals, which strengthen cooperation and draw on the Baltic Sea potential. Three main pillars are outlined in the Strategy: marine protection, better interconnection of the region and growing prosperity. The essence of cooperation involves joint development plans on various levels: governmental, regional and local with the participation of research institutions, regional cooperation infrastructure, operational programmes, as well as the private sector. Political stabilisation and economic development may transform, in a longer time span, the emerging transnational Baltic Europe into a new economic and cultural European centre. The choice of research methodology applied in the study derives from the nature of collected data, i.e. literature regarding scientific accomplishments in the Baltic cooperation, analysis of working documents and reports drawn up by public institutions, the European Commission, and EU national and regional strategic documents.
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Hanson, Nils. "History of Medicine in the Baltic Sea region: Introductory remarks by the Editor." Acta medico-historica Rigensia 14 (2021): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/amhr.2021.xiv.01.
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A new “Hanseatic League”, “a global hotspot for health”, “one of the most innovative science macro-regions in the world”? In the fields of life science and technology, politicians and managers of current large research projects describe the Baltic Sea region as a hub of cutting-edge research. How did these images emerge?
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Katorgin, Andrei D., and Sergey A. Tarkhov. "THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF BALTIC SEA FERRY SERVICES." Baltic Region 13, no. 3 (2021): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-3-6.
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Ferry services are transport systems whose regular routes link areas separated by water bodies. Sometimes ferries are the only connection between an island and the mainland. In the Baltic Sea, such transport situations are not rare. A typical example is the island of Saaremaa. Ferries are the backbone of cargo and passenger traffic in the Baltic Sea region. This article aims to describe the spatial structure of ferry services in the Baltic Sea. To this end, a statistical database on 101 ferry routes is created and passenger and car traffic on each is calculated using an original methodology, which can be applied in analysing the spatial structure and traffic of ferry services in other regions. Baltic ferries account for over half of all European ferry-borne car and passenger traffic. The Baltic stands out for its unusually long ferry routes, which sustain timber exports. Most cargoes in the region originate from Sweden.
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Sergunin, Alexander A. "SOCIETAL SECURITY IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION: THE RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE." Baltic Region 13, no. 3 (2021): 4–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-3-1.
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This study discusses whether the concept of societal security is embedded in the Russian official and informal discourses as well as in the Russian strategic documents on national security and the Baltic Sea region. Particularly, the paper describes four paradigms of international relations (neorealism, neoliberalism, globalism and postpositivism) and theoretical approaches to the concept of societal security formulated in them. On a practical plane, Russia managed to develop — together with other regional players — a common regional approach to the understanding of societal security threats and challenges in the Baltic Sea region. These challenges include uneven regional development, social and gender inequalities, unemployment, poverty, manifestations of intolerance, religious and political extremism, separatism, large-scale migration, inconsistencies in education systems, climate change, natural and man-made catastrophes, transnational organized crime and cybercrime, international terrorism, so-called hybrid threats, etc. Russia and other Baltic countries agreed that the Council of the Baltic Sea States should be a proper regional institution to implement a common societal security strategy exemplified by the Baltic 2030 Agenda Action Plan (2017).
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Theodoridis, Dimitrios, Klas Rönnbäck, and Werner Scheltjens. "Factor endowments and international trade: a study of land embodied in trade on the Baltic Sea region, 1750–1856." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 716–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez019.
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Abstract Baltic trade is one of the key examples of flourishing economic activity in early modern European history. This study empirically outlines the role of comparative resource advantages between 1750 and 1856, using trade data from the Sound Toll Registers Online. On the one hand, the results show the significance of relative land abundance for trade patterns between the Baltic Sea region and North-Western Europe: the land abundant Baltic Sea region was overall exporting more land-intensive commodities. On the other hand, however, the results also show a seeming paradox: increasing trade openness during the nineteenth century was not associated with a higher degree of specialization along these comparative advantages.
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Leon, Crina. "Editorial Foreword." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 7, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v7i2_1.
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Most of the contributions gathered in Volume 7, issue no. 2 (2015) of Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies (RRSBN) were presented at the Sixth International Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania held on 22-23 May 2015 and entitled Historical memory, the politics of memory and cultural identity: Romania, Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region in comparison. The conference was organized by the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies in cooperation with the International Summer School of the University of Oslo, Norway and the Faculty of History and Political Sciences of Ovidius University of Constanţa, Romania and in partnership with Nordic and Baltic embassies and consulates in Romania. The conference was funded by EEA and Norway Grants 2009-2014 within the Fund for Bilateral Relations at the National Level. The aim of the conference was to investigate the link between identity, collective memory and history in the above-mentioned areas by trying to find encounters between them and by making comparisons between the memories of the Romanian, Nordic and Baltic nations.
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Miloiu, Silviu-Marian. "Editorial Foreword." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 7, no. 1 (August 15, 2015): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v7i1_1.
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The current issue of Revista Română de Studii Baltice și Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies combines the publication of scientific articles highlighting issues of identity, memory, culture, translation and economy of the Nordic and Baltic area with an educational section featuring the innovative syllabi of disciplines to be taught at the summer school of Nordic and Baltic Studies, which is the core of the project “A piece of culture, a culture of peace” (CoolPeace), and a corpus of scientific articles. The project is financed under the measure “inter-institutional cooperation projects” of the EEA grants and is intended to strengthen the institutional cooperation at the level of higher education sector between all the partners involved: Valahia University of Târgoviște as the Project Promoter, the University of Agder, the University of Oslo, the Embassy of Lithuania in Romania, Peace Action Training and Research Institute of Romania and the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies. The Programme Operator of the EEA Scholarship Programme in Romania is ANPCDEFP (the National Agency for Community Programmes in the Field of Education and Vocational Training). The embassies of Finland, Norway and Sweden in Romania are cultural partners in this endeavour. Two of the articles published in this issue were presented at the Sixth international conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania entitled Historical memory, the politics of memory and cultural identity: Romania, Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region in comparison, hosted by the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies, Faculty of History and Political Sciences of Ovidius University of Constanța and International Summer School of The University of Oslo, Norway, in Constanța, Romania, on May 22-23, 2015, and financed within the Fund for Bilateral Relations at National Level. The 2015 conference focused on historical memory, the politics of memory and cultural identity, on historical narratives, including competing narratives, and on the use of history in identity politics. Places of commemoration, autobiographies, biographies and memoirs, empiric or theoretical research relevant to the conference’s topic stood also at the heart of the meeting. While concentrating on the three subjects underlined in the title of the conference, it also sought to approach other topics of interconnection between Romania, the Black Sea region and Scandinavia and Baltic Sea Region such as the role of women in shaping the society, energy, geography and environment, economics and trade, international relations.
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Robson, Harry K. "The early settlement of Northern Europe." Antiquity 93, no. 367 (February 2019): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2018.264.
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This three-volume publication presents an up-to-date overview on the human colonisation of Northern Europe across the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in Scandinavia, the Eastern Baltic and Great Britain. Volume 1, Ecology of early settlement in Northern Europe, is a collection of 17 articles focusing on subsistence strategies and technologies, ecology and resource availability and demography in relation to different ecological niches. It is structured according to three geographic regions, the Skagerrak-Kattegat, the Baltic Region and the North Sea/Norwegian Sea, while its temporal focus is Late Glacial and Postglacial archaeology, c. 11000–5000 cal BC. These regions are particularly interesting given the long research history, which goes back as far as the nineteenth century (see Gron & Rowley-Conwy 2018), and the numerous environmental changes that have taken place throughout the Holocene: the presence of ice until c. 7500 cal BC, isostatic rebound alongside sea-level rise and the formation of the Baltic Sea, all of which have contributed to the preservation of outstanding archaeology.
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Stahlberg, Sabira, and Sebastian Cwiklinksi. "Foreword: Tatars in Finland in the Transnational Context of the Baltic Sea Region." Studia Orientalia Electronica 8, no. 2 (May 13, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.83952.
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The Tatar diaspora in Finland has attracted researchers for over a century, but studies traditionallyfocus on topics such as origins and general Tatar history, religion, identity or language. One of themost important aspects of research on Tatars both historically and today, however, is the transnationalcontext. Migrating from villages in Nizhny Novgorod province, often via the Russian capitalSaint Petersburg at the end of the nineteenth century, the forming Tatar diaspora communities inthe Baltic Sea region maintained, developed and extended their previous networks and also creatednew connections over national borders despite periods of political difficulties. New research aboutTatars in the Baltic Sea region – with the focal point of the Tatars in Finland and their connectionschiefly in Estonia, Russia and Sweden – was presented during a seminar called Tatars in Finland inthe Transnational Context of the Baltic Sea Region at the University of Helsinki in October 2018.Scholars from Finland, Sweden, Russia, Estonia and Hungary spoke about the past and present ofthe diaspora. A result of the seminar, this special issue of Studia Orientalia Electronica is dedicatedto new research on Tatars in a transnational context.
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Négrel, Philippe, Joël Casanova, and Runar Blomqvist. "87Sr/86Sr of brines from the Fennoscandian Shield: a synthesis of groundwater isotopic data from the Baltic Sea region." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-103.
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High salinity CaNaCl brines occur in Sweden and Finland. The complex geological history of the Fennoscandian Shield is reflected by the wide range of saline waters whose chemical compositions have been explained by local waterrock interaction, simple evolution of relict sea water, or freezing of sea water during glacial periods. This study deals with the present knowledge of Sr isotopes in groundwater from the Fennoscandian Shield to better constrain the origin of their deep saline component. Two different mixing trends are seen between Äspö Island groundwater and the Baltic Sea. The first trend links the North Sea to rivers through various dilution levels in the Baltic; the second trend is a simple linear relationship through Äspö groundwaters, agreeing with a binary mixing between a Baltic end-member and a highly Sr-concentrated fluid. Strontium isotope compositions are presented for precipitation in Finland and Sweden, the Baltic Sea, and the river waters draining the Fennoscandian Shield, and for groundwaters from several sites in the Fennoscandian Shield. At least six mixing lines between rain-and-snow input and surface waters can be drawn in each region around the Baltic Sea, reflecting a first step of waterrock interaction. A second series of calculated lines links the surface end-members and the deep brines, and defines a range of 87Sr/86Sr ratios for the deep brines at each site. All sites show a specific 87Sr/86Sr signature and the large 87Sr/86Sr variations is site specific. The well-constrained 87Sr/86Sr signatures in deep brines should correspond to a large, well-mixed, and homogeneous water reservoir.
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Coleman, Simon. "(Re-)Placing Pentecostalism: Swedish Mission and the idea of the Baltic." Approaching Religion 5, no. 1 (May 26, 2015): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30664/ar.67559.
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I draw on fieldwork based in the Word of Life Ministry, Sweden, to consider how these neo-Pentecostals have constructed the Baltic as a landscape of both action and imagination. One part of my argument states that we must see the ministry’s attitudes to Sweden and the wider Baltic region in terms of its desire to situate itself within Swedish revivalist history. I also argue, however, that we can fruitfully draw on Bakhtin’s notion of the ‘chronotope’ to trace how the Baltic constitutes a potent spatio-temporal context for the construction of a narrative which encourages Word of Life members to see their missionary role as being contained within, but also looking far beyond, the Baltic Sea region.
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Miloiu, Silviu-Marian. "Editorial Foreword." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 10, no. 1 (August 15, 2018): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v10i1_1.
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The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies marks its tenth anniversary with a special issue devoted mainly to 100 Years since Modern Independence and Unification in Baltic Sea Region and East-Central Europe, which was the theme of the Ninth Annual International Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania held at Valahia University of Târgoviște on November 15-16, 2018. The event focused on the historical, cultural, social and economic processes which led to the independence of Finland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia and Poland in the Baltic Sea Region, to the unification of Romania and the independence of Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) in East-Central Europe and the consequences of the reshaping of the entire region from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and Adriatic Sea. Several other political entities created at the end of World War I such as Ukraine, Georgia or Litbel succumbed after barely living for a few months or years of existence. How did the changes of borders and belonging affect the human communities living in the area and what impact did they have beyond the region on the short, medium and long-run? How were war and peace-making experienced in this region and how did they influence the changes of political geography? How did the processes of independence and unification reverberate throughout the region and how did state and non-state actors reflect, echo and react to this structural transformation of the area? How does this metamorphosis resonate in historical memory, the politics of memory and cultural identity, in historical narratives, including competing narratives, and in the use of history in identity politics a century after the guns were silenced? How does literature permeate the changes occurring at the end of the war to end all wars in the region? How do art, architecture, patrimony, in general, capture the message of those tremendous transformations? Places of commemoration, autobiographies, biographies and memoirs, empiric or theoretical research relevant to the conference topic stood also at the core of the conference.
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Jenisch, Uwe K. "The Baltic Sea: The Legal Regime and Instruments for Co-operation." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 11, no. 1 (1996): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180896x00375.
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AbstractThe Baltic Sea Region presents unique challenges for the 14 states of the catchment area. Although characterized by a great diversity of history, languages and culture there is a strong feeling of common heritage. The region is of increasing importance for the European Union. At the same time this regional sea is subject to intensive exploitation and ecological strain. Apart from man, nature and geography also add to the critical ecological situation. The legal regime is comparatively well developed. All states except Denmark have extended their territorial seas to 12 n.m. but in many narrow waters states left "high seas corridors" free in the interest of shipping lines of communication. The Danish straits represent an example of straits governed by long-standing international conventions. The elaborate system of continental shelf zones and exclusive economic zones has divided up the Baltic Sea among the nine riparian states. With a few exceptions in the Central and Eastern Baltic, mostly due to the needs of the three newly independent Baltic Republics, all maritime boundaries are settled. The regional conventions: Helsinki-Convention of 1974 on Environmental Protection, Baltic Fishing Convention of 1973 are gaining momentum or are being expanded in their scope of application. The "new" Helsinki-Convention of 1992 effectively covers all major sources of pollution. However, the fishing convention must be seen in a critical light with the constant problem of overfishing being unresolved although the institutionalization of co-operation in the fishing sector has been achieved. Together with existing legal instruments there is a network of some 15 fora at different levels of governments, regions, communities and NGOs contributing towards sustainable development.
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Säisä, Marjatta, Marja-Liisa Koljonen, Riho Gross, Jan Nilsson, Jaana Tähtinen, Jarmo Koskiniemi, and Anti Vasemägi. "Population genetic structure and postglacial colonization of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Baltic Sea area based on microsatellite DNA variation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1887–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-094.
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The genetic structure and phylogeography of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) across the Baltic Sea basin and neighbouring areas (eastern Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Barents Sea, White Sea, and two Russian lakes, Onega and Ladoga) were studied to resolve the partly contradictory hypotheses of the species' postglacial colonization history. Thirty-eight populations (total of 2180 individuals) were studied for nine DNA microsatellite loci. Within the Baltic Sea, the anadromous populations formed three clear groups, corresponding to the northern (Gulf of Bothnia), eastern (Gulf of Finland and eastern Baltic Main Basin), and southern regions (western Baltic Main Basin). The genetic differences among these three groups were clearly greater (GGB 5.6%; GGB being the proportion of diversity components between regions within basins) than were those among population groups in the eastern Atlantic Ocean (GGB 2.2%) from Ireland to the White Sea. The isolation-by-distance model explained part of the differentiation within, but not between, the regions. The results strongly indicate colonization of the Baltic Sea by at least three glacial lineages. Potential refugium areas for each lineage are proposed.
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Kaiser, Jérôme, Norbert Wasmund, Mati Kahru, Anna K. Wittenborn, Regina Hansen, Katharina Häusler, Matthias Moros, Detlef Schulz-Bull, and Helge W. Arz. "Reconstructing N<sub>2</sub>-fixing cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea beyond observations using 6- and 7-methylheptadecane in sediments as specific biomarkers." Biogeosciences 17, no. 9 (May 15, 2020): 2579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2579-2020.
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Abstract. Summer cyanobacterial blooms represent a threat to the Baltic Sea ecosystem, causing deoxygenation of the bottom water and the spread of the so-called dead zones. The history of the Baltic Sea cyanobacterial blooms is known from in situ and satellite observations since the early 1980s but is still not well understood. By comparing both weekly resolved sediment trap material and a well-dated sediment core from the eastern Gotland Basin with monitoring and satellite cyanobacterial data of the last ca. 35 years, it is shown here that 6- and 7-methylheptadecane lipids (expressed as 6+7Me-C17 : 0) may be potentially considered semiquantitative biomarkers for diazotrophic cyanobacteria, and more specifically for Nodularia spumigena. Using this organic proxy, it was thus possible to reconstruct the history of cyanobacterial blooms beyond the observational period with a resolution of 2–4 years since 1860. Cyanobacteria were constantly present but in relatively low abundance until 1920, when they started to alternate between periods with high and low abundance. Interestingly, there seems to be no significant increase in cyanobacterial abundance in the 1950s, when eutrophication and deoxygenation of the Baltic Sea increased considerably. While the early increase in cyanobacteria may be related to a small increase in phosphorus loading, decadal to multi-decadal fluctuations are likely related to variability in the Baltic Sea surface temperature and, ultimately, to the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation. A 7000-year 6+7Me-C17 : 0 record from the Bothnian Sea also suggests a relationship with the mean summer temperature in the Baltic Sea region but at a multi-centennial to multi-millennial timescale. The intensity of the cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea is thus likely mainly related to natural processes such as temperature variability, at least at a multi-decadal to multi-millennial timescale.
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STĂNICĂ, Andreea-Amalia. "Geopolitical Configurations on the Ponto-Baltic Isthmus in the Context of the Aggression in Ukraine." Romanian Military Thinking 2022, no. 4 (December 2022): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.4.09.
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"Starting the study from the theory of the Heartland, drawn up by Halford John Mackinder, according to which who rules Eastern Europe rules the world, we identify the geopolitical importance of the Ponto-Baltic isthmus. The region imaginarily bordered to the North by the Baltic Sea and to the South by the Black Sea has been a hotspot throughout history. Thus, the strategic importance of the Ponto-Baltic isthmus and the conflicting interests in the region are the current reasons for the confrontation between the Russian Federation and the West. The illegal aggression of the Russian state in Kyiv confirms the hypothesis that Moscow is the main threat to the security and territorial integrity of the states of the Ponto-Baltic region. In this respect, to become aware of the regional geopolitical realities, in the first part of the research both the geographical coordinates of the Ponto-Baltic isthmus and the historical coordinates stated at the national level will be outlined, in keeping with the writings of scholars such as Simion Mehedinți and Nicolae Iorga. Afterwards, the strategy of the Russian Federation in the region will be analysed, in relation to the permanent fuelling of conflicts on the territory of states that pursue their Euro-Atlantic vision. Romania’s role in the Ponto-Baltic region will also be identified, through its status of a regional pivot and a relevant actor in the process of consolidating NATO’s eastern flank. The research will be the result of the cross-use of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, for an in-depth approach to the subject under study."
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Morozov, Viacheslav. "Institutionalizing National Memories: The Baltic Sea Region and World War II." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 33, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2020.1845083.
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Saksa, A. "Mediaeval Vyborg — a town built on a rock." Archaeological News 31 (2021): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2021-31-354-358.
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Vyborg is a town unique in the entire region of Scandinavia and Baltic littoral, as well as in North- Western Russia, since it was founded and built on the outcrop of the Baltic Shield with its uneven surface. The founda- tion of the town was related with the construction of the Vyborg Castle in 1293 and the endeavour of the Swedes to strengthen themselves in this territory won from Novgorod. The history of the development of the urban architecture presented in this paper, as well as its peculiarities and the techniques employed by the builders, will interest all those who are concerned with cities of the region of the Baltic Sea and North-Western Russia.
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Jetoo, Savitri. "Experimentalist Governance to Foster Cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region: A Focus on the Turku Process." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 2685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082685.
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The Baltic Sea is one of the most severely polluted water bodies on earth, with stressors resulting from anthropogenic pressures of 85 million inhabitants in nine coastal countries. All are members of the European Union (EU) with the exception of Russia. This exception poses challenges for governing the Sea, as Russia is excluded as a member country from EU Baltic Sea governing policies, such as the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR). This added complexity has led to the emergence of new forms of cooperation to include Russia in the governing process. One such initiative is the Turku process, an initiative by the cities of Turku (Finland), Hamburg (Germany), and St. Petersburg (Russia) to promote cooperation, especially with Russian partners. Since its emergence in 2010, there has been no study of it in the literature. This study aims to bridge this gap by analyzing the history and evolution of the Turku process under the lens of experimentalist governance. It aims to illustrate the experimentalist governance perspective through the Turku process and to present the theoretical foundations of the concept. It does the former through key informant interviews with main actors in the Turku Process and the latter with the help of the literature on experimentalist governance. This study adds to the dialogue on governance in an especially challenging time when the Ukraine crisis has negatively impacted EU–Russia relations.
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Babintseva, Ekaterina Alekseevna, and Elizaveta Dmitrievna Trifonova. "On the environmental history of chemical munitions disposal at the bottom of the Baltic Sea: “Nord Stream” projects." Международные отношения, no. 4 (April 2021): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2021.4.37181.
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Bases on the example of Baltic Region, the question is raised on the conservation of water resources in the context of environmental history and international cooperation. Special attention is given to the threats and risks of anthropogenic interference in the zones of chemical weapons disposal at the bottom of the Baltic Sea. The key goal of this research lies in comprehensive assessment and approach towards the problem of negative human interference into the natural environment of the Baltic water area. The article considers the instances of the emergence of a direct threat of environmental disaster, as well as a range of factors that reflect the consequences of postwar historical events. Assessment is given to the actual risks of the emergence of high level of threat to hydrological resources and adjacent territories. The novelty of this article consists in examination of the danger caused by chemical munitions disposal in the Baltic Sea in the context of construction of the “Nord Stream” and “Nord Stream – 2” export gas pipelines. The conclusion is made on the high risk of depressurization of submerged ships with chemical disposal due to inadvertent operation in the water area and neglect of the regulated environmental norms and standards. The authors note politicization of the environmental assessment of activity of the curators of the “Nord Stream” project; indicate their scrupulous compliance with the international environmental standards and territorial planning of construction in hazardous zones. The authors consider the impossibility of elimination of the negative impact of distribution of harmful substances in the Baltic Sea; however, note the possibility of minimizing the risks and maintaining the stability of the inland sea in the conditions of further anthropogenic exploitation.
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MARKUS, K. "FROM RUS’ TRADE TO CRUSADE: ST OLAF’S CHURCHES IN THE EASTERN BALTIC SEA REGION." Acta Historica Tallinnensia 23, no. 1 (2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/hist.2017.1.03.
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Kärjä, Antti-Ville. "Music at the Black Baltic Sea." Open Cultural Studies 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/culture-2019-0032.
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Abstract Music is intimately implicated in racialising discourses. This is particularly pronounced in the case of so-called black music, i.e. the types of music that are commonly associated with African-American identity, most notably jazz and various forms of popular music. Genres of popular music are furthermore constructed continuously on the basis of a notion of their “black roots.” The idea of the “black roots” of jazz and popular music is an essential ingredient of Paul Gilroy’s (1993) analysis of a specific authenticity of blackness. To stress the history and consequences of the pre-twentieth century slave trade and institutionalised racism, Gilroy has coined the concept “Black Atlantic” that builds on the idea of a distinct double consciousness inherent in blackness as simultaneously a fundamental constituent and the ultimate other of the West. In the article, I aim at rethinking the notion of the Black Atlantic in relation to North-Eastern Europe. By way of marine analogy I ask, and building on the notions of the Black Pacific and the Black Mediterranean, how to formulate an analytical design “the Black Baltic Sea.” In addition to addressing the impact of global racialising tendencies in music, this entails considering the cultural dynamics at issue in relation to the dynamics of postsocialism in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) and Northern European indigeneity. On the basis of such a consideration, I argue that the styles of “black music” have been appropriated and adopted throughout the BSR, albeit in clearly different national manifestations which for their part imply variegated intersections between postcolonial and postsocialist processes. These intersections become manifest in the discourses over “new Europeanness” in music and the construction of national musical traditions, particularly when juxtaposed with the prevailing Islamophobia as regards treatments of Muslim music in mainstream media.
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Rahikainen, Marjatta. "Unfree labour by free peasants: labour service in the Swedish and Finnish countryside, from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries." Rural History 31, no. 2 (October 2020): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793320000035.
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Abstract This article discusses the received image of free Swedish and Finnish peasants, charting parallels with peasants in the Baltic region. It draws upon the post-Cold War discussion of free and unfree rural labour in early modern Europe. The discussion maintains that the labour service by free Swedish and Finnish peasant landholders and peasant tenants at its heaviest point may have been on a par with the corvée in the early modern Baltic provinces. It is suggested that the Cold War mental map may have led to an overstatement of the East-West distinction between peasants’ circumstances in the Baltic Sea region.
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Saresma, Maarit, Emilia Kosonen, Antti E. K. Ojala, Anu Kaskela, and Leena Korkiala-Tanttu. "Characterization of sedimentary depositional environments for land use and urban planning in Espoo, Finland." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 93, no. 1 (June 13, 2021): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/93.1.003.
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The capital region of Finland is growing rapidly and into areas with challenging construction conditions such as deep fine-grained sediments. In the coastal city of Espoo, present land use is mainly focused in the southern and central parts, which were submerged by the Baltic Sea during the early and mid-Holocene. These areas have experienced saline and brackish water phases during the history of the Baltic Sea Basin. The deposition environments of the presently studied onshore areas are an analogue for the present day offshore Baltic Sea sedimentation settings for fine-grained material. The results from Baltic Sea studies have demonstrated that the seabed topography has a significant role in the deposition of sediments and their properties. In this study, paleotopographic models were created for the ancient Baltic Sea Basin in the Espoo area 1) after deglaciation and 2) during the Litorina transgression and classified into bathymetric (terrain) zones and structures. Topographic classification was combined with the water depth of the Litorina stage, the thickness of fine-grained deposits and wind fetch to establish the overall characteristics of sedimentary environments in the coastal area. Fine-grained sediments can be found mainly in depressions that are classified here as broad, narrow or local. The study found the most challenging environments for construction purposes in sheltered narrow depressions that contain thick layers of fine-grained sediments deposited during the Litorina transgression. These are mainly located in the southern and central parts of Espoo. Minor deep canyons were also found in the northern parts of Espoo. This study provides new prior knowledge for urban planning and construction design in Espoo. The methodology could be applied to other Baltic Sea coastal cities and areas with fine-grained sediments.
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Engelbrekt, Kjell. "A brief intellectual history of geopolitical thought and its relevance to the Baltic Sea region." Global Affairs 4, no. 4-5 (October 20, 2018): 475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2018.1535256.
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Mikhaylov, Andrey S., and Angelina P. Plotnikova. "THE COASTS WE LIVE IN: CAN THERE BE A SINGLE DEFINITION FOR A COASTAL ZONE?" Baltic Region 13, no. 4 (2021): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-4-3.
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Throughout the history of humankind, people have settled along seashores. The gradual accumulation of population and industrial activity in coastal areas has created preconditions for coastalisation — the movement of people and socio-economic activity to marine coasts. To date, coastal areas have a higher rate of economic development, fostering migration and an influx of capital across the globe. Scholars and policymakers voice concerns about the asymmetry of regional development and the increasing anthropogenic impact on the coastal ecosystem. It reinforces the importance of coastal zone management. In this study, we use an example of the Baltic region to identify the coastalisation patterns in the Baltic region and answer the question, whether there can be a single definition of the coastal zone of the Baltic region. According to a broad definition, the Baltic macro-region is nearly all coastal and, consequently, all settlements are influenced by the coastalisation effect. We have studied the urban population dynamics in 128 cities of 45 coastal regions through the lens of various characteristics of a coastal city — the distance from the sea (10, 50, 100, and 150 km), location in a coastal region (NUTS 2), availability of a port and its primary maritime activity (tankers, cargo, fishing, passenger, recreational vessels and others). The research results suggest that despite the strong coherence of the Baltic region countries, there should not be a single delimitation approach to defining the coastal zone. Overall, the most active marine economic processes occur in the zone up to 10 km from the seacoast and 30 km from ports and port infrastructure. However, in the case of Sweden, Poland, and Latvia, the coastal zone can be extended to 50 km, and in Germany — up to 150 km inland.
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Lõugas, Lembi, and Valdis Bērziņš. "Natural History and Exploitation of the Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena Linnaeus, 1758) during the Neolithic (ca. 4000–2000 cal. BC) in the Eastern Baltic Region." Animals 13, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13050909.
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Compared with the history of seals in the Baltic Sea, the porpoise has received much less research attention. The harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) has been quite rare in the eastern Baltic in recent centuries, but according to archaeological finds, its population was quite numerous here ca. 6000–4000 years ago (ca. 4000–2000 cal. BC). This paper deals with all known archaeological assemblages of porpoise so far discovered in the eastern Baltic (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), discusses the hunting strategies and studies the exploitation of this small cetacean by the Neolithic hunter-gatherers. Fauna historical aspects include new archaeological data in addition to those published previously. We consider whether these new data change the temporal and spatial pattern of porpoise hunting and examine how, in addition to the expected use of porpoise meat and blubber, the porpoise’s toothed mandibles were used for patterning ceramics.
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Raukas, Anto, Rein Koch, Krista Jüriado, and Johanna-Iisebel Järvelill. "Anomalous radioactivity level and high concentrations of heavy minerals in Lemme area, South-West Estonia." Baltica 27, no. 2 (February 20, 2014): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2014.27.19.
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Abstract As early as in the 1960s, extensive heavy-mineral concentrations containing zircon, monazite, and xenotime were discovered in the Lemme region of south-western Estonia. These concentrations contribute to the elevated radioactivity levels of the enclosing sediments. The near shore sands of the Litorina Sea contain up to 10-cm-thick interlayers with a heavy mineral content of up to 80%. These anomalous layers were formed during the transgressive phase and result from a complicated cross- and alongshore migration of sedimentary material, derived mainly from local Devonian bedrock. Radioactivity level in the study area is higher relative to the majority of the Devonian plateau. The Lemmeoja buried soil has 13 radiocarbon dates in an area of renewed interest for the investigation of the Baltic Sea history.
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Fedorov, Gennady M. "The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners." Baltic Region 14, no. 4 (2022): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-2.
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The article explores the challenges encountered during the formation of the Baltic macro-region comprising Russia and eight EU countries (Germany, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) in the context of the ongoing geopolitical and geo-economic changes. The article aims to assess the dynamics, level, structure and pace of economic development of three Russian regions located on the Baltic Sea (St. Petersburg, Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions) and analyse the intensity of their trade relations with countries of the macro-region. Russian Baltic regions have higher development rates compared to the national average. However, they experience difficulties in their economic development resulting from negative external factors. The article describes possible ways of overcoming these difficulties by improving the sectoral structure of the economy and diversifying international ties. In this context, the development of inter-regional cooperation and the formation of a spatially distributed territorial socio-economic system, including the three Russian Baltic regions, will be particularly beneficial. The period covered by the article is 1996—2021, with a special focus on 2014—2021. The study is based on the economic and statistical analysis of official data of Rosstat and the Federal Customs Service on the sectoral structure and dynamics of the gross regional product (GRP), volume and changes in foreign trade, and its commodity and geographical structure.
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Uzun, Yuliia, and Svitlana Koch. "Postsecular Conflicts and Reconstruction of Nationalisms in the States of the Balto-Black Sea-Adriatic Triangle." Yearbook of Balkan and Baltic Studies 5 (December 2022): 79–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ybbs5.04.
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The article focuses on the main trends in the development of state-religion relations in the era of post-postmodernism as represented at the International Conference “Balkan and Baltic States in United Europe – History, Religion, and Culture IV: Religiosity and Spirituality in the Baltic and Balkan Cultural Space: History and Nowadays” (November 11–13, 2020). The article aims to define and analyse postsecular conflicts that are manifested in the construction of new nationalisms in the countries of the Baltic – Black Sea – Adriatic Triangle. The main problem is the ascertainment of the primary trend in transforming religion-state relations in the transitionto post-postmodernity. The research methodology is the differentiation and systematisation of conflicts as markers that characterise the sociocultural crisis that erupted in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The concept of conflict is understood as a discrepancy, contradiction, and clash of positions that not only form new foundations of sociocultural and political discourse about the norm of religion-state relations but also influence the establishment of new trends in the formation of the legal basis for the statuses of religious organisations. As an empirical basis for the research, some countries’ regulatory legal acts in the region under study are used, along with data and maps of well-known research centres.
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Nielsen, Michael Houmark. "Late Pleistocene stratigraphy, glaciation chronology and Middle Weichselian environmental history from Klintholm, Møn, Denmark." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 41 (November 30, 1994): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1995-41-16.
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A new and fundamental outline of the Late Pleistocene geological history in SE Denmark is obtained from examination of exposed cliff sections along the Baltic coast of M0n. Multidiciplinary studies including lithostratigraphic classification, analyses of glaciotectonic struc- tures, biostratigraphic studies, amino acid chronology and radiocarbon and luminescence dating indicate the following: A shallow boreo-lusitanian sea that characterized the Eemian interglaciation (130-115 ka BP) was followed by periglacial conditions during the Early Weichselian (l 15-75 ka BP). In the early part of the Middle Weichselian (75--c. 40 ka BP) Baltic glaciers invaded the region twice, intenupted by an ice free and periglacial interval around 50 ka BP. The first ice stream left a reddish coloured till dominated by exotic rock-types of eastern Baltic provenance. From about 40-35 ka BP to slightly before 20 ka BP ameliorated conditions with periglacial terrestrial and lacustrine environments are recorded. A lake basin in the western part of the Baltic was surrounded by a low releif mammoth-steppe with an almost treeless vegetation of grasses, sedges, heather and dwarf shrubs. Increasing amounts of diamicton dominated by Palaeozoic shale and limestone towards the top of the muddy and slightly organic lake sediments suggest ice-rafting in the basin by the end of the late Middle Weichselian. Deposits suffered strong glaciotectonic deformation during the Late Weichselian glacial maximum (25-15 ka BP).
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THIER, KATRIN. "Wulfstan's Voyage: the Baltic Sea region in the Early Viking Age as seen from shipboard." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 39, no. 1 (March 2010): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00260_8.x.
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Sydor, Paweł, and Szymon Uścinowicz. "Holocene relative sea-level changes in the eastern part of Pomeranian Bay and the Szczecin Lagoon, Southern Baltic Sea." Holocene 32, no. 5 (February 4, 2022): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09596836221074028.
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Sea-level changes of the Baltic Sea have been in the focus since the beginning of Baltic history studies. The main goal of the study is to reconstruct Holocene sea-level changes in the eastern part of Pomeranian Bay and the Szczecin Lagoon. For this purpose, 171 radiocarbon dates were used for the eastern part of Pomeranian Bay and 131 radiocarbon dates for the Szczecin Lagoon. The data allow reconstructing sea-level changes in the last 8500 years in the eastern part of Pomeranian Bay and 7500 years in the Szczecin Lagoon. The sea level 8500 yr b2k was ca. 16 m in Pomeranian Bay, while 7500 yr b2k in the Szczecin Lagoon, it was ca. 8 m below the present sea level. Initially, the fast sea-level rise (up to 9.0 mm/yr) slowed down about 6000 yr b2k to ca. 1.0 mm/yr. In the last 5000 years, the sea level rose at a rate of 0.5 mm/yr in both sites. Analysed data allow distinguishing an extreme event (or events) that disturbed a rather regular course of sea-level rise, which occurred between 7314 and 7022 yr b2k. The history of sea-level changes was similar in the eastern part of Pomeranian Bay and the Szczecin Lagoon despite differences in the geological structure of the pre-Quaternary bedrock and potential various trends in vertical crustal movements. Similarities to some other regions of the southern Baltic and the world ocean allow assuming that sea-level changes in the study area in the last 9000 years in general were eustatic in nature.
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Kroesen, Justin. ":Visual Culture and Politics in the Baltic Sea Region, 1100–1250." Speculum 98, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/722998.
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Hudson, Benjamin. "Book Review: Wulfstan's Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard." International Journal of Maritime History 22, no. 1 (June 2010): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387141002200130.
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Jonker, Gerdien. "Muslim Tatar Minorities in the Baltic Sea Region, edited by Ingvar Svanberg and David Westerlund." Journal of Muslims in Europe 7, no. 3 (October 11, 2018): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22117954-12341378.
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Warnock, Jonathan, Elinor Andrén, Steve Juggins, Jonathan Lewis, David B. Ryves, Thomas Andrén, and Kaarina Weckström. "A high‐resolution diatom‐based Middle and Late Holocene environmental history of the Little Belt region, Baltic Sea." Boreas 49, no. 1 (October 31, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bor.12419.
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Satyr, Larysa M., Ruslana P. Zadorozhna, and Leonid I. Stadnik. "Statistical analysis of tourism flows between Ukraine and the Baltic Sea Region countries in 2012—2019." Sustainable development of the Baltic Sea Region 13, no. 2 (2021): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-2.
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This article explores the features and trends in inbound and outbound tourism flows between Ukraine and the Baltic Sea region (BSR) countries in 2012—2019. The research question is whether inbound or outbound tourism prevailed and how visa-free travel to the Schengen Area affected the number of Ukrainians travelling to the Baltic Sea Region. Two data sources were used in the study. These are the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum and data from the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine on the number of foreign citizens visiting Ukraine and the number of Ukrainians travelling abroad. The study employs the statistical methods of structural shifts analysis, time series analysis, and graphical visualization. The findings indicate that Ukrainian outbound tourism was growing steadily over the study period, whilst visa-free travel to the Schengen Area had no statistically significant impact on the number of outbound tourists from Ukraine to the BSR. Outbound tourism flow prevailed over inbound. The number of inbound tourists to Ukraine sharply declined after 2013 because of the socio-political situation in the country. The analysis reveals significant changes in inbound and outbound tourism flow structures. The COVID-19 pandemic is shown to be a critical factor influencing the current state and prospects of the tourism industry.
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Steffen, H., G. Kaufmann, and R. Lampe. "Lithosphere and upper-mantle structure of the southern Baltic Sea estimated from modelling relative sea-level data with glacial isostatic adjustment." Solid Earth Discussions 5, no. 2 (December 23, 2013): 2483–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-5-2483-2013.
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Abstract. During the last glacial maximum, a large ice sheet covered Scandinavia, and the Earth's surface was depressed by several 100 m. Beyond the limit of this Fennoscandian ice sheet, mass redistribution in the upper mantle led to the development of peripheral bulges around the glaciated region. These once uplifted areas subside since the begin of deglaciation due to the viscoelastic behavior of the mantle. Parts of this subsiding region are located in northern central Europe in the coastal parts of Denmark, Germany and Poland. We analyze relative sea-level (RSL) data of these regions to determine the lithospheric thickness and radial mantle viscosity structure for distinct regional RSL subsets. We load a one-dimensional Maxwell-viscoelastic earth model with a global ice-load history model of the last glaciation. We test two commonly used ice histories, RSES from the Australian National University and Ice-5G from the University of Toronto. Our results indicate that the lithospheric thickness varies, depending on the ice model used, between 60 and 160 km. The lowest values are found in the Oslo Graben area and the western German Baltic Sea coast. In between, thickness increases by at least 30 km tracing the Fyn High. In Poland, lithospheric thickness values up to 160 km are reached. However, the latter values are not well constrained due to a low number of RSL data from the Polish area. Upper-mantle viscosity is found to bracket [2–7] × 1020 Pa s when using Ice-5G. Employing RSES much higher values of 2 × 1021 Pa s yield for the southern Baltic Sea, which suggests a revision of this ice-model version. We confirm that the lower-mantle viscosity in Fennoscandia can only be poorly resolved. The lithospheric structure inferred partly supports structural features of regional and global lithosphere models based on thermal or seismological data. While there is agreement in eastern Europe and southwest Sweden, the structure in an area from south of Norway to northern Germany shows large discrepancies for two of the tested models. It thus remains challenging to sufficiently determine the Fyn High as seen with seismics with the help of glacial isostatic adjustment modelling.
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Zhang, Shunxin, and Christopher R. Barnes. "Arenigian (Early Ordovician) sea-level history and the response of conodont communities, western Newfoundland." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 843–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-036.
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Four cluster analyses were performed, which recognized 17 conodont communities in the Arenigian (Lower Ordovician) of western Newfoundland. The analyses include 69 598 identifiable conodont specimens recovered from 153 conodont-bearing samples from four stratigraphical sections representing the environmental settings of the platform, upper proximal slope, lower proximal slope, and distal slope. The distribution of conodont communities along the platform to slope environmental gradient shows that sea-level changes simultaneously affected the development and replacement of the conodont communities in the different facies. The pattern of change in conodont communities allows an interpretation of sea-level change that is correlated precisely into the detailed graptolite biozonation. A gradual transgression lasted most of Tetragraptus approximatus Zone time, which was followed by a brief regression; a transgressionregression cycle occurred in the T. akzharensis Zone time; a major transgression caused a highstand during the entire Pendeograptus fruticosus Zone time, which was followed by a major regression in the early Didymograptus bifidus Zone time; Isograptus victoriae lunatus Zone time included repetitive oscillations of sea level; a severe regression in the earliest I. i. victoriae Zone time was represented by the St. George unconformity on the platform and the Bed 12 megaconglomerate on the slope, reaching the lowest sea level during the I. i. maximus Zone time. The Arenigian sea-level curve developed by this study only partly agrees with that from the Baltic region and central Australia based on trilobite communities.
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Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna. "Witnessing the sea: Testimonials of seamen in the ‘Seven Salt Ships’ case (1564–1567) as sources for maritime, social, and legal history." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 4 (November 2018): 701–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418809249.
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This article analyses a unique case of testimonials presented by seamen before the urban court of Danzig in 1564–1565. It argues that three factors played significant roles in how these statements were received and used in court: first, their overall status in society; second, their presence at the place of the contested events, which enabled them to provide relevant information; and third, the detail of their evidence, which owed much to their demonstrable experience of working at sea, and is largely unknown to modern researchers of the pre-modern maritime history of the Baltic region and northern Europe in general. The case therefore offers novel insights into maritime, social, and legal aspects of the life and work of mariners.
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Irkhin, Aleksandr Anatolievich, and Olga Aleksandrovna Moskalenko. "The Black Sea Region in the Contest of Geopolitical Projects of the Great Powers, 1991-2019." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 498–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-3-498-516.
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The Black Sea region (BSR) is becoming a geopolitical space of clash - a frontline zone for the formation of a new system of international relations. After the Cold War, the region from the peripheral became one of the centers of competition between regional and global powers. It has mostly geopolitical rather than simple geographical character, significantly expanding its borders in at least four variations: the BS as the space of seven coastal states, the BS as the Baltic-Black Sea region, the BS as the Black Sea-Caspian Sea region, and the BS as the nerve center of the Greater Mediterranean. The article analyzes the geopolitical projects of great powers in relation to the Black Sea region in 1991-2019. The aim is to study the evolution and dynamics of these geopolitical projects by comparing the conceptual and doctrinal levels, as well as the level of practical policy of the key actors in relation to the Black Sea region. The scientific novelty lies in the systematic analysis of the geopolitical projects of great powers in the BSR after the Cold War, which becomes one of the critically important regions in the current period of world history. The authors conclude that the United States, the EU and Turkey follow an offensive strategy in the BSR, while Russias strategy is aimed at maintaining the status quo. After 2014, the USA and its allies have embarked on a third attempt to implement the Euro-Atlantic Black Sea project and the Greater Black Sea project, which involve the displacement of the Russian Federation from the Black Sea region. The geopolitical significance of the BSR is determined by its strategic location at the intersection of the interests of key actors. Their competition in the BSR is carried out both at the regional (Russia - Turkey - EU) and global (USA - Russia, Turkey, Iran; EU - Russia, Turkey, USA; China - USA, EU, Russia) levels, determining the content of conceptual approaches to the political structure of the region and specific integration (and infrastructure) projects. The complexity of the current geopolitical situation in the region is determined by a large number of competing powers and changing contours of the international system. The main axis of intra-regional competition in the BSR is focused on achieving a balance of power between Russia and Turkey.
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Bursche, Aleksander. "Contacts between the Late Roman Empire and North-Central Europe." Antiquaries Journal 76 (March 1996): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500047417.
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The concept of Central Europe is understood here to cover the geographical centre of the European continent (i.e. the territory between the Elbe, Bug and Neman rivers, that is, eastern Germany, Poland, Bohemia, Slovakia and Lithuania), formerly treated in much of the English-speaking world as ‘Eastern Europe’. In the past six years, however, this area has been moving closer to the West. This paper shall concentrate on the region north of the Carpathian mountains, particularly the Vistula river-basin and Scandinavia (without Norway), in other words the territory round the Baltic Sea.
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Åberg, F., and F. E. Wickman. "Variations of 87Sr/86Sr in Water from Streams Discharging into the Bothnian Bay, Baltic Sea." Hydrology Research 18, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1987.0003.
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The 87Sr/86Sr ratio in 53 water samples were analysed, 26 from streams in Sweden, 22 from streams in Finland and 5 from the Bothnian Bay itself. The brackish seawater of the bay had the isotope ratio 0.7095, while the stream-water samples varied from 0.7177 to 0.7366. The weighted average isotope ratio with respect to discharges was 0.7313, this high ratio reflecting the dominance of granitic Proterozoic rocks in the region. For streams with an average discharge between 1-40 m3/s the isotope ratio was within the interval 0.718-0.736, while those with discharges >150 m3/s defined an interval of 0.728-0.735. The variations in isotope ratios are discussed with respect to bedrock geology of drainage basins, possible effects of seawater inundations and Postglacial uplift combined with the complex history of the Baltic Sea.
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Zabotkina, V. I., O. V. Pavlenko, E. L. Boyarskaya, and E. Yu Moiseeva. "Communication of Covid-19 consequences in the Baltic States inforsphere." Baltic Region 12, no. 4 (2020): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2020-4-8.
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This article seeks to describe the dynamics of Covid-19 in the Baltic States and to analyse the ways of communicating the threat and its consequences. Particular attention is paid to the media strategies pursued in the study area. The research is based on Russian and English texts from the Baltic media, WHO official documents and datasets, as well as initiatives of the Baltic Sea region organisations (2020) counteracting Covid-19. A combination of these sources builds up an objective view of the situation and demonstrates how the pandemic and its consequences are represented in public consciousness given a certain pragmatic goal. The pandemic is a new type of threat; its consequences demonstrate a tendency towards negative synergy and a category shift from soft threats to hard ones. The research shows that several key strategies — counter-active, projective, conservative, mobilising, resilient, and reflective — are used to communicate the threat and its consequences in the media.
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Kretinin, G. "Nuclear power in the Baltic Sea region: the history of emergence and the political and economic features of its development." Baltic Region 2 (2013): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2013-2-4.
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Küng, Enn. "Staatlichen Zölle - Portorium und Lizent - in den Städten den schwedischen Ostseeprovinzen." Hansische Geschichtsblätter 133 (May 30, 2020): 115–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2015.75.
Full textAbstract:
State Duties - Portorium and Licence - in the Towns of the Swedish Baltic ProvincesThe early modern mercantilist state focused on developing and exercising control over industrial and agricultural production as well as engaging in economic activities involving internal and external trade while collecting taxes and customs duties in order to fill the treasury. In the 16th-17th centuries, rapidly developing Sweden was no exception. It was in constant need of funds to support its growing bureaucratic apparatus and its army. From 1561, additional funds had to be allocated to retain and govern its expanding overseas territories. Trade and agriculture were Sweden’s principal source of income from its Baltic provinces. Therefore, it was deemed important to create an environment conducive to trade in order to generate greater tax and custom s revenues for the state. The customs tariffs of the Baltic Sea towns as well as the common customs system in Tallinn, Narva and Nyen arose from the state’s interest in bringing Western European andRussian trade back to the Baltic Sea.The aim of the article is to look rnore closely at the state duties - portorium and licence fees, plus oktroy and Anlage duties in Riga - levied on goods in the ports of the Baltic provinces of the Swedish realm, mainly Estonia, Livonia and Ösel (Saaremaa). The archival sources used in this study are the published and unpublished laws of the Swedish central authorities and the customs and account books which survive from the 17th Century. Of these, the most important ones were special customs and license ledgers from Estonia, Livonia, Ingria and Ösel in which the state receipts for licence duties and portorium from Riga, Tallinn, Narva, Nyen, Pärnu, Haapsalu and Kuressaare were registered. Separate Anlage duty records were kept in Riga. From the early 1630s, the account books of the governorates (ledgers, verifications and journals) also included state customs receipts, but each province was considered as a whole, without distinguishing separate towns. Data on portorium receipts can also be found in the town council archives, as the state ceded a third or even half of the customs receipts to the local town councils.Customs duties constituted one-third of the state’s revenues in the province of Estonia and one half or more in Livonia. The most important state customs were the portorium and licence duty (and the Anlage duty in Riga). While portorium was gencrally divided equally with the town where it was collected, licence duty was retained by the state in its entirety. Lesser duties were collected under the name Ungelder, and theamount and volume o f these increased over time. Generally, portorium duty brought in less revenue than licence duty. Sea customs tariffs, whichoften differed from town to town, formed a complex System. From 1648, only Tallinn, Narva and Nyen constituted a common customs region with lower customs tariffs than in Riga and Pärnu.