Dissertations / Theses: 'Ballast water treatment facilities'

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Pazouki, Kayvan. "Inferential measurement and control of ballast water treatment system." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1433.

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As a result of interaction with the surrounding environment, shipping has become one of the vectors of bio-invasion across the globe. Ballast water is one of the means of bio-invasion from shipping through which microorganisms break through natural barriers and establish in a new location. Shipboard treatment systems are predominately considered as mitigating measures for bio-invasion via a ballast water system. Currently shipboard performance monitoring of ballast water treatment systems, and thus assessment of discharge quality of ballast water as required by the Convention, depends on off-line laboratory assays with long delay analysis. Lack of online measurement sensors to assess the viability of microorganisms after treatment has made monitoring and thus control of ballast water treatment systems difficult. In this study, a methodology was developed, through a mathematical algorithm, to provide an inferential model-based measurement system in order to monitor and thus control non-observable ballast water systems. In the developed inferential measurement the primary output of the treatment system is inferred by using easy to measure secondary output variables and a model relating these two outputs. Data-driven modeling techniques, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), were used to develop an estimator for the small scale UV treatment system based on the data obtained from conducted experiments. The results from ANN showed more accuracy in term of Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Linear Correlation Coefficient (LCC) when compared to the other techniques. The same methodology was implemented to a larger scale treatment system comprising micro-filter and UV reactor. A software-based inferential measurement for online monitoring of the treatment system was then developed. Following monitoring, inferential control of the treatment setup was also accomplished using direct inverse control strategy. A software-based “Decision Making Tool” consisted of two intelligent inverse models, which were used to control treatment flow rate and maintain the effective average UV dose. The results from this study showed that software-based estimation of treatment technologies can provide online measurement and control for ballast water system.

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Berntzen, Magnus. "Guidelines for selection of a ship ballast water treatment system." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11440.

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The purpose of the thesis was to develop a decision support system for ballast water treatment systems, considering both technical and economical aspects of the system. This was done by developing a two part model, which considers both physical constraint given by the ship, and KPI analysis. In order to test the model, it was applied on two vessels from KGJS fleet; MV Corrella Arrow, a 72.000 DWT general cargo ship, and a cement carrier that is currently being built in Vietnam. For both these ships the model identified 6 – 8 systems that were applicable, but by applying ship specific constraints and additional knowledge of the systems it was possible to eliminate several other systems. As a means to further eliminate systems, a detailed analysis was required. When analysing the operational costs, it was found that installing a treatment system will increase the daily operational costs with $1 - $30, and increase the annual fuel consumption with 1 – 20 tons. This is negligible when compared to the installation and investment cost. For the cement carrier it was that two systems were applicable to the ship; OptiMarin Ballast System and Hyde Guardian. Where Hyde Guardian be too large, OptiMarin Ballast system will have a higher cost. Simplicity have to be considered against cost. For MV Corrella Arrow, WSE Unitor was found to be the best option. However, it should be noted that as the reactor unit is located before the ballast pumps, the negative effects it might have on the ballast pumps should be closely monitored after installation.

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Samuelsson, Oscar. "Fault detection in water resource recovery facilities." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-329777.

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Reliable sensor values are important for resource-efficient control and operations of wastewater treatment processes. Automatic fault detection methods are necessary to monitor the increasing amount of data produced in any modern water resource recovery facility (WRRF). Most on-line measurements exhibit large variations under normal conditions, due to considerable variations in the influent flow. The work reported in this licentiate thesis deals with fault detection in WRRFs. In the first paper, we studied how Gaussian process regression (GPR), a probabilistic machine learning method, could be applied for fault detection in WRRFs. The results showed that the standard parameter estimation method for GPR suffered from local optima which could be solved by instead estimating the distribution of the parameters with a sequential Monte Carlo algorithm (GPR-SMC). The GPR-SMC allowed for automatic estimation of missing data in a simulated influent flow signal with high noise, which is a representative signal for on-line sensors in WRRFs. In addition, the GPR-SMC provided uncertainty predictions for the estimated data and accurate sensor noise estimates. Care should be taken in selecting a suitable kernel for GPR, since the results were in contrast to the general assumption that prior knowledge can easily be encoded by means of selecting a proper kernel. Here, the autocorrelation graph was found useful as diagnostic tool for selecting a proper kernel. In the second paper, we studied how active fault detection (AFD) could be used to reveal information about the sensor status. The AFD was implemented by evaluating the change in a dissolved oxygen (DO)-signal caused by the sensor's automatic cleaning system. Fault signatures were obtained for fouling and several other sensor faults such as a worn out or mechanically damaged membrane. This demonstrates the potential of AFD, not only for fault detection, but also for fault diagnosis. Interestingly, the progression of the sensor bias due to organic biofilm fouling differed depending on the measurement technique used within the DO-sensor. This is new knowledge that is valuable for process control and should be further studied. The AFD was implemented on a full scale system to demonstrate its applicability, which is rarely done in research papers in the field of WRRFs.

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Moloney, Shane Richard. "The design, build and preliminary testing of a ballast water treatment plant prototype." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580318.

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Ballast water is indispensable for maritime trade as it is required to operate ships successfully and safely through its various evolutions over the course of a voyage. Ships taking on ballast water also take on the marine organisms present in the water such as phytoplankton, zooplankton and micro organisms. It is estimated that 10 billion tonnes of ballast water is transferred around the world annually and ballast water has been identified as one of the key vectors for the introduction of non-indigenous species The introduction of non-indigenous species can have critical economic, industrial, human health and ecological consequences. Invasive aquatic species are classified as one of the four greatest threats to the world's oceans. The preferred solution is to treat or manage the water itself. The International Maritime Organisation's Ballast Water Management Convention details a performance standard to which ballast water must be treated to. The variability of seawater around the world (e.g. salinity, turbidity) as well as the organisms that are required to be inactivated makes achieving this performance standard technologically challenging. The primary aim of the European Union, Framework Programme 6 funded Sustainable Ballast Water Treatment Plant (BaWaPla) project was "To provide a safe, economically viable, and technically competitive alternative for onboard ballast water management". The concept was to create a hybrid treatment plant utilising filtration, ultraviolet light and an electrochemically generated chlorine based active substance. To investigate the feasibility of the system concept a prototype was developed and tested. The development of the design was aided by the application of engineering design methods. These methods guided the decision making process and made the reasoning behind these decisions traceable. 3-dimensional surface modelling software was used to develop the engineering design, and to reduce the time required for design and construction. The prototype was tested to measure its biological efficacy. The electrochemical system was not included in these tests. Testing was conducted using sea water from the North Sea to mimic the conditions encountered by ships pumping ballast water on board. The results of the tests were inconclusive primarily due to the low number of organisms present in the water. This is believed to be a result of the tests being conducted in winter. However, the data and subsequent statistical analysis indicate that the treatments have an effect on the organisms present and encourage further testing.

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Al, Hababi Hani H. M. H. "Development of decision support tool for advising on selecting ballast water treatment system." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2015. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24978.

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In general, for shipping companies or any organisation the important decisions are made to deal with the selection of a particular alterative. This thesis presents a decision support tool for selecting a Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) for a given ship. A single decision has to be made between a number of given BWTS alternatives for a VLCC tanker under its voyage in the presence of a single decision maker. The decision support tool was developed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, in order to help decision makers in shipping companies to select the most feasible BWTS for their ships. The ultimate aim of the developed decision support tool is to aid decision makers in shipping companies to make the right decisions when selecting between numbers of BWTS alternatives for their ships. In order to achieve the aim of this thesis several objectives were identified as follows: (1) To identify the influencing parameters and/or criteria related to both ballast water treatment system and ships parameters; (2) To evaluate the importance of the selected criteria for both BWTS and ship parameters/criteria; (3) To apply an appropriate Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique along with the above points; (4) To validate the develop decision support tool and investigate its applicability in actual case studies. The criteria were identified through the literature review and the semi-structured interviews with twelve senior staff or experts from three different trade shipping companies. The latter was an important step in finalising the new decision support tool, to evaluate the importance of the selection issues in shipping companies, and to evaluate the importance of the criteria used by the developed model. In addition, it helped framing the hierarchy structure of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a new model to support the selection of BWTS for ships. The comparisons between the case study, derived results, sensitivity analysis, robustness test, case study two and the validation interview with two experts from a well-known shipping company have supported the applicability and the validity of the model to help decision makers in shipping companies to select the most feasible BWTS for their ships. The model has also demonstrated its ability to aid decision makers or researchers in understanding the relationships between the different processes and their consequences on their BWTS selection.

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Eley, Mark John. "Manganese oxide deposits in water treatment facilities, North East Scotland." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388813.

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Arena, Courtney Campbell. "Electro-Ionization Technology as a Treatment for Ballast Water with a Review of Methods Used to Determine Treatment Effectiveness." NSUWorks, 2005. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/128.

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This study addresses the topical issue of ballast water discharge. There is a need for best management practices to minimize the release of non-indigenous (or exotic) organisms contained in ballast tanks. The release of such biota originating from foreign ports has been shown to have significant health, ecological and economic impacts on receiving waters. One hope for the future is to develop effective treatment systems to disinfect the water prior to discharge. A preliminary study of cruise ship ballast water was conducted to assess the concentrations of in situ microorganisms (bacteria and protists) and macroinvertebrates contained in a typical ballast tank. Chemical and physical parameters were also monitored as part of this investigation. This was the first reported study of the constituents of ballast water from a cruise ship and provided valuable baseline information about the scale of treatment that would be required to reduce the number of organisms to acceptable discharge levels. A local company (Marine Environmental Partners [MEP] Inc., Florida) embarked on the development of a novel ballast water treatment system. Research reported here focused on assessing the effectiveness (in terms of biotic kill or inactivation) of various configurations of treatment components. In this way, the company was guided towards the most effective full-scale system. Treatment options investigated included chlorination/bromination, gas ionization, filtration and coagulation in either a closed, recycling system, or via a one-pass system. The bacterial and protistan (algae and protozoa) counts in both control and treated water samples were routinely monitored by laboratory enrichment cultivation methods. Techniques appropriate for viruses and macroinvertebrates were also investigated. Since these enumeration methods are all time consuming, indirect counting methods were also investigated in an attempt to identify useful rapid detection methods for ballast treatment assessment. Methods evaluated included ATP analysis, Biological Oxygen Demand studies and epifluorescence microscopy using a commercially available fluorescent stains to distinguish live from dead bacteria. After laboratory trials identified the most promising combination of system components, a pilot ballast water treatment system was constructed (by MEP) and installed on-board a Carnival Cruise ship, the Elation. Using enumeration methods similar to those used in the laboratory experiments, the efficacy of this novel treatment system was assessed. These shipboard tests, which were conducted over a 5 d period, showed that the complete system was capable of killing or inactivating around 95% of the indigenous bacteria in a ballast tank and slightly less of the protists (90%). Perhaps more importantly, this testing highlighted the difficulties of assessing treatment systems on board a ship. Accurate assessment of treatment technologies may require land-based testing, and discussion of this option is included.

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Carney, Katharine. "Marine bioinvasion prevention : understanding ballast water transportation conditions and the development of effective treatment systems." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1246.

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Man’s impact on the Earth is constantly increasing due to ever progressing technological developments. One of our major impacts is the transportation of organisms to new habitats, leading to alterations of existing ecosystems. Mechanisms responsible for the transportation of marine organisms are mainly associated with the shipping industry e.g. hull fouling, sea chests and ballast water. Ballast water has long been recognised as one of the major mechanisms by which aquatic organisms are transported to new environments. In 2004 the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted and measures were implemented to reduce and control the number of future invasions. This thesis has addressed aspects relevant to the future prevention of organism transport via ballast water. Firstly, during ballast water uptake organisms are exposed to potential damage whilst passing through a centrifugal pump. Upon reaching the ballast tanks they are stored in dark, confined conditions. These processes are not intended to damage individuals, but both could potentially kill organisms and reduce the discharge of live individuals. Both processes were examined in isolation to determine their effect on plankton survival. To manage ballast water introductions water treatment technologies have been investigated to determine their ability to kill plankton. This study assessed three technologies: a stainless steel 40μm screen filter, a UV light and a chlorine based chemical, for their potential in ballast water treatments. A further challenge facing researchers involved in developing ballast water treatment systems is accurately assessing the resulting mortality in plankton from treatments. Five common viability assessment methods were investigated and their application on test organisms and natural populations examined. This thesis concludes that no significant mortality was caused to plankton by a centrifugal pump, and phytoplankton are able to survive long periods in dark confined conditions. Thus these processes will not prevent viable organisms reaching new destinations. The three treatments assessed were all effective on two iii test species and could be utilised in large scale treatment systems on board vessels to minimise introductions. Finally, while viability is difficult to assess in plankton using viability stains it is possible to obtain accurate information if the methods used are properly optimised prior to use.

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Sliwinski, Kristoffer. "A Machine Learning Approach to Predictively Determine Filter Clogging in a Ballast Water Treatment System." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263931.

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Since the introduction of the Ballast Water Management Convention, ballast water treatment systems are required to be used on ships for processing the ballast water to avoid spreading bacteria or other microbes which can destroy foreign ecosystems. One way of pre-processing the water for treatment is by straining the water through a filtration unit. When the filter mesh retains particles, it begins to clog and could potentially clog rapidly if the concentration of particles in the water is high. The clog jeopardises the system. The thesis aims at investigating if machine learning through neural networks can be implemented with the system to predictively determine filter clogging by investigating two popular network structures for time series analysis. The problem came down to initially determine different grades of clogging for the filter element based on sampled sensor data from the ballast water treatment system. The data were then put through regression analysis through two neural networks for parameter prediction, one LSTM and one CNN. The LSTM predicted values of variable and clogging labels for the next 5 seconds and the CNN predicted values of variable and clogging labels for the next 30 seconds. The predicted data were then verified through classification analysis by an LSTM network and a CNN. The LSTM regression network achieved an r 2 -score of 0.981 and the LSTM classification network achieved a classification accuracy of 99.5%. The CNN regression network achieved an r 2 -score of 0.876 and the CNN classification network achieved a classification accuracy of 93.3%. The results conclude that ML can be used for identifying different grades of clogging but that further research is required to determine if all clogging states can be classified.
Sedan Ballast Water Management-konventionen introducerades har fartyg behövt använda barlastvattensystem för att behandla barlastvattnet i ett försök att hämma spridningen av bakterier och andra mikrober som kan vara farliga för främmande ecosystem. Ett sätt att förbehandla vattnet innan behandling är genom att låta det passera genom ett filter. När filtret samlar på sig partiklar börjar det att klogga och kan potentiellt klogga igen snabbt när koncentrationen av partiklar i vattnet är hög. Kloggning kan äventyra systemets säkerhet. Det här examensarbetet ämnar att undersöka om maskininlärning genom neurala nätvärk kan implementeras i systemet för att prediktivt bestämma filtrets kloggningsgrad genom att undersöka lämpligheten hos två populära nätverksstrukturer för tidsserieanalys. Problemet handlade initialt om att bedömma olika kloggningsgrader för filterelementet baserat på samplade sensordata från barlastvattensystemet. Datan kördes sedan för regressionsanalys genom två neurala nätverk, ett av typen LSTM och ett av typen CNN för att prediktivt bestämma paramterarna. LSTM-nätvärket uppskattade variabelvärden och kloggningsgrad för de kommande 5 sekundrarna medan CNN:et uppskattade variabelvärden och kloggningsgrad för de kommande 30 sekunderna. Den uppskattade datan verifierades sedan genom klassificering av ett LSTM nätverk och två CNN. LSTM nätverket för regression uppnådde ett r 2 -resultat på 0.981 och LSTM nätverket för klassificering uppnådde en klassificeringsgrad på 99.5%. CNN:et för regression uppn˚adde ett r 2 -resultat på 0.876 och CNN:et för klassificering uppnådde en klassificeringsgrad på 93.3%. Resultatet visar att ML kan användas för att identifiera olika kloggningsgrad men ytterligare forskning krävs för att bestämma om alla kloggningsstadier kan klassificeras.

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McCluskey, D. K. "On the application of detached eddy simulation turbulence modelling to hydrocyclonic separators for shipboard ballast water treatment." Thesis, Coventry University, 2009. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/cf872aaa-ff59-d20c-fbdb-75f55773e213/1.

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There is significant worldwide environmental concern related to the transportation of Invasive Aquatic Species (IAS) by ships ballast water into non-native environments. This has given rise to the development of a vast array of technological ballast water treatment systems. The complex environmental challenges and tight operational characteristics of marine vessels limits the scope of the technologies used for Ballast Water Treatment (BWT). As a result few technologies have progressed beyond the research and development stage; however one of the most promising technologies for ship board use is the cyclonic separator, or hydrocyclone. Despite the use of hydrocyclones in a wide variety of engineering applications they have yet to be successfully adapted towards the removal of suspended sediment and marine organisms from large volumes of ballast water. The following primary objectives of this study have been met: • Via critical review identify the technological solutions for treating ballast water best suited to onboard use. • Define the critical flow regimes evident within hydrocyclonic separators. • Establish a series of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, evaluating standard turbulence models in order to determine the capacity for commercial CFD to model hydrocyclonic flow. This study has detailed the operational characteristics of ballast water hydrocyclones with the aim of enabling hydrocyclones to be optimised for individual ship configurations. Flow simulations have been conducted using CFD, and in particular the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) turbulence model. Finally the DES model is shown to be a legitimate turbulence model for hydrocyclonic flow regimes, validated against empirical and experimental data.

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Riley, Scott. "Measuring Viability of the Red-Tide Dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra Following Treatment with Ultraviolet (UV) Light." NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/4.

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Harmful algae blooms (HABs) have caused millions dollars in annual losses to the aquaculture industry, inhibited beach recreation, and have threatened marine and human health. HABs and red tides can develop suddenly and their frequency, geographic range, and intensity have increased over the past decade. A possible source for spreading and seeding new areas expanding the geographic range of HABs is ballast water. The process of ballast water discharge has been identified as a primary vector for the translocation of non-indigenous species (NIS) and invasive species. National and international efforts are currently underway to address the impact of NIS and invasive species. Policy is being developed detailing stringent rules to kill, remove, or otherwise inactive organisms in ballast water prior to or upon discharge. Currently, vendors are developing technologies to treat ballast water and U.S. and international facilities are testing these technologies to verify their efficacy. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is commonly employed in ballast water treatment technologies. Previous studies have shown that UV light is effective for disinfecting drinking water, but the response of non-pathogenic and marine organisms is largely unknown. The purpose of this research was to measure the viability of the durable red-tide forming dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium polyedra following UV treatment. Two methods were used to measure the viability signal; manual epifluorescence microscopy with correlated viability stains and Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) fluorometry to measure the physiological state of the organism following UV treatment. The number of cysts was also enumerated. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the number of living L. polyedra cells following a UV treatment of more than 100 mWs cm-2. The results also have showed a significant increase in the number of L. polyedra cysts following UV treatment as low as 50 mWs cm-2.

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Marco, Pontus. "Design & optimization of modular tanksystems for vehicle wash facilities." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-79009.

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Clean and safe water is important for the well being of all organisms on earth. Therefore, it is important to reduce harmful emissions from industrial processes that use water in different ways. In vehicle washing processes, water is used in high-pressure processes, as a medium for detergents, and for rinsing of vehicles. The wastewater produced by these functions passes through a water reclamation system. A water reclamation system has two main functions, to produce reusable water to be used in future washing cycles, and to separate contaminants and purify the wastewater so it can be released back into the commercial grid. The reclamation system achieves this by using a combination of different water handling processes, these include: sludge tanks, an oil-water separator, a water reclamation unit, buffer tanks, and a water purification unit. The two components that stand for the more advanced cleaning processes are the water reclamation unit and the water purification unit. In this thesis, in collaboration with the company Westmatic, the water reclamation unit consists of cyclone separators that use centrifugal forces to separate heavy particles and ozone treatment to break up organic substances and combat bad odors. The Purification unit of choice is an electrocoagulation unit that, by a direct current, creates flocculants of impurities that rises to the surface and can be mechanically removed in a water volume inside the unit. This purification process is completely chemical-free thus making the process more environmentally friendly than other purification processes used in other circumstances. This master thesis aimed to develop a dynamic design tool for a modular solution of the different parts in the water reclamation system. This design tool uses specific user input to produce construction information for each instance. As an additional sub-aim, this design tool was linked with a computer-aided design program to produce parametric 3D models with underlying blueprints. This to produce a light solution, that has a short manufacturing time and that are highly customer adjusted. The first course of action was to mathematically define the complete water reclamation system and its components. These sections were described in a flowchart that shows how the different parts interact and operate. From the wash station, wastewater runs trough a course- and fine-sludge tank. From the fine sludge tank, the wastewater is directed in two different directions. Firstly, the water is pumped to the water reclamation unit and to one or multiple buffer tanks to finally be used in the wash station as reclaimed water. Secondly, the water travels to an oil separator, pump chamber, and water purification unit. In the purification unit, 99% of the inlet mass is directed out of the system as purified water. The remaining 1% is directed to a depot that acts like the end stage of the whole system. After all equations were defined and the design was related to the user-defined input flow the design tool was structured. The program of choice to house the design tool is Microsoft Excel. In this Excel document, a user interface with navigation was constructed and the intended user is directed through a series of input pages where input data is defined. This data is used in a normally hidden page where constructional dimensions are calculated. The constructional dimensions are displayed to the user on the second last page. At this stage the Excel document can be connected to a CAD program and 3D models with blueprints can be opened that depend on the output from the Excel file. Additionally, a pipe calculator is provided on the last page of the Excel document where pipe dimensions for different cases can be found. With this solution, glass fiber tanks are molded according to the resulting blueprints that are customer specific. In this way the solution is more adaptive and easier to handle. Additionally, the provided design tool enables an easier and more well-defined methodology when deriving the different needed volume and accompanied constructional dimensions for an arbitrary water reclamation system.

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Einarsson, Thorhallur, and Martin Carlstedt. "Barlastvattenkonventionen : Hur svenska tankrederier har hanterat konventionens krav." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-74461.

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Främmande organismer i fartygs barlastvatten har med sjöfarten spridits runt världen med förödande konsekvenser. För att reglera denna spridning infördes Barlastvattenkonventionen av IMO, som innebär att fartyg inom en viss tid måste investera i godkända barlastreningssystem. Konventionens implementering har skapat ett visst huvudbry och rederier har ställts inför utmaningen att välja system som passar deras fartyg och fartområden. En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes med representanter från svenska tankrederier för att få en bild av hur de har hanterat konventionen. Vidare undersöktes på vilka beslutsgrunder olika reningstekniker valdes samt hur eventuellt installerade system har levt upp till förväntningar. Intervjustudiens resultat visade att samtliga rederier har påverkats ekonomiskt och upplever problem med att hantera konventionens implementering samt att hitta tillförlitliga barlastreningssystem. En rapport kom även fram under intervjuerna där Saudiarabien hade gjort omfattande provtagningar på fartygs barlastvatten som visade att ett anmärkningsvärt stort antal fartyg med IMO-godkända barlastreningssystem inte klarade utsläppskraven. Intervjustudien indikerar påtagliga brister i barlastreningssystemen som Saudirapporten även bekräftar.
Aquatic invasive species have spread around the world in ships’ ballast water tanks with dire consequences. To regulate this spreading, the International Maritime Organization implemented the Ballast Water Management Convention which forces ships to, within a certain time frame, install approved ballast water treatment systems. The implimentation of the Convention has been complex and shipping companies have had to face challenges of choosing suitable treatment systems for their ships and trading areas. For this study, qualitative interviews were conducted with representatives from Swedish tanker shipping companies to examine how the Convention has affected them. On what grounds different treatment techniques were chosen was also examined, as well as if installed treatment systems have met expectations. Results from the study show that companies have suffered economical impacts, have had difficulties handling the implementation of the Convention as well as difficulties finding reliable treatment systems. Furthermore, one respondent referred to a report submitted by Saudi Arabia where extensive ballast water sampling had been conducted on ships calling their ports. The report showed that a considerable amount of ships with approved ballast water treatment systems did not meet the required levels of organisms in the treated ballast water. The interviews confirm the report’s description of the treatment systems’ fundamental flaws.

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Bergseije, Victor. "Effects of Heat Transfer Fluid from District Heating Networks on Activated Sludge : A respirometric analysis using a dilution series to assess disruption of biological treatment processes in wastewater treatment facilities." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-34038.

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District heating has a long standing tradition in Sweden and today it is the most common way of producing and transporting heat. A District heating system (DH system) is divided into three parts: a production facility, distribution network (DH network) and one more heat stations. The heat produced in the facilities is distributed to the customers via a heat transfer medium, usually water (DH water), in piping networks that make up the DH network. The heat is transferred to the customers via the heat exchanger at which point they can use it as heated tap water or for heating purposes. The DH networks are often constructed in steel as it is cheap and a relatively resistant material. However it has the disadvantages of corrosion and expansions when it is exposed high temperatures which lead to damages in the DH network resulting in loss of the DH water, this is an unavoidable occurrence in any DH network. This results in addition of pollutants by leakages into the DH network or with the water that is used to compensate for the losses. The pollutants cause further corrosion, leading to metal contamination, and more damages on the DH network meaning there is a continuous degradation. Therefore various treatments are used to clean and ascertain an acceptable chemical environment in the DH systems. These treatments are effective but not at a level which is required so many chemicals are used to enhance the treatment of the water. Some of these are known to be toxic to humans and water ecosystems. As leakages are abundant and often end up in the WWTPs of the concerned municipality, which often have troubles with disturbances of the biological treatment, it was decided that an assessment of the toxic effects that DH water pose on activated sludge was to be investigated. This was done by testing water from two DH networks, Växjö and Kalmar, on the same activated sludge obtained from Tegelviken WWTP in Kalmar. A respirometric bioassay approach established by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), OECD standard 209; OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals was used with changes made to exposure and measuring time as this decrease the risk of misinterpretation of the results. A dilution series using different concentrations (6.25%, 25% and 100%) of DH water was tested and compered to a blank control samples containing only activated sludge. Assessment of toxicity on total oxidation, oxidation carbon and oxidation of nitrogen was made. To get some idea of what might cause toxic effect samples of the waters was sent to outside laboratories for analyses of metals. The result from the bioassay and metal analysis was used to formulate risk factors associated with a DH water spill and exposure to WWTPs. It was found that both DH waters have a significant inhibition on nitrification in WWTPs. The DH water from Kalmar exhibited similar toxicity dynamics, roughly 20% inhibition, despite large differences in concentration. The DH water from Växjö showed a negative correlation between an increase in concentration of DH water and toxicity, 74% for the lowest concentration and 11% for the highest. The metal analysis concluded that there was no abundance of metal contamination which led to the inference that toxicity is probably caused by the chemicals used for treatment. This poses a great risk for the Baltic Ocean as many WWTPs release their treated water directly into water courses with a short detention time before reaching the sea.

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Odjadjare, Emmanuel Erufuare Onogwuwhenya. "Prevalence of listeria pathogens in effluents of some wastewater treatment facilities in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/246.

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Wastewater discharges may contain health compromising pathogens and carcinogenic and/or chemical substances that could compromise the public health and impact negatively on the environment. The present study was conducted between August 2007 and July 2008 to evaluate the Listeria abundance (as free-living and plankton associated species) and physicochemical qualities of the final effluents of three wastewater treatment facilities in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa selected to represent typical urban, peri-urban and rural communities and the impact of the discharged final effluents on their respective receiving watershed, as well as to elucidated the in vitro antibiotic susceptibilities and resistance genes profile of Listeria species isolated from the final effluents. The suitability of the secondary effluent of the urban treatment facility (as a case study) for use in agriculture and aquaculture with reference to recommended standards was also determined. Wastewater samples were collected from the raw sewage, secondary effluent, final treated effluent, discharge point, 500 m upstream discharge point, and 500 m downstream discharge point from all three locations on a monthly basis throughout the study period. Listeria abundance in the final effluents and the receiving watersheds varied between 2.9× 100 and 3.52 × 105cfu/ml across the sampled locations. Free-living listerial density across the sampled locations ranged between 0 and 3.2 × 103cfu/ml while counts of Listeria species attached to large (180 μm) planktons varied from 0 to 1.58 × 105 cfu/ml and those of the 60 and 20 μm categories were in the range of 0 to 1.32 × 103 cfu/ml and 0 to 2.82 × 105 cfu/ml respectively. Listeria abundance did not vary significantly with location and season; there was however, significant (P < 0.05; P < 0.01) variance in Listeria abundance with plankton sizes across the locations. Free-living Listeria species were more abundant in the rural and urban xii communities than plankton attached Listeria species; whereas the reverse was the case in the peri-urban community. Prevalence of Listeria in terms of total counts was 100 percent across all sampled locations. Free-living Listeria species showed prevalence ranging from 84-96 percent across the sampling locations; while Listeria species attached to large (180 μm) planktons exhibited prevalence ranging from 75 percent to 90 percent. The prevalence of medium-sized (60 μm) plankton associated Listeria species varied between 58 percent and 92.5 percent; whereas those of Listeria species attached to small (20 μm) planktons ranged from 65-100 percent across all three communities. Listeria prevalence was generally a reflection of the turbidity of the water system, with free-living Listeria species being more prevalent than plankton associated cells in the relatively less turbid rural and urban waters compared to the more turbid peri-urban waters where plankton attached cells were more prevalent in comparison with their free living counterparts The final treated effluent quality fell short of recommended standards for turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and phosphate across all three communities. In addition, the final effluent of the rural treatment plant also fell short of recommended standard for NO3, while that of the urban treatment plant did not comply with acceptable limits for dissolved oxygen and nitrite. Other physicochemical parameters were compliant with set standards after treatment. An inverse relationship was observed between chlorine residual and listerial density across the sampled facilities; the effect of chlorine was however not enough to eliminate the pathogen from the water systems. At the urban treatment plant and its receiving watershed, pH, temperature, EC, turbidity, TDS, DO, and nitrate varied significantly with season and sampling point (P < 0.05; P < 0.01). Salinity also varied significantly with sampling point (P < 0.01), while COD and nitrite varied significantly with season (P < 0.05). Although, the treated effluent fell within recommended water quality standard for pH, TDS, nitrate and nitrite, it fell short of stipulated standards for other parameters. Whereas the microbial quality of the secondary treated effluent at this (urban) facility fell short of recommended standard after secondary treatment, its physicochemical quality were generally compliant with recommended standards for reuse wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture. Listeria pathogens isolated from effluents of the rural wastewater facility were sensitive to 11 (55 percent) of the 20 test antibiotics, and showed varying (7-71 percent) levels of resistance to 8 antibiotics; whereas those isolated from the peri-urban community showed sensitivity to 6 (30 percent) of the 20 test antibiotics, and varying (6-94 percent) levels of resistance to 12 antibiotics; while the urban effluent isolates were sensitive to 3 (15 percent) of the 20 test antibiotics, and showed varying (4.5-91 percent) levels of resistance to 17 antibiotics. Multiple antibiotic resistances involving 78.5-100 percent of isolates and antibiotics combination ranging from 2-10 antibiotics was observed across the sampled locations. Penicillin G and ampicillin showed remarkably high (64-91 percent) phenotypic resistance across the three sampled facilities. Other antibiotics, to which isolates showed significant resistance, were linezolid (22-88 percent); erythromycin (43-94 percent) and sulphamethoxazole (7-94 percent). Two of the 14 Listeria strains isolated from the rural effluents were positive for ereA and sul1 antibiotic resistance genes; while sulII genes were detected in five of the 23 Listeria isolates from the urban effluent and none was detected in isolates from the peri-urban community. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in the isolates did not correlate with phenotypic antibiotic resistance. The current study demonstrated that Listeria pathogens easily survived the activated sludge treatment process as free-living and plankton attached entities and suggests that municipal wastewater treatment plants are a significant source of multiple resistant Listeria pathogens in the South African aquatic milieu. While the physicochemical quality of the urban final effluent suggests that it is a major source of pollution to the receiving watershed, the secondary effluent quality demonstrated a great potential for use in agriculture and aquaculture.

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Kulati, Thanduxolo Cullinan. "Evaluation of physiochemical qualities and heavy metal levels of the final effluents of some wastewater treatment facilities in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1547.

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Water is the most abundant substance in nature and vital for life activities. The major water sources for use are surface water bodies such as rivers and lakes, and underground aquifers and pore spaces down the water table (Ring, 2003). Water derived from these sources is not necessarily pure since it contains dissolved inorganic and organic substances, living organisms (viruses, bacteria, etc). For these reasons, water intended for domestic uses should be free from toxic substances and microorganisms that are of health significance (WHO, 2005). The availability and quality of water always have played an important role in determining the quality of life. Water quality is closely linked to water use and to the state of economic development (Chennakrishnan et al., 2008). Ground and surface waters can be contaminated by several sources. In urban areas, the careless disposal of industrial effluents and other wastes may contribute greatly to the poor quality of water (Mathuthu et al., 1997). In most developing countries, most areas are located on the watersheds which are the end points of effluents discharged from various industries (Oberholster and Ashton, 2008). South Africa, as a developing country, is experiencing rapid demographic changes due to urbanization, industrialization and population growth. The country has also been identified as being water-scarce, which can lead to a challenge of meeting the increasing water demand due to industrialization and urbanization. Such population growth increase may result in an increase in wastewater output, especially around urban areas.

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Mazwi, Sinazo Nomathamsanqa. "Evaluation of some wastewater treatment facilities in Chris Hani and Amathole district municipalities as potential sources of Escherichia coli in the environment." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019804.

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Access to clean and safe water is essential for the survival of human beings. Pollution of freshwater sources constitutes a major problem hindering access to safe water for drinking and other domestic uses. Wastewater effluent discharges often impact the microbiological qualities of surface waters with its attendant health and environmental problems. This study evaluated the microbiological qualities of the discharged effluents of four selected wastewater treatment plants in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities of the Eastern Cape Province over a twelve-month sampling period. Microbiological analysis (faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli O157:H7) was done using standard methods and polymerase chain reaction method was used to confirm identities ofbacterial isolates. Presumptive bacteria counts ranged as follows: faecal coliforms 0 to 1.6 × 103 CFU/100 ml, E. coli 0 to 1.4 × 103 CFU/100 ml and E. coli O157:H7 0 to 9.6 × 102 CFU/100 ml. Forty eight percent (305/626) of the presumptive E. coli isolates were confirmed using species-specific uidA gene which code for β-glucuronidase enzyme in E. coli. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolate using a panel of 10 antibiotics shows 100% (150/150) resistance to antibiotics rifampicin and penicillin G while 49.3% (74/150) of the isolates and 46.7% (70/150) were susceptible to streptomycin and cefotaxime respectively. Multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes (MARP) of the isolates showed resistance to two or more test antibiotics while the calculated multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) for the tested isolated is 0.49. The detection of potentially pathogenic E. coli in the final effluents suggestspotential danger to the receiving water bodies where the effluents are discharge. The high MARI valued obtained in this study indicates that the isolates are form environment where the tested antibiotics are being used and may further lead to the spread of multiple antibiotics resistance among other pathogens that may be present in the same environment.

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Dohnal, Radek. "Odkanalizování odpadních vod z průmyslového areálu ve městě Hulín." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227735.

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The subject of this thesis is to implement the passport of sewer system installation, technical assessment and evaluation of the technical condition of the entire sewer network in the industrial area, along with focus and plotting the current leadership of the sewerage system. It was also developed a hydraulic model of the entire solution sewer system. In the second part of the study is a proposal for an appropriate treatment system of wastewater. It was also developed a hydraulic model of the entire solution sewer system. In the second part of the study is a proposal for an appropriate treatment system of wastewater. In conclusion there is a financial assessment and comparison of different variants cleaning system in terms of investment and operating costs.

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McGivney, Eric. "Comparison of UV-C and Vacuum- UV induced AOT on the acute mortality of microalgae." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171839.

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Advanced oxidation technology (AOT) has been used to destroy microorganisms in ballast water by breaking down the cell membranes. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effects of a ballast water treatment system that uses a combination of UV-C (λ=254 nm), Vacuum-UV (VUV; λ=185 nm) and photocatalytic titanium dioxide (TiO2) on a freshwater algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and a marine algae, Tetraselmis suecica. The coupling of a semiconductor, such as TiO2, with a UV source is known as an advanced oxidative technology (AOT). To test the effects of TiO2 and wave length on algae, dose-response experiments were conducted to determine the species median lethal dose (LC50) for each of the following treatments: UV-light emitted at 254 nm (UVλ=254 nm), UV-light emitted at 254 nm in the presence of TiO2 (AOTλ=254 nm), and UV-light emitted at λ=254 nm (90 %) and 185 nm (90 %) in the presence of TiO2 (AOTλ=185 + 254 nm). In both species, TiO2 significantly increased mortality, most likely due to the biologically harmful radicals generated at the TiO2 surface. The addition of the 185 nm wavelength significantly increased cell mortality in P. subcapitata, but not in T. suecica. Across all three treatments, P. subcapitata was more sensitive than T. suecica. The secondary purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of ImageJ, an image analysis software, for highthroughput data to analyze the effectiveness of ballast water treatment. ImageJ has been used to rapidly and accurately perform cell Live/Dead analysis; however, several hurdles were identified.

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Ericsson, Emma-Helena. "Are organohalogen compounds in backwash water from swimming pool facilities treatable? : An experimental investigation of removal capacities by different filter materials." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284338.

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Organohalogen compounds are formed in swimming pool waters when natural organic matter, such as hair, urine or sweat etc., react with the used disinfectant (usually chlorine). Many of the organohalogen compounds are persistent and hazardous for human health and aquatic ecosystems. Backwash water from swimming pool facilities is often released to the sewer and contain these compounds. The connected wastewater treatment plant receives this water, where some of these compounds escapes the treatment process, into the recipient. It is therefore important to minimize the levels of organohalogen compounds in the influent water to the wastewater treatment plant. In this study, potential treatment techniques for organohalogen compounds at the swimming pool facility have been investigated. The main focus have been on an experimental column test with four filter materials applied (granular activated carbon, natural zeolites, PoloniteR and Zugol). Real backwash water was used. Furthermore, other techniques have been theoretically investigated as well. The activated carbon directly showed the most efficient removal efficiency (above 95 %), but all filter materials had a removal to a certain degree and became more efficient by time. The results further suggest that the more lipophilic organohalogen compounds are bound to particulate matter and highly affected by physical filtration. Another important conclusion is that the specific activated carbon used in the study is not suitable for the purpose, because it released very high levels of phosphorus in the beginning of the column test as well as showing some practical problems. However, other types of activated carbon exists. Next step recommended is to determine the lifetime of the filters.
När människor badar i bassänger hamnar vanligtvis naturligt organiskt material i dem, såsom urin, svett, hår och hudflagor. Desinfektionsmedlet som tillsätts (oftast klor) har som syfte att avlägsna mikroorganismer, men när naturligt organiskt material hamnar i vattnet kommer också oavsiktliga reaktioner ske och halogenerade organiska föreningar bildas. Dessa föreningar kan kvantifieras via AOX måttet (adsorberbar organisk halogen), vilket är den samlade förekomsten av alla bundna organiska halogener i ett prov. AOX består således av flera hundra olika föreningar, varav vissa är mer lipofila och benämns EOX (extraherbar organisk halogen). Många av de föreningar inkluderade i AOX är bioackumulativa, persistenta och giftiga för akvatiska organismer, även i låga koncentrationer. Förutom att vara miljöfarliga för akvatiska ekosystem, kan de också vara skadliga för människans hälsa. Filtret som renar badvattnet i simhallar behöver backspolas regelbundet och backspolvattnet, som innehåller AOX, skickas vanligen till spillvattennätet. Vid avloppsreningsverket är det visat i ett tidigare examensarbete samt i andra rapporter att en del av de inkommande AOX ämnena även följer med det utgående, renade, vattnet ut i recipienten. Det är därmed av vikt att minimera ämnena redan vid källan, det vill säga på badanläggningen. I denna masteruppsats har behandlingstekniker för halogenerade organiska föreningar undersökts. Huvudfokus har varit på experimentella kolonntester för fyra filtermaterial (granulerat aktivt kol, naturliga zeoliter, PoloniteR och Zugol), men även andra tekniker har studerats teoretiskt. I testerna användes äkta backspolvatten från en simhall. Alla material reducerade AOX till viss del och visade på effektivare reducering efter hand. Det var dock tydligt att det aktiva kolet var mest effektivt och hade hög reducering redan i första mätningen, AOX-reduceringen låg på över 95 % (jämfört med det obehandlade backspolvattnet). Vad som dock var problematiskt med det aktiva kolet var att det släppte höga halter fosfor i början av kolonntestet, vilket också bekräftades med ett skaktest. Dessutom uppvisade materialet praktiska problem. Ur ett realistiskt perspektiv med dessa problem i åtanke, blir det inte hållbart i längden att använda detta specifika kol. Det finns dock många olika typer av aktivt kol, vilka förmodligen är mer lämpliga och som inte uppvisar dessa problem, och kan användas för detta ändamål. Vidare antyder det erhållna resultatet att de mer lipofila föreningarna av AOX (EOX) är bundet till partikulärt organiskt material och därmed påverkas väsentligt av mekanisk filtrering. Det är dock viktigt med en aktiv bindning. Projektet har påverkats av covid-19 pandemin med lägre antal folk på badhusen samt mindre tillgång till laboratoriet vid KTH. En föreslagen förbättring av metoden är att ha en kontinuerlig omblandning i förvaringskärlet med det obehandlade vattnet innan det tillförs kolonnerna. Vidare nämns det att modifierade zeoliter verkar lovande samt att nästa viktiga steg för projektet är att bestämma livstiden för filtermaterialen.

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Pettersson, Daniel, and Fanny Wallerstein. "IMO:s barlastkonventions konsekvenser för sjöfarten inom Östersjön." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan, SJÖ, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-18558.

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Arbetet behandlade vilka konsekvenser inom driften (ekonomiska kostnader och teknologi) som rederier kommer att drabbas av när IMO:s barlastkonvention träder i kraft då barlastvattnet måste renas innan inträde i Östersjön. Arbetets syfte var att få fram vilka konsekvenser det blir för rederier när IMO:s barlastkonvention träder i kraft. Resultatet skulle jämföra skillnaden mellan lag och rekommendation då Helsingforskonventionens rekommendationer baseras på IMO:s barlastkonventions krav. En kvalitativ metod valdes för att komma fram till resultatet, i form av en öppen intervjustudie, där fyra olika företag har intervjuats. Syftet med intervjuerna var att se ifall de följde Helsingforskonventionens rekommendationer och vilka konsekvenser det skulle innebära och skulle komma att krävas då Barlastkonventionen träder i kraft. Resultatet visade att kostnaderna kommer att bli omfattande vid installation samt att det kommer att krävas teknologiska åtgärder. Vidare visade undersökningen att inköpskostnaden endast utgör en liten del av fartygets investering och att barlastreningsanläggningar är tämligen underhållsfria.
The task discussed the consequences within the ship’s operation (economical costs and technology) companies will be affected with when IMO’s Ballast Water Convention enters into force and ballast water has to be treated before entrance to the Baltic Sea. The purpose with the task was to find out which consequences companies will be forced with when IMO’s Ballast Water Convention enters into force. The result compares the difference between law and recommendation because HELCOM’s recommendations are based on IMO’s Ballast Water Convention’s laws. A qualitative method has been used, such as an open interview form, where four different companies were interviewed. The purpose with the interviews was to see if the companies followed HELCOM’s recommendations and which consequences it would lead to and would be necessary when the Ballast Water Convention enters into force. The results showed that the costs would be extensive when installation takes place and it will require technical arrangements. The task also shows that the purchase cost only makes a small part of the vessel’s investment and ballast water treatment systems are almost totally maintenance-free.

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Kazlauskienė, Rasa. "Vyžuonos upės ekologinė charakteristika." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060609_123332-92183.

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Work object – Vyžuona river, which has 26 km lenght, is left affluent of Šventoji river, belongs to subbasin of Šventoji river and runs from northeast to southwest of Lithuania. Work aim – identify water quality and bounded with it live organisms of Vyžuona river. Work tasks – analyse physical-chemical water parameters of Vyžuona river, identify varietal composition of organisms, define and evaluate contamination of river objects. Work results – After the reasearch was made there was defined that Vyžuona river in Utena town (1 km from Krašuona river and Vieša river junction) belongs to average contaminated rivers category measuring by parameters of water quality: common nitrogen quantity 1.9 times exceeds permissible quotas, 68.6 % of common nitrogen is composed of nitrate nitrogen, BDS7 quantity 2,7 times exceeds the LDK, concentration of phosphates 2.3 times exceeded permissible quotas. Krašuona river and Vieša river runs trough private houses section, which has no central sewer and that is the reason why mentioned rivers are bearing domestic contaminants into Vyžuona river. According to 2004-2006 data below the outlet from drain mechanism of UAB „Utenos vandenys“ refinement system there was found concentration of phosphorus which averagely 1,75 times, common nitrogen 1,1 times and BDS7 1,7 times less in comparison with river part in centre of Utena town above UAB „Utenos vandenys“. That may be explained by UAB „Utenos vandeys“ affect, which drains large amount of enough... [to full text]

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Venckus, Julius. "Rekonstruotos Jurbarko nuotekų valyklos efektyvumas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100616_103144-42430.

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Magistriniame darbe nagrinėjama rekonstruotos Jurbarko nuotekų valyklos efektyvumas. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti nuotekų valyklos darbo efektyvumą po aeracinės sistemos rekonstrukcijos. Tyrimo objektas – Jurbarko nuotekų valyklos iškeliama aeracinė sistema, kuri buvo sumontuota 2008 m. Šiems tikslams pasiekti buvo išsikelti šie uždaviniai: teoriškai apibūdinti biologinio valymo įrenginius, įtakojančius biologinio valymo proceso efektyvumą ir įvertinti veikliojo dumblo sistemos pokyčius; nustatyti nuotekų išvalymo efektyvumą Jurbarko nuotekų valykloje; atlikti palyginamąją analizę vamzdinės ir diskinės aeracinės sistemos; nustatyti Jurbarko nuotekų valyklos elektros energijos sąnaudas. Nuotekų valyklos efektyvumas tirtas, pagal BDS7, bendrojo azoto (Nb), bendrojo fosforo (Pb) pasišalinimą iš vandens prieš aeracinės sistemos pakeitimą ir po aeracinės sistemos pakeitimo. Atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, kad nuotekų valykla po rekonstrukcijos dirba patikimai. Nuotekų liekamoji tarša neviršija DLK. BDS7 valytame vandenyje sumažėjo 16 %, bendrojo azoto (Nb) – 27 %, o bendrojo fosforo (Pb) – 56 %, lyginant su BDS7, Nb ir Pb prieš aeracinės sistemos pakeitimą. Cheminio reagento proceso veiksmui sunaudojama 488,8 kg/m, mažiau, o tuo pačiu sudaro 22295,2 Lt/m. mažiau išlaidų. Elektros energijos sąnaudos sumažėjo apie 14%.
The paper examined the reconstructed Jurbarkas domestic wastewater treatment plants performance. Purpose of the survey - the wastewater treatment plant efficiency of aeration system reconstruction. The object of research - Jurbarkas domestic wastewater treatment plants enters an aeration system that was installed in 2008. To achieve these goals has been to move the following tasks: a theoretical description of the biological treatment plant, which affect the biological treatment process and evaluate the effectiveness of the active sludge system changes, the efficiency of wastewater remediation Jurbarkas wastewater treatment facilities, to carry out a comparative analysis of linear and circular aeration system, the sewage treatment plant Jurbarkas electricity costs. Sewage treatment plant efficiency has been studied by BOC7 nitrogen (Nb), phosphorus (Pb) elimination of the water before aeration system replacement and the replacement of aeration systems. The investigation showed that sewage treatment facilities after renovation work reliably. Effluent residual contamination does not exceed the MRL. BOC7 treated water decreased by 16%, total nitrogen (Nb) - 27%, and total phosphorus (Pb) - 56%, compared with BOC7, Nb and Pb before aeration system replacement. Chemical reagent process steps used 488.8 kg/m and less, while at the same time is 22295.2 Lt/m. less cost. Electricity costs have fallen about 14 percent.

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Drevinskas, Dalius. "Biržų miesto įtaka Tatulos upės vandens kokybei." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050610_153812-42141.

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The master student’s work analyzes water quality of the river Tatula above and below the tributary Juodupė saturated with municipal wastewater of Biržai town. Study object. The river Tatula is a 66.2-km long right tributary of the Mūša. The river Tatula belongs to the river Lielupė basin located in northern part of Lithuania. The Tatula is flowing via cultivated karst region. Objective of work: to determine the changes in water quality of the river Tatula within the period of 1994-2004, when old wastewater treatment facilities were functioning in Biržai town and the new facilities started working in 2003. Study methodology. The study is based on the data of water quality measurements conducted by the United Research Center of the Ministry of Environment as well as additional data collected by the author in 2003-2004 in the river Tatula above the Juodupė inflow (distance from the outlet 18.8 km; basin area 191.4 km2) and below the tributary (distance from the outlet 17.5 km, basin area 283 km2). To estimate the changes in water quality during the study period, 26 parameters indicating water quality were analyzed; the changes in concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were considered as topical issues. Water quality was estimated on the basis of river water classification. Water samples were analyzed in the laboratory of wastewater treatment facilities of Biržai town. Study results. As the study results have shown, according to all water quality parameters the stretch of... [to full text]

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Manipura, Walappuly Mudiyanselage Janakasiri Aruna Shantha Bandara. "Bioprocess development for removal of nitrogenous compounds from precious metal refinery wastewater." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007341.

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Removal of nitrogenous compounds from precious metal refinery (PMR) wastewater is important in terms of avoiding eutrophication (environmental protection), metal recovery (increased overall process efficiency and value recovery) and reuse of treated water (maximum use of natural resources). Extreme pH conditions (4 to 13 depending on the wastewater stream), high chemical oxygen demand (> 10,000 mg/I), numerous metals and high concentrations of those metals (> 20 mg/l of platinum group metals) in the wastewater are the main challenges for biological removal of nitrogenous compounds from PMR wastewater. Nitrogenous compounds such as NH₄⁺-N and N0₃-N are strong metal ligands, which make it difficult to recover metals from the wastewater. Therefore, a bioprocess was developed for removal of nitrogenous compounds from carefully simulated PMR wastewater. A preliminary investigation of metal wastewater was carried out to determine its composition and physico-chemical properties, the ability to nitrify and denitrify under different pH conditions and denitrification with different carbon Source compounds and amounts. Even at pH 4, nitrification could be carried out. A suitable hydraulic retention time was found to be 72 hours. There was no significant difference between sodium acetate and sodium lactate as carbon sources for denitrification. Based on these results, a reactor comparison study was carried out using simulated PMR wastewater in three types of reactors: continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), packed-bed reactor (PBR) and airlift suspension reactor (ALSR). These reactors were fed with 30 mg/l of Rh bound in an NH₄⁺ based compound (Claus salt: pentaaminechlororhodium (III) dichloride). Total nitrogen removal efficiencies of > 68 % , > 79 % and > 45 % were obtained in the CSTR, PBR and ALSR, respectively. Serially connected CSTR-PBR and PBR-CSTR reactor configurations were then studied to determine the best configuration for maximum removal of nitrogenous compounds from the wastewater. The PBR-CSTR configuration gave consistent biomass retention and automatic pH control in the CSTR. Ammonium removal efficiencies > 95 % were achieved in both reactors. As poor nitrate removal was observed a toxicity study was carried out using respirometry and the half saturation inhibition coefficients for Pt, Pd, Rh and Ru were found to be 15.81, 25.00, 33.34 and 39.25 mg/l, respectively. A mathematical model was developed to describe the nitrogen removal in PMR wastewater using activated sludge model number 1 (ASMl), two step nitrification and metal toxicity. An operational protocol was developed based on the literature review, experimental work and simulation results. The optimum reactor configuration under the set conditions (20 mg/I of Rh and < 100 mg/I of NH₄⁺-N) was found to be PBR-CSTR-PBR process, which achieved overall NH₄⁺-N and N0₃⁻-N removal efficiencies of > 90 % and 95 %, respectively. Finally, a rudimentary microbial characterisation was carried out on subsamples from the CSTR and PBRsecondary. It was found that the CSTR biomass consisted of both rods and cocci while PBRsecondary consisted of rods only. Based on these experimental works, further research needs and recommendations were made for optimisation of the developed bioprocess for removal of nitrogenous compounds from PMR wastewater.

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Možná, Pavlína. "Zdravotně technické instalace ubytovacích zařízení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226000.

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Master’s thesis "Plumbing systems for accommodation facilities" is processed in the form of project documentation plumbing according to applicable regulations. Designed building has five floors, basement. The ground floor restaurant and relaxing part of the hotel, in the remaining floors are guest rooms with 75 beds. One room is completely wheelchair. The building is located outside urban areas without connection to public utilities. The work focuses on the design of plumbing hotel and presents two variants of the possible solutions for waste water from the building. Building water supply is secured from drilled wells and the proposed pumping equipment.

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Маценко, Олександр Михайлович, Александр Михайлович Маценко, Oleksandr Mykhailovych Matsenko, Іван Валерійович Торба, Иван Валерьевич Торба, and Ivan Valeriiovych Torba. "Організаційно-економічні підходи до активізації реклеймінгу водних ресурсів в Україні." Thesis, ОО «Львовская экономическая фундация», 2017. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/80406.

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Chen, Syue-Ren, and 陳學仁. "Application of Integrated Solar Power Disinfection System on Small Water Treatment Facilities." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83647287699873731383.

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碩士
淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
102
Residents in remote mountainous areas of Taiwan are still dealt with groundwater or streams, mountain spring water has not been used as sources of drinking water leaving the water can not reach the EPA announcement standards. The main purpose of this study for small water systems supply issue as a research direction, whether this system can achieve EPA regulations set standards for drinking water and drinking water has long been a problem for people in remote mountainous areas. The purpose of this study focused on small water systems supply issue as a research direction, this system is able to achieve EPA regulations set standards for drinking water and drinking water problems for a long time, long-term consumption for people in remote mountainous areas under the condition will cause some people derived vectors therefore this study was to explore the solar system provides two kinds of power supply disinfection system, chlorination and ultraviolet germicidal UV technology. To investigate the feasibility of this system over two disinfection regulations and standards of the E. coli stream processing. Discussion follows: 1.seasonal variations in water quality survey 2.Investigate under different weather conditions the efficiency of solar power has reached self-sufficiency benefits 3.Explore the feasibility of solar photovoltaic systems used in the processing of small water chlorination 4.plant scale tests in order to benefit a relatively simple system, UV water disinfection and chlorination

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Quinn, Claire. "Impacts of process upsets and transient water quality events on UV disinfection performance at Ontario water treatment facilities." 2004. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=80936&T=F.

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Gregg, Matthew David. "Treatment options to mitigate transport of harmful algal species and pathogens via ships' ballast water and shellfish translocation." Thesis, 2009. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19870/7/whole_GreggMatthewDavid2009_thesis_ex_pub_mat.pdf.

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The worldwide transfer of non-indigenous invasive aquatic organisms via ships' ballast water and shellfish translocation has been widely shown to cause significant ecological, economic and human health impacts. In 2004 the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments. This legislation (still to be ratified) requires all ships to introduce by 2016 approved systems capable of treating ballast water to strict microbial standards. The latter has reinvigorated interest in the application of chemical biocides, because mechanical separation and physical treatment are unable to kill bacteria. The present work examined the effectiveness of several proposed chemical ballast water treatment options using toxic dinoflagellate resting cysts, vegetative marine microalgae and bacteria as model organisms. The chemicals tested included the ballast water biocides Peraclean®Ocean and SeaKleen®, the chlorine dioxide biocide Vibrex ®and the hull antifouling agent Econea®. All biocide tests were conducted using filtered seawater (28 %o) and natural estuarine water ranging in salinity from 23.7-28.6%o. Peraclean®Ocean was biodegradable within 2-6 weeks, could effectively eliminate vegetative microalgae at 100 ppm, inactivated resting cysts of marine dinoflagellates (Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium catenella, A. pseudogonyaulax, Protoceratium reticulatum) at 200-2000 ppm, and could control bacterial growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua and Vibrio alginolyticus at 125-250 ppm. SeaKleen®eliminated vegetative microalgae at 2 ppm and could control dinoflagellate cysts at 6-20 ppm but displayed poor bactericidal properties (100-200 ppm required) and poor biodegradability. The burial of dinoflagellate cysts in 0.5 and 1 mm of ballast tank sediment severely reduced the effectiveness of Peraclean ® Ocean and SeaKleen®. Vibrex®is not a suitable treatment option due to the need for hydrochloric acid as an activator, however it was found to be the most effective against bacteria (complete inhibition at 15 ppm) indicating that onboard chlorine dioxide generators may provide an effective bacterial treatment. Econea®controlled vegetative microalgae at 0.5 ppm but failed to inactivate G. catenatum cysts even at a concentration of 1000 ppm, suggesting that the product lacks the penetrability required to infiltrate the walls of dinoflagellate cysts. The applicability of ballast water biocides is limited by factors such as cost, biological effectiveness, reduced efficacy in the presence of sediments and lower water temperatures (6°C compared to 17°C), and possible residual toxicity of the discharged ballast water. Translocation of bivalve shellfish for outgrowing purposes or to establish new shellfisheries also poses a significant risk for transport of harmful algae. This study showed that viable microalgal cells of A. catenella, Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi, G. catenatum, Karenia papilionacea, Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, Pfiesteria shumwayae and cysts of G. catenatum can readily pass through the digestive tract of adult Pacific oysters and blue mussels. Several treatment options currently used by shellfish farmers for controlling fouling and pathogens were tested against Pacific oysters. Vegetative cells of A. catenella, G. catenatum and K. fohaceum could not be eliminated from the digestive tract of Pacific oysters following 24 h immersion in freshwater or by 48 h exposure to hydrogen peroxide (400-600 ppm) or chlorine dioxide (40-60 ppm). Depuration in filtered seawater for 7 days was identified as the only effective treatment option. Recommendations for future research, along with potential alternative treatment options, are identified and discussed.

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Chang, Ying-Ju, and 張媖茹. "Membrane Filtration Performance and Fouling Analysis of Microfiltration Membrane-assisted for Small Water Treatment Facilities." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cd526k.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
化學工程研究所
102
Membrane filtration is emerging as an efficient technique in water treatment. It could effectively remove a number of organic and inorganic pollution without large amount of chemical additives and control the production of by-products and precursors in disinfection. Mountain water, ground water and river water of Taiwan are mainly discussed in this experiment. Two major works have been done in the thesis. The complex ingredients including organics and inorganics in different raw waters have been analyzed and studied their effects to the membrane filtration. The falling tendencies due to organics or inorganics from each of raw water have been researched by sampling the membrane under different filtration days. Most of reversible fallings could be removed by physical washing. Irreversible fallings should be reduced to prolong the lifetime of membrane, sodium hypochlorite is suggested for raw water containing higher amount of polysaccharide and sodium hydroxide for humic acid to have better performance of back flushing. Based on these concepts, the optimal backwash procedures of membrane for different raw waters have been proposed. The milliQ-NaOH dual physical and chemical method is suitable for river water as source to have best backwash performance and so dose millQ-NaOCl method for ground water. During continuous filtration, bacterial could through its extracellular secretion attach to the membrane surface and breed. These attachments can be efficiently removed by adding sodium hypochlorite into backwash procedure and sodium hypochlorite will maintain on membrane surface to form a protection layer to cut off E. coil and other bacterial. It is necessary to turn on the blower when dealing with water containing high anaerobic bacterial to prevent the breed of these bacterial due to decreased dissolved oxygen. At the end, government can apply membrane filtration technique to supply clean and safe water to those remote areas.

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Atta-Asiamah, Ernest. "Estimation of the cost of building a water treatment plant and related facilities for Kaw City, Oklahoma." 2010. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/AttaAsiamah_okstate_0664M_10864.pdf.

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CIOU, KUAN-HUA, and 邱冠華. "Investigation on the Maintenance and Management of Tribal Small Water Treatment Facilities: A Case Study of Tmunan." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f58r26.

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碩士
大漢技術學院
流通與行銷管理研究所
104
Small water systems are constructed based on the take care if aboriginal by government agencies. However, its actual operating condition and applicable value have not yet discussed. Governments support hardware devices of small water systems, and subsequent software are autonomy and discretion by tribes. This study aim to explore whether small water system fulfill Tmunan residents’ expectation and requirements. Thus, this study selected Tmunan as research subject in this study, and employed in-depth interview to collect residents’ opinions toward small water systems in their tribe. The interviewee of this study including one government officials and four Tmunan residents. And the issues of interview including (1) small water system status of Tmunan, (2) it’s relative pros and cons, (3) impact on traditional life, and (4) performance, service attitude, and residents’ satisfaction of Tmunan small water system. The results found that Tmunan small water system brought many conveniences of life, and the loading of water for residents is quite cheap. However, the biggest problem of Tmunan small water system is that there exists a communication gap between government officials and residents. Governement official thought they introduced a good policy and with perfect processing. Tmunan residents think the government officials neglect their needs, and are too bureaucratic, perfunctory and sloppy for related processing. Thus, resulting in a sense of distrust and confrontation between the government and the people, thereby affecting subsequent adverse propaganda and implementation of new policies. It is urgent for improvement. Small water system faces two biggest problem is that the supply is unstable and vulnerable to external forces destroyed; ongoing maintenance requirements and costs and must rely on tribal peoples to share the burden. The one who is responsible for management and maintenance of small water system is water patrol administrator, who is also tribal member. The water patrol administrator usually has no professional training and uninsured. Thus, it also has no security guarantees. Based on results, the study proposed three suggestions: 1. Maintenance and management two functions should be separated. 2. Water earnings shall pay management fees. 3. Maintenance costs should support by governances. Keywords：Small Water Systems, Tribes, Water Resources Management, Policy Performance, Service Attitude

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Chen, Meng-Ke, and 陳孟克. "Study on Management Issues of On-site Treatment Facilities for Municipal Waste Water-Example of Constructed Wetland." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87652575094877746139.

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碩士
國立臺北大學
自然資源與環境管理研究所
99
In response to the development trend of the metropolitan area, Centralized sewage treatment plant is clearly outdated, So to deal with municipal waste water is in on-site treatment facilities in response to the manner born. But now, after handling the construction, Follow-up issues in facilities management, most of the focus at the operational level, For the facilities themselves can produce the added value and the relative lack of public participation, And not a corporate management structure can be as systematic follow-up of management and maintenance, Therefore, this study identified through a literature review free water surface and subsurface flow system as study targets. Course of the study, the Department of Environmental Protection throughout various facilities management and business management point of view, the final Balanced Score Card of the two-way loop to handle more in keeping with the current demand, And from follow-up of the sum-type dimensions (economic, administrative, environmental, public participation) program, Management structure (free water surface , subsurface flow system) and management procedures (vision, strategic objectives, management program), etc as the management of the foundation. Steps in accordance with management processes, Mainly to enhance the wetland's environmental quality and public participation in wetland management is the ultimate vision, Through economic, administrative, environmental, public participation in the four main dimensions, the vision into strategic objectives, And demand response objectives of the measures, and finally propose management options to achieve the management of wetlands.

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KUAN-HSUSHEN and 沈冠旭. "The improvement strategy and the waterquality analysis of small water treatment facilities for aboringinal area in Chiayi Country." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/tzuab3.

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36

Van, Zuydam Constance Sthembile. "Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) resulting from wood storage and wood treatment facilities for electricity transmission in Swaziland." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/549.

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A study was conducted in two sites: one at an electricity storage facility belonging to the Swaziland Electricity Board (SEB) and the other at a facility that belongs to its treated pole supplier, the Thonkwane wood creosote treatment plant. The drainage system of these sites leads to surface waters in rivers. This is a cause of concern since creosote contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are listed as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency. They have toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects and as a result they pose a threat to human life and the environment. No previous studies have been done on PAHs in Swaziland. The main objective of this study was to determine the impact of the SEB storage facility and the creosote treatment plant by investigating the extent of PAHs in surrounding environments (soil, sediments and surface waters). Preliminary studies were undertaken on the storage facility and the creosote treatment plant. No PAHs were detected from the pole storage facility; therefore the creosote wood treatment facility was selected as the ideal site at which to conduct the research. Soil samples were collected from depths 15 cm and 60 cm at points around the creosote plant, including effluent discharge points. The samples were extracted by solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) and analysed by GC/MS. The GC/MS, incorporating a solid phase micro extraction step, provided detection limits ranging from 0.12 μg/g to 20.08 μg/g. The pollution patterns in the study site were assessed using cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Most of the 16 US EPA-listed priority pollutants were detected from the creosote wood treatment facility. PAHs such as anthracene, fluorene, naphthalene and fluoranthene were dominant in all the sampling sites. The compounds occurred in very high concentrations (0.64, 0.46, 0.27 and 0.26 mg/kg respectively). These compounds are found in pure creosote as determined in the sample taken from the Thonkwane creosote tank site. The highest concentration of PAHs was observed in the soil samples taken next to the road site. The concentrations of the identified PAHs were above the acceptable minimal level allowed in soil by the US EPA and Swaziland Environment Authority (SEA). The levels of the PAHs are also above the recommended US EPA limit in soil, which is 0.1 mg/kg. The results indicated that significant soil pollution was taking place in some of the sampling sites. The top layer (0, 15 cm) contained many PAHs at high levels whilst the 60 cm layer had a lower number of PAHs which were also in low concentrations. This provided an indication that there is no downward movement of PAHs from the surface layer to underground layers. The potential exists for contamination of surface waters when there is runoff from the project area. This is a cause of concern, since both the creosote treatment plant and areas outside the facility are contaminated. Therefore, the site has to be cleaned up, preferably by using a phytoremediation technique.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

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Edokpayi, Nosa Joshua. "Assessment of the Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Facilities and the Impact of their Effluents on Surface Water and Sediment in Vhembe District, South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/749.

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ROLNÍKOVÁ, Jitka. "Návrh plánu společných zařízení ve zvolené lokalitě." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-395261.

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The diploma thesis is devoted to the elaboration of a plan of common facilities in the cadastral area Přídolí. The work focused on the methodological procedure in the implementation of ground adaptations, according to technical and metodical standards. The content of the first part is a literature review, which not only describes the field of land consolidation and its course, but also specifies the plan of common facilities together with the scope of work necessary for its elaboration. Everything important in this section is theoretically described. In the second practical part, attention is paid to the selection of the territory and the evaluation of its condition with the help of exploratory works. Further to the field research, the practical part is focused mainly on the proposal of individual proceedings concerning the protection of ZPF, elements of TSES, water management elements and ensuring access to lands. The results of surveys and draft measures are presented in both text and graphic form.

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ANDREJKOVÁ, Michaela. "Zpracování plánu společných zařízení pro komplexní pozemkovou úpravu." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-395252.

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This diploma thesis is focused on the elaboration of a plan of joint facilities for comprehensive land treatment in the selected cadastral territory of Dolní Třebonín, located in the South Bohemian Region. The purpose of the thesis is the characterization and evaluation of the cadastral area as part of the need to implement these joint facilities: anti-erosion measures for the protection of agricultural land resources, measures for access to land, measures for protection and creation of the environment and water management measures. The theoretical part of this work is literary research. This section explains basic concepts such as land treatment, forms of land treatment, exploration works and joint facilities. The practical part describes the characteristics of the selected area, the exploration work in the given area and the proposal of the common facilities. The results are processed in textual and graphical form using ArcMap 10.0.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ballast water treatment facilities'

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