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Journal articles on the topic 'Ballast water exchange'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

DiBacco, Claudio, Donald B. Humphrey, Leslie E. Nasmith, and Colin D. Levings. "Ballast water transport of non-indigenous zooplankton to Canadian ports." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 3 (September 2, 2011): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr133.

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Abstract DiBacco, C., Humphrey, D. B., Nasmith, L. E., and Levings, C. D. 2012. Ballast water transport of non-indigenous zooplankton to Canadian ports. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 483–491. Ballast water is one of the primary transport vectors for the transfer and introduction of non-indigenous zooplankton (NIZ). Regulations require vessels from overseas to conduct mid-ocean exchange before discharging ballast in Canadian ports. Intracoastal vessels from nearby ports may be exempt from exchange, whereas intracoastal vessels from more distant ports are required to exchange. Zooplankton in the ballast water of transoceanic exchanged (TOE), intracoastal exchanged (ICE), and intracoastal unexchanged (ICU) vessels arriving at Canada's west (WC) and east (EC) coasts were examined. NIZ density, propagule pressure, taxon richness, and community composition were compared among the three shipping classes. The WC ports received greater densities of NIZ and had greater NIZ propagule pressure than EC ports. Within WC vessels, NIZ propagule pressure and density were significantly greater in ICU vessels. TOE vessels on the EC had the greatest NIZ propagule pressure and density. ICU vessels entering Vancouver ports represented the greatest invasion risk to Canadian waters. These vessels likely mediate secondary invasions by facilitating the transport of unexchanged ballast directly from ports previously invaded, whereas short ICU voyage duration enhances organism survivorship and vessels transport NIZ over natural dispersal barriers.

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2

Locke, A., D. M. Reid, H. C. van Leeuwen, W. G. Sprules, and J. T. Carlton. "Ballast Wafer Exchange as a Means of Controlling Dispersal of Freshwater Organisms by Ships." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2086–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-232.

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During May–December 1990 and March–May 1991, 546 foreign ocean-going vessels entered the Laurentian Great Lakes and upper St. Lawrence River, areas protected by the Great Lakes Ballast Water Control Guidelines. Between 88 and 94% of the vessels exchanged their ballast water with seawater as required by the guidelines. Living representatives of 11 invertebrate phyla were sampled from ballast tanks. Between 14 and 33% of ships that exchanged freshwater ballast in midocean carried living freshwater-tolerant zooplankton at the time of entry to the Seaway, although these included many taxa already found in the Great Lakes. Four freshwater-tolerant zooplankton species that were identified as living specimens in ballast water have apparently not been recorded from the Great Lakes. Voluntary ballast water controls reduced but did not eliminate the risk of species invasion, since some ships did not comply with the guidelines, and even ships that did exchange ballast water could introduce viable freshwater-tolerant organisms into the Great Lakes. About half of the ballast water carried into the Seaway by ocean-going vessels and lakers each year originates from the St. Lawrence River, portions of which are not yet protected by any ballast controls.

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3

Duggan, Ian C., Colin DA van Overdijk, Sarah A. Bailey, Philip T. Jenkins, Helene Limén, and Hugh J. MacIsaac. "Invertebrates associated with residual ballast water and sediments of cargo-carrying ships entering the Great Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-160.

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Most ships entering the Great Lakes carry cargo and declare “no-ballast-on board” (NOBOB) status. Approximately 250 of these vessels annually load Great Lakes’ ballast water when they offload inbound cargo and then discharge this water (which has now mixed with residual water previously present in the tanks) when they load outbound cargo. This procedure potentially allows nonindigenous species present in ballast residuals to invade the Great Lakes. We collected residual sediment, water, and associated organisms from 38 NOBOB ships entering the Great Lakes. We recorded seven established Great Lakes’ nonindigenous species, including some discovered since ballast water exchange was implemented. Occurrences of species not yet invaded indicate that this vector provides further opportunity for invasion. Collectively, NOBOB vessels appear to constitute a greater risk than ballasted vessels, as they make up a greater proportion of the traffic entering the lakes (~90%), and they do not undergo ballast exchange. Invertebrates in residual water appear to have a greater opportunity for discharge than those in sediments, although most in the water fraction have already invaded this system. Invertebrate numbers in residual freshwater ballast could be dramatically lowered if these vessels flushed with open-ocean water prior to entering the Great Lakes.

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4

Rahman, Sohanur. "Implementation of Ballast Water Management Plan in Ships Through Ballast Water Exchange System." Procedia Engineering 194 (2017): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.152.

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5

Gray, Derek K., and Hugh J. MacIsaac. "Diapausing zooplankton eggs remain viable despite exposure to open-ocean ballast water exchange: evidence from in situ exposure experiments." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, no. 2 (February 2010): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-192.

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To reduce the transfer of nonindigenous species, regulations require transoceanic ships to exchange ballast with ocean water before discharging into the Great Lakes. Although ballast water exchange (BWE) is effective for live freshwater animals, laboratory experiments provide mixed results with regards to its impact on diapausing zooplankton eggs. We conducted an in situ test of the effectiveness of BWE for treating diapausing eggs in ballast sediments. Incubation chambers containing ballast sediment were placed in ballast tanks of cargo vessels transiting from North America to Europe. Each vessel had paired ballast tanks, one of which remained filled with Great Lakes water (control), while the second was exchanged with mid-ocean water. Laboratory viability tests were then conducted to compare viability of eggs recovered from sediments placed in both treatments, as well as identical sediments that remained at the laboratory in cold storage. No significant differences in egg viability were detected between treatments, but more species hatched from sediment that remained in cold storage. Results indicate that physical conditions in ballast tanks may affect egg viability, but saltwater exposure does not eliminate the risk of species introductions via diapausing eggs. Strategies that minimize sediment accumulation in ballast tanks can reduce the risk of species introductions via diapausing eggs.

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6

Parsons, Michael G. "Considerations in the Design of the Primary Treatment for Ballast Systems." Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, no. 01 (January 1, 2003): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.1.49.

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Investigations are currently underway to establish effective primary and secondary ballast water treatment methods to minimize the potential for the introduction of additional nonindigenous aquatic species into the Great Lakes and other U.S. coastal waters. This treatment could be used in place of mid-ocean ballast exchange currently required by the U.S. Coast Guard for all vessels entering the Great Lakes in ballast from beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Primary and secondary treatment could provide environmental protection for both Ballast On Board (BOB) vessels, which are required to perform mid-ocean ballast exchange before entering the Great Lakes, and No Ballast On Board (NOBOB) vessels, which are currently exempt from any ballast exchange requirements. Primary treatment using some form of mechanical separation to 100 urn or 50 um followed by secondary treatment using 254 nm UV irradiation or some form of chemical treatment are currently leading candidates. Over the past six years, the Great Lakes Ballast Technology Demonstration Project (GLBTDP) has undertaken the full-scale evaluation of 340 m3/h (1500 U.S. gpm) ballast water mechanical separation using an automatic backwashing screen filter, hydrocyclone, and automatic backwashing disk filter. This experience provides the basis for the investigation of various ballast system design issues that must be considered in the selection and design of the primary ballast water treatment. This investigation is based upon the ballast system of a typical Seaway size bulk carrier using port and starboard 2000 m3/h (8800 U.S. gpm) main ballast pumps. A discrete multicriterion optimization tradeoff study using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is also presented to illustrate a rational method for determining the best choice for primary ballast water treatment for such a Seaway size bulk carrier.

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7

Brickman, David. "Risk assessment model for dispersion of ballast water organisms in shelf seas." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 2748–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-158.

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The recommendation of mid-ocean exchange of ballast water has resulted in significant release of aquatic invasive species in shelf areas. This paper describes a semiquantitative risk assessment model developed for dispersion of ballast water organisms in shelf seas. The model simulates ballast water exchange as the release of tracer into the surface layer of a circulation model of the Scotian Shelf and Gulf of Maine. Three metrics are proposed to describe the risk of invasion: (i) the time-integrated concentration at a given location (the cumulative exposure index); (ii) the time taken for organisms to reach a given area (the invasion time); and (iii) the onshelf average concentration. A risk equation is derived that computes the relative overall risk of invasion for exchange segments along vessel tracks. Model results confirm the choice of offshelf alternate ballast water exchange zone advised by Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada. Low risk segments tend to be adjacent to one another. A four- to eight-fold reduction in invasion risk is possible, although this is likely a lower bound because of the use of monthly mean velocity fields. The model can be run in an operational mode to provide real-time risk assessment for vessel ballast water exchange.

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8

MacIsaac, Hugh J., Thomas C. Robbins, and Mark A. Lewis. "Modeling ships' ballast water as invasion threats to the Great Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 1245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-090.

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The spread of nonindigenous species (NIS) in aquatic ecosystems provides an opportunity to develop new perspectives on the invasion process. In this paper we review existing invasion models, most of which were developed to describe invasions of terrestrial habitats, and propose an alternative that explores long-distance invasions mediated by discharge of contaminated ballast water by ships inbound to the Great Lakes. Based on current knowledge of shipping traffic to the Great Lakes, our model predicts that mid-ocean exchange of ballast water lowers propagule delivery by approximately three to four orders of magnitude relative to unexchanged ballast water. Propagule pressure of individual ships that enter the Great Lakes loaded with cargo and that declare "no ballast on board" (NOBOB) is typically one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of vessels that exchange ballast. Because NOBOB vessels dominate (~90%) inbound traffic into the Great Lakes, these vessels collectively appear to pose the greatest risk of new introductions, even though their individual risks are low.

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9

Wilkins, Tim. "IMO adopts draft guidelines on ballast water exchange." Marine Pollution Bulletin 34, no. 11 (November 1997): 853–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(97)90034-5.

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10

Wilson, Wesley, Peter Chang, Stephan Verosto, Paisan Atsavapranee, David F. Reid, and Philip T. Jenkins. "Computational and Experimental Analysis of Ballast Water Exchange." Naval Engineers Journal 118, no. 3 (July 2006): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.2006.tb00460.x.

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11

Vorkapić, Aleksandar, Ivan Komar, and Gorana Jelić-Mrčelić. "Shipboard Ballast Water Treatment Systems on Seagoing Ships." Transactions on Maritime Science 5, no. 1 (April 20, 2016): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v05.n01.003.

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This review paper summarizes the legislative framework and the available technologies for ballast water treatment with regard to the approval process and relevant issues. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets the limits of organism concentration in ballast water allowed to be discharged into the sea. The 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments is the first international document that introduced obligatory ballast water management and control. Even though ballast water treatment systems are not 100 % effective, they significantly reduce the risk of spreading of invasive species through ballast water exchange. An increased manufacturer interest in the system’s approval or development of new technologies is not expected in future because the procedure is time-consuming and expensive. The final choice of optimal ballast water treatment system depends on the ship owner or operator taking into account the price, type of the ship, whether it is a newbuilding or an existing ship, ballast system capacity and the seas where ships ply as well as harbours at which they call.

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12

Barry, Simon C., Keith R. Hayes, Chad L. Hewitt, Hanna L. Behrens, Egil Dragsund, and Siri M. Bakke. "Ballast water risk assessment: principles, processes, and methods." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 2 (February 14, 2008): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn004.

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Abstract Barry, S. C., Hayes, K. R., Hewitt, C. L., Behrens, H. L., Dragsund, E., and Bakke, S. M. 2008. Ballast water risk assessment: principles, processes, and methods. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 121–131. Two methods of assessing the risk of species introduction by ballast water are discussed, species-specific and environmental similarity assessments, each for alignment with four proposed principles of risk-based resource management: (i) society accepts that low risk scenarios exist; (ii) risk assessment is capable of identifying low risk scenarios; (iii) risk mitigation strategies exist; and (iv) mitigation costs are less than the cost of performing risk assessment. All four principles were met in some circumstances for both methods. Species-specific ballast water risk assessment is best suited to situations where the assessment can be restricted to a limited set of harmful species on journeys within bioregions where ballast water is a small component of natural genetic exchange. Environmental similarity risk assessment is appropriate for journeys that start and end in locations which have very little or no natural genetic exchange, such as journeys between non-contiguous bioregions. Because a large number of species are not assessed individually, environmental match assessments necessarily will be restricted to fundamental variables such as temperature and salinity. A number of bioregion classifications have been identified in the world’s oceans, some of which at a scale that may be appropriate for ballast water management. The suitability of any particular classification, however, needs further examination.

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13

Lymperopoulou, Despoina S., and Fred C. Dobbs. "Bacterial Diversity in Ships’ Ballast Water, Ballast-Water Exchange, and Implications for Ship-Mediated Dispersal of Microorganisms." Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 4 (February 10, 2017): 1962–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03108.

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14

Molina, Vanessa, and Lisa Drake. "Efficacy of open-ocean ballast water exchange: a review." Management of Biological Invasions 7, no. 4 (2016): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2016.7.4.07.

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15

Vorkapić, Aleksandar, Radoslav Radonja, and Damir Zec. "Cost Efficiency of Ballast Water Treatment Systems Based on Ultraviolet Irradiation and Electrochlorination." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 30, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v30i3.2564.

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Having come into effect, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments of 2004 requires ships to process their ballast water in accordance with specific standards. Different processing methods require different use of ship power, thus affecting fuel oil consumption, ships’ energy efficiency, and the ship economics in general. This paper presents the analysis and comparison of the economic viability of systems using two dominant ballast water treatment methods on merchant ships. The cost effectiveness of these methods, UV irradiation and electrochlorination, is compared to the standard efficiency of ballast water exchange using sequential flow method as a reference. The process efficiency is measured through fuel oil consumption on board. Taking into account possible variations in efficiency due to different designs and environmental constraints and assumptions, the findings are in favor of the electrochlorination method.

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16

Dunstan, Piers K., and Nicholas J. Bax. "Management of an invasive marine species: defining and testing the effectiveness of ballast-water management options using management strategy evaluation." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 6 (May 7, 2008): 841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn069.

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Abstract Dunstan, P. K., and Bax, N. J. 2008. Management of an invasive marine species: defining and testing the effectiveness of ballast-water management options using management strategy evaluation. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 841–850. Invasive marine and fresh-water species are being spread around the world in ships' ballast water, damaging industries and natural resources. Management policies are being developed nationally and internationally in response to the threat, but these options are not being rigorously evaluated for their potential to meet management objectives. We used management strategy evaluation (MSE) simulation to compare the performance of different management rules for controlling the spread of an invasive sea star, Asterias amurensis, around the southern coast of Australia. A model incorporating population dynamics, oceanographic patterns, and vessel movement was developed to compare the performance of different ballast-water exchange rules at reducing the likelihood of new populations establishing at locations along the coast over time. Static management rules, where ballast exchange was mandated on all voyages, reduced the median likelihood of new invasions from 0.67 with no ballast control to between 0.36 and 0.42 as distance from the coast was varied. Reducing the volume of high-risk ballast water by 95% did not reduce the likelihood of invasion by 95%, but by an average of 21%. Exchanging ballast farther from the coast did not reduce the likelihood of invasion for any of the static management rules. Feedback management rules using a port monitoring programme to assess the risk of transporting larvae between ports were at least as effective as the static rules, but at a significantly reduced cost for this single-species example. MSE provides a method to compare management options against objectives in this uncertain environment, and can be used to evaluate new and expensive treatment options for their effectiveness and value.

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Baier, Robert, Robert Forsberg, Anne Meyer, and Dean Lundquist. "Ballast tank biofilms resist water exchange but distribute dominant species." Management of Biological Invasions 5, no. 3 (September 2014): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2014.5.3.07.

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18

Chen, Jing, Junzhou Huo, Ya Zhang, Dayong Zhang, Weiying Zhang, and Yan Lin. "Heuristic Solution Strategy for the Sequential Ballast Water Exchange Problem." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 139, no. 1 (January 2013): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ww.1943-5460.0000174.

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19

Chen, Jing, Yan Lin, Jun Zhou Huo, Ming Xia Zhang, and Zhuo Shang Ji. "Optimal ballast water exchange sequence design using symmetrical multitank strategy." Journal of Marine Science and Technology 15, no. 3 (March 16, 2010): 280–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00773-010-0087-9.

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20

Kalniņa, Renāte, and Alise Romule. "Analysis of Ballast Water Treatment Technologies on Ships Operating in the Baltic Sea Region." Transport and Aerospace Engineering 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tae-2020-0002.

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AbstractThe introduction of invasive aquatic species in new environments has been identified as one of the four biggest threats to the world's oceans causing serious threats and harm to both ecology and human health. There is a major exchange of ship’s ballast water over longer distances between continents and regional seas, and it has been known for decades that ballast water transfers organisms to new ecosystems, where the strongest, most aggressive and adaptable species can survive and become invasive under favourable conditions. The focus of the research is to study available ballast water control technologies to determine their suitability and effectiveness in the reduction of harmful aquatic organisms and compounds in the Baltic Sea.

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21

Jing, Liang, Bing Chen, Baiyu Zhang, and Hongxuan Peng. "A review of ballast water management practices and challenges in harsh and arctic environments." Environmental Reviews 20, no. 2 (June 2012): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a2012-002.

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Ballast water is carried by cruise ships, large tankers, and bulk cargo carriers to acquire the optimum operating depth of the propeller and to maintain maneuverability and stability. Recently, ballast water has been recognized as wastewater that is responsible for ocean pollution due to the worldwide transfer of non-indigenous species, pathogenic bacteria, and other pollutants via ballast water discharge. This poses serious environmental, ecological, and economic threats to both coastal communities and the marine environment. To address these negative impacts and concerns, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has codified and adopted a series of guidelines to minimize pollution and adverse effects caused by ballast water. A number of treatment technologies have been developed and applied in field practices to remove solids, particulates, organic pollutants, and organisms from ballast water, showing certain advantages and limitations. Many other management practices, such as ballast water exchange (BWE), shipping routes optimization, treatment process modeling, and risk assessment are in high demand to aid onboard treatment systems. However, knowledge and technical gaps still exist regarding the implementation of ballast water management practices especially in the context of arctic and harsh environments under changing climatic conditions. Records indicate that most coastal regions in the north have been invaded by unwanted species via ballast water discharge in the past decades. The North Atlantic and the Arctic Oceans have much colder climates and more extreme weather conditions than low latitudes. The discharge of untreated or less treated ballast water could cause much more severe damage to the local environment and hence pose higher risks to ecosystems and even human health, particularly in the context of climate change. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this study proposed a risk-based fuzzy–stochastic–interval programming decision support system to help eliminate environmental, ecological, as well as health threats from the discharge of ballast water, particularly in the north where weather, space, timing, maintenance, and cost are major concerns.

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22

Levings, C. D., J. R. Cordell, S. Ong, and G. E. Piercey. "The origin and identity of invertebrate organisms being transported to Canada's Pacific coast by ballast water." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-135.

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We assessed the colonization risk of invertebrate nonindigenous species (NIS) in ballast water being brought into Canada's Pacific coast by indirect and direct methods. Initially we mapped the locations in the northern Pacific Ocean where ships coming into Vancouver Harbour had performed mid-ocean exchange (MOE). Exchange transects (the distance between the start and end positions for the onset and end of MOE) were on average about 400 km long. Samples were also taken from ballast tanks after filling at a northwestern Pacific port and then again after MOE in the mid-Pacific. Invertebrate communities were different pre- and post-MOE, but some coastal organisms were still present after flushing. In addition, samples were obtained from ballast tanks aboard ships in Vancouver Harbour. In "low" salinity samples (<25), 13 different taxa were found, and 52 taxa were found in "high" salinity samples (>25). Risks could be reduced if MOE was performed in the southerly subtropical domain, south of the subarctic domain and transition zone in the mid-Pacific, or well offshore for northsouth shipping routes. For voyages on the west coast of North America, colonization risk of invertebrate NIS is likely higher for ballast water from harbours already colonized by NIS.

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Bailey, Sarah A., Ian C. Duggan, Philip T. Jenkins, and Hugh J. MacIsaac. "Invertebrate resting stages in residual ballast sediment of transoceanic ships." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1090–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-024.

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Ballast water has been the primary vector of nonindigenous species (NIS) to the Laurentian Great Lakes over the past 45 years. Although ballast water exchange regulations were implemented in 1993 to reduce propagule loads, new NIS continue to be discovered. A possible explanation for this trend is the importance of alternative vectors, such as residual ballast of ships claiming "no ballast on board". We investigate resting stages of invertebrates in residual ballast sediments of transoceanic ships as a possible vector of NIS to the Great Lakes. To model the introduction effort potentially associated with this vector, we collected sediment samples from 39 ships entering the Great Lakes and measured the density, viability, and species richness of resting stages contained therein. Viable resting stages of NIS were found in 32% of ships, at a mean density of 3.0 × 105·ship1. Temperature, salinity, and removal of eggs from sediment during incubation had a significant impact on total abundance and species richness of hatched taxa. A total of 21 NIS were identified, consisting exclusively of rotifers and cladocerans. Salinity of residual ballast water and geographic region of ballast uptake were predictive variables for profiling invasion risk due to ships, although explained variability was low.

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KAMADA, Koichi, Kiyokazu MINAMI, Kuniaki SHOJI, and Shigeaki SHIOTANI. "Hydraulics Model Experiment of Ballast Water Exchange by Pumping-Through Method." Journal of Japan Institute of Navigation 111 (2004): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.9749/jin.111.267.

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Simard, Nathalie, Stéphane Plourde, Michel Gilbert, and Stephan Gollasch. "Net efficacy of open ocean ballast water exchange on plankton communities." Journal of Plankton Research 33, no. 9 (May 27, 2011): 1378–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbr038.

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26

Woodward, John B., Michael G. Parsons, and Armin W. Troesch. "Ship Operational and Safety Aspects of Ballast Water Exchange at Sea." Marine Technology and SNAME News 31, no. 04 (October 1, 1994): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1994.31.4.315.

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A dry bulk carrier, a tanker, and a containership—taken as typical of ships trading to U.S. ports—are analyzed for possible hazards caused by emptying and refilling ballast tanks at sea. Using hydrostatic data furnished by the shipowners, hull bending moments and stabilities are investigated to find the tank-emptying operations that produce the greatest changes in those parameters. As should be expected, bending moment changes do not exceed allowable stillwater values. Changes in GM are insignificant. The worst hydrostatic cases serve as a guide to conditions that should be analyzed in rough water. The University of Michigan SHIPMO program shows that in waves of 10-ft significant height wave-induced bending moments and shears are far below the design values published by the American Bureau of Shipping. On the other hand, in waves of 20-ft significant height, the maximum wave heights that occur occasionally can cause moments or shears that exceed design values. For the 20-ft case, both linear and nonlinear versions of SHIPMO are used.

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27

Wright, David A., Rodger Dawson, Celia E. Orano-Dawson, and Sharon M. Moesel. "A Test of the Efficacy of a Ballast Water Treatment System Aboard the Vessel Coral Princess." Marine Technology and SNAME News 44, no. 01 (January 1, 2007): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2007.44.1.57.

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Tests of the efficacy of a combination filtration/ultraviolet (UV) ballast water treatment (BWT) system were conducted aboard the MV Coral Princess during normal operations from Victoria, British Columbia, through the Panama Canal, to Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Trials were designed to assist the maritime industry in the deployment of effective BWT systems and to inform regulatory agencies on the feasibility of testing procedures and end-point selection for compliance standards. Results showed treatment efficacy at least equivalent to ballast water exchange, although adjustment of current published standards was indicated.

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Waite, Thomas D. "Rationale for Ballast Water Treatment Standards to Minimize Translocation of Unwanted Species." Marine Technology Society Journal 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533202787914070.

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The transfer of unwanted species via ships' ballast water has become recognized as a major problem worldwide. Thousands of species of plants and animals are transported around the world daily, and colonization leading to infestations of many species has been well documented. Individual countries as well as international regulatory agencies are currently attempting to manage this transport of unwanted species. Currently, ships are required to have ballast water management plans in place, and the only accepted management option is open-ocean ballast water exchange. Due to the limitations of this option, ship-board treatment techniques need to be developed, but, treatment goals and standards currently do not exist. This paper proposes a rational for establishing ballast water treatment standards, so that ship-board technologies can be developed. Specifically, this paper demonstrates that by carefully evaluating past invasions, a group of organisms can be identified which pose a documentable risk of invasion. This group can then be classified by several common parameters, e.g., size, which allows for establishment of treatment options. It is then shown that the most rational standards are those mandating complete removal of high risk organisms, rather that a percentage removal of all organisms.

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Gomes, Carlos Francisco Simões. "Using MCDA methods THOR in an application for outranking the ballast water management options." Pesquisa Operacional 25, no. 1 (April 2005): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-74382005000100002.

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The Multicriteria Analysis Methodology has been developed in order to support and guide decision-makers in the evaluation and selection of alternatives/solutions. In this case, it is used to compare alternatives for the management ballast water (BW) exchange systems and treatment methods.

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Costa, Beatriz Souza, and Luiz Gustavo Gonçalves Ribeiro. "BALLAST WATER AND BIOINVASION: BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION AND THE PROTECTION OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS." Veredas do Direito: Direito Ambiental e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 13, no. 25 (May 10, 2016): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v13i25.644.

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This article analyzes the use of water as ballast to balance the vessels, as well as the existing legislation in the country that protects, monitors and punishes those who are responsible for illegal shedding in national jurisdiction waters. That is important, considering ballast water has become a national and international risk with serious consequences such as bioinvasion. It was discovered that ballast water has become one of the fastest forms of marine pollution because it acts quietly. In an attempt to avoid environmental and economic losses, several conventions and international treaties were agreed between countries such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, adopted in Montego Bay. At the national level, Brazil has important institutions for marine environmental protection such as ANVISA, the National Health Surveillance Agency; ANTAQ, National Agency of Waterborne Transport and broad legislation such as Law (6938/81), the National Environmental Policy; the Criminal Environmental Law (9.605/98) and, specifically, NORMAM 20, issued by the Brazilian Navy’s Directorate of Ports and Coasts, which states that every ship to moor at national ports must prove the exchange of ballast water at sea. The research used the legal and theoretical methodology, deductive reasoning and literature from technical and government sites. The results show that Brazil has a concern over the issue and the national legislation proves the effort to prevent marine pollution. However, research in the field is necessary so that invading organisms are discovered prior to the pollution. In addition to that, legislation and supervision must be improved.

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31

Perakis, Anastassios N., and Zhiyong Yang. "Options for Nonindigenous Species Control and Their Economic Impact on the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway: A Survey." Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, no. 01 (January 1, 2003): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.1.34.

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Nonindigenous species (NIS) cause substantial economic and ecological problems in the United States and other countries with marine trade. Current legislation and regulations require mandatory ballast water exchange for those ships entering the Great Lakes. Due to the low compliance rate, and some inherent defects of legislation, the current status of NIS control is not very encouraging. Several technical and legislative options have been proposed to improve the efficiency of NIS control. The most promising methods include filtration with ultraviolet, heat, and ballast water exchange. No one method, however, can 100% effectively solve the NIS problem. Moreover, the mandatory requirements may induce modal shifts from marine to rail or truck mode on the Great Lakes, which may cause several adverse side effects on the economy and the environment. The decision problems for the cargo owners and the legislative body are also formulated.

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32

Chen, Jing, Yan Lin, Junzhou Huo, Mingxia Zhang, and Zhuoshang Ji. "Optimization of Ships’ Diagonal Ballast Water Exchange Sequence Using a Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm." Journal of Ship Research 54, no. 04 (December 1, 2010): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.2010.54.4.257.

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Ballast water management and the method chosen to achieve it is a key issue and concerns key technologies in ship design. If the sequential exchange method is the chosen method, the sequence chosen to perform the exchange is very important and affects many aspects including ships' stability, structural strength, maneuverability, operational expenses and building cost, and so forth. In this paper, based on the multiple risk assessment criteria of the sequential method, the problem of finding a feasible and optimum exchange sequence is boiled down to a multiobjective combinatorial optimization problem with multiple nonlinear constraints. The diagonal exchange strategy was adopted, and the diagonal exchange mathematical model was built, taking into consideration the ship's intact stability, structural strength, trims, draughts, and bridge vision. In order to find a set of Pareto solutions, a multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) was used. In the algorithm, a constraint-domination principle was adopted to handle the multiple constraints, and a nondominated sorting method was used to perform the selection of the Pareto solutions. Using the proposed mathematic model and the MOGA, a Pareto solution set that met all the design criteria could be efficiently and accurately obtained for the engineers to choose from within short running times. Compared with the traditional symmetrical exchanging method, the simulation results showed that the proposed method can produce more and better solutions with smaller trims, smaller bridge blind vision range, and better structural strength performances.

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33

Ricciardi, Anthony, and Hugh J. MacIsaac. "EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BALLAST WATER EXCHANGE POLICY IN THE GREAT LAKES." Ecological Applications 18, no. 5 (July 2008): 1321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-0748.1.

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34

Costello, Christopher, John M. Drake, and David M. Lodge. "EVALUATING AN INVASIVE SPECIES POLICY: BALLAST WATER EXCHANGE IN THE GREAT LAKES." Ecological Applications 17, no. 3 (April 2007): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/06-0190.

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35

Bradie, Johanna N., David Andrew R. Drake, Dawson Ogilvie, Oscar Casas-Monroy, and Sarah A. Bailey. "Ballast Water Exchange Plus Treatment Lowers Species Invasion Rate in Freshwater Ecosystems." Environmental Science & Technology 55, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05238.

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36

Murphy, Kathleen, Jennifer Boehme, Paula Coble, Jay Cullen, Paul Field, Willard Moore, Elgin Perry, Robert Sherrell, and Gregory Ruiz. "Verification of mid-ocean ballast water exchange using naturally occurring coastal tracers." Marine Pollution Bulletin 48, no. 7-8 (April 2004): 711–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.10.015.

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37

Murphy, Kathleen R., M. Paul Field, T. David Waite, and Gregory M. Ruiz. "Trace elements in ships' ballast water as tracers of mid-ocean exchange." Science of The Total Environment 393, no. 1 (April 2008): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.12.011.

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38

Murphy, Kathleen R., Gregory M. Ruiz, William T. M. Dunsmuir, and T. David Waite. "Optimized Parameters for Fluorescence-Based Verification of Ballast Water Exchange by Ships." Environmental Science & Technology 40, no. 7 (April 2006): 2357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0519381.

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39

Sun, Jin Yang, Jun Sheng Wang, Meng Qi Li, Hai Chao Yuan, and Xin Xiang Pan. "An Innovative Method with Optimized Treatment for Killing Algae in Ballast Water Treatment Based on Ion-Exchange Membrane Electrolysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.565.

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Invasive aquatic species has been considered one of the greatest threats to the worlds oceans and marine ecological system. A novel of ships ballast water treatment based on ion exchange membrane electrolysis system to deal with algae has been proved. In this paper, an optimized treatment for inactivating algae is proposed based on the developed ballast water treatment system. In this optimized method, different experimental conditions are studied, which contain the injection times and small injection dose of anodic electrolytic products. The contrast experiments were conducted, the results show that the lethal time and available chlorine dose can respectively save up to 66.67% and 50% under the optimized method. The results show that the proposed have the more efficient kill ability for the algae life.

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40

Grigorovich, Igor A., Robert I. Colautti, Edward L. Mills, Kristen Holeck, Albert G. Ballert, and Hugh J. MacIsaac. "Ballast-mediated animal introductions in the Laurentian Great Lakes: retrospective and prospective analyses." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 740–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-053.

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Since completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959, at least 43 nonindigenous species (NIS) of animals and protists have established in the Laurentian Great Lakes, of which ~67% were attributed to discharge of ballast water from commercial ships. Twenty-three NIS were first discovered in four "hotspot" areas with a high representation of NIS, most notably the Lake Huron Lake Erie corridor. Despite implementation of the voluntary (1989, Canada) and mandatory (1993, U.S.A.) ballast water exchange (BWE) regulations, NIS were discovered at a higher rate during the 1990s than in the preceding three decades. Here we integrate knowledge of species' invasion histories, shipping traffic patterns, and physicochemical factors that constrain species' survivorship during ballast-mediated transfer to assess the risk of future introductions to the Great Lakes. Our risk-assessment model identified 26 high-risk species that are likely to survive intercontinental transfer in ballast tanks. Of these, 10 species have already invaded the Great Lakes. An additional 37 lower-risk species, of which six have already invaded, show some but not all attributes needed for successful introduction under current BWE management. Our model indicates that the Great Lakes remain vulnerable to ship-mediated NIS invasions.

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41

Wonham, Marjorie J., Mark A. Lewis, and Hugh J. MacIsaac. "Minimizing invasion risk by reducing propagule pressure: a model for ballast-water exchange." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3, no. 9 (November 2005): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0473:mirbrp]2.0.co;2.

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42

McCollin, Tracy, Aileen M. Shanks, and John Dunn. "Changes in zooplankton abundance and diversity after ballast water exchange in regional seas." Marine Pollution Bulletin 56, no. 5 (May 2008): 834–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.004.

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43

Choi, Keun-Hyung, Wim Kimmerer, George Smith, Gregory M. Ruiz, and Kelly Lion. "Post-exchange zooplankton in ballast water of ships entering the San Francisco Estuary." Journal of Plankton Research 27, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbi044.

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44

Arai, Makoto, and Humberto S. Makiyama. "Numerical simulation of sloshing of ballast water during its sequential exchange in seaways." Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan 2002, no. 191 (2002): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2534/jjasnaoe1968.2002.291.

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45

Arai, Makoto, Humberto S. Makiyama, and Shoji Shingo. "Numerical simulation of sloshing of ballast water during its sequential exchange in seaways." Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan 2003, no. 194 (2003): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2534/jjasnaoe1968.2003.194_233.

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46

McCollin, Tracy, Aileen M. Shanks, and John Dunn. "The efficiency of regional ballast water exchange: Changes in phytoplankton abundance and diversity." Harmful Algae 6, no. 4 (August 2007): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2006.04.015.

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47

Weathers, Katherine, and Eric Reeves. "The Defense of the Great Lakes Against the Invasion of Nonindigenous Species in Ballast Water." Marine Technology and SNAME News 33, no. 02 (April 1, 1996): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1996.33.2.92.

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The Great Lakes is the first place where the United States has established a defense against the introduction of nonindigenous species carried in ballast water. U.S. regulations controlling the discharge of ballast from all vessels entering from outside the Exclusive Economic Zone into the Great Lakes went into effect in early 1993 and are enforced by the United States Coast Guard, with active assistance from the Canadians and the Seaway authorities. The Great Lakes are a unique, valuable, and sensitive resource which have already suffered significant damage from nonindigenous species and are under continuing threat from new invasions. The Great Lakes also have some unique defensive advantages because vessel traffic can be controlled at the Saint Lawrence Seaway and open ocean exchange with salt water can be used as a verifiable, reasonably cheap, and safe method for impeding the invasion of new freshwater species. However, more effective defenses are needed in order to prevent new invasions over the long term. Development of these new defenses will probably require engineering changes in ballast systems in all vessels engaged in transoceanic trade, whether going to fresh or saltwater ports.

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48

Goldsmit, Jesica, Shannon Hope Nudds, D. Bruce Stewart, Jeff Wayde Higdon, Charles Gordon Hannah, and Kimberly Lynn Howland. "Where else? Assessing zones of alternate ballast water exchange in the Canadian eastern Arctic." Marine Pollution Bulletin 139 (February 2019): 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.062.

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49

Liu, Yun Xin, and Qiang Wang. "Heat Transmitting Research on Fresh Water Cooling System of a Self-Elevating Drilling Unit." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.22.

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To ensure fresh water cooling system in a certain self-elevating drilling unit to work securely, the pipes of fresh water cooling system, which are immerged in ballast water tanks, are analyzed and designed by means of convective heat exchange and heat conduction. The calculated results show that it’s unnecessary to adopt insulating measures for the pipes of the fresh water cooling system exposed in sea water, and it saves cost for shipyard and ship owner. The references are afforded to the design of fresh water cooling system in the process of self-elevating drilling unit shipbuilding in the future.

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50

MacIsaac, Hugh J., Igor A. Grigorovich, James A. Hoyle, Norman D. Yan, and Vadim E. Panov. "Invasion of Lake Ontario by the Ponto–Caspian predatory cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-210.

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Cercopagis pengoi, a waterflea native to the Ponto-Caspian region, was discovered during 1998 in Lake Ontario. Individuals were found throughout the lake during summer snagged on sportfishing lines. The population included parthenogenetic (92%) and sexual (2%) females and males (6%). Cercopagis has a very long caudal appendage that is more than five times the body length and terminates in a distinctive loop. Females and males from Lake Ontario were significantly smaller than individuals from the Neva Estuary, Baltic Sea. In Eurasia, C. pengoi occurs in relatively warm fresh and brackish waters (0-14) at population densities usually <3000 individuals·m-3; mean and maximum population densities in Lake Ontario were 170 and 322 individuals·m-3, respectively. The presence of females with resting eggs indicates that Cercopagis will likely establish in Lake Ontario. As with other recently introduced invertebrates, Cercopagis likely was transported to the Great Lakes in ballast water from eastern Europe. The rapid influx of Ponto-Caspian species into the Great Lakes warrants further study including identification of source populations, mechanisms of dispersal, impacts on recipient ecosystems, and efficacy of ballast water exchange programs.

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