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Journal articles on the topic 'Baltic Sea Region – Civilization'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Palmowski, Tadeusz. "The European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region and accomplishments." Baltic Region 13, no. 1 (2021): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-1-8.

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The sea and inland hinterland of Baltic Europe form a unique macro-regional unit. Strong collaboration links, and competition in the Baltic Sea region, are an inherent feature of the region from the beginning of its civilization development. Since 2004, the Baltic Sea has become an internal sea of the European Union. This fact no doubt strengthened the cooperation of the countries in the region. In many spheres, these ties take the form of networking. The EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region is an important stimulus for further integrations. The objective of the article is to identify changing trends and the structural transformation in the Baltic integration process instigated by the implementation of this strategy. The document contains common goals, which strengthen cooperation and draw on the Baltic Sea potential. Three main pillars are outlined in the Strategy: marine protection, better interconnection of the region and growing prosperity. The essence of cooperation involves joint development plans on various levels: governmental, regional and local with the participation of research institutions, regional cooperation infrastructure, operational programmes, as well as the private sector. Political stabilisation and economic development may transform, in a longer time span, the emerging transnational Baltic Europe into a new economic and cultural European centre. The choice of research methodology applied in the study derives from the nature of collected data, i.e. literature regarding scientific accomplishments in the Baltic cooperation, analysis of working documents and reports drawn up by public institutions, the European Commission, and EU national and regional strategic documents.

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2

Pääbo, Heiko. "Constructing Historical Space: Estonia’s Transition from the Russian Civilization to the Baltic Sea Region." Journal of Baltic Studies 45, no. 2 (October 30, 2013): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2013.846929.

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3

Graban, Michał. "The role of maritime identity in the economy – the issue of the “cultural code” of Pomorskie Province." Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego 33, no. 1 (August 22, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2994.

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The article aims to analyze the theme of maritime identity as a cultural code of the Pomerania region. At the same time, it will be proved that this code has had a tangible impact on modern-day economy of the Pomerania region by influencing its dynamics, innovativeness and networking. That influence has been made possible by the post-industrial economy which, as a result of civilizational changes, thrives today mainly thanks to social and cultural factors, also known as social capital, and not just due to infrastructural ones. The resulting maritime identity, which evolved in our region in the interwar period mainly due to the shared experience of building a port in Gdynia and the associated work ethic, has established numerous social bonds and created solidarity among people of the sea. These bonds are gradually expanding the cultural code’s sphere of operation with new areas and partners, not necessarily related to the maritime economy. Although these bonds are most evident in Intelligent Specialization no. 1 “Off-shore, port and logistics technologies”, they actually bridge the gap between all intelligent specializations to produce a synergy effect and create innovation. The cultural code brings innovation to traditional (ports, shipyards Baltic-Adriatic Corridor) and sustainable energy-saving “blue growth” maritime economies. Maritime identity is also featured in various forms of tourism, culture and art, while at the same time shaping the teaching programs of maritime schools.

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4

Piotrowski, Grzegorz. "Mapping the field of turbulent changes around the issue of migration in Poland." Intersections 7, no. 2 (2021): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v7i2.880.

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The issue of migration had become highly politicized in Poland already before the 2015 elections. The neoconservative Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS) party made it one of the key topics in the electoral campaign both for the parliamentary and for the presidential elections, both of which the party won. Poland has switched from a country with the highest acceptance rate of refugees in the EU to the one with the lowest rate within about a year. The narrative about masses of refugees in Poland and at its borders threatening Polish culture, civilization and identity started to gather momentum and has provoked numerous intended and unintended consequences, political and social. On the one hand such statements and politics have sparked an increase in hate speech and incidents, and violent actions. On the other, as a reaction, there is an observable awakening of the civil society in Poland through more intensified actions of various groups and organizations. Both are outcomes of the situation in which the government and the ruling party take a strong and negative stance on the issue of migrants and refugees. At the same time, anti-racist activism has been instrumentalized as a tool for anti-government struggles, involving new actors into the struggle. The new alliances forged after 2015 are more than interesting and will be described below, based on the empirical research conducted for a comparative research project on anti-racist contention in the Baltic Sea region. I will show particularly the nature of cooperation between grassroots groups (often radical) and the more moderate NGOs, activists (of both stripes) and civil servants as well as politicians; and here point to the specific role of municipalities and the city-level.

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5

Weisse, Ralf, Inga Dailidienė, Birgit Hünicke, Kimmo Kahma, Kristine Madsen, Anders Omstedt, Kevin Parnell, et al. "Sea level dynamics and coastal erosion in the Baltic Sea region." Earth System Dynamics 12, no. 3 (August 17, 2021): 871–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-871-2021.

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Abstract. There are a large number of geophysical processes affecting sea level dynamics and coastal erosion in the Baltic Sea region. These processes operate on a large range of spatial and temporal scales and are observed in many other coastal regions worldwide. This, along with the outstanding number of long data records, makes the Baltic Sea a unique laboratory for advancing our knowledge on interactions between processes steering sea level and erosion in a climate change context. Processes contributing to sea level dynamics and coastal erosion in the Baltic Sea include the still ongoing viscoelastic response of the Earth to the last deglaciation, contributions from global and North Atlantic mean sea level changes, or contributions from wind waves affecting erosion and sediment transport along the subsiding southern Baltic Sea coast. Other examples are storm surges, seiches, or meteotsunamis which primarily contribute to sea level extremes. Such processes have undergone considerable variation and change in the past. For example, over approximately the past 50 years, the Baltic absolute (geocentric) mean sea level has risen at a rate slightly larger than the global average. In the northern parts of the Baltic Sea, due to vertical land movements, relative mean sea level has decreased. Sea level extremes are strongly linked to variability and changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation. The patterns and mechanisms contributing to erosion and accretion strongly depend on hydrodynamic conditions and their variability. For large parts of the sedimentary shores of the Baltic Sea, the wave climate and the angle at which the waves approach the nearshore region are the dominant factors, and coastline changes are highly sensitive to even small variations in these driving forces. Consequently, processes contributing to Baltic sea level dynamics and coastline change are expected to vary and to change in the future, leaving their imprint on future Baltic sea level and coastline change and variability. Because of the large number of contributing processes, their relevance for understanding global figures, and the outstanding data availability, global sea level research and research on coastline changes may greatly benefit from research undertaken in the Baltic Sea.

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6

Kirk, Elizabeth, and Harriet Silfverberg. "Harmonisation in the Baltic Sea Region." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 21, no. 2 (2006): 235–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180806777973095.

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AbstractThis paper explores harmonisation of international regimes, in particular the factors that impact on it in practice. These issues are explored in the context of the harmonisation project undertaken by HELCOM in 2000–01. As will be demonstrated there are four main factors that influence the likelihood of harmonisation of measures. Of these the one most likely to promote harmonisation is pragmatism. The other three—geographic, economic and political factors—are all more likely to tilt against harmonisation than for it.

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7

Morozov, Viatcheslav. "Russia in the Baltic Sea Region." Cooperation and Conflict 39, no. 3 (September 2004): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836704045207.

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8

Wild, Verina, and Matas Morkevicius. "Bioethics in the Baltic Sea Region." Ethik in der Medizin 17, no. 1 (March 2005): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00481-004-0339-5.

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9

Nilendres, Eve. "Cooperation in the Baltic sea region." Orbis 38, no. 1 (December 1994): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4387(94)90113-9.

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10

Ming-Chung, Chang. "Regional cooperationin the EU"s Baltic Sea Region and non-Baltic Sea Region: environment and energy." Актуальні проблеми економіки, no. 6 (156) (2014): 62–72.

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11

Andersson, Marcus. "Region branding: The case of the Baltic Sea Region." Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 3, no. 2 (April 2007): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.6000057.

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12

Gladysh, Marianna, Oksana Krayevska, and Oksana Holovko-Havrysheva. "Baltic-Black Sea Region as a Resilient Region: Political and Security Aspects." Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 13 (December 31, 2020): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ps.2020.1.10.

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The conceptual bases of resilience in modern political science are analyzed, including the key conceptual approaches that are used in academic studies for understanding the policy of resilience, characterizing the reaction of subjects to stress or threat of any kind and origin. The concept of resilience is applied to analyze the cooperation among the Baltic-Black Sea countries as a regional interaction model which should be formed in order to reduce or avoid security crises. The Baltic-Black Sea countries have developed and formed strong ties in different dimensions among one another, opening an opportunity for intellectual adventures in the area of the conceptualization of their interaction modes under the regional cooperation frameworks. Based upon the analyzed doctrinal views and available documentary backgrounds on resilience in the UN and the EU, the possible visions and scenarios for the creation of the Baltic-Black Sea region as a resilient one are given. The existing and potential obstacles to cooperation in the region are highlighted. The main threats and challenges for the Baltic-Black Sea region at present are investigated.

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13

Šime, Zane. "EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region." Regions and Cohesion 10, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2020.100310.

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Abstract: The evolution of the EU multilevel governance unleashes new dynamics that hold a potential to contribute to the theory-building of paradiplomacy and honing of a more nuanced understanding what is to be understood with science diplomacy in the EU specific setting. When evaluated in the context of a broader body of literature on paradiplomacy and science diplomacy, new empirical examples from the EU macroregional governance level, such as the discussed role of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg in coordinating a flagship of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region called “Baltic Science Network,” should be treated with caution in terms of paying full attention to the distinct institutional environment in which a sub-national actor operates and pursues its initiatives.Resumen: La evolución de la gobernanza multiniveles en la UE desencadena una nueva dinámica que podría contribuir a la teorización de la para-diplomacia y a una comprensión más matizada de diplomacia científica en el marco específico de la UE. Cuando se evalúan en el contexto general de la literatura sobre para-diplomacia y diplomacia científica, los nuevos ejemplos empíricos de gobernanza macro-regional europea, como el controvertido papel de la Ciudad Libre y Hanseática de Hamburgo en la coordinación del “Baltic Science Network” como parte de la estrategia europea para la región del Mar Báltico, deben tratarse con cautela con respecto a la atención al entorno institucional diferenciado en el que un agente sub-nacional opera y lleva a cabo sus iniciativas.Résumé: L’évolution de la gouvernance multi-niveaux de l’UE génère une nouvelle dynamique qui pourrait contribuer à la théorisation de la paradiplomatie et à une compréhension plus nuancée du concept de diplomatie scientifique dans le cadre spécifique de l’UE. Lorsqu’ils sont évalués dans le contexte d’ensemble de la littérature sur la paradiplomatie et la diplomatie scientifique, les nouveaux exemples empiriques de gouvernance macro-régionale au sein de l’UE, tels que le rôle disputé de la Ville Libre et Hanséatique de Hambourg dans la coordination d’une stratégie de l’UE pour la région de la mer Baltique appelée “Baltic Science Network”, doivent être traités avec prudence pour ce qui est de l’attention portée à l’environnement institutionnel distinct dans lequel un acteur sous-national opère et poursuit ses initiatives.

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14

Mezhevich, N. M., and T. K. Pribyshin. "Innovative economy in the Baltic Sea region." Baltic Region, no. 3 (2012): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2012-3-4.

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15

Ilyin, M. V. "Geochronopolitics of the Baltic-Black Sea Region." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(4) (February 28, 2009): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2009-1-4-49-57.

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Балто-Черноморское Междуморье образуют две полосы территорий, принадлежащих к бассейнам Балтийского и Черного морей, которые разделены меридианальным массивом высоких Карпат и уходящим далее к северу водоразделом Вислы и Немана. К востоку от этого водораздела расположены территории, которые мы привычно называем Восточной Европой, к западу - Восточной Центральной Европой.

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16

Rimkus, Egidijus, Donatas Valiukas, Justas Kažys, Indrė Gečaitė, and Edvinas Stonevičius. "Dryness dynamics of the Baltic Sea region." Baltica 25, no. 2 (December 10, 2012): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2012.25.13.

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17

Lappalainen, T., V. Laitinen, E. Salmela, P. Andersen, K. Huoponen, M. L. Savontaus, and P. Lahermo. "Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region." Annals of Human Genetics 72, no. 3 (May 2008): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00429.x.

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18

Manzhynski, Siarhei, Nikolai Siniak, Alina Źróbek-Różańska, and Sabina Źróbek. "Sustainability performance in the Baltic Sea Region." Land Use Policy 57 (November 2016): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.003.

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19

Kirchner, Stefan, and Medy Dervovic. "Almost Arctic?: Protecting the Baltic marine environment through international law." Strani pravni zivot, no. 4 (2021): 551–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz65-34644.

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The Baltic Sea, the heart of the Baltic region, is one of the most polluted seas worldwide. For the countries of the Baltic region, the relative importance of the Baltic Sea varies, but all coastal states of the Baltic Sea use the sea and influence it through their manifold activities. The protection of the Baltic Sea therefore is a shared concern for the coastal states. This shared concern has led to the emergence of a specific international legal régime governing the Baltic Sea. In this text, current threats to the Baltic Sea's natural environment and the international legal measures that are taken to protect the sea are described, in particular with a view to possible improvements. Particular emphasis will be placed on the northernmost part of the Baltic Sea, the sub-Arctic Bay of Bothnia that faces particular environmental challenges.

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20

Ewert, Stefan. "Regional higher education co-operation: a research proposal to compare the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea regions." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2011): 199–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v3i2_2.

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While the Baltic Sea Region is considered to be a pioneer region in the development of regional integration and identity, the Black Sea Region is regarded to be a laggard in terms of regionali¬zation and region building. My paper summarizes the role of regional higher education co-operation in the Baltic Sea regionalization process in theory and analyzes the empirical background of these assumptions. Yet, inasmuch an evaluation of the regions` status as a pioneer is possible only in a comparative perspective, I propose to compare the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea Region regarding their higher education networks systematically. My paper asks for the transferability of arguments in favor of a strong regional higher education co-operation in the Baltic Sea Region since the 1990s to today’s situation of the Black Sea Region. It concludes with some fundamental considerations on a comparative research project.

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21

Neimane, Leila. "Land-sea interactions: case studies from the Baltic Sea Region." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 08013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112908013.

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Research background: Nowadays, mainstream discussions on maritime spatial planning (MSP) are tightly intertwined with the discourse on governance for land-sea interactions or interface (LSI), using multi-scalar and cross-sectoral governance systems. At the same time, principles with legal rank need to be respected and applied in both MSP and LSI and their respective governance structures while putting coastal communities at the centre and taking into consideration the process of “maritimisation.” In combination, these factors contribute to augmenting the pressure of competing uses both on land and sea in the frame of the Blue Economy. As an exemplary forerunner in the field of MSP, the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) and its case studies can provide a useful insight in this respect. Purpose of the article: The aim is to identify and integrate the principles with legal rank of Effective Governance for sustainable development to be implemented through different LSI governance perspectives and in the framework of MSP and the Blue Economy, providing concise guidance as to their application through BSR case studies. Methods: Preparation of this article involves applying traditional legal research methods (analysis and synthesis) and the results of maritime spatial plans and practical examples of pilot projects. Analysis includes the following techniques: descriptive, historical, special analytical and dogmatically comparable, including an analytical perspective of transnational environmental law. Synthesis is applied through the legally constructive method. Findings & Value added: Based on conclusions and lessons learned from BSR case studies, the article offers added value by structuring and improving knowledge and providing a basis for further theoretical discussion.

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22

North, Michael. "Reinventing the Baltic Sea Region: From the Hansa to the Eu-Strategy of 2009." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2012): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v4i2_1.

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The political changes of 1989 stimulated a new perception and perspective of the Baltic Sea Region. And this gained momentum with the Eastern Enlargement of the EU. The new situation encouraged research as well. In this context the “Baltic Sea” is not an unchangeable physical setting, but also a construction of different actors or protagonists. People and powers continuously reinvent the Baltic Sea Region. That is why; the following paper focuses on the different notions of the Baltic Sea Region from the Middle Ages up to now and also examines the recent EU-Strategy of this region.

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23

Nikulin, V. G. "SEISMICITY of the EAST BALTIC REGION in 2016–2017." Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia, no. 25 (December 20, 2022): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2022.25.19.

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Information on seismic monitoring in the East Baltic region for 2016–2017 is presented. During this period of time, several tectonic earthquakes occurred, the epicenters of which are located in the north and northwest of Estonia and in the area of Lake Võrtsjärv. The territory of Estonia and the adjacent waters of the Baltic Sea are still the most seismically active parts of the East Baltic region. Attention is drawn to the inherited nature of seismicity, i.e. in the areas of modern earthquakes, earthquakes had already occurred before the instrumental period. Another feature of several earthquakes in the East Baltic region is their association with meteorite craters, which are most often found in the East Baltic region in Estonia and near it, in the Baltic Sea. As before, the bulk of seismic information is associated with man-made explosions in industrial quarries and in the Baltic Sea. The identification of earthquakes of small magnitude remains an urgent problem.

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24

Gustafsson, Åsa. "The Baltic Sea Region Border Control Cooperation (BSRBCC) and border management in the Baltic Sea region: A case study." Marine Policy 98 (December 2018): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.09.028.

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25

Meier, H. E. Markus, Madline Kniebusch, Christian Dieterich, Matthias Gröger, Eduardo Zorita, Ragnar Elmgren, Kai Myrberg, et al. "Climate change in the Baltic Sea region: a summary." Earth System Dynamics 13, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 457–593. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022.

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Abstract. Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of global warming on past and future changes in climate of the Baltic Sea region is summarised and assessed. The study is an update of the Second Assessment of Climate Change (BACC II) published in 2015 and focuses on the atmosphere, land, cryosphere, ocean, sediments, and the terrestrial and marine biosphere. Based on the summaries of the recent knowledge gained in palaeo-, historical, and future regional climate research, we find that the main conclusions from earlier assessments still remain valid. However, new long-term, homogenous observational records, for example, for Scandinavian glacier inventories, sea-level-driven saltwater inflows, so-called Major Baltic Inflows, and phytoplankton species distribution, and new scenario simulations with improved models, for example, for glaciers, lake ice, and marine food web, have become available. In many cases, uncertainties can now be better estimated than before because more models were included in the ensembles, especially for the Baltic Sea. With the help of coupled models, feedbacks between several components of the Earth system have been studied, and multiple driver studies were performed, e.g. projections of the food web that include fisheries, eutrophication, and climate change. New datasets and projections have led to a revised understanding of changes in some variables such as salinity. Furthermore, it has become evident that natural variability, in particular for the ocean on multidecadal timescales, is greater than previously estimated, challenging our ability to detect observed and projected changes in climate. In this context, the first palaeoclimate simulations regionalised for the Baltic Sea region are instructive. Hence, estimated uncertainties for the projections of many variables increased. In addition to the well-known influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation, it was found that also other low-frequency modes of internal variability, such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability, have profound effects on the climate of the Baltic Sea region. Challenges were also identified, such as the systematic discrepancy between future cloudiness trends in global and regional models and the difficulty of confidently attributing large observed changes in marine ecosystems to climate change. Finally, we compare our results with other coastal sea assessments, such as the North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA), and find that the effects of climate change on the Baltic Sea differ from those on the North Sea, since Baltic Sea oceanography and ecosystems are very different from other coastal seas such as the North Sea. While the North Sea dynamics are dominated by tides, the Baltic Sea is characterised by brackish water, a perennial vertical stratification in the southern subbasins, and a seasonal sea ice cover in the northern subbasins.

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26

Suzdalev, Sergej, Saulius Gulbinskas, Vadim Sivkov, and Tatiana Bukanova. "Solutions for effective oil spill management in the south–eastern part of the Baltic Sea." Baltica 27, special (February 20, 2014): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2014.27.09.

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The Baltic Sea is facing exceptionally intensive marine traffic. Oil products in addition to other cargo types are being transported in this marine area. Therefore, the risk of potential oil pollution is very high. Although, the Baltic Sea has not experienced catastrophic oil spills, there have been spills causing serious environmental damage in the region. Construction of oil terminals and planned growth of Russian oil export through Baltic Sea ports along with the operation of large oil enterprises and oil drilling platforms make maritime safety a priority task for the Baltic Sea region. The publications collected in present Baltica Journal Special Issue set sights on the improvement of oil spill management in the South–Eastern Baltic Sea as well as stimulate the appearance of new transnational response agreements in the region.

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27

Philipp, Robert, Gunnar Prause, and Christopher Meyer. "Blue Growth Potential in South Baltic Sea Region." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2020-0006.

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AbstractThe Baltic Sea Region (BSR) stands for a flagship maritime region in Europe with dominating SME sector. Nevertheless, compared with other European regions, the cooperation and promotion activities of companies that belong to the Blue Economy in South Baltic Sea Region (SBSR) are not sufficient. As a response to this, the EU-project INTERMARE South Baltic aims to support the maritime economy in the SBSR by the creation of a network of companies and stakeholders.In line with the project, this study aims to analyse the future potential of the maritime economy and to identify trends that impact the sustainable development of the blue sector in SBSR. Based on primary data from a SBSR wide survey, descriptive statistical analysis is applied and Compound Annual Growth Rate is used as an indicator. The findings reveal need for actions regarding the sub-sectors Transport, Offshore oil & gas, Aquaculture, Fishery, Mineral resources and Biotechnology.

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28

Худолей, К. К. "The Baltic Sea region and increasing international tension." Baltijskij region 8, no. 1 (February 2016): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2074-9848-2016-1-1.

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29

Kuznetsov, A. V. "Transborder corporate integration in the Baltic Sea Region." Baltic Region, no. 1 (2012): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2012-1-2.

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30

Mäkinen, H. "The innovative process in the Baltic Sea region." Baltic Region, no. 3 (2012): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2012-3-5.

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31

Zeleneva, I. "Russia’s energy geostrategy in the Baltic Sea region." Baltic Region 2 (2013): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2013-2-1.

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32

Khudoley, K. "The Baltic Sea region and increasing international tension." Baltic Region 1, no. 8 (2016): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2016-1-1.

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33

Vitkus, Gediminas. "Changing Security Regime in the Baltic Sea Region." Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review 1, no. 1 (July 18, 2003): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47459/lasr.2003.1.6.

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34

Scott, James. "Cross-border Governance in the Baltic Sea Region." Regional & Federal Studies 12, no. 4 (December 2002): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714004777.

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35

Drury, Abdullah. "Muslim Tatar Minorities in the Baltic Sea Region." Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 30, no. 1 (November 5, 2018): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2018.1541632.

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36

Liuhto, Kari. "Liquefied Natural Gas in the Baltic Sea Region." Journal of East-West Business 19, no. 1-2 (June 2013): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2013.779543.

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37

Tapio, Petri, Vilja Varho, and Hanna Heino. "Renewable Energy in the Baltic Sea Region 2025." Journal of East-West Business 19, no. 1-2 (June 2013): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2013.779544.

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38

Neset, Tina-Simone, Julie Wilk, Carlo Navarra, René Capell, and Alena Bartosova. "Visualization-supported dialogues in the Baltic Sea Region." Ambio 48, no. 11 (September 21, 2019): 1314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01250-6.

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Abstract This study explores visualization-supported dialogues with water management and ecosystem stakeholders from four catchments in Sweden, Latvia, Germany and Poland. An interactive visualization tool was designed to present information regarding modelled effects of chosen future pathways including different measures that address ecosystem issues under present and future scenarios of land use and climate change, and estimated benefits and costs of the measures. This paper assesses if and how visualization-supported dialogues hinder or support key components of good governance of water and ecosystem management among expert stakeholders. We discuss challenges and opportunities related to the tool and dialogue design, and performance of dialogues. Results from a cross-case workshop indicate that the form and functionality of the tool contributes to participation, empowerment, accessibility and flexibility, while dialogue design is instrumental for encouraging trust and inclusion of local knowledge and competence.

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Silveira, Semida, Dilip Khatiwada, Sylvain Leduc, Florian Kraxner, Bharadwaj K. Venkata, Vita Tilvikine, Vilma Gaubyte, et al. "Opportunities for bioenergy in the Baltic Sea Region." Energy Procedia 128 (September 2017): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.036.

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Kikas, Ü., A. Mirme, E. Tamm, and T. Raunemaa. "Statistical characteristics of aerosol in Baltic Sea region." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 101, no. D14 (August 1, 1996): 19319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jd03758.

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Sergunin, Alexander A. "SOCIETAL SECURITY IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION: THE RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE." Baltic Region 13, no. 3 (2021): 4–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-3-1.

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This study discusses whether the concept of societal security is embedded in the Russian official and informal discourses as well as in the Russian strategic documents on national security and the Baltic Sea region. Particularly, the paper describes four paradigms of international relations (neorealism, neoliberalism, globalism and postpositivism) and theoretical approaches to the concept of societal security formulated in them. On a practical plane, Russia managed to develop — together with other regional players — a common regional approach to the understanding of societal security threats and challenges in the Baltic Sea region. These challenges include uneven regional development, social and gender inequalities, unemployment, poverty, manifestations of intolerance, religious and political extremism, separatism, large-scale migration, inconsistencies in education systems, climate change, natural and man-made catastrophes, transnational organized crime and cybercrime, international terrorism, so-called hybrid threats, etc. Russia and other Baltic countries agreed that the Council of the Baltic Sea States should be a proper regional institution to implement a common societal security strategy exemplified by the Baltic 2030 Agenda Action Plan (2017).

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Szulc, Marta. "Youth policy in the Baltic Sea Region – a case study of Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, and Polish youth participation in the BSSSC Working Group on Youth Policy." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 19, no. 3 (December 2021): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2021.3.5.

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Youth policy, understood as youth activity and policy for youth,has been developing in the Baltic Sea region for many years. It takes placeon many levels of Baltic cooperation; therefore, this article uses the theory ofmulti-level governance for the analysis. There are some differences in youthpolicy between the communities of the Baltic Sea Region countries. This articleaims to analyse the participation of young people from the regions ofLithuania, Latvia, Poland, and Estonia in the BSR youth policy, based on theexample of the Youth Working Group of the “Baltic Sea States SubregionalCo-operation”. The main part of the article is an analysis of interviews withyouth coordinators of “Baltic Sea States Subregional Co-operation” from selectedcountries. During the study, 5 interviews were conducted, and, thanksto these interviews, the author has made interesting observations on the differencesin involvement of young people from Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, andPoland. They indicated, inter alia, disproportional access to participation in thework of the Youth Working Group “Baltic Sea States Subregional Co-operation”between Estonia and Poland, and Lithuania and Latvia. The results clearlyshow that young people from Polish regions have the greatest opportunitiesto shape youth policy in the Baltic Sea Region.

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Gaidelys, Vaidas, and Raminta Benetyte. "Analysis of the Competitiveness of the Performance of Baltic Ports in the Context of Economic Sustainability." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 3267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063267.

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Baltic Seaports are a part of the sustainable global transport infrastructure. The main competitors of the Baltic countries in Baltic Sea region are the ports of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The ports of all three Baltic States are important transit corridors, connecting not only East and West, but also South and North. Periodical investments, modernization, and the construction of new terminals allow the Port of Klaipeda to successfully compete with neighbouring ports and strive for leadership positions. Thus, the aim of our study is to investigate the competitive environment of the Baltic Sea region. We use systematization, grouping, summarization of the scientific literature, data collection, comparison, financial analysis, and capacity calculation. The main results show that the Port of Klaipeda, a seaport on the eastern Baltic coast, is an important hub of the East-West (IXB) transport corridor, connecting roads and sea routes in this direction. With the accession of new members, including Lithuania, to the EU in 2004, the Baltic Sea became the internal Sea of the Union. Many Baltic seaports belong to the same system and organizations (ESPO, BPO). EU ports policy provides them with equal requirements for security, transport regulation, environmental protection, anti-air pollution, and sustainable development. The results obtained enable exploration perspectives. This includes a feasibility study for port development and attracting new investment from foreign capital markets in the Baltic Sea region.

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Serry, Arnaud. "Containerisation in the Baltic Sea Region: Development, Characteristics and Contemporary Organisation." European Spatial Research and Policy 26, no. 1 (July 11, 2019): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.26.1.01.

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The main focus of the paper is on the container system development in the Baltic Sea Region studying cotemporary changes and organisation, as well as explaining the main driving forces of this situation. The Baltic Sea is a transport corridor between Eastern and Western Europe. Over the last decade maritime transport in the Baltic Sea area has changed significantly. The disintegration of the Soviet Union forced Russia to start developing its own Baltic ports and terminals and to find new routes to export its oil and gas. The Baltic ports have welcomed a remarkable growth, especially in oil transportation and containerised flows. The geographical configuration of the region naturally places it away from major global shipping lines. This situation is accentuated by the organisation of maritime regular lines, centred in Northern European ports. For this reason, the regional container network is mainly made up of feeder services.

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Galatius, Anders, Carl Christian Kinze, and Jonas Teilmann. "Population structure of harbour porpoises in the Baltic region: evidence of separation based on geometric morphometric comparisons." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92, no. 8 (June 7, 2012): 1669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315412000513.

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The harbour porpoise is seriously depleted and threatened with extinction in the Baltic Sea. It is usually assumed that Baltic porpoises form a separate population unit, although the evidence for this has been disputed lately. Here, a 3-D geometric morphometric approach was employed to test a number of hypotheses regarding population structure of the harbour porpoise in the Baltic region. 277 porpoise skulls from Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Germany and Poland were measured with a suite of 3-D landmarks. Statistical analyses revealed highly significant shape differences between porpoises from the North Sea, Belt Sea and the inner Baltic Sea. A comparison of the directionalities of the shape vectors between these units found differences that cannot be attributed to a general, continual shape trend going from the North Sea to the inner Baltic Sea. These vectors indicate a morphological adaptation to the specific sub-areas. Such adaptation may be the result of the topographic peculiarities of the area with variable topography and shallow waters, e.g. in the Belt Sea porpoises, there may be a greater reliance on benthic and demersal prey. The present results show that isolation by distance alone is an unlikely explanation for the differences found within the Baltic region and thus support previously reported molecular indications of a separate population within the inner Baltic Sea.

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Pemberton, Per, Ulrike Löptien, Robinson Hordoir, Anders Höglund, Semjon Schimanke, Lars Axell, and Jari Haapala. "Sea-ice evaluation of NEMO-Nordic 1.0: a NEMO–LIM3.6-based ocean–sea-ice model setup for the North Sea and Baltic Sea." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 8 (August 22, 2017): 3105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3105-2017.

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Abstract. The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered marginal sea in northern Europe with intense wintertime ship traffic and a sensitive ecosystem. Understanding and modeling the evolution of the sea-ice pack is important for climate effect studies and forecasting purposes. Here we present and evaluate the sea-ice component of a new NEMO–LIM3.6-based ocean–sea-ice setup for the North Sea and Baltic Sea region (NEMO-Nordic). The setup includes a new depth-based fast-ice parametrization for the Baltic Sea. The evaluation focuses on long-term statistics, from a 45-year long hindcast, although short-term daily performance is also briefly evaluated. We show that NEMO-Nordic is well suited for simulating the mean sea-ice extent, concentration, and thickness as compared to the best available observational data set. The variability of the annual maximum Baltic Sea ice extent is well in line with the observations, but the 1961–2006 trend is underestimated. Capturing the correct ice thickness distribution is more challenging. Based on the simulated ice thickness distribution we estimate the undeformed and deformed ice thickness and concentration in the Baltic Sea, which compares reasonably well with observations.

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Ozoliņa, Zaiga. "Mussel Farming and Its Potential in the Baltic Sea." Economics and Business 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eb-2017-0004.

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Abstract The paper covers research findings on mussel farming and the analysis of current situation in mussel farming in the Baltic Sea. The mussel farming has a development potential in the Baltic Sea region. Some developers have chosen progressive activities to achieve the aim. For example, in Sweden the development of mussel farming is suggested as one of the instruments for reducing eutrophication. Several countries in the Baltic Sea region are in the beginning phase of the mariculture development. The following research methods were used in the research: studies of scientific publications, case studies and document studies on some important factors impeding the development of mussel farming in the Baltic Sea.

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Sohner, Felicitas, Yvonne Gavallėr, and Nils Hansson. "A Baltic Sea region student poster exhibition on cooperation and conflict in medicine." Acta medico-historica Rigensia 14 (2021): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/amhr.2021.xiv.08.

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Which topics and developments in the field of medicine and health sci- ences are relevant for the Baltic Sea macro-region in the future? How can a wider public be involved in the discourses of cooperation within the Baltic Sea region?

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Gänzle, Stefan. "The European Union’s Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR): improving multilevel governance in Baltic Sea cooperation?" Journal of Baltic Studies 48, no. 4 (April 27, 2017): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2017.1305205.

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Kyrychenko, O. "Latvia – NATO: Integration and Cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region." Problems of World History, no. 16 (December 16, 2021): 74–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-16-3.

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The article uses the methodology of geopolitics analysis to identify the basic characteristics of NATO’s current policy towards Latvia and the rest of the Baltic Sea countries. This region with the collapse of the former Soviet Union seemed to be one of the most stable in terms of military security. However, at present, especially after the Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine and the subsequent Russian aggression against our country, there is a noticeable increase in general tensions in the Baltics between NATO states and the Russian Federation and its allies. A study on the example of Latvia, devoted to the development of the military-political situation in the region, gives grounds to conclude that the current increase in the military presence in the Baltics is due to the need to strengthen the protection of the Baltic States from the Russian threat. The latter does not rule out the possibility of further NATO expansion not only to the East but also to the North at the expense of Sweden and Finland. Modern events in the Baltic region can be characterized as part of the next stage of the positional game on the world “chessboard”, where today the winning situation for the Anglo-Saxon strategy is obvious. At the same time, Russia’s geopolitical interests in the Baltic area, including Latvia, have remained virtually unchanged. The western vector of the republic’s development only strengthened Moscow’s attention through deeper and timely monitoring and analysis of the situation in its western neighbors in order to prevent the final and irreversible exit of the Baltic countries from the sphere of Russian influence. The article is intended to help Ukraine to understand and study the unique experience of the transition of a certain post-Soviet country from one political state to another, which is needed not so much for history, but for the purpose of developing modern political and diplomatic methods of cooperation with the leadership of Latvia, as well as the practical application of its experience in its activities on the path of Euro-Atlantic integration. The focus of NATO and, first of all, the United States, on strengthening its presence in the Baltic Sea region is capable of influencing the relations between the Baltic countries that have developed as a result of many years of cooperation. The emphasis on the military component clearly outlines the differences in approaches between NATO member states (Denmark, Poland, Germany, the Baltic countries and Norway), neutral states (Sweden, Finland) and the CSTO allies (Russia and Belarus).

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