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Journal articles on the topic 'Ball-milling'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Qiu, Zhi Wen, Jin Yun Cheng, Jian Feng Zhou, Qin Qin He, Xiao Dong Ma, Zhi Wen Wang, Xin Chao Chen, et al. "Effect of Ball Milling Methods on the Properties of Quartz Sand Powder Materials from the Yangtze River." Advanced Materials Research 804 (September 2013): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.804.47.

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In order to lay raw materials foundation for increasing the performance of insulating brick with the low grade quartz sand along the Yangtze River, the effect of ball milling methods on the properties of quartz sand powder was researched via the ball milling method in this paper. The results show the mean grain size of quartz powders are 11.25μm via a roller ball milling, the mean grain size of quartz powders are 7.37μm via a planetary ball milling, and the particle size distribution of quartz powders milled via a roller ball milling is wider than that of quartz powders milled via a planetary ball milling. The ball milling strength of planetary ball milling is higher than that of roller ball milling. The planetary ball milling use more electronic energy than the roller ball milling in the same time. The output of powder using the roller ball milling is more than that of powder using the planetary ball milling. when the raw materials of quartz building materials is low particle size remand, and the output is more, the roller ball milling methods is suitable to prepare the raw materials of quartz building materials.
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2

Bolm, C., B. Rodríguez, and T. Rantanen. "Ball-Milling Organocatalysis." Synfacts 2006, no. 12 (December 2006): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-955561.

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3

Ma, Bo Feng, Bin Tan, Wen Bo Zhao, Xin Liang, Fa Mei Hu, Guo Sheng Yang, Liang Liang You, et al. "Preparing Superfine Quartz Sand Powder by Ball Milling Method." Advanced Materials Research 1058 (November 2014): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1058.44.

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To save land resources by the use of low-grade natural resources to realize a high cost performance product, the technology of prepared superfine quartz sand powder via the ball milling methods were investigated. The results are shown the mean particle size of quartz sand powder is gradually become small varied with prolonging the ball milling time. Before 60 minutes, the mean particle size is slashed, however, the range of varying mean particle size is less after 60 minutes under the ball milling rotate speed for 200r/min and the charge amount for 200g/L, so the ball milling time for 60 minutes is decided.The mean grain size of quartz powders are decreased vary with an increasing the ball milling rotate speed, and the rotate speed is lower, the distribution is wider, however, the rotate speed is higher, the distribution is narrower.The mean grain size of quartz powders are 11.25μm via a roller ball milling, the mean grain size of quartz powders are 7.37μm via a planetary ball milling, and the particle size distribution of quartz powders milled via a roller ball milling is wider than that of quartz powders milled via a planetary ball milling, which shows the of quartz powders milled via a roller ball milling is not more uniform than that of quartz powders milled via a planetary ball milling, the asymmetry powder is advantage for forming the high performance building materials body.
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4

Rhee, Kyong Yop, Hyun Kab Cho, and Jai Sung Hong. "An Investigation on the Application of Cryogenic Ball Milling to Ibuprofen Particle and Its Characteristics." Materials Science Forum 505-507 (January 2006): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.355.

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For a present study, a cryogenic ball milling process was applied to reduce the Ibuprofen particles to submicron in order to enlarge their dissolution rate. The cryogenic ball milling was performed using 6 mm zirconia balls at a temperature of -180 °C or lower. The effects of milling time, the weight ratio of ball to Ibuprofen, and milling speed on the particle size were investigated. SEM and particle size analyzer were used to analyze the shape and size of particles before and after ball milling. The chemical changes before and after the cryogenic ball milling process were examined through XRD (x-ray diffraction) analysis. The results show that the size of Ibuprofen particles was reduced to about 1/20 of its initial size and the particle size showed negligible change after six hours of ball milling. The effect of weight ratio and the milling speed on the particle size was almost negligible. The results also show that cryogenic ball milling yielded no chemical changes in the particle.
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5

Liu, Yue, Jie Guang Song, W. L. Zhu, D. L. Zhang, H. B. Wen, and R. Huang. "Effect of Ball Milling Technology on Properties of Refractory Waste." Key Engineering Materials 927 (July 29, 2022): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-49gm95.

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With the popularization of "sponge city" in the whole country, the use of permeable bricks is increasing every year. Although the raw materials required for the preparation of permeable bricks are widely sourced, there are few reports on the process of using refractory waste to prepare permeable bricks. It is the ball milling process of refractory waste. The effects of ball milling time, ball mill rotation speed, and ball-to-material ratio on the properties of refractory waste were mainly studied. Through the experimental results and analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: with the increase of ball milling time, ball milling speed and ball-to-material ratio, the particle size of refractory waste powder gradually decreases. Through research, it is concluded that the optimal ball milling time is 4h, the ball milling speed is 100r/min, and the ball-to-material ratio is 2:1.
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6

Zhang, Na, Yiqun Mao, Shuangshuang Wu, and Wei Xu. "Effects of the Ball Milling Process on the Particle Size of Graphene Oxide and Its Application in Enhancing the Thermal Conductivity of Wood." Forests 13, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081325.

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To improve the dispersion of graphene oxide particles in wood for better thermal conductivity, this paper proposes the feasibility of obtaining graphene oxide with a smaller particle size using ball milling and its application in melamine resin-modified poplar veneer. The median diameter of multilayer graphene oxide was measured to learn the effects of different ball milling conditions on the particle size of graphene oxide, and the optimum ball milling process was chosen. In addition, the microscopic characterization of graphene oxide under the optimum ball milling process was carried out to investigate the microstructural changes in multilayer graphene after ball milling. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of the graphene oxide/melamine resin-impregnated mixture modified veneer with the optimum ball milling process was also tested. The results show that, under the optimum ball milling process conditions of SDS wet ball milling with a vibration frequency of 30 Hz for 60 min, the particle size of the multilayer graphene was the smallest, and the median diameter could be reduced to 124 nm. Simultaneously, the thermal conductivity of the melamine resin-modified poplar veneer enhanced by the ball-milled graphene reached 0.405 W·m−1·K−1. In addition, it revealed that the number of graphene oxide layers was reduced to four after ball milling. However, the multilayer graphene was partially oxidized, the lamellar structure was destroyed and the crystallinity was reduced.
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7

Bor, Amgalan, Battsetseg Jargalsaikhan, Jehyun Lee, and Heekyu Choi. "Effect of Different Milling Media for Surface Coating on the Copper Powder Using Two Kinds of Ball Mills with Discrete Element Method Simulation." Coatings 10, no. 9 (September 19, 2020): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090898.

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This study investigated the effect of three different ball materials on the metal-based carbon nanotube (CNT) composites used as surface coatings on metal-powder to fabricate high-quality nanocomposites. The effect of ball material, different rotation speeds, and milling times on the coating characteristics of the metal-based nanocomposite were studied. The mechanical dry coating was used to fabricate CNT coatings on the surface of copper powder particles via two different ball milling machines such as a traditional ball mill and a stirred ball mill. We explored the effect of the milling media of the ball mill under different ball materials and ball sizes on the metal powder during the ball milling process with DEM simulation. Using discrete element method simulation to obtain the average velocity, force, and, kinetic energy of the milling media in a low and high energy ball mills.
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8

Camut, Julia, Ignacio Barber Rodriguez, Hasbuna Kamila, Aidan Cowley, Reinhard Sottong, Eckhard Mueller, and Johannes de Boor. "Insight on the Interplay between Synthesis Conditions and Thermoelectric Properties of α-MgAgSb." Materials 12, no. 11 (June 7, 2019): 1857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12111857.

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α-MgAgSb is a very promising thermoelectric material with excellent thermoelectric properties between room temperature and 300 °C, a range where few other thermoelectric materials show good performance. Previous reports rely on a two-step ball-milling process and/or time-consuming annealing. Aiming for a faster and scalable fabrication route, herein, we investigated other potential synthesis routes and their impact on the thermoelectric properties of α-MgAgSb. We started from a gas-atomized MgAg precursor and employed ball-milling only in the final mixing step. Direct comparison of high energy ball-milling and planetary ball-milling revealed that high energy ball milling already induced formation of MgAgSb, while planetary ball milling did not. This had a strong impact on the microstructure and secondary phase fraction, resulting in superior performance of the high energy ball milling route with an attractive average thermoelectric figure of merit of z T avg = 0.9. We also show that the formation of undesired secondary phases cannot be avoided by a modification of the sintering temperature after planetary ball milling, and discuss the influence of commonly observed secondary phases on the carrier mobility and on the thermoelectric properties of α-MgAgSb.
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9

Royka, Azura, and Erwin Amiruddin. "PENENTUAN NILAI SUSEPTIBILITAS DAN UKURAN PARTIKEL MAGNETIK PASIR ALAM LOGAS KABUPATEN KUANTAN SINGINGI MENGGUNAKAN VARIASI UKURAN BALL MILLING." Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia 18, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkfi.18.1.42-47.

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Magnetic properties and morphology of natural sand has been carried out in Logas Village, Kuantan Singingi Regency have been determined. Iron sand samples were processed using iron sand separator (ISS) prior to ball milling for separating between magnetic and non magnetic particles. The product of ISS was milled for 90 hours using ball milling first step method with milling ball size of 1.5 cm. Themagnetic and non-magnetic particles of ball milling products were separated using Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnet. The product of ball milling first step then was milled for another 30 hours with milling ball size of 0.5 cm and 0.7 cm. The susceptibility and mass susceptibility were determined based on magnetic induction of a selenoid measured using Probe Magnetic Pasco PS-2162. The composition of Logas natural sand was measured using x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The morphology of the magnetic particles are determined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the particle size of natural sand for 90 hours + 30 hours milling displays the particle sizes from 100 µm to 800 µm. As for the particle size of the samples synthesized with 90 hours + 30 hours for 0.7 cm milling ball size, the particles are almost evenly distributed, which is about 5 µm to 100 µm. The content of Fe and Ti in the sample has increased while for Si has decreased. Mass susceptibility increases with increasing ball milling time and ball milling size.
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10

Zhang, Changjun. "Shockwaves from ball milling." Nature Energy 8, no. 10 (October 20, 2023): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01393-7.

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11

Wulandhari, Ayu, and Erwin Erwin. "PENENTUAN SIFAT MAGNETIK DAN MORFOLOGI PARTIKEL MAGNETIK PASIR BESI PANTAI ARTA PARIAMAN SUMATERA BARAT." Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia 17, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkfi.17.1.14-18.

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Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang sifat magnetik dan ukuran partikel dari pasir besi pantai Arta Pariaman Sumatera Barat menggunakan metode Ball Milling. Sampel pasir besi dipisahkan menggunakan Iron Sand Separator (ISS) sebelum dilakukannya proses penghancuran menggunakan Ball Milling dengan variasi waktu 30 jam, 60 jam, dan 90 jam, kemudian dilakukan Ball Milling lanjutan selama 30 jam pada sampel hasil Ball Milling 90 jam dengan ukuran bola yang diperkecil sebesar 0,6 cm. Untuk pemisahan antara partikel magnetik dan non-magnetik pada hasil Ball Milling menggunakan magnet batang Niodinium Iron Boron (NdFeB). Sifat magnetik seperti suseptibilitas magnetik dan suseptibilitas massa dapat diketahui dengan menggunakan sensor Pasco Magnetic Probe PS-2162 dengan kumparan solenoid 2000 lilitan, panjang 10 cm, dan diameter 3 cm, sedangkan komposisi dari pasir besi menggunakan X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Ukuran dan bentuk partikel magnetik ditentukan dengan Scanning Electtron Microscope (SEM). Dari penelitian ini hasil ukuran partikel yang didapat sebesar 935 nm untuk waktu Ball Milling 90 jam dan ukuran dalam rentang sebesar 519 nm untuk waktu Ball Milling 120 jam/90 jam + 30 jam, Bentuk partikel pasir besi hampir bulat untuk masing-masing waktu Ball Milling. Kandungan pasir besi sebelum dan sesudah di Ball Milling selama 120 jam yaitu 6,118% dan 67,746%. Suseptibilitas massa meningkat dari 27955,7 X 10-8 m3/kg menjadi 31478,5 X 10-8 m3/kg . Nilai ini berada dalam interval mineral Ilminite (46-80000) X 10-8 m3/kg .
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12

Wattanapradit, Onchuda, and Pornsuda Bomlai. "Effects of Ball Milling on the Properties of (Ba1-xCax)(Ti0.92Sn0.08)O3 Lead-Free Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.417.

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The (Ba1-xCax)(Ti0.92Sn0.08)O3 (x = 0 and 0.02) lead-free ceramics were prepared by using different ball-milling method and time (common ball milling 24 h, high energy ball milling 1 and 3 h). The two-step sintering method was used for sintered the samples. The densification, structure, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the ceramics were investigated. The results showed that Ca addition could reduce sintering temperature effectively and enhanced densification at lower temperature when using the common ball-milling type. The XRD patterns of (Ba1-xCax) (Ti0.92Sn0.08)O3 ceramics revealed the change in crystal symmetries from tetragonal to cubic phase with increasing Ca content from 0 to 0.02. However, the crystal structure did not change due to the effect of ball-milling method. Ca incorporation caused a decrease of the grain size and Curie temperature. Moreover, the largest grain size was found in the x = 0 ceramics with 24 h-common ball-milling, whereas the small size (< 5 µm) was obtained for the x = 0.02 ceramics. The dielectric and piezoelectric properties were also affected to Ca addition and ball-milling. High piezoelectric coefficient of d33 = 173 pC/N, dielectric constant εr ~ 3200 and dissipation factor tand ~ 0.05 were obtained for the x = 0 sample with high energy ball-milling for 1 h.
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13

Huang, Fei, Hang Wang, Jin-Shui Chen, and Bin Yang. "Dry ball milling and wet ball milling for fabricating copper–yttria composites." Rare Metals 37, no. 10 (July 4, 2018): 859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12598-018-1086-y.

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14

Liu, Hongjin, Mingkun Fu, Shaozhi Pang, Huaiqing Zhu, Chen Zhang, Lijun Ming, Xinyu Liu, Minghui Ding, and Yudong Fu. "Effect of Ball-Milled Feedstock Powder on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cu-Ni-Al-Al2O3 Composite Coatings by Cold Spraying." Coatings 13, no. 5 (May 18, 2023): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050948.

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Cu, Ni and Al powders mixed in a certain stoichiometric proportion were ground via ball milling and deposited as coatings using low pressure cold spraying (LPCS) technology. The effect of particle morphology on the powder structure as well as the microstructure, composition and mechanical properties of the coatings was studied. The results revealed a core–shell structure of ball-milled powders. Compared with a mechanically mixed (MM) coating, coatings after ball milling at a rotation speed of 200 rpm exhibited the most uniform composition distribution and a lower degree of porosity (by 0.29%). Moreover, ball milling at 200 rpm was conducive to a significant increase in the deposition efficiency of the sprayed powder (by 10.89%), thereby improving the microhardness distribution uniformity. The ball milling treatment improved the adhesion of the coatings, and the adhesion of the composite coating increased to 40.29 MPa with the increase in ball milling speed. The dry sliding wear tests indicated that ball milling treatment of sprayed powder significantly improved the wear properties of the coatings. The coating after ball milling at a speed of 250 rpm showed the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate, with values of 0.41 and 2.47 × 10−12 m3/m, respectively. The wear mechanism of coatings changed from abrasive wear to adhesive wear with the increase in ball milling speed.
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15

Zhang, Yi, Zhong Tao, Lei Wu, Zhiqi Zhang, and Zhiman Zhao. "Strength Prediction of Ball-Milling-Modified Phosphorus Building Gypsum Based on NSGM (1,4) Model." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 7988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15227988.

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Phosphogypsum is an industrial byproduct from the wet preparation of phosphoric acid. Phosphorus building gypsum can be obtained from phosphogypsum after high-thermal dehydration. This study aimed to analyze the influence of ball milling with different parameters on the strength of phosphorus building gypsum. In this paper, the absolute dry flexural strength and the absolute dry compressive strength of phosphorus building gypsum were compared under different mass ratios of material to ball, ball-milling speed, and ball-milling time, and the NSGM (1,4) model was applied to model and predict the strength of phosphorus building gypsum modified by ball milling. According to the research results, under the same mass ratio of material to ball and ball-milling speed, the absolute dry flexural strength and absolute dry compressive strength of phosphorus building gypsum firstly increased and then decreased with the increase in milling time. The NSGM (1,4) model established in this paper could effectively simulate and predict the absolute dry flexural strength and the absolute dry compressive strength of the ball-milling-modified phosphorus building gypsum; the average relative simulation errors were 12.38% and 13.77%, and the average relative prediction errors were 6.30% and 12.47%.
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16

Su, Si Ting, Jian Xiong, and Jun Ye. "Effect of Ball Milling on Structure of Microcrystalline Cellulose." Applied Mechanics and Materials 394 (September 2013): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.394.201.

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The main objective of this work was investigate the effect of ball milling on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) structure. FTIR results shows there are no obvious different in the function groups of between neat and ball milling MCC. Both FTIR and WAXD analysis indicate that the crystalline of MCC samples are change with the ball milling time. The WAXD results also show MCC change from typical cellulose IV to amorphous state when ball milled for 6h, and after 30h the characteristic shape ball milling transformed into cellulose II.
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17

Rattanarak, Jiravat, Wanichaya Mekprasart, Wisanu Pecharapa, and Wicharn Techitdheera. "Photocatalytic Activities under UV Light of Ball-Milled TiO2 Photocatalysts." Advanced Materials Research 802 (September 2013): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.802.237.

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Anatase TiO2powders used as photocatalysts were prepared by ball milling process at various milling time and annealed in nitrogen atmosphereat different temperatures. Commercial TiO2powders were ball-milled with ethanol at room temperature. After ball milling process, the samples were annealed in nitrogen atmosphere. The particle sizes and surface area of milled powders were measured by particle analyzer and Brunauer Emmet Teller method(BET). Effect of milling time and annealing temperature on structural properties of TiO2powders was investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The degradation of aquous RhB dye by ball-milled TiO2powder photocatalyst was investigated under UV light irradiation. Comparing to P-25, TiO2powder prepared via ball milling process at 24 hr demonstrated significant enhancement in its photocatalytic activity under UV light due to the increasing active surface area after ball milling process.
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18

van Ek, J., and A. Lodder. "Orthogonal Experiment Study on the Hydrogen Desorption Properties of NaAlH4 and LiAlH4." Defect and Diffusion Forum 115-116 (January 1994): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.115-116.1.

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Orthogonal experiment design and variance analysis were adopted to investigate the hydrogen desorption properties of NaAlH4and LiAlH4, which consisted of three stages, ball-milled under argon. Optimum milling condition was very important for the performance of NaAlH4and LiAlH4, which was obtained from the orthogonal experiments. The orthogonal experiment design considered three experimental factors, i.e. weight ratio of ball to power, weight ratio of ɸ8 ball to ɸ4 ball and milling time, which varied on three different levels, respectively. According to the range analysis and variance analysis from the orthogonal experiments, the weight ratio of ball to powder and ɸ8 ball to ɸ4 ball had more impacts on the hydrogen desorption time of NaAlH4,while the most sensitive influencing factor of LiAlH4was milling time. NaAlH4had the optimum performance when the weight ratio of ball to power was 30:1, the weight ratio of ɸ8 ball to ɸ4 ball was 0.5:1 and milling time was 0.5h. LiAlH4had the optimum performance when the weight ratio of ball to power was 40:1, the weight ratio of ɸ8 ball to ɸ4 ball was 0.5:1 and milling time was 2h.
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19

Zheng, Xue Ping, Xin Feng, Xiao Bin Lin, and Sheng Lin Liu. "Orthogonal Experiment Study on the Hydrogen Desorption Properties of NaAlH4 and LiAlH4." Advanced Materials Research 413 (December 2011): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.491.

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Orthogonal experiment design and variance analysis were adopted to investigate the hydrogen desorption properties of NaAlH4and LiAlH4, which consisted of three stages, ball-milled under argon. Optimum milling condition was very important for the performance of NaAlH4and LiAlH4, which was obtained from the orthogonal experiments. The orthogonal experiment design considered three experimental factors, i.e. weight ratio of ball to power, weight ratio of ɸ8 ball to ɸ4 ball and milling time, which varied on three different levels, respectively. According to the range analysis and variance analysis from the orthogonal experiments, the weight ratio of ball to powder and ɸ8 ball to ɸ4 ball had more impacts on the hydrogen desorption time of NaAlH4,while the most sensitive influencing factor of LiAlH4was milling time. NaAlH4had the optimum performance when the weight ratio of ball to power was 30:1, the weight ratio of ɸ8 ball to ɸ4 ball was 0.5:1 and milling time was 0.5h. LiAlH4had the optimum performance when the weight ratio of ball to power was 40:1, the weight ratio of ɸ8 ball to ɸ4 ball was 0.5:1 and milling time was 2h.
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20

Song, Jie Guang, Yue Liu, Long He, Jin Shi Li, Wang Chen, Yan Yang, Lin Chen, Song Lin Guo, Chao Yang, and Ai Xia Chen. "Influence of Ball Milling Process on the Pinned Effect of Al2O3/Al Cermet Composite Powder." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.80.

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The Al2O3/Al cermet composite powders were prepared via the ball milling method,which provide raw materials for preparing high performance cermet materials. The results show that the number of Al2O3 particles on the surface of Al particles increases first and then decreases with increasing the ball milling time and milling rotating speed. The number of Al2O3 particles on the surface of Al particles increases with increasing ball to powder mass ratio. The analysis of the ratio of performance to price shows that the better parameters for preparing the pinned Al2O3/Al cermet composite powders are as follows, the ball milling time 24h,the ball milling rotating speed 100 r/min and the ratio of ball to powder 1:2.
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21

Chain, C. Y., R. A. Quille, and A. F. Pasquevich. "BALL MILLING EFFECT ON BLENDS M2O3-HfO2." Anales AFA 21 (September 1, 2010): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31527/analesafa.2010.21.131.

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22

Ding, Yun Peng, Xian Li Liu, Hui Nan Shi, Jiao Li, and Rui Zhang. "Modeling and Simulation of Ball End Milling Force for Mold Cavity Corner." Materials Science Forum 800-801 (July 2014): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.800-801.337.

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In this paper, a cutting force model in ball end milling of mold cavity corner is established. Based on infinitesimal milling force model, cutting element of ball end milling cutter is treated as equal diameter end milling cutter, then determine the location of points when the micro-element participated in the cutting, and the tool-workpiece contact area and cutting range is determined. Thereby a complete milling force model in corner machining with ball end milling cutter is established.
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23

Zhang, Xiaohui, Xitao Liu, Jianguo Zhao, Wenjun Sun, Yuanna Zhang, Jun Qiao, Guoqiang Xing, and Xiaoshu Wang. "Model Study of Mechanicochemical Degradation in a Planetary Ball Mill." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021353.

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The process of ball milling and the materials that compose planetary ball mills are highly complex, and the existing research on the change in ball-milling energy is not mature. The theoretical model of a ball mill was established for the first time to simulate the motion, collision process, energy transfer, and temperature change of small balls during the ball-milling process. Furthermore, by comparing the information with the experimental data for a ball mill, the motion trajectory of the grinding ball, and the energy transfer between the balls and materials were studied, and the micro process during milling was discussed. This study provides a certain theoretical basis for the follow-up engineering application.
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24

Eom, JiYong, and HyukSang Kwon. "Improved lithium insertion/extraction properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes by high-energy ball milling." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 9 (September 2008): 2458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0291.

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The effects of ball milling on lithium (Li) insertion/extraction properties into/from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were investigated. The SWNTs were synthesized on supported catalysts by thermal chemical-vapor deposition method, purified, and mechanically ball-milled by high-energy ball milling. The purified SWNTs and the ball-milled SWNTs were electrochemically inserted/extracted with Li. The structural and chemical modifications in the ball-milled SWNTs change the insertion/extraction properties of Li ions into/from the ball-milled SWNTs. The reversible capacity (Crev) increases with increase in the ball milling time, from 616 mAh/g (Li1.7C6) for the purified SWNTs to 988 mAh/g (Li2.7C6) for the ball-milled SWNTs. The undesirable irreversible capacity (Cirr) decreases continuously with increase in the ball milling time, from 1573 mAh/g (Li4.2C6) for the purified SWNTs to 845 mAh/g (Li2.3C6) for the ball-milled SWNTs. The enhancedCrevof the ball-milled SWNTs is presumably due to a continuous decrease in theCirrbecause the SWNTs develop a densely packed structure on the ball milling process. The insertion of Li ions into the ball-milled SWNTs is facilitated by various Li insertion sites formed during the ball milling process in spite of small surface area than the purified SWNTs. Lithium ions inserted into various insertion sites enhance theCrevin the ball-milled SWNTs with the large voltage hysteresis by hindrance of the extraction of Li ions from the ball-milled SWNTs. In addition, the ball-milled samples exhibit more stable cycle capacities than the purified samples during the charge/discharge cycling.
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25

Zheng, Minli, Chunsheng He, and Shucai Yang. "Thermo-mechanical coupling behaviour when milling titanium alloy with micro-textured ball-end cutters." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 234, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 562–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408920931958.

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The high-speed milling of titanium alloy is a very complex nonlinear dynamic cutting process, and there are mutual coupling effects between multiple physical fields of the tool. Therefore, the thermo-mechanical coupling behavior of micro-textured ball-end milling cutters during the cutting of titanium alloy was studied in depth, combined with theoretical calculations, milling experiments and simulation analysis. First, based on the experimental data of milling titanium alloy, the stress field of the micro-textured ball-end milling cutter was solved. Then, the dimensional method was used to solve the temperature field of the micro-textured ball-end milling cutter. Finally, the thermo-mechanical coupling simulation analysis of the micro-textured ball-end milling cutter was carried out, and the stress concentration area and tool breakage area of the micro-textured ball-end milling cutter under the thermo-mechanical coupling effect are obtained. This in turn gives a theoretical basis for further improving the performance and tool life of micro-textured cutters.
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Shinde, Sourabh, Taukir Momin, Vispi Karkaria, and Parshuram Karandikar. "Polypropylene as an innovative substitute for jar material of horizontal axis, multi-jar ball milling machine to grind electrode materials for energy storage devices." E3S Web of Conferences 309 (2021): 01098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130901098.

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It is approximated that there will be a considerable amount of increase in worlds energy needs. So, there is a need of high energy storing devices when the load is low or moderate. Supercapacitors (SC) can be the competent options to serve this purpose. The paper recounts the performance of supercapacitors (SC) churned out from a horizontal axis multi-jar ball milling machine based on variations in material properties of ball milling jars. To store ample amount of energy, it is very essential to develop energy storing devices with large capacities and large ratings. The performance of energy storage devices is investigated using Manganese dioxide and Activated carbon as electrode materials. Majority of the times the granular size of raw-electrode materials is not enough fine to use them as electrodes directly. As a result of this, it is essential to crush the raw-electrode materials of the SC into fine powder. The energy storing capacity of SCs depends on size of particle, specific area, the of material and quantity to weight ratio of electrode material. In this paper an alternative material ‘Polypropylene’ is used as a substitute for Aluminum jars in horizontal axis multi-jar ball milling machine to crush the electrode materials. The effectiveness of both the jars is compared by evaluating the performance parameters of the SCs manufactured from electrode materials crushed in each of these jars. It is observed that the performance of SCs depends on type of ball milling machine, number of ball milling balls used, ball milling time, diameter of ball milling jars, speed of ball milling and material of ball mill jars properties. So, all other parameters are kept the same except the material of ball mill jars to scrutinize the effect of ball milling jars on performance of SCs.
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Wang, Fang, Ai Xia Chen, Chao Yang, Min Han Xu, Da Ming Du, Hui Hui Luo, Chun Yan He, and Jie Guang Song. "Preparation and Characterization of Coated Alumina/Aluminum Cermet Composite Powder via Ball Milling Method." Key Engineering Materials 861 (September 2020): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.861.250.

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Cermet is an important new engineering material that not only maintains the excellent properties of ceramic materials, but also has the advantages of metal materials. In this paper, the encapsulated alumina-aluminum composite powder was prepared by ball milling and characterized, which laid a foundation for the development of high properties cermet materials. Through the analysis of experimental results, the conclusions are shown when the ball milling time is greater than 3 h, the alumina particles are more evenly distributed around the aluminum powder. the ball milling for 6 h may have reached a limit of the mixing uniformity of the two powder, so the ball milling is determined 6 h as the better ball milling time. Under the ball milling condition of 50 r/min, the distribution of alumina particles around the aluminum powder is more uniform around the aluminum powder than the ball mill under 75 r/min, the ball milling speed is preferably 50 r/min. As the content of aluminum powder increases, the distribution of alumina in aluminum powder is large and uniform, and there is a small amount of pinning. It provides a package-like composite for the preparation of cermet with a wrapped structure and the thermal conduction mechanism of the controlled cermet.
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Lee, H. E., Y. Su Kim, J. K. Park, and S. T. Oh. "Microstructure Evolution of Ni-Based ODS Superalloy Powders During Horizontal Rotary Ball Milling." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 1253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0187.

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AbstractMicrostructure evolution of Ni-based oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy powders with milling time is investigated. The elemental powders having a nominal composition of Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4W-2.5Ti-2Mo-2Ta-0.15Zr-1.1Y2O3in wt % were ball-milled by using horizontal rotary ball milling with the change of milling velocity. Microstructure observation revealed that large aggregates were formed in the early stages of ball milling, and further milling to 5 h decreased particle size. The average crystalline size, estimated by the peak broadening of XRD, decreased from 28 nm to 15 nm with increasing milling time from 1 h to 5 h. SEM and EPMA analysis showed that the main elements of Ni and Cr were homogeneously distributed inside the powders after ball milling of 5 h.
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Wang, Kai Jun, Xiao Lan Cai, Hua Wang, Jin Hu, and Yun Feng Zhang. "Preparation of Cu-Zn Alloy by Different High Energy Ball Milling." Advanced Materials Research 412 (November 2011): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.412.259.

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Cu-Zn alloy was prepared by high energy ball milling of elemental copper and zinc by the Simoloyer attrition mill, the different parameters such as milling time, ball-to-powder ratio and rotational speeds were analyzed. The results show that the different Cu-Zn alloy phase can be produced by different ball milling parameters, It has been found that milling time is highly significant to refining process, and the ratios of ball to powder are also benefited to the new phase form.
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Lin, Pei Hao, Lei Wang, Shun Kang Pan, and Hua Mei Wan. "Effect of High-Energy Ball Milling on Microstructure and Microwave Absorbing Properties of NdFe Material." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 1281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.1281.

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The NdFe magnetic absorbing materials were prepared by rapid solidification and high-energy ball milling method. The effect of high-energy ball milling on particle morphology, organizational structure and microwave absorbing properties of NdFe magnetic absorbing materials were analyzed with the aid of X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and vector network analysis. The results show that the Nd2Fe17 and α-Fe phase are refined, the particles become smaller and thinner; the span-ratio of the particles increases along with time during the process of high-energy ball milling; and meanwhile, the frequency of absorbing peak reduces. The absorbing bandwidth broadens as the increase of the time of ball milling, except that of 48h.The minimum reflectance of the powder decreases from -22dB to - 44dB under the circumstances that the time of high energy ball milling reaches 48h and the thickness of the microwave absorbing coating is 1.5mm. But it rebounds to about - 6dB when the time of ball milling reaches 72h.
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31

Gao, Ziqi, Quanjiabao Han, Jianbang Liu, Kangbo Zhao, Yin Yu, Yuanyuan Feng, and Sensen Han. "Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes Improved by Ball Milling to Prepare Functional Epoxy Nanocomposites." Coatings 13, no. 3 (March 20, 2023): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030649.

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There has been an increase in interest in developing functional polymer composites based on green chemistry principles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the preparation of functional epoxy/carbon nanotube nanocomposites using ball milling methods. In contrast to mechanical mixing, ball milling promoted good dispersion of CNTs within the epoxy matrix, thereby improving their mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. In epoxy nanocomposites with ball milling, Young’s modulus and tensile strength were increased by 653% and 150%, respectively, when CNT loading was 1.0 vol%. Additionally, the ball milling of CNTs improves their dispersion, resulting in a low percolation threshold at 0.67 vol%. The epoxy/CNT film sensor that was produced using the ball milling approach not only exhibited high reliability and sensitivity to mechanical strains and impact loads, but also possessed the ability to self-detect damage, such as cracks, and accurately locate them. This study marks a notable milestone in the advancement of functional epoxy/CNT composites through the ball milling approach.
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32

Lestari, Maria L. A. D., Rainer H. Müller, and Jan P. Möschwitzer. "The Scalability of Wet Ball Milling for The Production of Nanosuspensions." Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 7, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211738507666190401142530.

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Background: Miniaturization of nanosuspensions preparation is a necessity in order to enable proper formulation screening before nanosizing can be performed on a large scale. Ideally, the information generated at small scale is predictive for large scale production. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the scalability when producing nanosuspensions starting from a 10 g scale of nanosuspension using low energy wet ball milling up to production scales of 120 g nanosuspension and 2 kg nanosuspension by using a standard high energy wet ball milling operated in batch mode or recirculation mode, respectively. Methods: Two different active pharmaceutical ingredients, i.e. curcumin and hesperetin, have been used in this study. The investigated factors include the milling time, milling speed, and the type of mill. Results: Comparable particle sizes of about 151 nm to 190 nm were obtained for both active pharmaceutical ingredients at the same milling time and milling speed when the drugs were processed at 10 g using low energy wet ball milling or 120 g using high energy wet ball milling in batch mode, respectively. However, an adjustment of the milling speed was needed for the 2 kg scale produced using high energy wet ball milling in recirculation mode to obtain particle sizes comparable to the small scale process. Conclusion: These results confirm in general, the scalability of wet ball milling as well as the suitability of small scale processing in order to correctly identify the most suitable formulations for large scale production using high energy milling.
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Dunlap, R. A., D. A. Small, G. R. MacKay, J. W. O'Brien, J. R. Dahn, and Z. H. Cheng. "Materials preparation by ball milling." Canadian Journal of Physics 78, no. 3 (April 2, 2000): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p99-067.

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Ball milling is an important method for the preparation of materials both for the investigation of fundamental physical properties and for a number of possible commercial applications. In the present report, the basic principles of ball milling are discussed. This includes a brief overview of experimental techniques as well as an introduction to modeling methods used to analyze milling processes. This will be followed with a discussion of some of the experiments involving ball milling that are being conducted at Dalhousie University. Specifically, a summary of results on mechanically alloyed Fe-Al and experimental studies of the formation of metal hydrides by ball milling will be presented.PACS No.: 81.20Ev
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Xu, Jian Lin, Liang Zhang, Qiang Guo, Sheng Gang Zhou, and Chong Feng. "Research on the Preparation of Antimony Nanoparticles by Mechanical Ball Milling." Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.244.

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Taking antimony powder with 75μm of average particle size as raw material, the antimony nanoparticles were synthesized by mechanical ball milling. Crystalline structure, morphology and particle size of the antimony nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, TEM and FT-IR. The effect of milling mediums and ball milling speed on results antimony nanoparticles were studied using dry grinding and wet grinding methods. The results show that the antimony nanoparticles can be prepared successfully by wet process of ball milling. When the ball milling speed is 150 r/min and the milling mediums is a composites of distilled water and OP-10, the best antimony nanoparticles were prepared, which is high dispersibility and the average particle size is 10 nm.
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35

Manna, Joydev, and Jacques Huot. "Effect of KCl Addition on First Hydrogenation Kinetics of TiFe." Compounds 2, no. 4 (October 6, 2022): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/compounds2040020.

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In this paper, the effect of the addition of potassium chloride (KCl) by ball milling on the first hydrogenation kinetics of TiFe is reported. After milling, KCl was uniformly distributed on the TiFe’s surface. As-synthesized TiFe does not absorb hydrogen. However, after ball milling with KCl, it absorbed 1.5 wt.% of hydrogen on the first hydrogenation without any thermal treatment. The storage capacity of TiFe with KCl addition is higher than that of the ball milled pure TiFe. The effects of the amount of KCl additive in TiFe and ball milling time on first hydrogenation kinetics are reported. It is noted that, with an increase in KCl amount and ball milling time, hydrogenation kinetics are improved. However, hydrogen storage capacity decreased for both cases.
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36

Rai, B. K., S. R. Mishra, S. Khanra, and K. Ghosh. "Effect of Ball Milling on Magnetic Properties of Nb Substituted R2Fe16Nb1 (R: Gd and Er) Alloys." MRS Proceedings 1516 (2013): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.392.

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AbstractIn this work, we report the effect of high energy ball milling (HEBM) on Nb doped R2Fe16Nb1 (R= Gd, Er) compounds. The focus of the work is to bring enhancement in magnetic properties of R2Fe17 (2:17) compounds with the ball milling. Specifically, we find that the ball milling increases saturation magnetization, coercivity, and Curie temperature. The increase in the magnetization and Curie temperature upon ball milling is related to the lattice expansion and microstrains while the increase in coercivity is related to the grain refinement.
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37

Yan, Yunrui. "Exfoliation of hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets assisted with covalent organic frameworks by ball-milling." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2338, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2338/1/012055.

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Abstract Boron nitride nanosheets have superior chemical and physical properties. However, there are many problems in the preparation of hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets, and an effective exfoliation method is still lacking. To solve this problem, this paper intends to obtain boron nitride nanosheets by ball milling using TpPa from COFs material as a ball milling aid, and to investigate various factors affecting the ball milling effect. The h-BN obtained by using some other polymer materials such as starch and pvp as ball milling aids were compared with the h-BN peeled by using COFs materials as ball milling aids, and the results showed that the peeling effect of using TpPa as ball milling aids was not satisfactory because the structure of COFs materials was too stable. This paper also further conducted ball milling experiments on a variety of dry auxiliaries and compared them according to the ball milling effect The strength, friction, softening point and hardness were analyzed by machine learning. The analysis revealed that these aspects affect the cross-sectional area, thickness and aspect ratio of h-BN nanosheets. To obtain good h-BN nanosheets, the main conclusions of this paper are as follows: For the cross-sectional area of h-BNNS: the bond strength, friction, hardness and softening point of the ball milling agents have a strong influence on it and are positively correlated with it, while the friction and softening point of the ball milling agents are negatively correlated with it. For the thickness of h-BNNS: the bond strength and decomposition point of ball abrasives have influence on it, but not much, while hardness, softening point and contact angle have more influence on it, and hardness and contact angle are positively correlated with it, and softening point is negatively correlated with it. For the aspect ratio of h-BNNS: the hardness, softening point and contact angle of the ball abrasive have a greater effect on it, while the softening point has the greatest effect on it with a positive trend and the hardness and contact angle with a negative trend.
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38

Liu, Xusheng, Lei Zhou, Wenhao Li, Shaopeng Wu, Qinglan Huang, Yankun Wang, and Xiaolan Cai. "Preparation of Mg2Ni Hydrogen Storage Alloy Materials by High Energy Ball Milling." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (July 11, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2661424.

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In this paper, Mg2Ni hydrogen storage alloy powder was prepared by high-energy ball milling mechanical alloying method, and the influence of stirring shaft rotation speed, ball milling time, and different sizes of ball mills on the formation time, powder morphology, and crystal structure of Mg2Ni alloy during ball milling was studied. The results show that the Mg2Ni alloy was obtained by high-energy ball milling in this work, and the efficiency was increased by about 76% compared with the traditional ball milling method. In the case of higher rotational speed or larger blades, the time to generate Mg2Ni alloy can be advanced, the alloying process can be shortened, and Mg2Ni alloy with a particle size of less than 10 um can be obtained. However, after the ball milling reaches a certain time, the cold welding and crushing of the alloy powder reach a balance, and the particle size is basically unchanged. The hydrogen storage alloy was activated, the hydrogen storage PCT curve was detected, and the hydrogen absorption kinetic curve and the PCT curve were analyzed. After ball milling at 900/1100 rpm for 13 hours, a Mg2Ni alloy with a single composition, extremely low impurity content, and partially amorphous and nanocrystalline coexistence was obtained. Its mass hydrogen storage density also reached the theoretical value of 3.6 wt%.
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Yue, Cai Xu, Fu Gang Yan, Lu Bin Li, Hai Yan You, and Qing Jie Yu. "Parametric Design of Ball-End Milling Tools for High Speed Milling." Materials Science Forum 800-801 (July 2014): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.800-801.484.

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Ball-end milling cutter is widely used in machining complex surface parts , and it is need to select a reasonable geometric parameters of the milling cutter for different work piece materials and shapes and cutting parameters. This article is based on UG secondary development technology to develop the Multi-blade ball-end milling cutter parametric design system, it is automatic, fast and efficient to build all kinds of parameters of double, three and four blades ball-end milling cutter model required for user.
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40

He, Hui, Huaqin Kou, Wenhua Luo, Tao Tang, Zhiyong Huang, Ge Sang, Guanghui Zhang, Jingwen Ba, and Meng Liu. "Structural and Kinetic Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Zr0.8Ti0.2Co Alloy Prepared by Ball Milling." Scanning 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5736742.

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The effects of ball milling on the hydrogen sorption kinetics and microstructure of Zr0.8Ti0.2Co have been systematically studied. Kinetic measurements show that the hydrogenation rate and amount of Zr0.8Ti0.2Co decrease with increasing the ball milling time. However, the dehydrogenation rate accelerates as the ball milling time increases. Meanwhile, the disproportionation of Zr0.8Ti0.2Co speeds up after ball milling and the disproportionation kinetics is clearly inclined to be linear with time at 500°C. It is found from X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) results that the lattice parameter of Zr0.8Ti0.2Co gradually decreases from 3.164 Å to 3.153 Å when the ball milling time extends from 0 h to 8 h, which is mainly responsible for the hydrogen absorption/desorption behaviors. In addition, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images demonstrate that the morphology of Zr0.8Ti0.2Co has obviously changed after ball milling, which is closely related to the hydrogen absorption kinetics. Besides, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images show that a large number of disordered microstructures including amorphous regions and defects exist after ball milling, which also play an important role in hydrogen sorption performances. This work will provide some insights into the principles of how to further improve the hydrogen sorption kinetics and disproportionation property of Zr0.8Ti0.2Co.
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Zhang, Wei, Chang Jian Du, Xiao Liang Cheng, and Feng Shun He. "Orthogonal Variable Thickness Cutting Modeling of Surface Milling and Physical Fields Simulation." Materials Science Forum 836-837 (January 2016): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.836-837.468.

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When milling the complex surface with the ball-end milling cutter, the cutting thickness always changes in ball-end milling process. At present, many milling models are actually simplified with unchanged cutting thickness, which ignores the ball-end milling cutting with complex tool-work piece relationship. According to the characteristics of the ball-end milling, orthogonal variable thickness cutting model is established based on the study of three-dimensional contact relationship of tool-work piece. The simulation of the stress field and the temperature field in hardened steel Cr12MoV orthogonal variable thickness cutting process is conducted, and comparative analysis of stress and temperature field distribution of high-speed milling and conventional milling is made. The cutting model of orthogonal variable thickness cutting can reflect the characteristics of surface milling accurately, which can be further used in the study of changing characteristics of physical fields and the optimization of cutting and tool parameters to improve the machining efficiency and quality.
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42

Cao, Hui Qin, Zhi Meng Guo, Wei Wei Yang, and Ji Luo. "Effect of Mixing Method on Microstructure of SiCp/Al Composites." Materials Science Forum 749 (March 2013): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.749.157.

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The fine and homogenous distribution of the SiC particles in Al metal matrix is basic prerequisite for improving the properties of the SiCp/Al composites. In this paper, the effects of high energy ball milling and ordinary ball milling on the spatial distribution of reinforcement of the SiCp/Al composites have been investigated. The result showed that high energy ball milling is the most effective method to get homogeneous distribution of SiC particles in Al matrix. There were many clusters of SiC particles in the composites fabricated by ordinary ball milling.
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43

Zhong, Sheng Kui, Yue Bin Xu, Wei Li, and Wei Chen. "Electrochemical Properties of LiMnPO4 Cathode Material Prepared by Ball-Milling." Advanced Materials Research 487 (March 2012): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.487.735.

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The ball-milling LiMnPO4 powders for lithium-ion batteries were synthesized by high temperature solid-phase method. The effects of ball-milling on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of LiMnPO4 cathode material were investigated. The XRD patterns showed that the LiMnPO4 sample with ball milling 20h had single ordered olivine structure. The SEM images revealed that spherical particles distributed uniformly. The LiMnPO4 powders, of which the initial charge and discharge capacities at 0.05C rate were 133.9 and 66.4mAh•g-1 at 0.05C rate were prepared at 700°C for 20h with ball milling 20h.
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Jiang, Bin, Yin Jin Yang, Xian Li Liu, Chang Xing Qi, and Xing Fa Zhao. "Incidence Analysis on Characteristic of High Speed Ball-End Milling Hardened Steel." Advanced Materials Research 188 (March 2011): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.188.73.

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In high speed ball-end milling hardened steel, the increase of hardened steel hardness and cutting efficiency make cutting loads changing, and fuzzy and uncertain properties exist in evaluating cutting vibration and machining surface quality. To explore the means for high efficiency and precision machining hardened steel, carried out the experiment of high speed ball-end milling hardened steel, and acquired behavior data of high speed milling characteristic and influencing factors. Founded the model of high speed ball-end milling behavior characteristic using grey system theory, acquired the behavior sequence of high speed ball-end milling hardened steel. Accomplished incidence analysis of high speed milling characteristic, and proposed the solution to high efficiency and precision machining hardened steel. Results indicate that the increase in cutting efficiency makes workpiece vibration and the increase in surface roughness. The influence of the row spacing on the vibration in feed direction is more remarkable than the vibration in row spacing direction. Grey incidence matrix of high speed ball-end milling characteristic reveals the interaction level of characteristic and influencing factors. Increase in rotational speed and row spacing, and decrease in feed per tooth and inclination angle of cutter can restrain availably the vibration in high speed ball-end milling hardened steel, and obtain higher cutting efficiency and surface quality.
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45

Giffoni, Y. A., Erika Coaglia Trindade Ramos, Hugo Ricardo Zschommler Sandim, M. T. T. Pacheco, Gilbert Silva, and Alfeu Saraiva Ramos. "Structural Evaluation of Mechanically Alloyed Ti-Nb Powders." Materials Science Forum 591-593 (August 2008): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.141.

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This work discusses on the structural evaluation of mechanically alloyed Ti-Nb powders. The Nb amount was varied between 20 and 50 wt-%. The milling process was carried out in a planetary Fritsch P-5 ball mill under Ar atmosphere. The structural evaluation was conducted by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive spectrometry. During ball milling it was noted an excessive agglomeration of ductile Ti-Nb powders on the balls and vial surfaces, and the final amount of remaining powders was then drastically reduced into the vials. This fact was more pronounced with the increased Nb amount in starting powders. Typical lamella structures were formed during ball milling, which were refined for the longest milling times, and fine and homogeneous structures were formed in Ti-Nb (Nb=20-50wt-%) powders. XRD results indicated that the full width at half maximum values of Ti peaks were continuously increased while that the crystallite sizes were reduced for longer milling times due to the severe plastic deformation provided during ball milling of Ti-Nb powders. However, the EDS analysis revealed the presence of Nb-rich regions in Ti-Nb powders after ball milling. The critical ball milling behavior of ductile Ti- Nb powders contributed for reducing the yield powder and increasing the structural heterogeneity.
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46

Wang, Zhi Wen, Zhi Wen Qiu, Yan Ping Feng, Ting Ting Xie, Jin Yun Chen, Qin Qin He, Lei Zhao, et al. "Effect of Ball Milling Rotate Speed on the Properties of Quartz Sand Powder Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 432 (September 2013): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.432.47.

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In order to lay raw materials foundation for increasing the performance of insulating brick with the low grade quartz sand along the Yangtze River, the effect of ball milling time on the properties of quartz sand powder was researched via the ball milling method in this paper. The results show the grain diameter of quartz sand powder is gradually decreased, the grain fineness distribution is tapered narrowing. The liquidity of quartz sand powders is became poor with an increaseding the ball milling rotate speed, howerver, the tendency of variation is gradually relaxative. The vibration compaction density is decreased with an increaseding the ball milling rotate speed, but the fall amplitude difference is gradually shrinked. The ball milling rotate speed for 250r/min is better through the whole cost performance analysis.
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Chen, Feng Jun, Shao Hui Yin, and S. J. Hu. "Modeling and Computer Simulation of Grinding for Ball-End Milling Cutter with Equal Normal Rake Angle." Advanced Materials Research 53-54 (July 2008): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.53-54.225.

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In this paper, a new mathematical model and grinding method of ball-end milling cutter are proposed, based on the orthogonal spiral cutting edge curve. The movements of grinding wheel and ball-end milling cutter are presented while grinding rake face. In order to grind conveniently and avoid interference, a conical wheel is also designed and employed to grind the rake face of ball-end milling cutter on a grinder. In order to improve the machining characteristics of ball-end milling cutter, the model of rake face with equal rake angle is established. The software of ball-end milling cutter is developed to design and optimize different shapes of rake face. Furthermore, the simulation analysis on rake face with equal rake angle is carried out to confirm the validation of the mathematical models.
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48

Lou, Shu Mei, Chuan Dong Qu, Guang Xin Guo, Ling Wei Ran, Yong Qiang Liu, Ping Ping Zhang, Chun Jian Su, and Qing Biao Wang. "Effect of Fabrication Parameters on the Performance of 0.5 wt.% Graphene Nanoplates-Reinforced Aluminum Composites." Materials 13, no. 16 (August 7, 2020): 3483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163483.

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Aluminum composites reinforced by graphene nanoplates(GNP) with a mass fraction of 0.5% (0.5 wt.% GNP/Al) were fabricated using cold pressing and hot pressing. An orthogonal test was used to optimize the fabrication parameters. Ball milling time, ball milling speed, and ultrasonic time have the largest influence on the uniformity of the graphene in the composites. Afterwards, the microstructure, interfacial properties, and fracture morphology of the composites obtained with different parameters were further analyzed. The results show that ball milling time and ball milling speed have obvious influences on the mechanical properties of the composite. In this paper, when the ball milling speed is 300 r/min and the ball milling time is 6 h, the dispersion uniformity of graphene in the 0.5 wt.% GNP/Al composite is the best, the agglomeration is the lowest, and the mechanical properties of the composites are the best, among which the tensile strength is 156.8 MPa, 56.6% higher than that of pure aluminum fabricated by the same process (100.1 MPa), and the elongation is 19.9%, 39.8% lower than that of pure aluminum (33.1%).
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Zhang, Yi Rong, and Hou Jun Qi. "Based on the Titanium Alloy Milling Forces Modeling and Simulation Study." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 1231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.1231.

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A common mechanical model of ball-end milling cutter is analyzed in this paper, and take advantage of the orthogonal experiment method to make experiment of milling to identify the milling force coefficients with the titanium alloy material as the test object.Then put the coefficients in the mechanical model of ball to use MATLAB software to predict the milling force. The results of experiment and results of simulation are basically identical, it shows that the mechanics model of ball milling is proved to be correct.
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Wang, Guangyue, Xianli Liu, Tao Chen, and Weijie Gao. "An Experimental Study on Milling Titanium Alloy with a Revolving Cycloid Milling Cutter." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041423.

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Abstract:
In this paper, a revolving cycloid milling cutter was designed with a larger effective cutting helix angle and rake angle than a ball end milling cutter of the same diameter. This new type of milling cutter can solve the problems of low machining efficiency, severe tool wear, and low surface quality in titanium alloy processing. A comparison of the cutting performance of titanium alloys processed by the revolving cycloid milling cutter and the ball end milling cutter was carried out to obtain the variation laws of the cutting force and the processing surface quality under different tool wear conditions. The result shows that the wear zone of the revolving cycloid milling cutter is shallow and wide compared to that of the ball end milling cutter. As the wear speeds up, the spoon-shaped wear gathering zone found in the ball end milling cutter does not happen with the revolving cycloid milling cutter. The revolving cycloid milling cutter can significantly lower the axial force, the tangential force, and the ratio of the axial force to the tangential force with a stable cutting process.
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