Journal articles on the topic 'Baits'
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1
Cagnacci, Francesca, Giovanna Massei, David P. Cowan, Neil Walker, and Richard J. Delahay. "Effects of bait type and deployment strategy on uptake by free-living badgers." Wildlife Research 34, no. 6 (2007): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07026.
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Baits are increasingly used in wildlife management to deliver orally administered vaccines and contraceptives. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of vaccination or fertility-control campaigns can be substantially affected by bait uptake rates. This study assessed whether bait type and deployment strategy affected bait uptake by free-living badgers (Meles meles L.). Six social groups of badgers were presented with three bait types (meat, fruit, cereals) and two deployment strategies (dispersed single baits versus aggregated multiple baits at fixed baiting stations) for six weeks. In each social group, the type of bait and deployment strategy were rotated every week so that by the end of the test every group had experienced all combinations. On three days, biomarkers (ethyl iophenoxic acid, propyl iophenoxic acid and rhodamine B) were added to the baits to determine the proportion of badgers ingesting these baits. The results indicated that both bait type and deployment strategy affected the proportion of baits eaten by badgers and the number of badgers gaining access to baits. Meat and fruit baits were taken significantly more frequently than cereals, and dispersed meat baits had the highest rates of disappearance. Biomarker levels suggested that the proportion of badgers that gained access to all baits was substantially lower when baits were aggregated, although small sample sizes prevented statistical assessment of this effect. The results suggest that dispersed single baits are likely to be consumed in greater proportions by a higher number of individual badgers than multiple baits at fixed stations.
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Dundas, Shannon J., Peter J. Adams, and Patricia A. Fleming. "First in, first served: uptake of 1080 poison fox baits in south-west Western Australia." Wildlife Research 41, no. 2 (2014): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13136.
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Context In Western Australia, baits containing 1080 poison are widely used to control the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) for fauna conservation. Despite long-term (15–17 years) baiting programs, bait uptake by target and non-target species is largely unknown, but affects baiting efficacy. Aims We examined bait uptake of 1080-poisoned fox baits laid according to current practice at seven riparian sites in the northern jarrah forest (of south-west Western Australia). There, intensive baiting regimes have been implemented for the protection of quokka (Setonix brachyurus) populations. Methods Over 9 months, 299 Probait® baits were monitored regularly to determine their persistence, and, at 142 of these, Reconyx HC500 remote cameras were used to identify the species taking baits. To compare bait uptake with species presence at these sites, we calculated an activity index for each species from the number of passes of animals in front of the cameras. Key results The species taking baits was identified for 100 of the baits monitored with cameras, and, because of multiple species taking baits, 130 bait take incidents were recorded in total. The fate of 40 of the baits was not discernible and two baits were not removed. In all, 99% of baits monitored by cameras were taken by non-target species and quokkas took 48% of them. The majority of baits (62% of the total 299 monitored) were taken before or on the first night of deployment, and 95% of baits had been taken within 7 days. With the exception of feral pigs, which took more baits than predicted from their activity index at these sites, baits were taken in proportion to the activity index of species. Foxes were present at four of the seven sites, but only one fox was observed taking a bait. Conclusions The high level of uptake of baits by non-target animals reflects their diversity and abundance at these sites, but also significantly reduces the availability of baits to control foxes. Implications Strategies to reduce non-target bait uptake and increase bait availability for foxes are required.
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O'Connor, C. E., and L. R. Matthews. "1080-induced bait aversions in wild possums: influence of bait characteristics and prevalence." Wildlife Research 26, no. 3 (1999): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98057.
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The current experiment aimed to determine the proportion of wild-caught possums from previously poisoned and non-poisoned populations that developed aversions to 1080 baits. In addition, we aimed to identify the bait characteristics mediating the ongoing aversions. In an initial test, animals from areas previously exposed to a 1080 control-operation avoided 1080 baits (60–80%), whereas few naive animals (0–20%) avoided these baits. The baits comprised a green-dyed, cinnamon-lured cereal loaded with 0.08% 1080. As a result of the exposure to the toxic baits, over 80% of the naive animals subsequently developed aversions to those baits. Sixty-nine of these averse animals were allocated to one of 16 bait-treatment groups in a factorial design balanced for population, sex, age and bodyweight. Each bait was characterised by four factors: (a) presence or absence of 1080, (b) presence or absence of green dye, (c) lure type (cinnamon or orange), and (d) bait type (No. 7 or carrot). The presence or absence of 1080 or green dye did not influence the degree of bait avoidance. Lure type had a significant effect on consumption, with 53% of possums avoiding an orange bait compared with 73% for cinnamon baits. Bait type also had a significant effect on avoidance rates, with carrot baits being avoided by 42% of possums compared with 83% for No. 7 baits. Changing the bait type would appear to hold the greatest promise for overcoming aversions by possums to cereal bait.
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Twigg, Laurie E., Neville E. Kok, Winifred E. Kirkpatrick, and Geoff Burrow. "The longevity of 1080 egg-baits in a regularly baited nature reserve in south-western Australia." Wildlife Research 28, no. 6 (2001): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00095.
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The longevity of 1080 in egg-baits (4.5 mg 1080 per egg) used for fox control was monitored at the Corackerup Nature Reserve, Western Australia. Irrespective of season, most egg-baits (94%) were found to retain sufficient 1080 to be theoretically lethal to all foxes for at least 42 days, and 75% of baits contained an LD50 of 1080 at Day 63. Exponential decay curves also predicted that these baits would remain toxic to most foxes for up to 32 weeks, depending upon environmental conditions. Sealing the injection hole with wax, or using sterile techniques to prepare some egg-baits, appeared to have little effect on the longevity of 1080 in these baits compared with that of unsealed eggs. Bait take, and identification of those species taking bait, were monitored over 12 days at 216 permanent bait stations in the reserve. Track plots were present for 3–6 days on 83 of these stations in spring and summer but not in winter. In spring and summer, of those species likely to take bait, goannas were the most frequent visitors to the track plots and they were also responsible for most of the baits taken at this time (59% and 90% of baits taken). Foxes accounted for 27% (spring), 8% (summer) and 75% (winter) of the egg-baits taken. No egg-baits were taken by goannas in winter, but the overall bait take was also low at this time (28 of 211 baits laid; 13%). Overall bait take after 12 days in spring and summer was 64% (135 of 211) and 68% (145 of 212) of baits laid. Except for goannas, birds and other non-target species (e.g. bob-tail skink) took relatively few baits in any season. The implication of these findings for 1080-based predator-control programs are discussed.
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Belcher, C. A. "Susceptibility of the tiger quoll, Dasyurus maculatus, and the eastern quoll, D. viverrinus, to 1080-poisoned baits in control programmes for vertebrate pests in eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 25, no. 1 (1998): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr95077.
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Captive trials were undertaken to determine whether tiger quolls and eastern quolls could detect baits that were either buried or covered with soil following the methods employed in normal buried-poisoned-bait programmes. Both tiger quolls and eastern quolls detected, dug up and consumed buried FOXOFF baits. Consumption trials showed that tiger quolls were capable of consuming 2–3 FOXOFF baits in a single meal and more than three baits overnight. Eastern quolls could consume up to 1.5 baits in a single meal. Field trials were undertaken to investigate whether tiger quolls in the wild could also detect and consume buried baits. Trials with both fresh meat and FOXOFF baits were undertaken at a site near a tiger quoll latrine, using a remote camera to record visits to the site and bait uptake. The results confirmed that tiger quolls in the wild can detect and consume both fresh meat and FOXOFF baits that have been buried or placed on the surface and covered with soil to a depth of 5–8 cm. The results indicate that the buried-bait technique is not specific for introduced predators, and free- feeding may not preclude non-target species from taking buried baits. Reliance on the identification of the species visiting bait stations from tracks may also be unreliable as foxes dug up bait stations searching for baits, even after the bait had been removed, potentially obliterating other tracks.
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Allen, LR, PJS Fleming, JA Thompson, and K. Strong. "Effect of Presentation on the Attractiveness and Palatability to Wild Dogs and Other Wildlife of 2 Unpoisoned Wild-Dog Bait Types." Wildlife Research 16, no. 6 (1989): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890593.
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Factory-prepared beef crackle cubes and fresh meat baits are routinely used with the poison 1080 to prevent or reduce predation by wild dogs, Canis familiaris. Four field trials totalling 674 bait nights per bait type were conducted in southern Queensland to assess the relative attractiveness and palatability of the two baits to wild dogs and non-target animals. Buried meat and surface-laid meat baits were also compared to assess the effect that bait presentation can have on control programme efficiency and non-target hazard. Fresh meat was found to be significantly more palatable to wild dogs than factory baits. Factory baits, despite being equally attractive to wild dogs as fresh meat, had significantly more visits by wild dogs where baits were not eaten. Fresh meat was significantly more attractive and palatable to non-target species than factory baits. Buried baits were equally attractive and palatable to wild dogs compared with surface-laid meat baits, yet had greatly reduced non-target bait take. The significance of the results is discussed with regard to the potential 1080 hazard to birds and reptiles (which removed 28% and 10% of baits, respectively) and the influence that non-target removal of baits may have on the efficiency and design of wild-dog control programmes. Extra keywords: Compound 1080, poison, SEA, sodium fluoroacetate.
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Kafle, Lekhnath, Anil Chandra Neupane, Yu-Min Wang, and Samantha Rose Gangai. "Development of New Boric Acid Gel Baits for Use on Invasive Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Sociobiology 67, no. 1 (April 18, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v67i1.4438.
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The current control measures used against common household ants in urban and agricultural settings include perimeter insecticide applications. These often have the potential to cause problems of poisoning non-target organisms, due to the insecticidal runoff and environmental contamination. A gel-baiting technique is the most effective tool to control ants with less insecticides released into the environment. In this study two commercial gel baits; the Boric acid (2.5% boric acid) and the Fipronil (0.01% fipronil) baits, were evaluated against laboratory made baits (lab baits). The lab baits, consisted of: 1.5% boric + fructose (F1.5), 1.5% boric acid + fructose + molasses (M1.5), 3% boric acid + fructose (F3), and 3% boric + fructose + molasses (M3) were evaluated based on preference and mortality rates of the common household ant species: the Asian needle ant, Monomorium chinensis, Santschi, and the Yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes, Smith, under laboratory conditions. An inconsistent preference was observed between species and different baits; however, the fipronil bait and the lab bait M3, were preferred more by both ant species compared to the other baits tested. Lab bait M3 also had a faster killing speed than the boric acid bait and the lab bait F3.Based on the results it was concluded that lab bait M3 was a more efficient ant bait and is a potential alternative control measure to the current commercial baits.
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Alawamleh, Amani, Gordana Ðurović, Giuseppe Maddalena, Raffaele Guzzon, Sonia Ganassi, Maaz Maqsood Hashmi, Felix Wäckers, Gianfranco Anfora, and Antonio De Cristofaro. "Selection of Lactic Acid Bacteria Species and Strains for Efficient Trapping of Drosophila suzukii." Insects 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020153.
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(1) Monitoring of Drosophila suzukii is based on the use of effective traps and baits. The current baits are insufficient to provide efficient monitoring. The use of bacteria as bio-catalyzers to produce bioactive volatiles may improve flies’ attraction. Thus, we conducted this work to improve Droskidrink® bait’s attractiveness using lactic acid bacteria. (2) Different baits that were based on the use of Droskidrink® were assessed for flies’ attraction in a Droso-Trap® in a vineyard. Oenococcus oeni, Pediococcus spp., and Lactobacillus spp. were used. The performance of the most attractive species, O. oeni, inoculated into Droskidrink® was assessed in laboratory tests. The responses of female flies to volatiles produced by Droskidrink® with O. oeni strains were recorded by electroantennography. (3) Preliminary field assessment of baits recorded O. oeni as the most attractive species. Three strain groups showed adaptation to test conditions. Volatiles extracted by the headspace of baits inoculated with O. oeni, elicited electroantennographic responses from fly antennae. (4) Droskidrink® inoculated with O. oeni is a highly attractive bait for monitoring. These findings will be useful for improving the attractiveness of D. suzukii commercial baits based on the utilization of LAB volatiles in a strain-dependent manner.
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Kennedy, Malcolm S., Ken Rose, and Gary Martin. "Aerially deployed baits in the northern rangelands of Western Australia are available to wild dogs." Wildlife Research 40, no. 8 (2013): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13169.
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Context Aerial baiting using fixed-wing aircraft is an effective method of bait delivery for wild-dog control in remote locations. However, aerial baiting may result in loss of baits to positions that are inaccessible to wild dogs. Attempts, by landholders, to address such bait loss through compensatory baiting may increase baiting costs and potential risks to non-target species. Aims To assess bait drift under standard baiting conditions. To assess the availability of aerially deployed baits to wild dogs across several commonly baited landforms in the northern rangelands of Western Australia. Methods We determined drift characteristics of baits deployed under standard fixed-wing baiting conditions. We then determined the availability of aerially deployed baits by deploying baits with embedded radio-transmitters across four commonly baited landforms (riparian vegetation, tussock grassland, gorges and breakaways). We then visually assessed the availability of relocated baits (as ‘high’, ‘moderate’ or ‘low’). Key results Under standard fixed-wing baiting conditions, on average, baits fell 100.9 m forward, and 8.3 m laterally, from the point-of-release. Across all landforms, most baits (91.8%) were highly available, with a further 7.0% falling into the moderate category and 1.2% in the low category. There were significant differences in bait availability among landforms, with the proportion of moderate-low availability baits greatest in gorges and lowest on tussock grassland. Conclusions Within the northern rangelands of Western Australia, bait wastage owing to deployment in inaccessible locations is minimal. Implications Compensatory baiting for lost baits is unnecessary and increases costs to land managers.
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Thomson, P. C., and D. Algar. "The uptake of dried meat baits by foxes and investigations of baiting rates in Western Australia." Wildlife Research 27, no. 5 (2000): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99034.
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The uptake of dried meat baits by foxes (Vulpes vulpes) was measured in large-scale field trials using non-toxic baits containing the biomarker tetracycline. Baits were aerially delivered at nominal baiting rates of 5 baits km–2 (4 sites) and 10 baits km–2 (3 sites). The proportion of sampled adult foxes that had consumed the bio-marked baits ranged from 62 to 88% (mean 79.5%). Uptake of baits did not increase at the higher baiting rate. Bait uptake at the levels recorded in these trials would result in effective reductions in fox populations exposed to toxic baits. Bait uptake would have been sufficient to prevent the spread of rabies within fox populations at the densities occurring during the study, either by population reduction or in conjunction with oral vaccination.
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Millar, Amanda, Matthew Gentle, and Luke K. P. Leung. "Non-target species interaction with sodium fluoroacetate (1080) meat bait for controlling feral pigs (Sus scrofa)." Pacific Conservation Biology 21, no. 2 (2015): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14915.
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Fresh meat baits containing sodium fluoroacetate (1080) are widely used for controlling feral pigs in Queensland, but there is a potential poisoning risk to non-target species. This study investigated the non-target species interactions with meat bait by comparing the time until first approach, investigation, sample and consumption, and whether dying bait green would reduce interactions. A trial assessing species interactions with undyed bait was completed at Culgoa Floodplain National Park, Queensland. Meat baits were monitored for 79 consecutive days with camera traps. Of 40 baits, 100% were approached, 35% investigated (moved) and 25% sampled, and 25% consumed. Monitors approached (P < 0.05) and investigated (P < 0.05) the bait more rapidly than pigs or birds, but the median time until first sampling was not significantly different (P > 0.05), and did not consume any entire bait. A trial was conducted at Whetstone State Forest, southern Queensland, with green-dyed and undyed baits monitored for eight consecutive days with cameras. Of 60 baits, 92% were approached and also investigated by one or more non-target species. Most (85%) were sampled and 57% were consumed, with monitors having slightly more interaction with undyed baits than with green-dyed baits. Mean time until first approach and sample differed significantly between species groups (P = 0.038 and 0.007 respectively) with birds approaching sooner (P < 0.05) and monitors sampling later (P < 0.05) than other (unknown) species (P > 0.05). Undyed bait was sampled earlier (mean 2.19 days) than green-dyed bait (2.7 days) (P = 0.003). Data from the two trials demonstrate that many non-target species regularly visit and sample baits. The use of green-dyed baits may help reduce non-target uptake, but testing is required to determine the effect on attractiveness to feral pigs. Further research is recommended to quantify the benefits of potential strategies to reduce the non-target uptake of meat baits to help improve the availability of bait to feral pigs.
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Fleming, Peter J. S., David Choquenot, and Richard J. Mason. "Aerial baiting of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) for the control of exotic disease in the semi-arid rangelands of New South Wales." Wildlife Research 27, no. 5 (2000): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98072.
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An experiment that held the density of feral pigs constant while varying the effective density of aerially distributed baits was conducted at three sites in north-western New South Wales. Meat baits, containing one of the biomarkers iophenoxic acid, tetracycline or rhodamine B, were distributed at different intensities over each site, and a sample of pigs was shot from a helicopter at each site to determine bait uptake. Serum and tissue samples taken from each pig were analysed for the occurrence of the biomarkers; the proportions of pigs exhibiting biomarkers represented the proportions of the feral pig populations that had consumed baits at different baiting intensities (expressed as baits per unit of pig density). The maximum percentage of sampled pigs that had eaten baits varied from 31% to 72% across the three sites. Bait uptake was regressed against baiting intensity. For two of the trials, the quantity of bait hypothetically required to eliminate a population of feral pigs was extrapolated to be 1577 baits per unit of pig density, while for the third trial 1874 baits per unit of pig density would have been required. Bait-uptake by non-target animals was substantial, posing potential hazards to birds and reducing the availability of baits to feral pigs. Most likely, seasonal conditions affected bait-uptake by feral pigs. We discuss the implications of these results for exotic disease contingency planning.
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Moseby, K. E., J. L. Read, B. Galbraith, N. Munro, J. Newport, and B. M. Hill. "The use of poison baits to control feral cats and red foxes in arid South Australia II. Bait type, placement, lures and non-target uptake." Wildlife Research 38, no. 4 (2011): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10236.
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Context Poison baits are often used to control both foxes and feral cats but success varies considerably. Aims This study investigated the influence of bait type, placement and lures on bait uptake by the feral cat, red fox and non-target species to improve baiting success and reduce non-target uptake. Methods Six short field trials were implemented during autumn and winter over a five-year period in northern South Australia. Key results Results suggest that poison baiting with Eradicat or dried kangaroo meat baits was inefficient for feral cats due to both low rates of bait detection and poor ingestion rates for baits that were encountered. Cats consumed more baits on dunes than swales and uptake was higher under bushes than in open areas. The use of auditory or olfactory lures adjacent to baits did not increase ingestion rates. Foxes consumed more baits encountered than cats and exhibited no preference between Eradicat and kangaroo meat baits. Bait uptake by native non-target species averaged between 14 and 57% of baits during the six trials, accounting for up to 90% of total bait uptake. Corvid species were primarily responsible for non-target uptake. Threatened mammal species investigated and nibbled baits but rarely consumed them; however, corvids and some common rodent species ingested enough poison to potentially receive a lethal dose. Conclusions It is likely that several factors contributed to poor bait uptake by cats including the presence of alternative prey, a preference for live prey, an aversion to scavenging or eating unfamiliar foods and a stronger reliance on visual rather than olfactory cues for locating food. Implications Further trials for control of feral cats should concentrate on increasing ingestion rates without the requirement for hunger through either involuntary ingestion via grooming or development of a highly palatable bait.
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Evans, T. A., and P. V. Gleeson. "The effect of bait design on bait consumption in termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 96, no. 1 (February 2006): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2005397.
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AbstractThe efficacy of baiting as a pest control method relies on the bait appealing to the pest species. In the case of wood-eating termites, bait stations should be designed to encourage termite presence and to maximize their consumption of bait matrix in order to expedite control in minimal time. A field experiment examined the effect of bait size (one large bait or four small baits of equivalent total size, with commensurate inspection and replacement schedules), compaction (tightly rolled or loosely folded) and composition (paper only or paper plus wood) on termite presence and on untreated bait paper removal rates over four months. All three factors were significant, with bait size the most important factor, followed by compaction and then composition. The least effective baits were small, compacted (rolled) paper-only baits with monthly inspections; these had the highest abandonment rate (70%) and had the least paper removed (mean of 24 g). The most effective baits were large, folded paper-plus-wood baits with inspections at two months; these had the lowest abandonment rate (20%) and had the highest paper removal (mean of 112 g). The more than four-fold difference between these baits types demonstrates that bait efficacy can be altered considerably merely by changing bait design without adding new ingredients to the bait matrix.
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Jokic, Goran, Sinisa Mitric, Dusan Pejin, Tanja Blazic, Suzana Djedovic, Bojan Stojnic, and Marina Vuksa. "Response of wild Mus musculus to baits containing essential oils: II bromadiolone and difenacoum baits with 0.75% cinnamon oil tested in storages." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 33, no. 3-4 (2018): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1804253j.
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The effects of 0.75 % concentration of cinnamon essential oil on bait attractiveness and total biological efficacy of bromadiolone and difenacoum rodenticides to the house mouse were tested in practice. The experiments were conducted in storages with stable house mouse populations for which no resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides had been previously reported. A statistically significant difference was detected between bromadiolone and difenacoum baits. Consumption of bromadiolone baits supplemented with cinnamon essential oil was 74 % higher than the consumption of bromadiolone baits without cinnamon oil. The average efficacy of bromadiolone baits in controlling house mice was 96 %. Cinnamon essential oil added to difenacoum baits increased bait consumption by 39 %, i.e. it was 119 % higher than the consumption of oil-free baits. The average efficacy of difenacoum baits in controlling house mice was 99.5 %.
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Bengsen, Andrew J., Luke K. P. Leung, Steven J. Lapidge, and Iain J. Gordon. "Target-specificity of feral pig baits under different conditions in a tropical rainforest." Wildlife Research 38, no. 5 (2011): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11023.
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Context The mitigation of feral pig (Sus scrofa) impacts in north Queensland’s World Heritage tropical rainforests is constrained by the lack of an effective and target-specific poison baiting method. Aims This study aimed to determine whether easily implemented bait presentation methods or seasonal variation in bait acceptability could be used to selectively reduce the consumption of feral pig baits by non-target species. Methods We exposed manufactured feral pig baits to pigs and non-target species in the field, and compared bait encounter, sampling and consumption rates for different functional groups of species among three different types of bait presentation and composition. We then exposed baits under different seasonal conditions and related bait encounter and consumption by different functional groups to seasonally variable phenomena. Key results Shallow burial greatly reduced bait consumption by most non-target species, but not dingoes (Canis lupus dingo). Nocturnal bait distribution and seasonal baiting were less useful. Pigs showed substantial seasonal variation in physiological condition, suggesting that pigs should be more susceptible to consuming novel foods, such as baits, after periods of low rainfall. However, few pigs consumed the manufactured baits used in this study. Conclusions Manufactured baits are not currently suitable for widespread use in the region. However, shallow burial should provide an effective method of reducing non-target bait-take if baits can be made more attractive and acceptable to pigs and less acceptable to dingoes. Implications Future efforts to enable effective feral pig control in the region should focus on developing baiting materials that are more attractive to pigs and unappealing to dingoes.
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Vogt, WG, and TL Woodburn. "Effects of bait age on the number, sex, and age composition of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Western Australian blowfly traps." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 5 (1994): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940595.
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Daily catches of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, in Western Australian blowfly traps were not significantly affected by exposing the baits in traps for up to 3 days in the field before trapping. Exposure of the baits for longer periods significantly increased the daily catch totals of both sexes. Baits with a mean exposure time before trapping of 7 days (old baits) returned significantly higher catches than baits with a zero exposure time (fresh baits): 5-fold and 3-fold increases, respectively, for males and females. Exposure of baits for only 1 day was sufficient to produce significant changes in the reproductive age composition of female catches; proportions of newly emerged females increased and proportions of gravid females decreased. Coefficients of variation for old bait/new bait catch ratios were small, 16.4% for males and 12.3% for females, which confirmed that both baits exhibited consistent levels of attractiveness on different trapping dates. Procedures are suggested for estimating population densities of L. cuprina based on trap catches using fresh and old baits.
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Kay, Barry, Glen Saunders, and Lynette McLeod. "Caching of baits by foxes (Vulpes vulpes) on agricultural lands." Wildlife Research 26, no. 3 (1999): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98056.
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Baiting is widely used to control the introduced fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Australia. Caching of baits by foxes was observed through the use of miniature radio-transmitters. Both non-toxic and toxic (1080) baits were used to determine the number of baits cached, the location of these caches with respect to original placement and the extent to which these caches are later retrieved and consumed. These trials established that foxes cache 1080 baits. An average of 34% of transmitter baits offered were taken and 10% were cached. The mean distance from the bait station to the cache was 156 m, with some baits being cached up to 800 m away. Implications of these results for current fox management strategies and the consequences of using bait take as a population index are discussed.
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Freeman, AB, GJ Hickling, and CA Bannock. "Response of the Skink Oligosoma Maccanni (Reptilia: Lacertilia) to Two Vertebrate Pest-Control Baits." Wildlife Research 23, no. 4 (1996): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960511.
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The attractiveness of two vertebrate pest-control baits (non-toxic RS5 and Pindone-impregnated AgTech) to captive skinks (Oligosoma maccanni) was assessed with timelapse video and feeding trials in New Zealand. 0. maccanni were attracted to both bait types. When dry, pindone baits were more palatable than RS5 baits. However, when wet the palatability of both baits increased and was similar. Bait size had no significant effect on palatability. Lizards ate an average of 0.01 g of RS5 bait or 0.02 g of Agtech Pindone bait, over two days. On the basis of published susceptibility data, it is unlikely that this level of consumption would expose skinks to lethal doses of these vertebrate pest toxins. Potential sublethal effects of such doses require further study.
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Algar, D., and R. I. Brazell. "A bait-suspension device for the control of feral cats." Wildlife Research 35, no. 5 (2008): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07167.
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The use of poison baits is an effective method for controlling feral cats. However, take of baits by non-target animals may place those animals at risk of poisoning and also reduces the availability of baits to the target animal, feral cats. Therefore, techniques that reduce non-target take of baits are desirable. Earlier trials have suggested that suspending baits might prevent most non-target animals from removing the baits while maintaining their attractiveness and availability to feral cats. This paper assesses the efficacy of a bait-suspension device to provide a relatively simple means of controlling feral cats (across age and sex classes). In addition, it confirms the high target specificity of the bait-delivery mechanism on Australia’s Christmas Island, where non-target species would have posed a problem with baits laid on the ground. The technique may have potential application on other islands where similar non-target species are threatened by baiting programs or at specific sites on the mainland where aerial or on-track deployment of feral cat baits may pose an unacceptable risk to non-target species.
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Kramer, HL, PW Merrell, and BJ Burren. "Use of Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound-1080) in the Control of Dingoes .1. Meat Bait Preparation Techniques." Wildlife Research 14, no. 1 (1987): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9870065.
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Injection and mixing techniques for the preparation of fresh meat baits containing sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) were evaluated. Both techniques produced baits containing variable quantities of 1080. The injection of 1 ml of 6.0-mg ml-1 1080 and 0.5 ml of 13.6-mg ml-1 1080 solution produced baits containing (mean � SD) 2.9 � 0.6 and 3.5 � 0.5 mg of 1080 respectively; the ranges were 1.9-4.1 and 2.1-4.4 mg respectively. Decreasing the injection volume while increasing the 1080 concentration did not increase the percentage of 1080 recovered from baits. Mixed baits prepared by tumbling with 1 ml of 5.7-mg ml-1 1080 and 1 ml of 10-mg ml-1 1080 per bait contained 3.8 � 1.9 and 5.3 � 2.1 mg of 1080 respectively, with respective ranges of 1.2-11.3 and 1.2-13.2 mg per bait. The injection method produced baits more uniform with respect to the amount of 1080 in the bait. A significant fraction of the 1080 added in both methods of preparation was not found. Experiments showed that this loss was due to biochemical reaction rather than physical loss.
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Risbey, Danielle A., Mike Calver, and Jeff Short. "Control of Feral Cats for Nature Conservation. I. Field Tests of Four Baiting Methods." Wildlife Research 24, no. 3 (1997): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96051.
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Four methods of baiting were evaluated on a radio-collared population of feral cats on Heirisson Prong, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Dried-meat baits, baiting rabbits to kill cats through secondary poisoning, a fishmeal-based bait and a bait coated in the flavour enhancer Digest were tested. All proved to be ineffective for controlling feral cats. Future research should explore baits more ‘natural’ in appearance and the effect of visual lures, and possibly bait over a larger area to increase the number of cats exposed to baits.
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Körtner, G. "1080 aerial baiting for the control of wild dogs and its impact on spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) populations in eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 34, no. 1 (2007): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06076.
Full textAbstract:
To further investigate the non-target impact of baiting using sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) to control wild dogs, a population of radio-collared spotted-tailed quolls was subject to an experimental aerial baiting exercise. The trial was conducted at a site on the New England Tablelands, New South Wales, without a recent history of that practice. Sixteen quolls were trapped and radio-collared before baiting. Fresh meat baits were delivered from a helicopter at a rate of 10–40 baits km–1. In addition to 1080 (4.2 mg), each bait contained the bait marker rhodamine B (50 mg), which becomes incorporated into growing hair if an animal survives bait consumption. Two quoll mortalities were recorded following aerial baiting. Both quolls died 3–5 weeks after baiting when baits, on average, retained little 1080. None of the carcasses contained traces of 1080, but the test result is less reliable for the quoll that was found 19 days after its death although tissue was well preserved because of the cool weather. Nevertheless, given that this animal died 34 days after bait delivery, it appears likely that none of the radio-collared quolls succumbed to baiting. In contrast, vibrissae samples collected from 19 quolls captured after the baiting showed that 68% had eaten baits and survived. Furthermore, multiple bait takes were common, with up to six baits consumed by one female. The results demonstrate that most, if not all, quolls survived the baiting trial, including those that consumed dog baits. Hence bait consumption figures per se are not indicative of mortality rates attributable to poisoning.
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Cowled, Brendan D., Steven J. Lapidge, Michelle Smith, and Linton Staples. "Attractiveness of a novel omnivore bait, PIGOUT®, to feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and assessment of risks of bait uptake by non-target species." Wildlife Research 33, no. 8 (2006): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06054.
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Following a bait-preference pilot study on captive feral pigs, a series of field studies assessed the attractiveness and target-specificity of a prototype manufactured feral pig bait (PIGOUT®). Two promising test baits and fresh meat reference baits were biomarked with iophenoxic acid and aerially distributed in 100-km2 blocks of land infested with feral pigs in western Queensland to assess field uptake and target-specificity without prefeeding. Uptake was assessed by measuring blood iodine levels in aerially shot feral pigs. In all, 80% of feral pigs sampled in a non-toxic PIGOUT®-baited area had significantly elevated blood iodine, compared with 52% of sampled feral pigs in a meat-baited area (although slightly different baiting strategies were employed). No age or sex bias was evident in PIGOUT®-consuming feral pigs. No monitored manufactured baits were consumed by non-target species in 500 bait-nights. Attractiveness and target-specificity trials of ground-laid, unfenced PIGOUT® baits compared with reference baits were subsequently undertaken in several regions of eastern Australia. Results showed that PIGOUT® was consumed readily by feral pigs at all sites, and that it offered significant improvement in target specificity when compared with unfenced wheat or meat baits. However, the baits were consumed by small numbers of macropods, birds and possums. Available evidence indicates that the target-specificity of PIGOUT® bait is highest in the rangelands, reducing slightly in temperate areas and subalpine forests, where abundance of small animals is higher.
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Bennison, Clifford, J. Anthony Friend, Timothy Button, Harriet Mills, Cathy Lambert, and Roberta Bencini. "Potential impacts of poison baiting for introduced house mice on native animals on islands in Jurien Bay, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 43, no. 1 (2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15126.
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Context House mice (Mus domesticus) are present on Boullanger and Whitlock islands, Western Australia, and could potentially threaten populations of the dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis) and grey-bellied dunnart (Sminthopsis griseoventer) through competition for resources. A workshop in 2007 recommended a study to assess the feasibility of eradicating house mice from the islands by using poison baits and of the risk posed to non-target native species. Aim We aimed to assess the risk to non-target native species if poison baiting was used to eradicate house mice on Boullanger and Whitlock islands. Methods Non-toxic baits containing the bait marker rhodamine B were distributed on Boullanger Island and on the mouse free Escape Island to determine the potential for primary poisoning. Acceptance of baits by mammals was measured through sampling and analysis of whiskers, and by reptiles through observations of dye in faeces. To determine the potential for secondary exposure to poison, the response of dibblers to mouse carcasses was observed using motion-activated cameras. Bait acceptance was compared using two methods of delivery, namely, scattering in the open and delivery in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes. A cafeteria experiment of bait consumption by dibblers was also undertaken using captive animals held at the Perth Zoo. Ten dibblers were offered non-toxic baits containing rhodamine B in addition to their normal meals; consumption of bait and the presence of dye in whiskers were measured. Key results Bait acceptance on the islands was high for house mice (92% of individuals) and dibblers (48%) and it was independent of bait-delivery technique. There was no evidence of bait acceptance by grey-bellied dunnarts. Dibblers may consume mice carcasses if available; however, no direct consumption of mice carcasses was observed with movement sensor cameras but one dibbler was observed removing a mouse carcass and taking it away. During the cafeteria experiment, 9 of 10 captive dibblers consumed baits. Conclusions This investigation demonstrated that dibblers consume baits readily and island populations would experience high mortality if exposed to poison baits. Poison baiting could effectively eradicate mice from Boullanger and Whitlock islands but not without mortality for dibblers. Implications Toxic baits could be used to eradicate mice from Boullanger and Whitlock islands, provided that non-target species such as dibblers were temporarily removed from the islands before the application of baits.
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Kreplins, T. L., M. S. Kennedy, P. J. Adams, P. W. Bateman, S. D. Dundas, and P. A. Fleming. "Fate of dried meat baits aimed at wild dog (Canis familiaris) control." Wildlife Research 45, no. 6 (2018): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17182.
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Context Livestock predation is a worldwide phenomenon, causing financial losses and emotional strain on producers. Wild dogs (Canis familiaris) cause millions of dollars of damage to cattle, sheep and goat production in Australia every year, and despite on-going control (baiting, trapping, shooting, and fencing), they remain a significant problem for livestock producers across many pastoral and agricultural regions of Australia. Aims We aimed to quantify the uptake of dried meat baits by wild dogs and determine whether an olfactory lure (fish oil) could increase uptake. Methods Camera traps and sand pads were used to monitor bait uptake for three baiting events on two pastoral properties in the southern rangelands of Western Australia in 2016 and 2017. Key results Of the 337 monitored baits with a known outcome, young wild dogs (<8 months old) removed only four, three of which were covered in a fish-oil lure. In warmer months, baits were largely consumed by varanids, and in cooler months, when baits were taken it was predominantly by corvids. Varanids and corvids took more baits than expected on the basis of activity indices. Kangaroos, feral cats and wild dogs consumed significantly fewer baits than expected from their activity on camera. Conclusions We have no evidence that adult wild dogs removed baits, despite many opportunities to do so (wild dogs passing cameras), and fewer wild dogs took baits than expected on the basis of activity events seen on camera. Olfactory lures may have the potential to increase bait uptake by naïve individuals (i.e. young dogs), but the sample size was small. Implications Increasing the number of baiting events per year, trialling novel baits, and baiting during low non-target activity are some of the recommended methods that may increase bait persistence and uptake by wild dogs.
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Thomson, P. C., and N. E. Kok. "The fate of dried meat baits laid for fox control: the effects of bait presentation on take by foxes and non-target species, and on caching by foxes." Wildlife Research 29, no. 4 (2002): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01098.
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Non-toxic, dried meat baits (45 g) containing small radio-transmitters were laid on cleared sandplots in mixed farming and grain-growing areas in Western Australia. Baits were either buried, tethered by wire trace to a hidden peg, or simply laid untethered on the surface. Baits were exposed for 1 night only and new transects were established each day. Data were available on 1521 baits. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) visited 23% of plots and took baits from 64% of those visited. Unburied baits (both tethered and untethered) were taken significantly more frequently than the buried baits. Of all baits taken by foxes, 25% were cached. Foxes were more likely to cache buried baits than either tethered or untethered baits. Excluding baits taken to cubs, foxes cached baits 3–380 m (mean 87�m) from their original locations. Some baits were carried to cub dens up to 1.25�km away. The fate of 27�cached baits was monitored for varying periods. Of these baits, 59% were later eaten by foxes, most within 3�days. Non-target species took 3% of the baits on offer. Birds were the most common non-target animals to take baits, and in some cases dropped baits up to 400 m away. In terms of takes relative to visits, most takes by birds were of the untethered baits (88%, cf. 33% for tethered, 17% for buried baits). Compared with other baits, a significantly lower proportion of the untethered baits that were taken by birds was actually eaten. Baits cached by foxes and baits moved by birds represent a potential hazard to farm dogs and vulnerable fauna. Recommendations on bait presentation, distance restrictions, and likely risk to farm dogs and non-target species are discussed.
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Gibson, Andrew D., Stella Mazeri, Gowri Yale, Santosh Desai, Vilas Naik, Julie Corfmat, Steffen Ortmann, et al. "Development of a Non-Meat-Based, Mass Producible and Effective Bait for Oral Vaccination of Dogs against Rabies in Goa State, India." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 3 (September 4, 2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4030118.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: To achieve the global goal of canine-mediated human rabies elimination by 2030 there is an urgent need to scale-up mass dog vaccination activities in regions with large dog populations that are difficult to access; a common situation in much of India. Oral rabies vaccination may enable the vaccination of free-roaming dogs that are inaccessible to parenteral vaccination, and is considered a promising complementary measure to parenteral mass dog vaccination campaigns. WHO and OIE have published detailed minimum requirements for rabies vaccines and baits to be used for this purpose, requiring that baits must not only be well-accepted by the target population but must also efficiently release the vaccine in the oral cavity. For oral rabies vaccination approaches to be successful, it is necessary to develop baits which have a high uptake by the target population, are culturally accepted and amenable to mass production. The aim of this study was to compare the interest and uptake rates of meat-based and an egg-based prototype bait constructs by free roaming dogs in Goa, India. Methods: Three teams randomly distributed two prototype baits; an egg-flavoured bait and a commercial meat dog food (gravy) flavoured bait. The outcomes of consumption were recorded and compared between baits and dog variables. Results: A total of 209 egg-bait and 195 gravy-bait distributions were recorded and analysed. No difference (p = 0.99) was found in the percentage of dogs interested in the baits when offered. However, significantly more dogs consumed the egg-bait than the gravy-bait; 77.5% versus 68.7% (p = 0.04). The release of the blue-dyed water inside the sachet in the oral cavity of the animals was significant higher in the dogs consuming an egg-bait compared to the gravy-bait (73.4% versus 56.7%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The egg-based bait had a high uptake amongst free roaming dogs and also enabled efficient release of the vaccine in the oral cavity, whilst also avoiding culturally relevant materials of bovine or porcine meat products.
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Jokic, Goran, Sinisa Mitric, Dusan Pejin, Tanja Blazic, Suzana Djedovic, Bojan Stojnic, and Marina Vuksa. "Response of wild Mus musculus to baits containing essential oils: I - Cinnamon and clove tested in storage facilities." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 33, no. 2 (2018): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1802137j.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomi zeylanicum) and clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) essential oils on the acceptibility of cereal-based baits to house mice in storage facilities was examined. The effects of three concentrations, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 %, were tested for optimization purposes. The experiments were performed in a mill storage, and in another storage for seeds and seedlings. Attractiveness of the examined concentrations of cinnamon and clove essential oils was statistically significant, compared to placebo bait, within seven days of the experiment. On the seventh day, the average consumption of baits containing 0.75 % and 1 % concentrations of cinnamon oil was 46 % in the mill storage, i.e. 35.5 % more than placebo baits were consumed. Fourteen days after the beginning of the experiment, no significant difference was detected in the consumption of baits offered in the mill storage. On the other hand, a significant difference was revealed regarding the consumption of examined baits in the seed and seedling storage. The average consumption of baits containing 0.75 % and 1 % cinnamon oil was 47 % and 51 % higher after 14 days than the consumption of placebo bait. Compared to the other test baits, those containing cinnamon essential oil at 0.75 % and 1 % concentration demonstrated better attractiveness without mutual statistically significant differences.
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Eldridge, S. R., D. M. Berman, and B. Walsh. "Field evaluation of four 1080 baits for dingo control." Wildlife Research 27, no. 5 (2000): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99037.
Full textAbstract:
Three trials were conducted to compare the effectiveness of four 1080 dingo baits (two non-refined meat baits and two highly processed manufactured baits) in reducing dingo activity in the Northern Territory. Baits were laid at water points and dingo activity was estimated from track counts along a circular path cleared around each water point before baiting, immediately after and 10 months after baiting. Significant reductions in dingo activity were observed only at water points baited with non-refined meat baits. Highly processed manufactured baits did not significantly affect dingo activity. Data for non-target and dingo prey species were also recorded, but were generally insufficient to identify any effects of baiting on these species, or any relationships between the effectiveness of bait and the availability of prey. It is recommended that non-refined meat baits be used in preference to highly processed manufactured baits for the control of dingoes in the Northern Territory.
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Løkkeborg, Svein. "Reduced Catch of Under-Sized Cod (Gadus morhua) in Longlining by Using Artificial Bait." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 1112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-128.
Full textAbstract:
Three sizes of artificial bait incorporating shrimp flavour into polyurethane foam were compared with natural shrimp bait of the size used in commercial longlining. Fishing trials were conducted during the spring fishery for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off the coast of Northern Norway. The small artificial bait gave almost the same catch rate as natural shrimp bait, whereas artificial baits of larger sizes compared poorly. The length distribution of the catch was influenced by both bait type and bait size. Fewer small cod were caught on the artificial baits. There was no difference in the number of large cod. Mean cod length was therefore higher on the artificial baits and increasing the artificial bait size accentuated the difference. These effects are explained by different preferences with regard to prey species and size between small and large cod. The size selective effects of bait type and bait size are discussed in relation to conservation aspects.
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Berentsen, Are R., Israel L. Leinbach, Mel J. Rivera-Rodriguez, and Amy T. Gilbert. "Oral Rabies Vaccination of Small Indian Mongooses (Urva auropunctata) with ONRAB via Ultralite Baits." Viruses 13, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050734.
Full textAbstract:
The Ontario Rabies Vaccine (ONRAB) is a human adenovirus rabies glycoprotein recombinant oral vaccine immunogenic for small Indian mongooses when delivered by direct instillation into the oral cavity. We offered Ultralite baits containing ~1.8 mL 109.5 TCID50 ONRAB oral rabies vaccine to 18 mongooses, while 6 mongooses were offered identical baits in placebo form. We collected sera from individual mongooses at days 0, 14 and 30 post vaccination (pv) and quantified rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test, with titers greater than or equal to 0.1 IU/mL considered positive. All study subjects were RVNA negative prior to bait offering. Bait consumption was variable: all 6 sham and 13 of 18 (72%) treatment animals consumed/punctured the baits offered. By day 30 pv, RVNA were detected among 11 of 13 (84.6%) of treatment mongooses that consumed/punctured baits, whereas sham-vaccinated mongooses remained RVNA negative throughout the study. We conclude ONRAB is immunogenic for mongooses by Ultralite bait delivery, although the bait design may need further optimization.
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Iqbal, Naeem, Theodore A. Evans, Shafqat Saeed, and Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan. "Evaluation of fipronil baits against Microtermes mycophagus (Blattodea: Termitidae)." Canadian Entomologist 148, no. 3 (October 20, 2015): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.56.
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AbstractWe evaluated the efficacy of fipronil baits in suppressing or eliminating field colonies of Microtermes mycophagus (Desneux) (Blattodea: Termitidae) an important subterranean termite pest in Pakistan. We tested two doses (10 and 30 ppm) of fipronil in toilet paper baits, chosen from laboratory repellency tests. We monitored four colonies for foraging activity for one month before baiting, and mapped foraging territories with termites marked with Nile Blue A and agonistic tests. Before the fipronil baits were installed there were averages of 782–1938 workers and soldiers per bait station in the four colonies. After baiting, the colonies were eliminated as there were no workers per bait station, whereas the control colony had an average of 1142 workers per bait station. The three possibly eliminated colonies consumed around 47 mg of fipronil formulation (4.7 mg active ingredient) in 45–90 days. Our results suggest that baits containing fipronil could provide an economical and feasible alternative for the management of M. mycophagus in structures and buildings in Pakistan.
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Martin, G. R., L. E. Twigg, N. J. Marlow, W. E. Kirkpatrick, the late D. R. King, and G. Gaikhorst. "The acceptability of three types of predator baits to captive non-target animals." Wildlife Research 29, no. 5 (2002): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01065.
Full textAbstract:
The acceptability of three types of non-toxic predator baits to a variety of indigenous non-target species was determined in the laboratory. The bait-types tested were: Dried Meat Bait (DMB), Probait and two sizes of FoxOffTM baits (30 g and 60 g). The potential poisoning risk, if the baits had been toxic, was calculated for each species from their consumption of non-toxic bait and their sensitivity to 1080. Three species consistently sampled baits; Dasyurus geoffroii, Trichosurus vulpecula and Rattus fuscipes. Where species have had exposure to fluoroacetate-bearing vegetation, their consumption of bait and their level of tolerance to 1080 was such that only 2 of 15, 4 of 15, and 3 of 6 species were considered to be potentially at some risk from toxic DMBs, Probait, and FoxOffTM baits, respectively. In contrast, and mainly because of their lower tolerance to 1080, the theoretical risk for those species without evolutionary exposure to fluoroacetate-bearing vegetation was such that 6 of 12, 8 of 12, and 8 of 9 species theoretically face a high or moderate risk from 3-mg DMBs, Probait, and FoxOffTM baits, respectively. We emphasise, however, that theoretical risk does not necessarily equate to a practical risk, and these results are best used to determine which non-target species should be monitored at the population level during predator-control operations. Factors affecting the potential risk to non-target indigenous animals, and some cautions when extrapolating data from laboratory-based studies to the field situation, are discussed.
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Jokic, G., Marina Vuksa, Suzana Djedovic, B. Stojnic, D. Kataranovski, P. Kljajic, and Vesna Jacevic. "Rodenticide efficacy of sodium selenite baits in laboratory conditions." Archives of Biological Sciences 66, no. 3 (2014): 1083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1403083j.
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We examined the acceptance and palatability of baits containing different contents of sodium selenite as a rodenticide, in Swiss mice under laboratory conditions. In a no-choice and choice feeding test, the animals were exposed to baits containing 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125% of sodium selenite. The total bait consumption by Swiss mice in the no-choice feeding test was highly negatively correlated, while total sodium selenite intake was medium-positively correlated to the sodium selenite content in the bait. In the same test, daily intakes significantly depended on the content of sodium selenite in the bait, while the exposure and associated interactions of contents of sodium selenite and exposure had no statistically significant impact. Baits with sodium selenite contents of 0.05 and 0.1% had the most lethal effects. The negative impact of the sodium selenite content on bait acceptance and palatability was confirmed in choice feeding tests. Baits containing 0.05 and 0.1% of sodium selenite displayed the biological potential to be used as a rodenticide. It is necessary to improve its insufficient acceptability and palatability by adding adequate additives to the bait. The results of this study should be verified in experiments with wild rodents.
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Körtner, Gerhard, Shaan Gresser, and Bob Harden. "Does fox baiting threaten the spotted-tailed quoll, Dasyurus maculatus?" Wildlife Research 30, no. 2 (2003): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02107.
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In Australia, baiting with 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) is widely used to reduce predation of native wildlife by the red fox. However, such control programs may place some native carnivores at risk, particularly the spotted-tailed quoll in eastern Australia. We measured the mortality in a total of 57 quolls fitted with mortality radio-transmitters during four experimental fox baitings with Foxoff® 1080 baits containing Rhodamine B in north-east New South Wales. In all experiments quolls visited bait stations regularly and removed a total of 20 baits. All but one of these baits was found in the vicinity of the bait station, indicating that quolls did not ingest baits. This was confirmed by the absence of Rhodamine B in the vibrissae of all quolls retrapped after baiting. The only quoll that may have died from a bait had eaten a cached bait some six weeks after baiting concluded. Thus, baiting did not threaten any of the quoll populations sampled. Therefore it appears that most restrictions imposed to protect spotted-tailed quolls during fox baiting are unnecessary as long as this bait type is used.
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Thompson, Graham G., Scott A. Thompson, and Andrew Bengsen. "The value of camera traps in monitoring a feral-cat and fox reduction program." Wildlife Research 46, no. 7 (2019): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18087.
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Abstract ContextWe examined the effectiveness of camera traps to monitor the success of a feral-cat (Felis catus) and fox (Vulpes vulpes) reduction program near Ravensthorpe, Western Australia. AimsTo determine whether camera traps are an effective tool to measure a reduction in the abundance of F. catus and V. vulpes at a local scale. MethodsIn all, 201 Foxoff® baits (i.e. 1080) were laid along the edge of unsealed tracks for each of three periods (i.e. opened 13–15 May 2017, Period 1 closed 29–31 May 2017, Period 2 closed 12–13 June 2017, Period 3 closed 25–26 June 2017), and 98 bait sites were monitored by camera traps during each period. In addition, 150 baited cage traps were deployed to catch F. catus for the same three periods. Vulpes vulpes and F. catus were also shot in the adjacent paddocks before traps were opened and during the laying of traps and bait replacement. We used the first 13 days of camera-trapping data for each period to examine whether there was a significant reduction in V. vulpes and F. catus. Key resultsCamera traps recorded a significant reduction in V. vulpes images, but knock-down with Foxoff® baits was not as effective as in other programs, and there was no change in the measured abundance of F. catus. Numerous baits were taken and not recorded by camera traps. Multiple V. vulpes moved past or investigated, but did not take baits and a V. vulpes was recorded regurgitating a bait. ConclusionsCamera traps were not effective for recording bait-take events. Vulpes vulpes knock-down was low and slow compared with other studies, did not reflect the number of baits taken and Foxoff® baits appeared unpalatable or unattractive to many V. vulpes. ImplicationsCamera traps did not record a high proportion of bait-take, appeared to be insensitive to small changes in fox and cat abundance and Foxoff® baits were less effective in reducing the abundance of V. vulpes than in other studies.
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Sigler, Michael F. "Abundance estimation and capture of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) by longline gear." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 1270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-066.
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Longline surveys in Alaska measure sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) relative abundance and are the primary information source used for abundance and quota estimation. Hook timer, on-bottom (soak) time, hook density, hook pattern, bait type, and bait condition experiments and mathematical models were used to evaluate the performance of the longline surveys for estimating sablefish relative abundance. The rate that sablefish encountered the longline gear decreased with on-bottom time independently of sablefish density in the sampled area. Sablefish were adept at locating available baits, even when few remained. The decrease in encounter rate appears related to odor concentration at the leading edge of the odor plume. The ability to locate baits, even when few remain, differs from previous models of fish capture by longline in which the probability that a fish located a bait was proportional to the number of available baits. Decreased encounter rate and the ability to locate baits efficiently imply that longline catch rates likely provide an accurate index of fish abundance if the on-bottom time is long enough to cover the period when most fish encounter the gear and the initial bait density is high enough that baits remain available throughout the soak; the weak link between catch rate and abundance is the unknown extent that factors such as temperature and food availability affect the proportion of fish caught.
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Thomas, M. D., F. W. Maddigan, and L. A. Sessions. "Attractiveness of possum apple baits to native birds and honey bees." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6090.
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This study investigated the potential risks of using 1080 apple bait for possum control on nontarget species Trials were conducted using captive native birds at Orana Park and honeybees (Apis mellifera) at Halswell to determine whether these species would feed on nonpoisonous apple baits Bird species were kaka (Nestor meridionalis) kea (Nestor notabilis) kakariki (Cyanoramphus sp) silvereye (Zosterops lateralis) weka (Gallirallus australis) and kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) Kaka kea kakariki and silvereye preferred to feed on apple bait over carrot bait spending 74100 of their feeding time on the apple bait Honeybees were not attracted to the apple bait It is concluded that there could be a greater risk to native birds when apple baits are used for possum control compared to the risk associated with using carrot bait Consequently it is recommended that aerial application of apple should not be undertaken and that apple baits should be used in bait stations only
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Eastman, A., and MC Calver. "Consumption of dingo baits by non-target fauna from the pastoral areas of Western Australia." Rangeland Journal 10, no. 2 (1988): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9880106.
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Consumption of wild dog baits made from beef crackle by the native mammal species Pseudomys hermanmbwgensis, P. delicatulus and Zyzomys argurus, (Rodentia), and Dasyurus hallucatus, Ningaui timealeyi, Planigale maculata and Sminthopsis macroura (Dasyuridae) was determined in the laboratory. Dasyurus.hal1ucatus and all three rodents were also exposed to baits made from meat. In the presence of alternative food only P. hermannsburgensis and D. hallucatus ate non-toxic wild dog baits. Their projected dose rates if the baits had been poisoned ranged from 25 mgkg to 40 mgkg (P. hermannsburgenris) and 0.32 mgkg to 9.70 mgkg (D. hallucatus). Non-toxic meat bait was also eaten by D. hallucatus and the projected dose rates ranged from 0.18 mgkg to 1.25 mgkg. All the rodents ate toxic meat bait in the presence of alternative food, but showed no symptoms of poisoning.
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Horton, David R., and Peter J. Landolt. "Orientation response of Pacific coast wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) to food baits in laboratory and effectiveness of baits in field." Canadian Entomologist 134, no. 3 (June 2002): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent134357-3.
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AbstractAssays were done in the laboratory and field to monitor the response of Pacific coast wireworm, Limonius canus LeConte, to food baits. A glass-plate assay was used in laboratory trials to study movement of wireworm larvae through soil in response to several food baits, including germinating seeds of grains, rolled oats [Avenu sauva L. (Poaceae)], carrot [Daucus carota L. (Umbelliferae)], and potato [Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae)]. Studies were also done with these baits to determine effectiveness under field conditions. In both laboratory and field trials, germinating seed of wheat [Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae)] and barley [Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae)] ranked higher in response by larvae than the remaining food baits. In the glass-plate assays, 65–70% of wireworms contacted the wheat or barley seed baits within a 2-h assay period. Corn [Zea mays L. (Poaceae)] seed and sliced carrot were also effective, with 60% of larvae contacting the baits. Rice [Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae)], rye [Secale cereale L. (Poaceae)], and potato were contacted by 30–45% of larvae. In the majority of assays, contact with the bait occurred within 30 min of the start of the assay. Trail lengths varied substantially among larvae (0–70 cm). The field studies showed that all food baits captured more wireworms than unbaited traps. A second assay conducted in the laboratory showed that moistened rolled oats were contacted with a higher probability if oats were aged 72 h following wetting (51% of larvae contacted the bait) than oats used immediately following wetting (28% of larvae). Field trials using baits composed of different volumes of rolled oats showed little evidence of a dose response in capture rates of L. canus, although all baits captured more wireworms than unbaited traps. These studies showed that L. canus is attracted to food baits in both laboratory and field trials, and that baits may prove useful to monitor populations of this pest in the field.
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Thomson, PC. "The Effectiveness of Aerial Baiting for the Control of Dingoes in North-Western Australia." Wildlife Research 13, no. 2 (1986): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860165.
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Radiotracking was used to evaluate the effectiveness of aerial baiting in controlling populations of wild dingoes, Canisfamiliaris dingo. Four baitings were carried out in the West Pilbara region of Western Australia, using fresh-meat baits or factory-produced baits, poisoned with compound 1080. In one trial fresh-meat baits killed all 18 radio-collared dingoes; in another, factory baits killed 63% of radio-collared dingoes; in a third, 62% were killed by factory and fresh-meat baits. The factors considered to be most important in influencing the results of these trials included the number and distribution of baits dropped, bait type, and the age and social status of dingoes. Aerial baiting was shown to be an efficient and cost-effective dingo control technique under the conditions existing during the study. The long-term effects on the dingo population are discussed.
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Jokic, Goran, Marina Vuksa, Suzana Djedovic, Bojan Stojnic, Dragan Kataranovski, and Tanja Scepovic. "Effects of different essential oils on the acceptability and palatability of cereal-based baits for laboratory mice." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 28, no. 2 (2013): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1302111j.
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The aim of our study was to investigate the possibility of application of essential oils as additives in cereal-based rodenticide baits, at rates which prevent mould development and are applicable in humane medicine. Also, the purpose of these oils would be to extend the utility value of baits and reduce the use of antifungal ingredients that usually affect bait acceptance. The effects of essential oils of ten different plant species, applied at rates of one and two ml per kg of plain bait, on bait acceptance and palatability in choice feeding tests for Swiss mice were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. Baits were prepared according to relevant EPPO standards (2004). The effects of essential oils on bait acceptance and palatability for Swiss mice were determined in choice feeding tests using a formula by Johnson and Prescott (1994). There was no significant statistical difference in effects between groups and sexes regarding weight change in the experiment. During the experiment and recovery period, neither change in mice behavior no deaths were observed. Cinnamon and anise essential oils, commonly used as attractants, and clove oil, were most effective because they had no negative effect on bait acceptance and palatability, while fenchel and bergamot oils showed repellent activity that grew as the oil content in baits increased.
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Duncan, F. D., A. Nel, S. H. Batzofin, and P. H. Hewitt. "A mathematical approach to rating food acceptance of the harvester termite, Hodotermes mossambicus (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae) and the evaluation of baits for its control." Bulletin of Entomological Research 80, no. 3 (September 1990): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300050471.
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AbstractHodotermes mossambicus (Hagen) is a harvester termite which competes with livestock for natural grazing. Control by baiting is recommended. Field trials in the north-western Orange Free State and south-western Transvaal, Republic of South Africa, showed that the two most commonly used commercial baits, with carbaryl or sodium fluosilicate as the active ingredient, are ineffective in controlling this species. A simple mathematical model was developed to rate the acceptability of grasses as food for the termite colonies. This enabled the attractiveness of the bait carriers as food for termites to be compared with that of the grasses. All five grass species tested had a similar food acceptability value, while both bait carriers were unacceptable as food. Failure of the baits was due to the fact that they were not consumed by the termites. The active ingredients was found to be effective when natural grass was used as the bait carrier. The mathematical model was extended to elucidate the effect of different baits on colony survival. This approach could be further used to rate new baits and their carriers objectively.
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Boudreau, Melanie R., Jacob L. Seguin, Sophia G. Lavergne, Samuel Sonnega, Lee Scholl, Alice J. Kenney, and Charles J. Krebs. "Please come again: attractive bait augments recapture rates of capture-naïve snowshoe hares." Wildlife Research 47, no. 3 (2020): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18200.
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Abstract ContextCapture–recapture sampling is one of the most commonly used methods for monitoring population demographics and is needed in a wide variety of studies where repeat sampling of individuals is desired. Although studies employing capture–recapture methods often assume unbiased sampling, it is well established that inherent capture biases can occur with these methods, including those related to baits. Reducing sources of sampling bias and augmenting recapture reliability is necessary for capture-dependent studies. However, few studies have examined the efficacy of baits on individuals with variable capture experience. AimsTo investigate the use of an attractant-augmented bait in enhancing capture–recapture probabilities for snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). MethodsTo examine the efficacy of different attractant-augmented bait types, a variety of baits were created, with bait preference tested on a captive hare. Because a strawberry jam-based bait was preferentially consumed (in comparison with other tested baits), the effectiveness of this attractant in enhancing capture–recapture rates was subsequently examined in wild hares, using paired live-trapping field trials (n=6 trials). ResultsLive-trapping trials showed that although overall hare capture rates were not affected by the use of a jam-based bait, recaptures were 33.1% higher in capture-naïve individuals exposed to our attractant. This was not the case for hares with prior capture experience; such hares had an equal likelihood of being recaptured regardless of the bait type used. ConclusionsThe tested attractant improved recapture rates of capture-naïve hares. ImplicationsStudies relying on high recapture rates should use methods that maximise recapture rates wherever possible, including the use of baits that may augment recaptures in capture-naïve animals.
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van Polanen Petel, A. Marjolein, Clive A. Marks, and David G. Morgan. "Bait palatability influences the caching behaviour of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)." Wildlife Research 28, no. 4 (2001): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00046.
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In a free-choice experiment conducted in a series of pen trials, the influence of food preference on caching behaviour by the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) was investigated for three unpoisoned bait types: deep-fried beef liver (DFL), dried deep-fried beef liver (DDFL) and a commercial bait (Foxoff®). Although some variation in individual preferences for the DDFL and Foxoff was observed, all of the foxes in the pen trials preferred the DFL (P < 0.01) and all cached it least often (P < 0.01). Field trials then compared the uptake, consumption and incidence of caching for the most preferred (DFL) and least preferred (Foxoff) bait types. Radio-transmitters were inserted into unpoisoned Foxoff and DFL baits and a free choice of either was provided at bait stations at three independent sites. A clock module recorded the precise time that each bait was taken from the bait station. The fate of each bait (it could either be eaten, cached or remain in situ) was recorded daily and baits were replaced for five consecutive nights. There was no difference in the rate of uptake for the two baits (P > 0.05) and, despite some variation between the sites, DFL was the most often eaten (P < 0.001) and Foxoff the most often cached (P < 0.001). These data strongly suggest that a highly palatable bait will increase the likelihood of rapid consumption of baits and reduce the incidence of caching. This is likely to increase the cost-effectiveness of baiting and limit the potential for nontarget impacts due to the movement of baits. The high degree of concordance between the results of the pen and field trials suggests that pen trials can assist in the development of more effective bait types. However, conclusions about the relative efficacy of bait types drawn from the results of baiting programs that measure only bait uptake are unlikely to be reliable.
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Terayama, Mamoru, Eiriki Sunamura, Ryota Fujimaki, Takashi Ono, and Katsuyuki Eguchi. "A Surprisingly Non-attractiveness of Commercial Poison Baits to Newly Established Population of White-Footed Ant, Technomyrmex brunneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in a Remote Island of Japan." Sociobiology 68, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 5898. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v68i1.5898.
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The white-footed ant, Technomyrmex brunneus, was newly introduced and established in a remote island of Japan and has caused unacceptable damage to the daily life of residents. To establish proper control measures, the present study investigated whether T. brunneus is effectively attracted to commercially available poison baits used to exterminate common household pest ants and the Argentine ant in Japan. Cafeteria experiments using three types of nontoxic baits and eight types of commercial poison baits for ants were conducted in the field, and the attractiveness was compared among the baits. The liquid poison bait “Arimetsu,” which consists of 42.6% water, 55.4% sugar, and 2.0% borate, and nontoxic 10% (w/v) sucrose water showed the highest attractiveness. On the other hand, other commercial poison baits were not as attractive. Therefore, sucrose liquid is the most effective attractive component to use in poison baits for T. brunneus.
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Antolová, D., M. Miterpáková, K. Reiterová, and P. Dubinský. "Influence of anthelmintic baits on the occurrence of causative agents of helminthozoonoses in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)." Helminthologia 43, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-006-0042-9.
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AbstractRed fox (Vulpes vulpes) presents major wildlife reservoir of parasitozoonoses, transmissible to humans and domestic animals. The study was aimed to find out the effect of anthelmintic baits on the occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis and other intestinal helminths in red foxes. In two bait areas (B1 and B2) 20 baits per km2 were distributed monthly between August 2004 and April 2005. Fox fecal samples were collected in both bait areas and two control areas (C1 and C2) between August 2004 and August 2005. In bait area B1 the decrease of parasite species number, decrease of their prevalence and prevalence of E. multilocularis was observed. No significant decline was observed in bait area B2, probably due to consumption of baits by wild boars. Bait distribution represents the possibility of reduction of environmental contamination with parasites and their propagation stages. Especially on the periphery of towns and villages and in recreational areas it seems to be suitable way of human health protection.
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Ross, J. G., and R. J. Henderson. "An evaluation of two longlife baits containing diphacinone for the control of ferrets (Mustela furo)." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6088.
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Two longlife baits (gel and polymer) were developed by PestTech Ltd and tested on captive ferrets The palatability of both baits was significantly enhanced using natural animal extracts with extract palatability ranked in order of decreasing consumption as rabbitchicken>harerat>fish Final bait formulations (with animal extracts) ranked in order of decreasing consumption were gelpolymer>Pestofftrade; ferret paste The response of ferrets to gel bait containing diphacinone was highly variable with males significantly more susceptible than females Accordingly large doses of diphacinone will be required to kill most ferrets in the field In conclusion both gel and polymer baits were superior to Pestofftrade; ferret paste and have good potential for ferret control
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Glen, Alistair S., and Chris R. Dickman. "Effects of bait-station design on the uptake of baits by non-target animals during control programmes for foxes and wild dogs." Wildlife Research 30, no. 2 (2003): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01060.
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The removal of non-toxic baits was monitored during a simulated trail-baiting programme for foxes and wild dogs in the central tablelands of New South Wales. Ninety-one buried baits were removed by a number of species including spotted-tailed quolls, Australian brush-turkeys, superb lyrebirds, small mammals, wild dogs and a red fox. Spotted-tailed quolls were significantly less likely to remove baits buried under the ground surface than baits buried in raised mounds of soil. By means of remote photography, individual quolls were identified removing 3–4 baits in one night from bait stations 400 m apart. The results of this study show that spotted-tailed quolls and other non-target species may face substantial risk of consuming baits intended for wild dogs and foxes. However, the risk of poisoning spotted-tailed quolls may be significantly reduced by appropriate planning. Recommendations are made to increase the target-specificity of baiting programmes in areas with populations of spotted-tailed quolls.