Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ballast water

Academic literature on the topic 'Ballast water'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Ballast water"

1

Duggan, Ian C., Colin DA van Overdijk, Sarah A. Bailey, Philip T. Jenkins, Helene Limén, and Hugh J. MacIsaac. "Invertebrates associated with residual ballast water and sediments of cargo-carrying ships entering the Great Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-160.

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Most ships entering the Great Lakes carry cargo and declare “no-ballast-on board” (NOBOB) status. Approximately 250 of these vessels annually load Great Lakes’ ballast water when they offload inbound cargo and then discharge this water (which has now mixed with residual water previously present in the tanks) when they load outbound cargo. This procedure potentially allows nonindigenous species present in ballast residuals to invade the Great Lakes. We collected residual sediment, water, and associated organisms from 38 NOBOB ships entering the Great Lakes. We recorded seven established Great Lakes’ nonindigenous species, including some discovered since ballast water exchange was implemented. Occurrences of species not yet invaded indicate that this vector provides further opportunity for invasion. Collectively, NOBOB vessels appear to constitute a greater risk than ballasted vessels, as they make up a greater proportion of the traffic entering the lakes (~90%), and they do not undergo ballast exchange. Invertebrates in residual water appear to have a greater opportunity for discharge than those in sediments, although most in the water fraction have already invaded this system. Invertebrate numbers in residual freshwater ballast could be dramatically lowered if these vessels flushed with open-ocean water prior to entering the Great Lakes.
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Diasamidze, M., and A. Shotadze. "Ballast water management and their system processing." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 31, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2019.1.11.

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Ballast water provides stability and maneuverability to a ship. Large ships can carry millions of gallons of ballast water. Ballast water discharged by ships can have a negative impact on the marine environment. There are thousands of marine species that may be carried in ships’ ballast water; In order to reduce the risk of new introductions of exotic species, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediments in 2004. This Convention aims ‘to continue the development of safer and more effective Ballast Water Management options that will result in continued prevention, minimization and ultimate elimination of the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens’. To prevent possible invasions, organisms should not be discharged from ballast tanks. This can be achieved by treating the ballast water, for instance by killing organisms that are travelling in the ballast water.
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Gollasch, Stephan, and Matej David. "Sampling Methodologies and Approaches for Ballast Water Management Compliance Monitoring." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 23, no. 5 (January 26, 2012): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v23i5.158.

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The human-mediated transfer of harmful organisms via shipping, especially via ballast water transport, has raised considerable attention especially in the last decade due to the negative associated impacts. Ballast water sampling is important to assess the compliance with ballast water management requirements (i.e. compliance monitoring). The complexity of ballast water sampling is a result of organism diversity and behaviour which may require different sampling strategies, as well as ship design implications including availability of ballast water sampling points. This paper discusses the ballast water sampling methodologies with emphasis on compliance monitoring by the Port State Control officers according to the International Convention on the Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004. KEY WORDS: maritime transport, compliance control, port state control, ballast water sampling, ballast water management
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Liu, Hangning. "Study on Ship Ballast Water Treatment Methods." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 72 (December 15, 2023): 783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/kyy8mm53.

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With the rise of the world's maritime industry, the ecological and environmental concerns produced by ballast water discharges from ships are growing more and more significant, and can be hazardous to marine ecosystems, the marine economy, and human health. The ballast water management (BWM) convention from the International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets the rules for ballast water discharge and the two methods of ballast water exchange and ballast water treatment. Common types of ballast water management technology are introduced in this paper and the pros and cons of specific types of technology are explained. The research of this paper demonstrates that it is difficult for a single ballast water treatment system to achieve the D-2 discharge standard established in the BWM. More and more countries are increasingly supporting more efficient and environmentally friendly ballast water combination treatment systems. This paper may offer a reference for the development of ballast water treatment technology.
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Duc Bui, Viet, Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen, and Dinh Tuyen Nguyen. "A STUDY OF SHIP BALLAST WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES." Water Conservation & Management 5, no. 2 (2021): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2021.121.130.

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Ballast is a commonly used solution to ensure the stability and balance of ships during voyages. The volume of ballast water that is circulated by ships between different seas is extremely large, with which a lot of creatures move along. Organisms that follow the ballast water to a new environment mostly have a negative impact on the ecosystem there. Good ballast water management is an important measure to ensure that organisms do not migrate with the ballast water to other areas. Ballast water management requires specific regulations and regulatory policies that are relevant and applicable globally. The International Convention on the Control and Management of Ballast Water and Ship Sediments, adopted in 2004, has specified issues for ballast water management. Ballast water treatment technologies and techniques need to be studied so that the ballast water after treatment meets the requirements of the convention. This paper presents an overview of the technological and technical solutions currently being applied to treat ballast water to meet the requirements of the convention and points out the advantages and limitations of each solution. In the discussion, the authors also present a solution that combines many different ballast water treatment methods. This is a very effective solution, both technically and cost-effectively. The combined solution can be applied in the future to effectively treat ship ballast water.
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Dachev, Yuriy, Miroslav Tsvetkov, and Valentin Zlatev. "Ship Ballast Water Treatment." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (February 2, 2021): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.11.

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Ships use ballast water to ensure their buoyancy and stability. A significant amount of them is transported in various water basins of the World Ocean. Thus, together with ballast water, many microorganisms, phytoplankton and zooplankton are transported. The constant increase in the number of ships in the World Merchant Navy increases the risk of the spread of these invasive species in the local aquatic environment. This led to the decision of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to legalize the control and treatment of ships' ballast water in order to minimize the risks of the spread of these invasive species.. Their transfer through ballast water to a new water environment is estimated as one of the 4 largest treats for the World Ocean. The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ballast Water and Sediments plays an essential role in the control of ballasting and de-ballasting processes. It regulates the D-1 and D-2 standards, as well as various ballast water treatment systems. Improving the possibility of subsequent change in the application of invasive species, the only way to solve this problem, is to fully prepare for ballast water and to develop alternative methods to ensure the buoyancy and resilience of ships.
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Krishnamrthy, Venkat, Subhash Sawant, and Arga Chandrashekar Anil. "Ballast Water Risk Assessment: the Indian experience." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, no. 1-2 (September 15, 2018): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.469.

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The Ballast Water Risk Assessment serves as a “Decision Support System” for any given port to take appropriate ballast water management actions. Risk assessment involves collation of data from the ballast water reporting forms to identify the source of ballast water. The environmental characteristics of the source and recipient ports are utilized to evaluate the similarities. This is then combined with other risk factors, including voyage duration and risk species to gain a preliminary indication of the overall risk posed by each source port. The results will help in evaluating the risk posed by ballast water introductions, and decide whether to apply a blanket or selective ballast water management regime. The experience in India with ballast water risk assessment showed that manually submitted ballast water reporting forms were ridden with inaccuracies. Self-validating electronic ballast water reporting forms (e-BWRF) were introduced to overcome such inaccuracies. Our experience with the risk assessment conducted in an Indian port Visakhapatnam, suggests that the local ports pose higher risk of introduction. However, under such circumstances a risk reduction factor was introduced in the method to counter geographical proximities. The paper provides lessons learnt through ballast water risk assessment and the necessary corrective actions taken thereof.
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Iswantoro, A., Semin, T. Pitana, M. B. Zaman, and F. I. Ahsan. "Ballast Water Treatment with Heat Exchanger Modeling Simulation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1198, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1198/1/012026.

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Abstract Pollution of the marine environment has become a global issue, including marine pollution from ballast water. The impact is it can damage ecosystems and even affect humans. Therefore, pollution from ballast water is something that must be prevented by ballast water treatment. In this research, the author carried out a modeling simulation on a heat exchanger with a mechanical-type ballast water treatment method by utilizing the heat generated by the ship’s engine. Heat is used to kill microorganisms. So that the ballast water becomes cleaner than without treatment. In this research, the calculation of the need for heat exchangers on certain types of ships with certain sizes is carried out. In this calculation, the ship used is a container type with 3 categories based on cargo capacity and ballast tank capacity. Then the heat from the exhaust gases is used to heat the ballast water of the ship. The simulation results show that the maximum ballast water temperature of each ship category is in the range of 68-75 C. With this temperature, it is sufficient to kill and reduce microorganisms in the ballast water.
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., Nurfadillah, Haeruddin ., and Pujiono Wahyu Purnomo. "Ecosystem-based merchant ship ballast water management strategy in Soekarno Hatta Port Makassar, Indonesia." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation 4, no. 6 (2023): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54660/.ijmrge.2023.4.6.419-424.

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Soekarno Hatta International Port is located in Makassar city, South Sulawesi province. Many national and international ships carry out operational activities at the port. Ballast water on ships is used as ballast to maintain ship stability when the cargo is empty or half filled. Ballast water exchange is still carried out when the ship is docked and carrying out operational activities at the port. This process has potential environmental impacts, because the disposal of ship ballast water is classified as waste. Ship ballast water often contains contaminated oil, harmful pathogens, and the exchange of marine organisms that have different habitats. The purpose of this study is to determine the appropriate alternative strategy in the management of ship ballast water in port of Soekarno Hatta. This research is descriptive qualitative, which is research that intends to describe a phenomenon and the research technique used is SWOT analysis. Based on the SWOT analysis, the management of commercial ship ballast water at Soekarno Hatta Port Makassar is in the first quadrant, namely the aggressive strategy. The position of internal and external factors in the ballast water management sub-sector in this quadrant shows that strengths and opportunities are more dominant than weaknesses and threats. The resulting strategies include: carrying out training and training for ship crews on the importance of commercial ship ballast water management, checking ballast water carried out regularly by stakeholders, socializing the management of commercial ship ballast water by stakeholders, and confirming the rules related to the management of commercial ship ballast water at Soekarno Hatta Port in order to maintain its ecosystem.
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Arif, Mohammad Sholikhan, Hesty Anita Kurniawati, and M. Nurul Misbah. "ANALISA TEKNIS DAN EKONOMIS PEMILIHAN MANAJEMEN AIR BALLAS PADA KAPAL (SHIP BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT) DI INDONESIA." Kapal 13, no. 3 (November 19, 2016): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kpl.v13i3.12351.

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Peraturan yang mengatur dan manajemen dari air ballas dikeluarkan oleh IMO (International Maritime Organization) melalui konvensi Manajemen air ballas. Konvensi tersebut menyatakan bahwa organisme yang berbahaya terhadap lingkungan, kesehatan manusia, properti atau sumber daya merusak keanekaragaman hayati atau mengganggu pemanfaatan terhadap suatu area jika dilepaskan di air laut. Pemerintah Republik Indonesia mengeluarkan Peraturan Presiden No. 132 tahun 2015 mengenai pengesahan Konvensi internasional untuk pengendalian dan manajemen air ballas dan sedimen dari kapal 2004 (The International Convention for the control and management of ships ballast water and sediment’s 2004). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa sejauh mana kesiapan Indonesia dalam ratifikasi peraturan (come into force) Ballast water Management serta dampak yang diakibatkan setelah peraturan tersebut diratifikasi. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan 3 pendekatan yaitu dari aspek hukum, aspek teknis dan aspek ekonomis. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 21 Tahun 2010 tentang Perlindungan Lingkungan Maritim sebagai jabaran dari Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran, telah sejalan dengan Konvensi Internasional untuk Pengendalian dan Manajemen Air Ballas dan Sedimen dari Kapal, 2004 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 1985 tentang pengesahan United Nations Convention on the LAW of the Sea (UNCLOS). Serta Penggunaan sistem manajemen air ballas untuk kapal di perairan Indonesia lebih efektif dan efisien menggunakan filtration + electrolysis
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ballast water"

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McCraven, Elizabeth Kathleen. "Electro-disinfection of Ballast Water." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2009. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1095.

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This research validates electro-disinfection as a potential secondary ballast water treatment technology. Electricity applied to bacteria laden water produced bactericidal effects, reactive oxygen species and chlorine generation which annihilated bacteria. Evaluation of electro-disinfection experiments showed titanium electrodes had the maximum kill efficacy while disinfection with aluminum and stainless steel electrodes had lesser kill efficacy. A continuous flow electro-disinfection reactor was evaluated utilizing artificial brackish and fresh ballast water. Brackish water had a 100% bacteria kill efficiency utilizing titanium electrodes at a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Fresh water was augmented with the addition of salt to increase its electrical conductivity from 232 μS/cm to 873 μS/cm to ascertain 100% bacteria kill efficiency with titanium electrodes and a current density of 9.8 mA/cm2.
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Duncan, Judy Lee-Ann. "Ballast Water: Extremely Convenient for the Shipping Industry but Disastrous for Coastal Waters and the Environment: A Study on the Effect of Ballast Water on Various Coasts and the Laws and Regulations in Place Regarding Ballast Water." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4599.

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Wennberg, Aina Charlotte. "PCR-detection of Vibrio cholerae in ballast water." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-6883.

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Pam, Eugene Dung. "Risk-based framework for ballast water safety management." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2010. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5986/.

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Ballast water has been identified as a major vector for the translocation of Non- Indigenous Invasive Species (NIS) and pathogens across zoogeographical regions and subsequent discharged into recipient port states/regions. This is bound to increase given factors like the globalization of trade and the economy of scale of the ship size. Established NIS has posed significant threat to the human health, economy, finances and marine bio-diversity of recipient regions and port states. The risks associated with the discharged NIS are uncertain and difficult to assess due to the stochastic nature of species assemblages and dispersal mechanism. The safest control measure advocated by the IMO is the conduct of ballast water exchange at sea while appropriate and effective proto-type treatment technologies are being developed and approved for future application. This study has been conducted while recognizing the inability of probabilistic approaches applied in ballast water risk management to addressing uncertainty and inadequacy of data. A qualitative approach using powerful multi-criteria decision making techniques and the safety principles of the Formal Safety Assessment framework have been utilized in this research to develop three generic models for ballast water hazard estimation, risk evaluation and decision-making analysis respectively. The models are capable of being modified and utilized in the industry to address the problems of uncertainty and inadequacy of data in ballast water management. This is particularly useful as an interim measure for port states in developing economies (with insufficient data and technology) to developed robust ballast water management plans. While recognising the huge impact of ballast water pollution in recipient regions this study recommends that ballast water management programmes be given due recognition as an important element of sustainable development programmes at national and international levels. The non-availability of a benchmark based on previous research on which to fully validate the research outcome was identified as a major limitation of this research study. The models developed will therefore be subject to modifications as new data become available.
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Pazouki, Kayvan. "Inferential measurement and control of ballast water treatment system." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1433.

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As a result of interaction with the surrounding environment, shipping has become one of the vectors of bio-invasion across the globe. Ballast water is one of the means of bio-invasion from shipping through which microorganisms break through natural barriers and establish in a new location. Shipboard treatment systems are predominately considered as mitigating measures for bio-invasion via a ballast water system. Currently shipboard performance monitoring of ballast water treatment systems, and thus assessment of discharge quality of ballast water as required by the Convention, depends on off-line laboratory assays with long delay analysis. Lack of online measurement sensors to assess the viability of microorganisms after treatment has made monitoring and thus control of ballast water treatment systems difficult. In this study, a methodology was developed, through a mathematical algorithm, to provide an inferential model-based measurement system in order to monitor and thus control non-observable ballast water systems. In the developed inferential measurement the primary output of the treatment system is inferred by using easy to measure secondary output variables and a model relating these two outputs. Data-driven modeling techniques, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), were used to develop an estimator for the small scale UV treatment system based on the data obtained from conducted experiments. The results from ANN showed more accuracy in term of Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Linear Correlation Coefficient (LCC) when compared to the other techniques. The same methodology was implemented to a larger scale treatment system comprising micro-filter and UV reactor. A software-based inferential measurement for online monitoring of the treatment system was then developed. Following monitoring, inferential control of the treatment setup was also accomplished using direct inverse control strategy. A software-based “Decision Making Tool” consisted of two intelligent inverse models, which were used to control treatment flow rate and maintain the effective average UV dose. The results from this study showed that software-based estimation of treatment technologies can provide online measurement and control for ballast water system.
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Hayes, Keith Robert. "Quantitive ecological risk assessment a ballast-water case study." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1230.

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Humphrey, Donald B. "Characterizing ballast water as a vector for nonindigenous zooplankton transport." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2391.

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The global movement of aquatic non-indigenous species can have severe ecological, environmental and economic impacts emphasizing the need to identify potential invaders and transport pathways. Initial transport is arguably the most important stage of the invasion process owing to its role in selectively determining potential invasion candidates. This study characterizes a well defined human-mediated dispersal mechanism, ballast water transport, as a vector for the introduction of non-indigenous zooplankton. Ballast water exchange in the open ocean is the most widely adopted practice for reducing the threat of aquatic invasions and is mandatory for most foreign vessels intending to release ballast in Canadian waters. Ships entering Canadian ports are categorized into the following three shipping classes based on current regulations: overseas vessels carrying exchanged ballast water, intra-coastal vessels carrying exchanged ballast water or intra-coastal vessels carrying un-exchanged ballast water. This study characterizes zooplankton communities associated with each of these shipping classes sampled from ports on Canada’s Pacific coast, Atlantic coast and the Great Lakes Basin. Ballast water samples were collected and analyzed from 77 vessels between 2006 - 2007. The ballast water environment was found to be diverse, with over 193 zooplankton taxa, 71 of which were non-indigenous to their receiving environments. Intracoastal vessels containing un-exchanged coastal water transported the greatest density of non-indigenous zooplankton into Canadian ports. Total zooplankton density was found to be negatively correlated with ballast water age The absence of mandatory ballast water exchange and the younger ballast water age of coastal un-exchanged vessels is likely responsible for the higher density of non-indigenous zooplankton in intracoastal un-exchanged vessels. Propagule pressure, invasion history and environmental suitability are all useful in evaluating invasion potential and all suggest that intracoastal un-exchanged vessels pose the greatest invasion threat to Canadian aquatic ecosystems. In conclusion, although the risk of primary introductions from overseas ports may have been reduced through open-ocean exchange of ballast water, secondary introductions from previously invaded ports in North America may be the primary threat to Canadian aquatic ecosystems via this transport vector.
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Berntzen, Magnus. "Guidelines for selection of a ship ballast water treatment system." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11440.

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The purpose of the thesis was to develop a decision support system for ballast water treatment systems, considering both technical and economical aspects of the system. This was done by developing a two part model, which considers both physical constraint given by the ship, and KPI analysis. In order to test the model, it was applied on two vessels from KGJS fleet; MV Corrella Arrow, a 72.000 DWT general cargo ship, and a cement carrier that is currently being built in Vietnam. For both these ships the model identified 6 – 8 systems that were applicable, but by applying ship specific constraints and additional knowledge of the systems it was possible to eliminate several other systems. As a means to further eliminate systems, a detailed analysis was required. When analysing the operational costs, it was found that installing a treatment system will increase the daily operational costs with $1 - $30, and increase the annual fuel consumption with 1 – 20 tons. This is negligible when compared to the installation and investment cost. For the cement carrier it was that two systems were applicable to the ship; OptiMarin Ballast System and Hyde Guardian. Where Hyde Guardian be too large, OptiMarin Ballast system will have a higher cost. Simplicity have to be considered against cost. For MV Corrella Arrow, WSE Unitor was found to be the best option. However, it should be noted that as the reactor unit is located before the ballast pumps, the negative effects it might have on the ballast pumps should be closely monitored after installation.
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Quílez-Badia, Gemma. "Alien invasions : the introduction of zooplankton via ships' ballast water." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424152.

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Wu, Tongyu. "Investigation of the fracture behaviour of epoxy-based water ballast." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9574.

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The fracture of water ballast tank (WBT) coatings due to thermal stresses is widely recognised as an issue. Upon coating fracture, rapid corrosion of the tanker steel structure will occur, leading to expensive structure repairs or even tanker scrapping. In this project, the fracture behaviour of two experimental WBT coatings, referred to as A and B, in the forms of free film and substrated coatings was investigated. Static tensile tests and fatigue tests of the substrated coatings were performed. A finite element model of coating cracking was developed. Thermal stress and J-integral of surface cracking defects in substrated coatings were calculated using the model, in which the effects of defect size, coating thickness, and thermal strain on coating fracture were investigated. For the first time, fracture mechanics was used to explain WBT coating fracture behaviour. The J-integral of surface defects was used to predict the onset strain of coating cracking under mechanical strains in laboratory and under thermal strains in service. A theoretical comparison between the cracking drive forces in terms of J - integrals in WBT coatings under thermal strains and mechanical strains was performed.
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Books on the topic "Ballast water"

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T, Carlton James, and International Council for the Exploration of the Sea., eds. Ballast water: Ecological and fisheries implications. Copenhagen, Denmark: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 1998.

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David, Matej, and Stephan Gollasch, eds. Global Maritime Transport and Ballast Water Management. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9367-4.

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David, Matej, and Stephan Gollasch, eds. Global Maritime Transport and Ballast Water Management. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48193-2.

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Olsen, Alexander, and Pamela Rossi Ciampolini. Ballast Water Treatment and Exchange for Ships. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56245-7.

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Gramling, Jessica. Ballast water and shipping patterns in Puget Sound: Considerations for siting of alternative ballast water exchange zones. Olympia, Wash: Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team, 2000.

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Workshop on Regional Ballast Water Management (2002 Boston, Mass.). Ballast water management workshop: Regional solutions : September 26, 2002, Boston, Massachusetts. Cambridge, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sea Grant College Program, 2003.

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F, Landrum Peter, United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration., and Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory., eds. Degradation of chemical biocides with application to ballast water treatment. Ann Arbor, Mich: United States Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2003.

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Erkki, Leppäkoski, and Librando Gaetano, eds. The international law on ballast water: Preventing biopollution. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.

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Victoria. Parliament. Environment and Natural Resources Committee. Report on ballast water and hull fouling in Victoria. Melbourne, Vic: Victorian Govt. Printer, 1997.

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Kevin, Anderson, Puget Sound Action Team (Wash.), and Washington (State). Ballast Water Work Group., eds. Ballast water management in Washington State: Recommendations for improvement. Olympia, WA: Puget Sound Action Team, Office of the Governor, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ballast water"

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De Souza, Marlos. "Ballast Water." In Unconventional Water Resources, 213–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90146-2_10.

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Karkori, Fidaa. "Ballast Water Management." In Synthesis Lectures on Ocean Systems Engineering, 217–24. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51667-2_17.

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Olsen, Alexander Arnfinn. "Ballast water management." In Introduction to Ship Engine Room Systems, 229–55. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003321095-22.

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David, Matej, Stephan Gollasch, Brian Elliott, and Chris Wiley. "Ballast Water Management Under the Ballast Water Management Convention." In Global Maritime Transport and Ballast Water Management, 89–108. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9367-4_5.

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David, Matej. "Vessels and Ballast Water." In Global Maritime Transport and Ballast Water Management, 13–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9367-4_2.

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Olsen, Alexander, and Pamela Rossi Ciampolini. "Ballast Water Exchange Requirements." In Synthesis Lectures on Ocean Systems Engineering, 103–14. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56245-7_12.

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Olsen, Alexander, and Pamela Rossi Ciampolini. "Ballast Water Management Plan." In Synthesis Lectures on Ocean Systems Engineering, 119–44. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56245-7_14.

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Abe, Akihisa, and Haruo Mimura. "Sterilization of Ships’ Ballast Water." In Bubble Dynamics and Shock Waves, 339–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34297-4_11.

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Hameedi, Mohammad Jawed. "The ballast water treatment plant." In Environmental Studies in Port Valdez, Alaska: A Basis for Management, 17–38. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ln024p0016.

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Colonell, Joseph M., H. J. Niebauer, and D. L. Nebert. "Processes of ballast water dispersal." In Environmental Studies in Port Valdez, Alaska: A Basis for Management, 39–67. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ln024p0039.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ballast water"

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Merksamer, Marcie. "The Evolving World of BWMS Approvals." In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.014.

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Revisions to the Guideline 8 (G8) type approval procedures for ballast water management systems (BWMS) were recently completed during the seventieth session of the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC 70). Key changes to G8 and their potential to impact the testing and availability of approved BWMS are considered. The additional approvals, such as US Coast Guard type approval, classification society approvals, and flag State approvals that BWMS manufacturers are required to obtain are also proving to be evolutionary. These various BWMS approvals, their complexities and how they interplay with each other are discussed. Further, conceptual solutions related to streamlining BWMS approvals in support of ballast water regulation implementation are presented.
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DiCanna, Debra. "Essential Preparations for compliance and contingency options." In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.001.

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Even though the Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) (referred to herewith as the Convention) has been ratified and a few ballast water management systems (BMWS) have received US Coast Guard (USCG) type approval, many shipowners and operators are reticent to begin the significant process of planning for compliance with ballast water discharge and performance standards. This delay is most probably due to the uncertainty in the implementation dates in the BWMC and limited options of USCG type approved BWMS. These delays may result in significant ramifications for shipowners if the process for compliance is not fully evaluated. This process includes selecting, designing installation, purchasing, start-up and commissioning of BWMS. Clarity on the implementation schedule should be determined at the 71st session of the Marine Environmental Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization (IMO MEPC 71) and allow shipowners to plan for compliance. An important aspect of implementation is developing a strong compliance plan. A central part of compliance is identifying possible problems and contingency options that may alleviate any potential port State control issues. The paper will identify possible problems and contingency measures to ensure ship operations are not impacted. An important issue is that the BWMC does not include provisions for contingency measures. The paper will also outline needed contingency measures to be addressed by the IMO in any amendments to the BWMC.
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Nilsen, Birgir. "Type Approval for UV based system, USGC vs IMO." In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.002.

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Optimarin AS, a pioneer in ballast water treatment, has become the first system supplier to receive the USCG Type Approval (TA) Letter meeting the most stringent US Coast Guard test requirements. In a series of land-based tests, both the standard Most Probable Number (MPN) (regrowth) method and the more exacting technique known as FDA/CMFDA, or ‘instant kill’, benchmark was successfully assessed. Testing of the Optimarin system was carried out by DNV GL at the Norwegian Institute of Water Reseearch (NIVA) test facility in Norway. The system was also tested in parallel on a bulk carrier trading worldwide for the ship board portion of the TA testing. Optimarin's objective has been to keep the system that have been TA under the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regime as is so that existing users can continue to use it as a USCG TA system. This paper details the challenges and differences with the USCG required Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) test protocol versus the existing and new G8 test protocol used for IMO TA testing, especially the challenges using Ultraviolet (UV) to meet the CMFDA counting method for organism between 10 to 50 μm.
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Mackey, James P., and Jared Boyd. "Ballast Water Treatment System Integration with the Ship Alarm and Monitoring System." In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.008.

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Integration with the vessel Automation and Control system is a critical milestone in a Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) retrofit project. When completed properly, it provides for simple and intuitive operation of the BWTS and supports compliance with ballast water regulations. Integration results in seamless operation and monitoring of the ballast pumps and valves together with the BWTS at control stations in the Engine Control Room and/or bridge. It provides appropriate interlocks and alarms to ensure that the BWTS is not bypassed through ship’s valves, which are not controlled and monitored by the BWTS. It also encourages and supports the required log entries in the Ballast Water Logbook. A structured approach to this integration work results in fleet wide consistency, providing maximum benefit to the owner by reducing the risk of non-compliance as well as reducing the future cost of technical support and training.
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Evans, Paul, and Emma Langley. "Practical Difficulties of Sampling Ballast Tanks - What Lessons Can Be Learned?" In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.003.

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The adoption of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWMC) in 2004 (herewith the Convention) has sought to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens in the ballast water and sediments of ships, threatening marine ecosystems worldwide. The Convention sets out the various requirements and the various steps vessels owners / operators and port States need to undertake in order to effectively manage ballast water and sediments. However, there are still open issues and uncertainty, including the scientific and practical challenges of sampling of ballast tanks and monitoring compliance with the Convention’s standards. In order to monitor compliance with the Convention’s standards, documented management practices can be inspected for appropriateness and inspection of vessel log books can give an indication that practices have been implemented. However, sampling is the most effective way to ensure compliance with standards set out in the Convention. To check compliance with the D-1 (exchange) standard, vessel log books should be inspected and sampling can be used to check for anomalies in the composition of the ballast water (e.g. salinity). D-1 compliance is intended as an interim step until treatment systems are more widely available – although, some ports may require exchange as well as treatment in the long term. Compliance with the D-2 (performance) standard following treatment of the ballast water requires the sampling of biological, chemical and physical parameters. Whether checking compliance to the D-1 or D-2 standards, there are significant sampling challenges. These include the logistics of gaining vessel access; having multiple sample methods available to suit ballast tank access restrictions; getting a representative sample; sample analyses; sample interpretation and; what to do if a sample fails? In addition to this, local requirements can present further challenges (e.g. small time windows for bacterial analysis). This paper will highlight the difficulties of sampling ballast tanks in practice, drawing from national and international experiences, and will also comment more broadly on the sampling process and governance – such as regional differences and the role of port State control. Drawing on protocols adopted by other states will help to facilitate a more efficient, consistent and organised implementation of the Convention to the shipping community worldwide.
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Mayerfeld, Pam, and Lawrence Younan. "Rapid Compliance Monitoring using Indicative Tools." In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.004.

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There is an ongoing question as to how ships will demonstrate their ballast water is in compliance with regulations when they pull into ports as well as how port State control might check this. Making a direct measurement of compliance can be a long process requiring skilled scientists and resulting in costly delays. Several companies have developed rapid compliance tools which make indicative measurements based on well-established scientific methods. The question is – what is being done in the maritime industry to show these indicative measurements are truly a good indication of compliance with the ballast water regulations? This paper presents why the 10-50 μm sample size is being used for these indicative measurements, the types of data presented by indicative tools, an overview of the various instruments being developed, and then most importantly, what organisations are validating compliance monitoring and what is the current status of their validations. In addition, some organisations who have already adopted using compliance monitoring in their processes and how they are using it will be included.
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Jofre, M., J. M. Perez, P. Martinez, Z. Moubarak, C. Hurth, MA Yanez, V. Catalan, A. Parker, M. Veldhuis, and V. Prunei. "CMOS-based Image Cytometry for Detection of Phytoplankton in Ballast Water." In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.005.

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An image cytometer (CYT) for the analysis of phytoplankton in fresh and marine water environments is introduced. A linear quantification of the number of cells over several orders of magnitude of concentrations was observed using cultures of Tetraselmis and Nannochloropsis measured by autofluorescence of the chlorophyll in a laboratory environment. The functionality of the system outside the laboratory was analysed by phytoplankton quantification of samples taken from marine water environment (Dutch Wadden Sea, The Netherlands) and fresh water environment (Lake Ijssel, The Netherlands). The CYT was also employed to study the effects of two ballast water treatment systems (BWTS), based on chlorine electrolysis and UV sterilisation by determining the vitality of the phytoplankton. In order to ensure the detection limit, a large volume (1l) of samples was collected and concentrated to 3 ml using CelltrapTM filters. The results were compared to benchmarked flow cytometer and PAM Fluorometry at Marine Eco-Analytics (MEA-NL). The image cytometer reached a 10 cells/ml limit of detection (LoD) with an accuracy between 0.7 and 0.5 log, and a correlation of 88.29% in quantification and 96.21% in vitality, when compared to benchmarked monitoring techniques.
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Fearnley, Robin. "Lessons Learned in Ballast Water Treatment Equipment Retrofit and Commissioning." In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.006.

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Ratification of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWMC)[i] has now forced the hand of operators and ship owners to comply with the BWM, and without a great deal of time to react. The need to integrate and operate Ballast Water Treatment (BWT) Systems on In-Service ships, however, is not new, and BMT have recent and relevant experience in end-to-end BWT system solutions. In 2011 BMT Defence Services Ltd (BMT) produced the installation specification to enable A and P Falmouth Ltd (A and P) to carry out a ballast water treatment plant retrofit installation on the RFA Bay Class ships (i.e. RFA MOUNTS BAY, LARGS BAY and CARDIGAN BAY), enabling the ship to be approved and operated in compliance with the BWMC. In addition, BMT produced documentation to enable A and P to arrange, manage and perform the necessary test, trials and commissioning to prove the equipment installation and that it can be operated in accordance with the requirements of the BWMC. The objective of this paper is to take the reader through the process of design and embodiment of a BWT system retrofit on a relatively complex (with respect to the ballast system) ship. The Bay Class ships are Landing Ship Dock (Auxiliary) ships with separate forward and aft ballast systems (to allow the ships to function in their amphibious roles by way of their stern dock), and a ship wide Ballast Stripping system. Key design and engineering considerations are discussed below and recommendations for the installation of a ballast water treatment system are also offered. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, International Maritime Organization, Adoption: 13 February 2004; Entry into force: 8 September 2017.
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Clare, Alan. "Selecting a suitable Ballast Water Treatment System for a small general cargo vessel." In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.007.

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The main questions which will be addressed in this paper are; which ballast water treatment system (BWTS) should be fitted to a fleet of small general cargo ships that are trading in Northern Europe, including the Baltic Sea, and how will the implementation of the Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC, herewith “the Convention”) will affect the engine room crew? There is a large capital cost in the purchasing and fitting of such a system, and as the vessels in question have some special requirements, such as operating in very cold weather and having small engine rooms, the correct system must be chosen. As the small engine room crew, consisting of a chief engineer and an oiler, must be able to operate, maintain and repair the system, the chosen system will impact on their working life while onboard these vessels. To answer the research questions, all the chief engineers employed by the Company and a number of shore superintendents from other shipping companies, involved in the management of small general cargo ships were surveyed using questionnaires. Their responses were then analysed and conclusions drawn from this analysis. The criteria required to choose a ballast water treatment system was narrowed down during the research, and then used to find the most suitable system for the company vessels. A small number of systems currently in production from well-known manufacturers were evaluated during this process. Following evaluation of the systems using the responses from the respondents, the most suitable system for the company vessels was identified and chosen. The need for training was also identified to successfully operate and maintain the system, and to reduce any additional stress that may be experienced by the crew due to the BWMC. The research also contains a review of the BWMC, and a comparison with measures brought in by the United States Coast Guard (USCG), which include the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens, (HAOP) by merchant vessels from area to area by other methods that are ignored by the BWMC. It also considers the long-term health effects on the crew and marine ecosystem from treated ballast water using some types of treatment systems. The report of the survey provides scope for a more informed decision making process when choosing a BWTS for a small general cargo vessel. However, in addition, the process can be applied to any type of vessel as many of the issues encountered will be the same regardless of size and trading pattern.
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Riggio, Mark. "Examining Flow Dynamics in Ballast Water Management Systems." In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.009.

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With the recent ratification of the 2004 International Convention for the Control of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWMC) (herewith “the Convention”), the need to install Ballast Water Management Systems (BWMS) onboard existing vessels is expected to grow to an $18 - $25B USD market in the coming few years. As BWMS are added to vessels, these systems will invariably affect the ballasting of ships systems and without a careful study of the dynamics of introducing both a fine mesh mechanical filter and a disinfection stage, the performance of a BWMS onboard a vessel may be compromised significantly. This paper will examine the hydrodynamic impacts of installing a ballast water management system both in the engine room and on deck, the flow dynamics required for proper operation of fine mesh, self-cleaning ballast water treatment filters, and the relative impacts to ballast flow and how these impacts may affect proper sizing of the ballast water management system. The paper will be based both on theoretical design and calculation as well as real-world experience stemming from nearly 400 installed Ultraviolet (UV)-based Ballast Water Treatment Systems (BWTS). The paper should have value for ship owners, designers, installers, and BWTS manufacturers, each of whom may have experienced variable system performance.
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Reports on the topic "Ballast water"

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University of Wisconsin-Superior, University. Electron Beam Treatment of Ballast Water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1969678.

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Brizzolara, Robert A., Eric R. Holm, and David M. Stamper. Disinfection of Water by Ultrasound: Application to Ballast Water Treatment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada469441.

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Flynn, Kirsten, and Mark Sytsma. Report on the Oregon Ballast Water Management Program in 2004. Portland State University, September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.36.

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Kessenich, Brennan, Irina Irvine, and Christine Lipsky. An overview of ballast water transport and treatment of aquatic invasive species. National Park Service, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294665.

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Drake, Lisa A., Timothy P. Wier, Evan W. J. Parson, and Jonathan F. Grant. Recommendations for Evaluating Multiple Filters in Ballast Water Management Systems for US Type Approval. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1011773.

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Kreiser, Brian R. Developing Molecular Methods to Identify and Quantify Ballast Water Organisms: A Test Case with Cnidarians. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada483487.

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Slijkerman, D. M. E., S. T. Glorius, A. Gittenberger, B. E. van der Weide, O. G. Bos, M. Rensing, and G. A. de Groot. Monitoring Groningen Sea Ports : non-indigenous species and risks from ballast water in Eemshaven and Delfzijl. Den Helder: Wageningen Marine Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/417717.

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Steinberg, Mia K., Stephanie H. Robbins, Scott C. Riley, Edward J. Lemieux, and Lisa A. Drake. Development of a Method to Determine the Number of Viable Organisms >or- 50 micrometers (Nominally Zooplankton) in Ships' Ballast Water: A Combination of Two Vital, Fluorescent Stains. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada534940.

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Ramsey, Andree L., Heather H. Furey, and Amy S. Bower. Overturning of the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP): RAFOS Float Data Report June 2014 - January 2019. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29540.

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The Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) is an international effort started in 2014 dedicated to achieving a better understanding of the link between dense-water formation and the meridional overturning circulation in the high-latitude North Atlantic. Moorings, gliders, and subsurface acoustically-tracked RAFOS floats have been used to collect temperature, salinity, and current data across the Labrador Sea, Irminger Sea, Reykjanes Ridge, Iceland Basin, Rockall-Hatton Plateau, and Rockall Trough. The specific objective of the OSNAP float program is to gather information on the pathways of the dense overflow waters transported by the deep limb of the overturning circulation and assess the connection of those pathways with currents observed crossing the OSNAP mooring line. This data report details the observations collected by 148 floats that were deployed for OSNAP during the summers of 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. Deployment locations were in the Iceland Basin, Irminger Sea, and in the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. Mission lengths ranged from 540-730 days, and the floats were ballasted to passively drift at a fixed pressure of either 1800, 2000, 2200, 2500, or 2800 dbar to tag the deep overflow water masses of the subpolar North Atlantic (Iceland-Scotland and Denmark Strait Overflow Waters).
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Commercial Vessel Ballast Water Management. U.S. Department of Homeland Security; U.S. Coast Guard, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/10088/115375.

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