Academic literature on the topic 'Ballast water – Environmental aspects – Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ballast water – Environmental aspects – Australia"
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Deagle, B. E., N. Bax, C. L. Hewitt, and J. G. Patil. "Development and evaluation of a PCR-based test for detection of Asterias (Echinodermata : Asteroidea) larvae in Australian plankton samples from ballast water." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 6 (2003): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03031.
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The northern Pacific seastar, Asterias amurensis, spread to Tasmania in the 1980s from its native range in the North Pacific. The seastar has subsequently established in Port Phillip Bay on mainland Australia. Transportation of larvae in ballast water is one vector for these introductions and is likely to contribute to additional range expansion of this species. Larval identification methods are critical to assess risks of further transport to uninvaded ecosystems; however, morphological identification of larval asteroids is impractical and unreliable. Therefore, we have developed a sensitive PCR-based method that specifically detects Asterias DNA. The method works on isolated seastar larva, mixed plankton and ballast water samples. Trials using uninfected ballast water samples spiked with known numbers of A. amurensis larvae indicate that the technique can detect single larva in 200 mg of plankton. The test also detects other Asterias species; therefore, discrimination between seastars within the genus Asterias was accomplished using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Currently, this method is being used to facilitate research on ballast water transport, distribution and the ecology of A. amurensis larvae. The general approach can be expanded to provide a rapid and cost-effective approach for detecting a suite of marine species in ballast water and environmental samples.
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Makkonen, Teemu, and Tommi Inkinen. "Systems of environmental innovation: sectoral and technological perspectives on ballast water treatment systems." WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs 20, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13437-021-00226-2.
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AbstractThe research on innovation in the maritime sector has commonly focused on the implementation of innovation rather than on more complex issues such as the interplay between technological aspects, market conditions, and, particularly, regulatory regimes in shaping the emergence and growth of global systems involved with the development, production, and use of environmental innovation. Therefore, this paper sets out to analyze—by combining insights from sectoral (SSI) and technological (TIS) systems of innovation concepts—ballast water treatment systems (BWTS), designed to prevent the negative impacts of invasive species, as an example of such complex interaction. The results show how public policy and institutional acceptance have shaped the market for BWTS. First, BWTS were induced by environmental regulations mandating their use. Second, the demand for BWTS increases substantially when the implementation date of the regulations approaches. Third, differences in regulatory regimes shape the demand for various available technologies. Without coordinated regulations, this unclear operating environment remains a definite concern for shipowners when choosing the specific type of BWTS technology for onboard installation. The results also underline that the combined SSI/TIS framework, utilized in this paper, is a feasible analytical framework for studying environmental innovation.
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Johnson, T. C., and S. H. Williams. "From Canals to Lakes in South-East Queensland (Australia); Water Quality Aspects." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0061.
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Banks, S. A., and B. B. Docker. "Delivering environmental flows in the Murray-Darling Basin (Australia)—legal and governance aspects." Hydrological Sciences Journal 59, no. 3-4 (March 28, 2014): 688–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.825723.
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Clancy, K. G., and D. J. Carroll. "Key Issues in Planning Submarine Outfalls for Sydney, Australia." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0151.
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This paper describes three large tunnelled submarine ocean outfalls, planned to safely discharge primary effluent from about two-thirds of the regional population of Sydney, Australia into deep ocean water. Environmental and investigation aspects are dealt with briefly. Interesting aspects of design and construction planning are described. The design includes the handling of special hydraulic problems such as dilution and salt water removal. The construction planning foreshadows the extensive use of tunnelling machines including roadheaders and a full face tunnel boring machine. The offshore engineering describes the design and testing of innovative G R P risers and diffusers, and their intended installation by a semi–submersible drill ship using standard oil field techniques. The cost estimate and program is included.
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Sann, Alan, and Edward C. Wayment. "PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM HYDROCARBON POLLUTION—AN INTEGRATED PLANNING APPROACH FOR OIL TERMINALS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-589.
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ABSTRACT In South Australia, the newest Australian liquid hydrocarbon marine export terminal has been completed in record time. The terminal services domestic and export trade in crude oil, condensate and liquified petroleum gases while operating within a gulf which supports a major shellfish and scalefish industry, and a small but growing recreation market. The Terminal Operator has undertaken an integrated, rational, and cost-effective environmental protection strategy based on planning studies designed to ensure government and community approval for the facility. The study subject areas include: oil slick trajectory forecasting, ballast water diffuser outfall performance, prawn taint testing, coastal habitat sensitivity rating and mapping, oil spill response equipment selection and deployment strategies, equipment field trials, and industry-government consultative groups.
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Schrale, G., R. Boardman, and M. J. Blaskett. "Investigating Land Based Disposal of Bolivar Reclaimed Water, South Australia." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0022.
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The Bolivar Sewage Treatment Works (STW) processes the urban and industrial sewage from the northern and eastern suburbs of Adelaide. The treatment capacity is equivalent to the sewage production of 1.1 million people. The disposal of more than 40 000 ML of reclaimed water into the sea has caused a progressive degradation of about 950 ha of seagrass beds which threatens the sustainability of the fisheries and marine ecosystems of Gulf St. Vincent. The current practice will no longer be viable to achieve compliance with the SA Marine Environment Protection Act, 1990. A Inter-Departmental Working Party recommmended that the Bolivar reclaimed water be disposed by irrigation of suitable land on the coastal plains north of Adelaide. They proposed the construction of two pipelines: a 12 km long pipeline to extend the distribution of reclaimed water in the most intense portion of the 3 500 hectares of irrigated horticulture on the Northern Adelaide Plains, and a second, 18 km long pipeline to deliver the remainder to a more northerly site for irrigation of an estimated 4 000 hectares of hardwood plantations. The paper summarizes the findings as they relate to public health, environmental, technical and financial aspects of land based disposal. Land based disposal would completely eliminate the marine degradation and also arrest the over-use of the NAP underground water resources for horticulture. The total net costs over thirty years for land based disposal are about $ 21.8 million. The ‘horticultural' pipeline of the land based disposal scheme is expected to be commercially viable. A shortfall in revenue from the afforestation component is expected and may need to be considered as an environmental cost of ceasing marine disposal.
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Greenway, Margaret, and John S. Simpson. "Artificial wetlands for wastewater treatment, water reuse and wildlife in Queensland, Australia." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0678.
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Queensland, Australia has a subtropical-tropical climate with dry winters and wet monsoonal summers. Arid climatic conditions prevail inland with hot dry days and cold nights. The climatic conditions are conducive to high plant growth rates and hence offer great potential for constructed wetlands for water pollution control. The water (a scarce resource during the dry season and in arid regions) can also be used to irrigate crops, playing fields, parks and gardens or golf courses. The water discharged from the wetlands is also of an acceptable quality to flow into estuarine and riverine environments. Many natural wetlands are only seasonally inundated and during the dry season wildlife has to seek alternative refuges. Artificial wetlands receiving sewage effluent provide permanent wildlife habitats and improve the landscape amenity. The Queensland government's Department of Primary Industries has initiated an Artificial Wetlands for Water Pollution Research Program. Under this scheme 10 experimental pilot artificial wetlands have been established and a further 6 university research projects are being conducted on various aspects of artificial wetlands including nutrient and heavy metal uptake and bioavailability in wetland plants, sediment biogeochemistry and mass balances. One gold mine rehabilitation project has an artificial wetland to treat mine leachate. This paper presents 3 case studies which include significant results with respect to wastewater polishing and re-use.
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Jia, Ling, Hong Gan, and Chang Hai Qin. "Review of Research on Water Accounting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 911–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.911.
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Current progress of water accounting was reviewed systematically in the paper. The result of water accounting is outstanding in some countries abroad, like Australia, South Africa, and European Union (EU) countries. In China, the exploratory research appeared in the 1990s. The study showed that theoretical framework of water resource accounting is basically formed, and research on physical accounting of water resources is abundant. However, some aspects, such as estimate of value, compilation of water economy accounts, and coupling between water resources accounting and national economic accounting system need improvement, which can provide methodological support for the water accounting system and valuable reference for integrated environmental economic accounting system (SEEA).
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Xiaoliang, Dong. "Ship Energy Saving And Emission Reduction." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016501017.
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At present, the energy issue is a common problem faced by all industries. The use of effective energy-saving and emission reduction methods in the shipping process can save the cost of shipping. As the price of oil on ships continues to rise, energy-saving technologies for ship power stations and electrical equipment have attracted widespread attention. The use of energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies can save energy consumption, reduce environmental pollution caused by the shipping process, and obtain both economic and environmental benefits. This article briefly describes the importance of energy saving and emission reduction of ship power stations and electrical equipment on board. It explains the application of specific energy saving and emission reduction methods from the aspects of ballast water system modification, installation of desulfurization system and application of frequency conversion energy saving technology.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ballast water – Environmental aspects – Australia"
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杜家敏 and Ka-man Tootsie To. "The environmental impacts of port and harbour activities: ballast water management." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255334.
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Heshmatti, Gholam Ali. "Plant and soil indicators for detecting zones around water points in arid perennial chenopod shrublands of South Australia /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh584.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Botany, 1997.Errata page is behind title page (p. i). Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-156).
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Nolting, Janine. "Proposed South African management framework for the implementation of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003907.
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South Africa, strategically situated at the southern tip of Africa, is edged on three sides by almost 3000 km of coastline surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean (South African Tourism, 2011). This vast ocean expanse is responsible for conveying approximately 96% of South Africa’s exports (Brand South Africa, 2011). Despite the positive economic effects of the shipping industry, translocation of harmful organisms and pathogens via ballast water and sediments inside ballast water tanks has far reaching global environmental (and economic) impacts (Oliviera, 2008:1; David and Gollasch, 2008:1966). Ballast water is the water that is taken on in order to manage the draft of the ship, to help with propulsion, manoeuvrability, trim control, list and stability (Oliviera, 2008:2). The discharge of ballast water into the world’s oceans has resulted in the transfer of ecologically harmful sea-life into non-native environments (IMO, 2011), resulting in major environmental threats to our oceans (Bax, Williamson, Aguero, Gonzalez and Geeves, 2003:313). Various international documents have been developed to deal with the ballast water issue, culminating in the introduction of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (“the Convention”) in 2004. The Convention aims at achieving a reduction in the transfer and subsequent impacts of aquatic organisms via the ballast water and sediment of ships. On a local level, South Africa does not have direct legislation or regulations dealing with ballast water (Duncan, 2007:34) and relies on the combination of a number of pieces of legislation relating to environmental management, coastal management, biodiversity, alien invasive species control, port control and ship safety (National Environmental Management Act, 1998, National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004, National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 2009, National Ports Act, 2005 and Merchant Shipping Act, 1951). Although the Convention was ratified by South Africa in 2008 (Department of International Relations and Cooperation, 2011) it is still not in force and there still exists no other consolidated legal mechanism through which ballast water is managed. This research has investigated the various roles, responsibilities and mandates of South African competent authorities under the aforementioned legislation in managing ballast water, and has determined that there is definite legislative and institutional fragmentation as well as overlaps. A comparative analysis of management frameworks developed both locally and internationally was conducted in order to develop a management framework for ballast water management in South Africa. Various legislative, institutional and functional aspects were identified and adapted for inclusion in a South African management framework. A co-ordinated approach to ballast water management has been developed in the management framework which is anticipated to result in more definitive roles and responsibilities of the various South African departments involved in the management of ballast water and implementation of the Convention.
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Gherardi, Mark James. "Availability and management of manganese and water in bauxite residue revegetation." University of Western Australia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Discipline Group, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0038.
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[Truncated abstract] Industrial processing to refine alumina from bauxite ore produces millions of tonnes of refining residue each year in Australia. Revegetation of bauxite residue sand (BRS) is problematic for a number of reasons. Harsh chemical conditions caused by residual NaOH from ore digestion mean plants must overcome extremely high pH (initially >12), saline and sodic conditions. At such high pH, manganese (Mn) is rapidly oxidised from Mn2+ to Mn4+. Plants can take up only Mn2+. Thus, Mn deficiency is common in plants used for direct BRS revegetation, and broadcast Mn fertilisers have low residual value. Added to this, physical conditions of low water-holding capacity and a highly compactable structure make BRS unfavourable for productive plant growth without constant and large inputs of water as well as Mn. However, environmental regulations stipulate that the residue disposal area at Pinjarra, Western Australia, be revegetated to conform with surrounding land uses. The major land use of the area is pasture for grazing stock. Hence, pasture revegetation with minimum requirement for fertiliser and water application is desirable. This thesis investigates a number of avenues with potential for maintaining a productive pasture system on BRS whilst reducing the current level of Mn fertiliser and irrigation input. Emphasis was placed on elucidation of chemical and physical factors affecting Mn availability to plants in BRS
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Szota, Christopher. "Root morphology, photosynthesis, water relations and development of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) in response to soil constraints at restores bauxite mines in south-western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0058.
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Bauxite mining is a major activity in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) forest of south-western Australia. After mining, poor tree growth can occur in some areas. This thesis aimed to determine whether soil constraints, including reduced depth and compaction, were responsible for poor tree growth at low-quality restored bauxite mines. In particular, this study determined the response of jarrah root morphology, leaf-scale physiology and growth/development to soil constraints at two contrasting (low-quality and high-quality) restored bauxite-mine sites. Jarrah root excavations at a low-quality restored site revealed that deep-ripping equipment failed to penetrate the cemented lateritic subsoil, causing coarse roots to be restricted to the top 0.5 m of the soil profile, resulting in fewer and smaller jarrah trees. An adjacent area within the same mine pit (high-quality site) had a kaolinitic clay subsoil, which coarse roots were able to penetrate to the average ripping depth of 1.5 m. Impenetrable subsoil prevented development of taproots at the low-quality site, with trees instead producing multiple lateral and sinker roots. Trees in riplines, made by deep-ripping, at the high-quality site accessed the subsoil via a major taproot, while those on crests developed large lateral and sinker roots. Bauxite mining is a major activity in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) forest of south-western Australia. After mining, poor tree growth can occur in some areas. This thesis aimed to determine whether soil constraints, including reduced depth and compaction, were responsible for poor tree growth at low-quality restored bauxite mines. In particular, this study determined the response of jarrah root morphology, leaf-scale physiology and growth/development to soil constraints at two contrasting (low-quality and high-quality) restored bauxite-mine sites. Jarrah root excavations at a low-quality restored site revealed that deep-ripping equipment failed to penetrate the cemented lateritic subsoil, causing coarse roots to be restricted to the top 0.5 m of the soil profile, resulting in fewer and smaller jarrah trees. An adjacent area within the same mine pit (high-quality site) had a kaolinitic clay subsoil, which coarse roots were able to penetrate to the average ripping depth of 1.5 m. Impenetrable subsoil prevented development of taproots at the low-quality site, with trees instead producing multiple lateral and sinker roots. Trees in riplines, made by deep-ripping, at the high-quality site accessed the subsoil via a major taproot, while those on crests developed large lateral and sinker roots.
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French, Rachel. "Modelling urban runoff : volume and pollutant concentration of the Barker Inlet Wetland Catchment." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENS/09ensf875.pdf.
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Bibliography :leaves 158-171. A monitoring program, funded by the South Australian government (through the former MFP Development Corporation), was established to monitor the quality and quantity of storm water entering and leaving the wetland. This study formed part of the funded program. Simple regression models were developed; and will assist in the monitoring of performance of the wetland to alleviate the pollutant load into the Barker Inlet.
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Bleby, Timothy Michael. "Water use, ecophysiology and hydraulic architecture of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) growing on mine rehabilitation sites in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0004.
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[Truncated abstract. Please see the pdf format for the complete text. Also, formulae and special characters can only be approximated here. Please see the pdf version for an accurate reproduction.] This thesis examines the water use, ecophysiology and hydraulic architecture of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) growing on bauxite mine rehabilitation sites in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia. The principal objective was to characterise the key environment and plant-based influences on tree water use, and to better understand the dynamics of water use over a range of spatial and temporal scales in this drought-prone ecosystem. A novel sap flow measurement system (based on the use of the heat pulse method) was developed so that a large number of trees could be monitored concurrently in the field. A validation experiment using potted jarrah saplings showed that rates of sap flow (transpiration) obtained using this system agreed with those obtained gravimetrically. Notably, diurnal patterns of transpiration were measured accurately and with precision using the newly developed heat ratio method. Field studies showed that water stress and water use by jarrah saplings on rehabilitation sites were strongly seasonal: being greatest in summer when it was warm and dry, and least in winter when it was cool and wet. At different times, water use was influenced by soil water availability, vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and plant hydraulic conductance. In some areas, there was evidence of a rapid decline in transpiration in response to dry soil conditions. At the end of summer, most saplings on rehabilitation sites were not water stressed, whereas water status in the forest was poor for small saplings but improved with increasing size. It has been recognised that mature jarrah trees avoid drought by having deep root systems, however, it appears that saplings on rehabilitation sites may have not yet developed functional deep roots, and as such, they may be heavily reliant on moisture stored in surface soil horizons. Simple predictive models of tree water use revealed that stand water use was 74 % of annual rainfall at a high density (leaf area index, LAI = 3.1), high rainfall (1200 mm yr-1) site, and 12 % of rainfall at a low density (LAI = 0.4), low rainfall (600 mm yr-1) site, and that water use increased with stand growth. A controlled field experiment confirmed that: (1) sapling transpiration was restricted as root-zone water availability declined, irrespective of VPD; (2) transpiration was correlated with VPD when water was abundant; and (3) transpiration was limited by soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance when water was abundant and VPD was high (> 2 kPa). Specifically, transpiration was regulated by stomatal conductance. Large stomatal apertures could sustain high transpiration rates, but stomata were sensitive to hydraulic perturbations caused by soil water deficits and/or high evaporative demand. No other physiological mechanisms conferred immediate resistance to drought. Empirical observations were agreeably linked with a current theory suggesting that stomata regulate transpiration and plant water potential in order to prevent hydraulic dysfunction following a reduction in soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance. Moreover, it was clear that plant hydraulic capacity determined the pattern and extent of stomatal regulation. Differences in hydraulic capacity across a gradient in water availability were a reflection of differences in root-to-leaf hydraulic conductance, and were possibly related to differences in xylem structure. Saplings on rehabilitation sites had greater hydraulic conductance (by 50 %) and greater leaf-specific rates of transpiration at the high rainfall site (1.5 kg m-2 day1) than at the low rainfall site (0.8 kg m-2 day1) under near optimal conditions. Also, rehabilitation-grown saplings had significantly greater leaf area, leaf area to sapwood area ratios and hydraulic conductance (by 30-50 %) compared to forest-grown saplings, a strong indication that soils in rehabilitation sites contained more water than soils in the forest. Results suggested that: (1) the hydraulic structure and function of saplings growing under the same climatic conditions was determined by soil water availability; (2) drought reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration by reducing whole-tree hydraulic conductance; and (3) saplings growing on open rehabilitation sites utilised more abundant water, light and nutrients than saplings growing in the forest understorey. These findings support a paradigm that trees evolve hydraulic equipment and physiological characteristics suited to the most efficient use of water from a particular spatial and temporal niche in the soil environment.
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Grigg, Alasdair M. "An ecophysiological approach to determine problems associated with mine-site rehabilitation : a case study in the Great Sandy Desert, north-western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0118.
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[Truncated abstract] Establishment of vegetation and ecosystem functioning is central to the mitigation of environmental impacts associated with mining operations. This study investigated the ecophysiological functioning of mature plants in natural vegetation and applied this knowledge to diagnose problems affecting plant health and causes of poor plant cover at a mine-rehabilitation site. Ecophysiological parameters, including plant water relations and mineral nutrition, were studied in conjunction with soil physical, hydraulic and chemical properties. The natural ecosystem at the study location in the Great Sandy Desert is characterised by sand dunes and interdunes with distinct plant communities on each. One of the most notable features of the vegetation is the presence of large Corymbia chippendalei trees high on the dunes and relatively small scattered shrubs in the interdunes. Triodia grasses (spinifex), dominate the vegetation in both habitats but different species occur in each; T. schinzii is restricted entirely to the dunes, and T. basedowii occurs only in the interdunes. It was hypothesised that the deep sandy dunes afford greater water availability but lower nutrient supply to plants in this habitat compared with those occurring in the lower landscape position of the interdunes. Water-relations parameters (leaf water potentials, stomatal conductance, d13C) revealed that dune plants, particularly woody species, displayed higher water status and water use than closely related and often congeneric plants in the interdunes. Nutrient concentrations in soils were significantly higher in the interdunes, but concentrations in foliage were similar for related species between habitats. It is concluded that the dunes provide a greater store of accessible water than the soil profile in the interdunes. ... Following an experimental wetting pulse equivalent to a summer cyclone event, A. ancistrocarpa plants displayed significant increases in stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and sap velocity in lateral roots within three days of irrigation at the natural site and two days at the rehabilitation site. Secondary sinker roots originating from distal sections of lateral roots were evidently supplying water to maintain hydraulic function in laterals, thus enabling a fast pulse response. This was accentuated at the rehabilitation site where roots were confined closer to the surface. These results indicate that plants at the rehabilitation site are more dependent on small pulses of water and have less access to deep reserves than plants at the natural site. It is concluded that high runoff losses and insufficient soil depth are major factors contributing to plant water stress, and combined with the direct impacts of erosion, are largely responsible for plant death and ultimately poor plant cover. These issues can be alleviated if cover soil depth is increased to more than 0.5 m and slope angles are reduced to <12o. This study demonstrates the value of an ecophysiological approach for diagnosing problems affecting plant establishment at mine-rehabilitation sites. Furthermore, it has provided recommendations that will improve the rehabilitation strategy and lead to the development of a well vegetated, resilient ecosystem on a stable and non-polluting land form.
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Murphy, Kathleen Ruth Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Naturally-occurring chemical tracers in seawater and their application to verifying mid-ocean ballast water exchange." 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40741.
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Recent regulation mandates that ships conduct mid ocean ballast water exchange (BWE) prior to discharging foreign ballast in territorial waters of Australia, the U.S. and elsewhere. The enforcement of ballast water exchange legislation is undermined, however, by a lack of sensitive and reliable methods for verifying compliance. One way to assess compliance is to compare the concentrations of chemical tracers in ballast tanks with their known distributions in the open ocean. In this work, dissolved organic matter and trace elements are investigated as potential tracers of mid-ocean ballast water exchange on commercial voyages in the North Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) are frequently used as tracers of water masses in bays and estuaries. Characterization of the underlying fluorescence spectra in seawater dissolved organic matter was performed using parallel factor analysis, allowing the identification of at least nine independently varying fluorescent components present in varying concentrations in the ocean and in ballast water. Two of the humic components were terrestrial in origin and their signals could be traced in the open ocean (Pacific and Atlantic) at levels of approximately 1.5% of riverine concentrations. One humic terrestrial component was sufficient for predicting the coastal vs. oceanic source of most ballast water samples, suggesting that single and dual channel fluorometers could be optimized for verifying ballast water exchange. Barium, manganese and phosphorus were also investigated as potential tracers. Measurements of Ba and P obtained via engine-cooling pipes on commercial vessels were consistent with previous oceanographic measurements. While Ba behaved conservatively in ballast water, concentrations of phosphorus fluctuated and Mn was removed in ballast tanks over time. Ba and P demonstrated considerable promise as ballast water tracers, exhibiting predictable concentrations in exchanged ballast tanks, given a priori knowledge of the ocean (Atlantic versus Pacific) in which BWE was performed.
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Calitz, Fiona. "The status of ballast water management in the ports of South Africa." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11129.
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Ballast water discharged from ships is considered to be one of the four biggest
threats to oceans, as alien species, detrimental to the marine ecosystems, are
introduced into domestic waters via ballast. Nevertheless, eight years after its
adoption, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship’s
Ballast Water and Sediments of 2004 remains unenforced. In the interim, the IMO
has encouraged member countries to implement national ballast water policies in
order to reduce the risk of alien invasions into their waters. South Africa was
chosen as one of six countries in the world to participate as a pilot country for the
GloBallast programme which was conducted in Saldanha Bay between 2000 and
2004. The purpose of the GloBallast programme was to assist developing
countries to understand, develop and implement control measures relating to ships
ballast water within their ports. The outcome of the risk assessment completed
during the programme was that South Africa needed to implement a mandatory
ballast water reporting system. The purpose of this study is to examine the status
of ballast water management in the ports of South Africa and to determine the
progress made since South Africa participated in the GloBallast programme. The
methodology used in this study included questionnaires distributed to industry
experts and the full population of Ships Agents that are members of the South
African Association of Ship Operations and Agents. The findings show that whilst
each port is reported to have a ballast water management plan; only three of the
eight potential plans could be produced. Two of these plans, belonging to the ecosensitive
ports of Ngqura and Saldanha Bay, were proven to be well-known
amongst the agents. The other ports, however, reflected a weak 50% and lower
level of awareness. It was further determined that the ships agents are largely
unaware of the responsibilities placed upon them by these plans. The findings
further revealed that these regulations have not been monitored or enforced and
presently ballast water management would appear to be merely a paper exercise.
Those ships agents who are aware and comply with the requirements report that
they have never had a problem with obtaining approval to discharge ballast.
Recent developments in July 2012 show that the Department of Transport has
assembled a team to further develop legislation and regulations to address ballast
water management in South Africa.Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.
Books on the topic "Ballast water – Environmental aspects – Australia"
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Workshop on Regional Ballast Water Management (2002 Boston, Mass.). Ballast water management workshop: Regional solutions : September 26, 2002, Boston, Massachusetts. Cambridge, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sea Grant College Program, 2003.
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Gramling, Jessica. Ballast water and shipping patterns in Puget Sound: Considerations for siting of alternative ballast water exchange zones. Olympia, Wash: Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team, 2000.
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Victoria. Parliament. Environment and Natural Resources Committee. Report on ballast water and hull fouling in Victoria. Melbourne, Vic: Victorian Govt. Printer, 1997.
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Protecting our Great Lakes: Ballast water and the impact of invasive species : hearing before the Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, September 9, 2005. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.
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Erkki, Leppäkoski, and Librando Gaetano, eds. The international law on ballast water: Preventing biopollution. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.
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Ballast Water Management Act of 2005: Report of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on S. 363. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.
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Bourgeois, Myriam. Évolution du trafic maritime en provenance de l'étranger dans le Saint-Laurent de 1978 à 1996 et implications pour les risques d'introduction d'espèces aquatiques non indigènes. Mont-Joli, Québec: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2001.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation. Ballast water management: New international standards and National Invasive Species Act reauthorization : joint hearing before the Subcommittees on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation and Water Resources and Environment of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, March 25, 2004. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.
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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the St. Lawrence Seaway:Options to Eliminate Introduction of Nonindigenous Species into the Great Lakes, Phase 2. Great Lakes shipping, trade, and aquatic invasive species. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2008.
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Ballast water management and reduction of air pollution from ships: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, July 11, 2006. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.
Find full textConference papers on the topic "Ballast water – Environmental aspects – Australia"
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Hosseini, SayedMohammad, Yongwen Tan, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "Forward-Looking Infrared Radiometry (FLIR) Application for Detecting Ballast Fouling." In 2020 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2020-8032.
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Abstract This paper is intended to assess the practical aspects of the previously proposed approach for detecting railroad ballast fouling using an off-the-shelf Forward-Looking Infrared Radiometry (FLIR) Technology. FLIR is among the technologies that are becoming more prevalent in railroad applications [1,2]. The method discussed in this paper takes advantage of the temperature differences measured by the FLIR camera between the top surface of clean and partially fouled ballast samples as an indicator of fouling. The method is intended to potentially serve as an efficient and time-effective manner for detecting early stages of ballast fouling prior to it requiring a costly intervention. Ballast fouling is a common maintenance-of-way issue for the railroad industry, which occurs as a result of contaminants clogging up the ballast and preventing water drainage. The water retained at the sublayers diminishes the strength of the foundation and could result in other undesirable conditions such as clay pumping and reduced track strength. In this study, experiments are performed to study the thermal behavior and characteristics of clean, and partially- and fully-fouled ballast using a FLIR camera. The FLIR camera is set up in a stationary configuration for ease of testing and also providing a more direct approach to analyzing the data, to keep the test conditions highly repeatable and reduce any environmental variations. The results indicate that the cooling and heating rate at the top surface for clean, partially fouled, and fouled ballast are different during the daily heat-up cycle. It is determined that although the FLIR camera is able to measure some changes in the ballast temperature for the fouling conditions that are evaluated in the study, the differences may be within the range of variations that could occur in field conditions. The paper includes the range of measured temperature by the FLIR camera and discusses the pros and cons of using this approach in practice. Additional field testing is needed to validate or dispute the initial findings of the study.
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Tian, Zhigang (Kevin), Branka Radanovic, Otto DaSilva, Blair Kirkland, Glenn Mediamolle, and Pete Cruz. "Fast Riser Installation: A Field Proven, Safe and Efficient Riser Pull-in Technology." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18056.
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Abstract A technical study of an innovative steel catenary riser (SCR) installation technology is presented in this paper. This installation technology maneuvers the hull through ballasting to align its riser porch with the riser, which is philosophically different from conventional riser installation that relies on an array of tugging winches to catch and pull riser into positions of the riser porches. The technology has been applied to the installation of eight SCRs on the Delta House production semi-submersible (second end) and, subsequently, five tieback SCRs (first end). We demonstrate that equipment arrangement, riser adaptor fabrication, and ballasting process remain the same for both first end and second end operations, resulting in a robust solution for riser installation. The technology has been proven safe in operations and efficient in saving installation time and cost. This paper focuses on the technical aspects of the riser installation technology, from concept development, technical qualification, to numerical simulations. Vessel positioning and riser-hull clearance during all steps of riser pull-in and installation, as well as planning for ballast water transfer required throughout the process, is prepared with an in-house program based on rigid body rotation. Numerical simulations are performed to identify critical stages of the riser pull-in and to examine the clearance from the pull-in wire or the riser to the hull. The dependence of the minimum clearance on a few parameters related to riser installation is determined and discussed. More numerical simulations are performed to assess the vessel motion response and its dynamic effect on riser-hull clearance and to establish environmental limits for riser installation operation. Discussions are provided for potential challenges of the technology when it is applied to different production and export risers in various water depths.