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1
Thompson, JA, and PJS Fleming. "The Cost of Aerial Baiting for Wild Dog Management in North-Eastern New South Wales." Rangeland Journal 13, no. 1 (1991): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9910047.
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Aerial baitjng for the management of wild dogs in north-eastern New South Wales is carried out in nine Rural Lands Protection Board districts covering coastal and tablelands environments. A survey of participants in the 1988 aerial baiting programme costed the total operation at $106,152. Labour ($36,418) and helicopter hiring charges ($35,693) accounted for over 70 per cent of the costs borne by local and regional control authorities. A total of 24,285 kg of meat (approx. 105,500 baits) valued at $21,018 was used. The average cost of the programme was $4.21 per kg of bait used. Total baiting costs can be accurately predicted from bait quantity. The cost, to individual producers, of aerial baiting for wild dogs, when compared with expected livestock losses without this form of management, suggests that aerial baiting is cost-beneficial.
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Körtner, Gerhard, Shaan Gresser, and Bob Harden. "Does fox baiting threaten the spotted-tailed quoll, Dasyurus maculatus?" Wildlife Research 30, no. 2 (2003): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02107.
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In Australia, baiting with 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) is widely used to reduce predation of native wildlife by the red fox. However, such control programs may place some native carnivores at risk, particularly the spotted-tailed quoll in eastern Australia. We measured the mortality in a total of 57 quolls fitted with mortality radio-transmitters during four experimental fox baitings with Foxoff® 1080 baits containing Rhodamine B in north-east New South Wales. In all experiments quolls visited bait stations regularly and removed a total of 20 baits. All but one of these baits was found in the vicinity of the bait station, indicating that quolls did not ingest baits. This was confirmed by the absence of Rhodamine B in the vibrissae of all quolls retrapped after baiting. The only quoll that may have died from a bait had eaten a cached bait some six weeks after baiting concluded. Thus, baiting did not threaten any of the quoll populations sampled. Therefore it appears that most restrictions imposed to protect spotted-tailed quolls during fox baiting are unnecessary as long as this bait type is used.
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Gorovitz, Samuel. "Baiting Bioethics." Ethics 96, no. 2 (January 1986): 356–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/292753.
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Ree, J. "Highbrow-baiting." History Workshop Journal 63, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbm021.
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Kisska‐Schulze, Kathryn, Corey Ciocchetti, and Ralph Flick. "Case Baiting." American Business Law Journal 57, no. 2 (June 2020): 321–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ablj.12160.
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Thomson, PC. "The Effectiveness of Aerial Baiting for the Control of Dingoes in North-Western Australia." Wildlife Research 13, no. 2 (1986): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860165.
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Radiotracking was used to evaluate the effectiveness of aerial baiting in controlling populations of wild dingoes, Canisfamiliaris dingo. Four baitings were carried out in the West Pilbara region of Western Australia, using fresh-meat baits or factory-produced baits, poisoned with compound 1080. In one trial fresh-meat baits killed all 18 radio-collared dingoes; in another, factory baits killed 63% of radio-collared dingoes; in a third, 62% were killed by factory and fresh-meat baits. The factors considered to be most important in influencing the results of these trials included the number and distribution of baits dropped, bait type, and the age and social status of dingoes. Aerial baiting was shown to be an efficient and cost-effective dingo control technique under the conditions existing during the study. The long-term effects on the dingo population are discussed.
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Nicholson, Donald W. "Baiting death inhibitors." Nature 410, no. 6824 (March 2001): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35065201.
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Campbell, Tyler A., Christopher A. Langdon, Benjamin R. Laseter, W. Mark Ford, John W. Edwards, and Karl V. Miller. "Movements of female white-tailed deer to bait sites in West Virginia, USA." Wildlife Research 33, no. 1 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04090.
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We present a comparison of movements of adult female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in response to seasonal bait sites in the central Appalachians of West Virginia, USA. Our objectives were to compare bait-site use among seasons, evaluate home-range and core-area sizes between baiting and non-baiting periods, and compare distance from the geographic centres of activity to nearest bait site between baiting and non-baiting periods. From June 2000 to May 2001, we radio-monitored 52 deer and determined their use of 29 seasonal bait sites with automated camera systems. We collected 6461 locations and 1333 photographic observations of radio-collared deer. Bait-site use did not differ among four seasonal baiting periods. Additionally, home-range and core-area sizes did not differ between baiting and non-baiting periods. However, deer shifted their centres of activity closer to bait sites during baiting periods. High variability in deer behaviour should be considered when implementing deer-management activities that require all deer to use bait sites, such as infrared-triggered camera surveys.
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Dexter, Nick, and Paul Meek. "An analysis of bait-take and non-target impacts during a fox-control exercise." Wildlife Research 25, no. 2 (1998): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97020.
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The effectiveness of a fox-control exercise at the Beecroft Peninsula, New South Wales, was evaluated by examining the change in proportion of baits taken during free-feeding and after lethal baiting in four different habitats (heath, forest, coastal scrub, beach), and the change in number of radio-collared foxes alive during the course of the baiting exercise. The change in proportion of baits taken by non-target species was also examined over the course of the study. Bait take declined by 97% from the initiation of poison baiting to the final day of poison baiting eight days later with significantly more baits being taken in heath than in any other habitat. Four out of six radio-collared foxes died on the first day of poison baiting while the other two foxes died within ten days of the start of the poison-baiting session. Black rats, currawongs and ravens took a small number of baits throughout the baiting exercise.
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Körtner, Gerhard, and Peter Watson. "The immediate impact of 1080 aerial baiting to control wild dogs on a spotted-tailed quoll population." Wildlife Research 32, no. 8 (2005): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05014.
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In eastern Australia, the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) is the species thought to be most likely at risk from aerial baiting with compound 1080 to control wild dogs (Canis lupus familiaris and C. l. dingo). Although it is known that quolls occasionally die of 1080 poisoning, the broader impact on populations remains unresolved. We therefore assessed the impact of a regular aerial baiting campaign on a population of spotted-tailed quolls. Baiting with 1080 meat baits was conducted by the local Wild Dog Control Association and followed the same procedure as in previous years with the exception that the biomarker, rhodamine B, was added to the baits. Prior to the baiting, 36 quolls were trapped and fitted with mortality radio-collars; 31 of these collars were still functional at the time of baiting. Quolls were monitored from a helicopter and on the ground until retrapped 5–9 weeks after baiting. Transmitters were then removed and a sample of vibrissae was taken for rhodamine B analysis. Carcasses found were analysed for 1080. Predator numbers were assessed before and after baiting using track pads across trails. Among the initial 36 radio-collared quolls, nine mortalities were recorded during the course of the study (seven after baiting). Only one of the nine deaths could be directly attributed to 1080 poisoning. In addition, vibrissae from five of the 35 individuals sampled after baiting were marked with rhodamine B, indicating that these individuals had consumed bait, and survived. Consequently, mortality attributable to this particular aerial baiting campaign was low, apparently because few quolls ate bait and most of those that did survived. Track counts for predators indicated a significant decrease in dog and fox numbers after baiting. Cat activity remained unchanged and the number of quoll tracks increased.
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Bengsen, Andrew. "Effects of coordinated poison-baiting programs on survival and abundance in two red fox populations." Wildlife Research 41, no. 3 (2014): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13202.
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Context Poison-baiting programs coordinated among neighbouring landholders should provide the most effective and efficient tool for controlling fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations and impacts in mixed agricultural landscapes, but the effects of such programs on fox mortality and abundance have not been well described. Aims This study aimed to describe the effects of coordinated fox-control programs conducted by landholders on fox mortality and abundance, and to evaluate the likely impacts of reduced landholder participation rates on the proportion of the fox population exposed to baits. Methods The effects of two baiting programs on fox abundance were evaluated using camera-trap surveys and abundance-induced heterogeneity models. The proportion of foxes surviving baiting was estimated by tracking the fate of 19 GPS-collared individuals. The benefits of coordinated baiting were examined using simulated scenarios based on local fox movements and bait distribution patterns. Key results Examination of actual and simulated fox home ranges demonstrated that coordinated baiting increases exposure of the target population to baits. However, 69% of foxes captured on properties that later baited were estimated to have survived the baiting period. Camera-trap surveys across baited and unbaited properties showed no detectable decline in average fox abundance after baiting. Conclusions Coordinated baiting increases the proportion of the fox population encountering baited properties. However, high fox survival and the absence of detectable declines in abundance after baiting showed that even well coordinated baiting programs can produce suboptimal results if many of the foxes using baited properties fail to locate and ingest lethal baits. Implications Baiting programs aiming to reduce the density and impacts of foxes in agricultural landscapes should strive to maximise participation among neighbours. Programs may also benefit from taking steps to improve bait-encounter and consumption rates within properties, for example, by deploying baits at sufficient intensity to provide all foxes with access to at least one bait within their short-term home range. Future research should aim to identify optimal baiting intensities within properties and conditions to maximise bait uptake.
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Ballard, G., P. J. S. Fleming, P. D. Meek, and S. Doak. "Aerial baiting and wild dog mortality in south-eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 47, no. 2 (2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18188.
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Abstract ContextWild dogs, including dingoes and dingo cross-breeds, are vertebrate pests when they cause financial losses and emotional costs by harming livestock or pets, threaten human safety or endanger native fauna. Tools for lethal management of these animals currently include aerial baiting with poisoned baits. In New South Wales (NSW), Australia, aerial baiting was previously permitted at a rate of 40 baits km−1 but a maximum rate of 10 baits km−1 was subsequently prescribed by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. The efficacy of these baiting rates has not been quantified in eastern Australia, undermining the value of the policy and rendering adaptive management efforts difficult, at best. AimTo quantify the mortality rate of wild dogs exposed to aerial baiting at historic and currently approved rates, i.e. 40 baits per kilometre and 10 baits per kilometre, respectively. MethodsWild dog mortality rates were measured at sites in mesic north-eastern NSW, where aerial baiting was applied to control wild dogs and contrasted with sites and individuals where no baiting was undertaken. In total, 132 wild dogs were trapped and fitted with GPS-VHF telemetry collars before annual aerial baiting programs. Collars were used to locate animals after aerial baiting and to determine the fates of individuals. Key results90.6% of collared wild dogs exposed to aerial baiting at 40 baits km−1 died, whereas only 55.3% of those exposed to 10 baits km−1 died (Welsh’s t=4.478, P=0.004, v=6.95). All wild dogs that were not exposed to toxic baits survived during the same periods. ConclusionManagers using aerial baiting to maximise wild dog mortality in mesic south-eastern Australia should use 40 baits km−1 rather than 10 baits km−1. ImplicationsWild dog population reduction for mitigation of livestock and faunal predation requires the application of efficacious control. The currently prescribed maximum aerial baiting rate of 10 baits km−1 is inadequate for controlling wild dog populations in mesic forest environments in NSW.
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Moseby, K. E., and B. M. Hill. "The use of poison baits to control feral cats and red foxes in arid South Australia I. Aerial baiting trials." Wildlife Research 38, no. 4 (2011): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10235.
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Context Feral cats and foxes pose a significant threat to native wildlife in the Australian arid zone and their broadscale control is required for the protection of threatened species. Aims The aim of this research was to trial aerial poison baiting as a means of controlling feral cats and foxes in northern South Australia. Methods Eradicat baits or dried meat baits containing 1080 poison were distributed by air over areas of 650 to 1800 km2 in trials from 2002 to 2006. Different baiting density, frequency, bait type and area were trialled to determine the optimum baiting strategy. Baiting success was determined through mortality of radio-collared animals and differences in the track activity of cats and foxes in baited and unbaited areas. Key results Quarterly aerial baiting at a density of 10 baits per square km successfully controlled foxes over a 12-month period, while annual baiting led to reinvasion within four months. Despite the majority of radio-collared cats dying after baiting, a significant decline in cat activity was only recorded during one of the eight baiting events. This event coincided with extremely dry conditions and low rabbit abundance. Rabbit activity increased significantly in baited areas over the study period in comparison with control areas. Conclusions Despite trialling different baiting density, frequency and area over a five-year period, a successful long-term baiting strategy for feral cats could not be developed using Eradicat baits or dried meat baits. Implications Broadscale control of feral cats in the arid zone remains a significant challenge and may require a combination of control methods with flexible delivery times dependent on local conditions. However, it is doubtful that current methods, even used in combination, will enable cat numbers to be reduced to levels where successful reintroductions of many threatened wildlife species can occur.
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Körtner, G. "1080 aerial baiting for the control of wild dogs and its impact on spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) populations in eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 34, no. 1 (2007): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06076.
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To further investigate the non-target impact of baiting using sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) to control wild dogs, a population of radio-collared spotted-tailed quolls was subject to an experimental aerial baiting exercise. The trial was conducted at a site on the New England Tablelands, New South Wales, without a recent history of that practice. Sixteen quolls were trapped and radio-collared before baiting. Fresh meat baits were delivered from a helicopter at a rate of 10–40 baits km–1. In addition to 1080 (4.2 mg), each bait contained the bait marker rhodamine B (50 mg), which becomes incorporated into growing hair if an animal survives bait consumption. Two quoll mortalities were recorded following aerial baiting. Both quolls died 3–5 weeks after baiting when baits, on average, retained little 1080. None of the carcasses contained traces of 1080, but the test result is less reliable for the quoll that was found 19 days after its death although tissue was well preserved because of the cool weather. Nevertheless, given that this animal died 34 days after bait delivery, it appears likely that none of the radio-collared quolls succumbed to baiting. In contrast, vibrissae samples collected from 19 quolls captured after the baiting showed that 68% had eaten baits and survived. Furthermore, multiple bait takes were common, with up to six baits consumed by one female. The results demonstrate that most, if not all, quolls survived the baiting trial, including those that consumed dog baits. Hence bait consumption figures per se are not indicative of mortality rates attributable to poisoning.
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Kennedy, Malcolm S., Ken Rose, and Gary Martin. "Aerially deployed baits in the northern rangelands of Western Australia are available to wild dogs." Wildlife Research 40, no. 8 (2013): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13169.
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Context Aerial baiting using fixed-wing aircraft is an effective method of bait delivery for wild-dog control in remote locations. However, aerial baiting may result in loss of baits to positions that are inaccessible to wild dogs. Attempts, by landholders, to address such bait loss through compensatory baiting may increase baiting costs and potential risks to non-target species. Aims To assess bait drift under standard baiting conditions. To assess the availability of aerially deployed baits to wild dogs across several commonly baited landforms in the northern rangelands of Western Australia. Methods We determined drift characteristics of baits deployed under standard fixed-wing baiting conditions. We then determined the availability of aerially deployed baits by deploying baits with embedded radio-transmitters across four commonly baited landforms (riparian vegetation, tussock grassland, gorges and breakaways). We then visually assessed the availability of relocated baits (as ‘high’, ‘moderate’ or ‘low’). Key results Under standard fixed-wing baiting conditions, on average, baits fell 100.9 m forward, and 8.3 m laterally, from the point-of-release. Across all landforms, most baits (91.8%) were highly available, with a further 7.0% falling into the moderate category and 1.2% in the low category. There were significant differences in bait availability among landforms, with the proportion of moderate-low availability baits greatest in gorges and lowest on tussock grassland. Conclusions Within the northern rangelands of Western Australia, bait wastage owing to deployment in inaccessible locations is minimal. Implications Compensatory baiting for lost baits is unnecessary and increases costs to land managers.
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Twigg, LE, GR Singleton, and BJ Kay. "Evaluation of Bromadiolone Against House Mouse (Mus Domesticus) Populations in Irrigated Soybean Crops. I. Efficacy of Control." Wildlife Research 18, no. 3 (1991): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910265.
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The effectiveness of bromadiolone for controlling breeding house mouse [M. musculus] populations in irrigated soyabean crops was tested when mouse densities were around 200-300/ha. A single application of wheat with 0.005% bromadiolone, placed in bait stations (200 g/station) 20 m apart throughout the crop, effectively reduced mouse numbers at 1 of 2 sites. Where few other irrigated summer crops were close by, bromadiolone reduced mouse numbers relative to the unbaited control by 43-62% within 22 d, depending upon the index of mouse abundance used. Because of a general decline in mouse abundance after this time, the effect of baiting lasted through days 22 to 42. The overall benefit from baiting was marginal, because mouse numbers just before harvest (42 d after baiting) were still around 43% of pre-baiting levels. Where other irrigated summer crops were in close proximity, the single application of bromadiolone did not reduce mouse numbers, and there were no effects which could be attributed to baiting, either at day 22 or 42. Although few marked individuals survived baiting, mice from neighbouring crops apparently replaced those killed. When the baiting trials commenced, growers had just become aware that mice were causing noticeable damage to soyabean crops. By this time, mice were evenly distributed from 0.5 to 90 m into the crop and, as the mean movement of resident mice was 10.9 m, perimeter baiting only would have been ineffective. It was concluded that the distance between bait stations in irrigated soyabean crops should not exceed 20 m.
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Calvaresi, Matteo, and Francesco Zerbetto. "Baiting Proteins with C60." ACS Nano 4, no. 4 (April 2010): 2283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn901809b.
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Thomas, Kenneth R., Robert E. Wubbolding, and Morris L. Jackson. "Psychologically correct race baiting?" Academic Questions 18, no. 4 (December 2005): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-005-1029-6.
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Berry, Oliver, Jack Tatler, Neil Hamilton, Steffi Hilmer, Yvette Hitchen, and Dave Algar. "Slow recruitment in a red-fox population following poison baiting: a non-invasive mark–recapture analysis." Wildlife Research 40, no. 7 (2013): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13073.
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Context Optimal management of invasive species should determine the interval between lethal-control operations that will sustain a desired population suppression at minimum cost. This requires an understanding of the species’ rate of recruitment following control. These data are difficult to acquire for vertebrate carnivores such as the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), which are not readily trapped or observed. Aims To provide a long-term evaluation of the effects of 1080 poison baiting on the abundance and extent of movement of red foxes in a semiarid environment. Methods We used non‐invasive DNA sampling of fox hairs in semi-arid Western Australia where the population was subject to two episodes of aerially delivered sodium fluoroacetate (1080) poison baits within 12 months. Sampling took place at ~45-day intervals and individual foxes were identified by genotyping eight microsatellite DNA markers and a gender-specific marker. Open-population and spatially explicit mark–recapture models were used to estimate the density, apparent survival and movements of foxes before and following baiting. Key results Following a severe reduction in density after baiting, fox density during the ensuing 12 months increased slowly (0.01 foxes km–2 month–1), such that density had only reached 22% of pre-baiting levels ~10 months after the initial baiting. Moreover, recovery was non‐linear as population growth was negligible for 6 months, then exhibited a nine-fold increase 7–9 months after control, coincident with the dispersal of juveniles in autumn. Fox movements between recaptures were on average 470% greater after baiting than before, in line with expectations for low-density populations, suggesting that the probability of encountering baits during this period would be higher than before baiting. Conclusions Baiting with 1080 poison significantly reduced the density of foxes, and the low density was sustained for more than 6 months. Foxes moved significantly further between recaptures after baiting when at low densities. Implications Control programs in this region may be carried out at low frequency to suppress fox density to a fraction of unbaited levels. The intensity of follow-up baiting may also be adjusted downwards, to take account of an increased probability of bait encounter in more mobile foxes.
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Borden, J. H., L. J. Chong, and T. E. Lacey. "Pre-logging Baiting with Semiochemicals for the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus Ponderosae, in High Hazard Stands of Lodgepole Pine." Forestry Chronicle 62, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc62020-1.
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Baiting of trees with attractive semiochemicals prior to logging in three high hazard blocks of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) was effective in inducing attack by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) on baited trees and on surrounding unbaited trees. There was evidence for partial shifting of attack loci, concentration of dispersing beetles and containment of emergent beetles as a result of the baiting program. However, baiting was ineffective when the baits were within the understory canopy, and the baiting program did not cause a massive influx of beetles from infestations 75-200 m away from the baited blocks. Such baiting programs would be cost effective if they avoided the necessity of disposing of two attacked trees/ha outside of the baited blocks. They have the additional advantage of reducing the risk of future beetle attacks by removing beetles and their broods during logging of induced infestations.
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Nolte, Dale L., Abderrahim El Hani, J. Russell Mason, and Stephen Bulkin. "Response of Nontarget Species to Underground Strychnine Baiting for Pocket Gopher in Southwest Oregon." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/17.1.9.
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Abstract Pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) impede reforestation efforts in the Pacific Northwest and strychnine baiting is used to reduce their populations. We conducted a capture and release program in southern Oregon to determine whether strychnine baiting negatively impacted nontarget small mammal species. Two nontarget species dominated the program: golden mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) and yellow pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus). There was a short-term decline in ground squirrel populations after baiting, but yellow pine chipmunk populations were not adversely affected. We conclude that underground baiting with 0.5% strychnine treated grain is unlikely to cause long-term adverse effects on nontarget wildlife species in southwest Oregon. West. J. Appl. For. 17(1):9–13.
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Fleming, PJS, JA Thompson, and HI Nicol. "Indices for Measuring the Efficacy of Aerial Baiting for Wild Dog Control in North-Eastern New South Wales." Wildlife Research 23, no. 6 (1996): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960665.
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The efficacy of aerial baiting with 1080 poison (sodium fluoroacetate) for the control of wild dogs (Canis familiaris familiaris and C. familiaris dingo) in the temperate rangelands of north-eastern New South Wales was studied. In each year from 1991 to 1993, 2 indices of the abundance of dogs, one a raw count of sets of footprints per km of transect (SF) and the other an ln-transformed frequency corrected for sightability of signs (CI), were used to quantify the changes in abundance caused by aerial baiting. Abundance of dogs at a nil-treatment site was estimated concurrently. The SF index found the 1991 baiting to be efficacious. Both measures of abundance showed baiting to be efficacious in 1992 and 1993. Reductions of 66.3-84.5% in the abundance of dogs at the treatment site were found for the CI measure. The SF measure displayed abundance changes of 76.1-91.1%. The indices of abundance measured prior to the annual baiting in 1992 and 1993 were similar, indicating that populations returned to their initial abundance within 1 year.
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Firdaust, Mela, and Bayu Chondro Purnomo. "Mechanical Vector Control of Periplaneta Americana with Baiting Gel Application Containing Borax and Sulfur Material." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 11, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v11i4.2019.331-338.
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Periplaneta Americana has long been acknowledged as mechanical vector for infectious diseases. Baiting gel is considered as an advantegous mechanical vector control because it is relatively affordable and convenient for users. However, further studies to understand dose-response effects and effective ingredient composition still limited. Therefore, the aim of this research was to analyze the effect of the combination doses of baiting gel with active ingredients boric acid and sulfur materials on Periplaneta americana mortality. This research was true experimental with Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) study design. The researchers intervened the formula of baiting gel with a combination of boric acid and sulfur at different doses. The treatment of baiting gel at various dose levels produced a significant difference in the mortality of Periplaneta americana imago. Partial eta squared values showed the model design formed and the dose of baiting gel that had been applied had an effect on the mortality of Periplaneta americana imago at 90.4%. The observed power results show that the percentage to reject the hypothesis H0 for all diversity is 100%. The most effective dose in killing Periplaneta Americana cockroaches is a combination of Boric Acid: 10 grams and Sulfur: 0.25 grams. The conclusion of this research was to it is recommended to determine the weight of baiting gel before and after the application in order to optimize the results.
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King, DR, and DR King. "An Assessment of the Hazard Posed to Northern Quolls (Dasyurus-Hallucatus) by Aerial Baiting With 1080 to Control Dingoes." Wildlife Research 16, no. 5 (1989): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890569.
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The hazard posed to northern quolls, Dasyurus hallucatus, during aerial baiting programs for the control of dingoes was studied in a pastoral area of Western Australia. The incidence of mortality and the movements of the animals were studied by means of radiotelemetry. Minimum activity areas ranged from 5 to 1109 ha, and the longest movement recorded was 3.5 km over 7 days. All animals could have encountered baits. Mating occurred shortly before baits were laid. The animals subsequently lost condition and body weights were low at the time of baiting. No quolls died in the 2 weeks following the baiting. This suggests that northern quolls and other, theoretically less susceptible, non-target species of mammals in the pastoral areas of Western Australia are not at risk from 1080 aerial baiting programs.
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Roberts, Michael W., Nick Dexter, Paul D. Meek, Matt Hudson, and William A. Buttemer. "Does baiting influence the relative composition of the diet of foxes?" Wildlife Research 33, no. 6 (2006): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05009.
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The changes in the diet of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the Jervis Bay Region was assessed following a long-term baiting program by analysing the composition of fox faecal excreta (scats). In all, 470 fox scats were collected between April and August 2003 from two baited sites, Booderee National Park (BNP) and Beecroft Peninsula, and from two unbaited sites in the southern and northern parts of Jervis Bay National Park (SJBNP and NJBNP respectively). Diet was compared between these sites and mammalian diet was also compared from scats collected before baiting in 1996 and after baiting in 2000 at Beecroft Peninsula and in 2001 at Booderee National Park. In 2003, the most common species consumed by foxes was the common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus), except at unbaited NJBNP, where the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) was the most frequent dietary item. Significant dietary differences were found between unbaited and baited sites, with the long-nosed bandicoot (Perameles nasuta) and P. peregrinus featuring more in the diet of foxes from the baited sites. Marked increases in the frequency of occurrence of P. peregrinus and P. nasuta in fox scats occurred from before baiting through to after baiting. Relative fox abundance, as indexed by the number of scats collected per kilometre, was lowest in Booderee, followed by Beecroft, then SJBNP, with NJBNP having the highest relative abundance of foxes. We suggest that baiting did affect the diet of foxes on both peninsulas and that the dietary changes across baiting histories were intrinsically related to an increase in abundance in some taxa as a result of relaxed predator pressure following sustained fox control. However, the lack of unbaited control sites over the whole study precludes a definitive conclusion.
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Towerton, Alison L., Christopher R. Dickman, Rodney P. Kavanagh, and Trent D. Penman. "Control of the red fox in remnant forest habitats." Wildlife Research 43, no. 2 (2016): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15133.
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Context The European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is subject to control by poison baiting in many parts of its range in Australia to protect both native and domestic species. Assessments of baiting programs can improve their effectiveness and help ensure that long-term control outcomes are achieved. Aims We describe spatial and temporal patterns of bait uptake by the red fox in remnant forest within an agricultural matrix, including multiple bait-takes and hotspots of activity over time, and examine the response of foxes to baiting operations. Methods We analysed bait uptake (Foxoff®) from 12 baiting operations over 5 years in the Goonoo forest, a 62 500 ha remnant surrounded by cleared land in central New South Wales, Australia. More than 8000 checks of bait-stations were analysed to provide indices of fox activity per bait-check, patterns of bait removal during bait-checks, and bait uptake at stations within and across operations. Fox activity was also assessed before and after four operations using sand plots. Key results There was no consistent decline in relative fox activity in relation to changes in bait-take; increases in the activity index occurred in successive checks within most operations. Spatial analyses of checks within control operations showed that consecutive baits were removed at more than 70% of bait stations that were visited by foxes. Temporal analyses showed further that within an operation, multiple bait-takes occurred at ~20% of stations and, across all operations, hot spots of activity could be identified. Conclusions A short (2-week) baiting window in standard baiting operations may not be effective in reducing the activity of foxes across the landscape. It is likely that many baits are being cached during each operation, and that foxes move into the baited area from unbaited surrounding areas. Implications More frequent and timely baiting operations are needed to achieve maximum disruption to the fox population in the remnant forest environment, at least as indicated by patterns of bait-take. Increasing the distance between baits, to ~1.5 km, while reducing baiting-gaps at the landscape scale, will also be important to reduce caching and still ensure that baits are encountered.
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Kinnear, J. E., C. Pentland, N. Moore, and C. J. Krebs. "Fox control and 1080 baiting conundrums: time to prepare for a CRISPR solution." Australian Mammalogy 39, no. 2 (2017): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am16020.
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For many years, managing rock-wallaby colonies (Petrogale lateralis lateralis) in the Western Australian Wheatbelt seemed to be a matter of routinely exposing foxes (Vulpes vulpes) to toxic baits (sodium fluoroacetate, 1080®) laid around their rocky outcrops. Recent research has revealed that 1080 baitings are no longer a viable management option. Baiting is flawed over the long term because it does not erase the wallabies’ pervasive fear of being depredated by foxes, which can still make their menacing presence felt before succumbing to poison bait. Accordingly, a ‘landscape of fear’ exists on all rock-wallaby sites, creating a ‘virtual boundary’ beyond which they fear to forage. Severe overgrazing occurs, ultimately causing population crashes, leaving behind devastated outcrops greatly diminished in carrying capacity. The fallout from this scenario produces a management conundrum. Rock-wallaby populations are unstable in the absence of fox control, and conversely, they are also unstable under long-term fox control. Management is now left with few options, and the future of the colonies remains open. Other conundrums involving bait interference and mesopredator release are described. An alternative to 1080 baiting is clearly needed. Recent developments in gene engineering (CRISPR technology) offer a solution in the foreseeable future.
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McDougall, K. L., G. E. St J. Hardy, and R. J. Hobbs. "Distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the northern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of Western Australia in relation to dieback age and topography." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 1 (2002): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01040.
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The spatial distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands at seven dieback sites in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn. ex Smith) forest of Western Australia was determined by the following two baiting techniques: in situ baiting with live Banksia grandis Willd. seedlings and ex situ baiting of sampled soil and root material. Four areas within each site were sampled, reflecting dieback age and position in the landscape. Approximate dieback ages of 50, 20 and 5 years were determined by aerial photography. The 50-year-old age class was divided into wet valley floor and dry gravelly slope. Phytophthora cinnamomi was recovered most frequently from the 5-year-old (dieback fronts) and wet 50-year-old areas by both baiting techniques. It was recovered from more than twice as many areas and about five times as many samples when in situ B. grandis baits were used compared with ex situ soil and root baiting. Almost all recoveries from in situ baits were made between October and December. From both methods, it appears that P. cinnamomi has a patchy distribution within dieback sites in the northern jarrah forest. It is easily detected only on dieback fronts and wet valley floors. On dry gravelly sites affected 20 years or more ago, P. cinnamomi is rare and may even be absent at some sites. This makes confident detection of the pathogen difficult. In situ baiting at least allows a temporal component to the sampling and will be a useful method of detection in areas where P. cinnamomi is rare or transient.
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Sharew, Hailu, and Jonathan S. Kays. "Vole Damage Control in Forest Plantations." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/23.4.297.
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Abstract The effects of five treatments (mowing with broadcast baiting, mowing with hand baiting, hand baiting with no mowing, herbicide, and untreated control) on vole population and damage to forest plantations were evaluated. All treatments caused reductions in vole feeding, as well as reduced seedling damage and potential seedling mortality. This study shows the practical importance of monitoring planting sites for vole populations in the fall prior to and after planting and suggests an immediate control of high and severe vole population ratings with rodenticide with or without mowing to minimize potential seedling mortality. North. J. Appl. For. 23(4):297–300.
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Twigg, Laurie E., Tim Lowe, Michael Everett, and Gary Martin. "Feral pigs in north-western Australia: population recovery after 1080 baiting and further control." Wildlife Research 33, no. 5 (2006): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05098.
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The recovery rate of a population of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in the west Kimberley in north-western Australia was determined 12 months after a 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate)-baiting program. An estimated 56 pigs were present in the 15 000-ha study area in August 2005 compared with the prebaiting levels of 250–275 pigs in 2004 (11 pigs were known to be alive on site after the 2004 baiting). This represents a population recovery of 20–23% of the 2004 prebaiting levels. Although most pigs were in good body condition, environmental conditions were quite different between the two years. In 2005, some waterholes were dry or comprised mainly muddy water with little associated shelter for feral pigs. Consequently, and in contrast to 2004, no pigs were seen, and no bait take could be attributed to feral pigs, at the four resurveyed waterholes. Most pig sightings, and activity, were close to the Fitzroy River. Fermented wheat, with blood and bone, was used to determine areas of pig activity, and also used as prefeed before 1080-baiting commenced in 2005. Using the same bait stations as for 2004, plus additional stations established in new areas of pig activity, 1080-treated wheat and malted barley again proved highly effective in reducing pig numbers. The daily sighting index before and after 1080-baiting indicated that pig numbers had been reduced by ~90% within four days. Estimated pre- and postpoisoning density, with and without an edge effect, was 0.12–1.7 pigs km–2 and 0.05–0.67 pigs km–2. Pig tracks decreased to zero on the six track plots within two days of baiting, but the number of macropod tracks remained constant over the four-day baiting period. Thirty-eight poisoned pigs were found after 1080-baiting, and these were generally in clustered groups within 200 m of an active bait station. Poisoned juvenile pigs were again found closer to the active bait stations than were adult or subadult pigs (P < 0.05).
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Gray, D. R., E. Holsten, and M. Pascuzzo. "EFFECTS OF SEMIOCHEMICAL BAITING ON THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF FELLED AND UNFELLED LETHAL TRAP TREES FOR SPRUCE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (KIRBY) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), MANAGEMENT IN AREAS OF HIGH AND LOW BEETLE POPULATIONS." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 2 (April 1990): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent122373-3.
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AbstractA two by two factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design tested single and combined effects of tree felling and semiochemical baiting on the attractiveness of spruce (Picea spp.) trees treated with monosodium methanearsenate (MSMA) to Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) in British Columbia and Alaska. In British Columbia, tree felling and semiochemical baiting had significant effects on attack density, but in Alaska only tree felling had a significant effect. Semiochemical baiting had a significant effect on within-tree attack distribution in British Columbia but cot in Alaska, regardless of the felling treatment. The felled treatment captured more beetles than the not-felled treatment regardless of the baiting treatment in British Columbia, but only in the absence of a semiochemical bait in Alaska. The differences between the two locations may have been caused by lower temperatures and beetle population density in Alaska. Effective spruce beetle management with MSMA-treated trees requires tree felling, and beetle capture can be improved with the use of a semiochemical bait.
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Comer, S., L. Clausen, S. Cowen, J. Pinder, A. Thomas, A. H. Burbidge, C. Tiller, D. Algar, and P. Speldewinde. "Integrating feral cat (Felis catus) control into landscape-scale introduced predator management to improve conservation prospects for threatened fauna: a case study from the south coast of Western Australia." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19217.
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Abstract ContextFeral cat predation has had a significant impact on native Australian fauna in the past 200 years. In the early 2000s, population monitoring of the western ground parrot showed a dramatic decline from the pre-2000 range, with one of three meta-populations declining to very low levels and a second becoming locally extinct. We review 8 years of integrated introduced predator control, which trialled the incorporation of the feral cat bait Eradicat® into existing fox baiting programs. AimsTo test the efficacy of integrating feral cat control into an existing introduced predator control program in an adaptive management framework conducted in response to the decline of native species. The objective was to protect the remaining western ground parrot populations and other threatened fauna on the south coast of Western Australia. MethodsA landscape-scale feral cat and fox baiting program was delivered across south coast reserves that were occupied by western ground parrots in the early 2000s. Up to 500000ha of national parks and natures reserves were baited per annum. Monitoring was established to evaluate both the efficacy of landscape-scale baiting in management of feral cat populations, and the response of several native fauna species, including the western ground parrot, to an integrated introduced predator control program. Key resultsOn average, 28% of radio-collared feral cats died from Eradicat® baiting each year, over a 5-year period. The results varied from 0% to 62% between years. Changes in site occupancy by feral cats, as measured by detection on camera traps, was also variable, with significant declines detected after baiting in some years and sites. Trends in populations of native fauna, including the western ground parrot and chuditch, showed positive responses to integrated control of foxes and cats. ImplicationsLandscape-scale baiting of feral cats in ecosystems on the south coast of Western Australia had varying success when measured by direct knockdown of cats and site occupancy as determined by camera trapping; however, native species appeared to respond favourably to integrated predator control. For the protection of native species, we recommend ongoing baiting for both foxes and feral cats, complemented by post-bait trapping of feral cats. We advocate monitoring baiting efficacy in a well designed adaptive management framework to deliver long-term recovery of threatened species that have been impacted by cats.
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Palmer, Russell, Hannah Anderson, Brooke Richards, Michael D. Craig, and Lesley Gibson. "Does aerial baiting for controlling feral cats in a heterogeneous landscape confer benefits to a threatened native meso-predator?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): e0251304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251304.
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Introduced mammalian predators can have devastating impacts on recipient ecosystems and disrupt native predator–prey relationships. Feral cats (Felis catus) have been implicated in the decline and extinction of many Australian native species and developing effective and affordable methods to control them is a national priority. While there has been considerable progress in the lethal control of feral cats, effective management at landscape scales has proved challenging. Justification of the allocation of resources to feral cat control programs requires demonstration of the conservation benefit baiting provides to native species susceptible to cat predation. Here, we examined the effectiveness of a landscape-scale Eradicat® baiting program to protect threatened northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) from feral cat predation in a heterogeneous rocky landscape in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. We used camera traps and GPS collars fitted to feral cats to monitor changes in activity patterns of feral cats and northern quolls at a baited treatment site and unbaited reference site over four years. Feral cat populations appeared to be naturally sparse in our study area, and camera trap monitoring showed no significant effect of baiting on cat detections. However, mortality rates of collared feral cats ranged from 18–33% after baiting, indicating that the program was reducing cat numbers. Our study demonstrated that feral cat baiting had a positive effect on northern quoll populations, with evidence of range expansion at the treatment site. We suggest that the rugged rocky habitat preferred by northern quolls in the Pilbara buffered them to some extent from feral cat predation, and baiting was sufficient to demonstrate a positive effect in this relatively short-term project. A more strategic approach to feral cat management is likely to be required in the longer-term to maximise the efficacy of control programs and thereby improve the conservation outlook for susceptible threatened fauna.
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Spurlock, T. N., C. S. Rothrock, and W. S. Monfort. "Evaluation of Methods to Quantify Populations of Rhizoctonia in Soil." Plant Disease 99, no. 6 (June 2015): 836–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-14-0446-re.
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The best method to quantitatively determine populations of Rhizoctonia in soil from soybean fields undergoing rice and soybean rotations was determined for use in a large-scale spatial study to be done over multiple fields and years. The methods evaluated were the toothpick-baiting method, the multiple-pellet soil sampler, and the pour-plate method using elutriated organic matter from soil or surface residue. The toothpick-baiting method was calibrated using the multiple-pellet soil sampler and determined to assay an approximate soil volume of 15.43 cm3. The radius of isolation with the toothpick-baiting technique was approximately 1 cm. In 2009 and 2010, the toothpick method was determined to be the most reliable method for assaying soils, with the most isolates across space and greater recovery of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, R. solani AG11, and R. oryzae, the major Rhizoctonia spp. in these fields, when quantified as propagules per volume of soil or organic matter. In 2011, the recovery of these three groups of Rhizoctonia did not differ statistically when the toothpick-baiting method was compared with the multiple-pellet soil sampler after the volume of soil assayed by the pellet sampler was increased to be similar to that of the toothpick method. However, the labor involved in assaying a similar volume of soil with the multiple-pellet soil sampler was limiting for a large-scale spatial study. The toothpick-baiting method was preferred over the other methods because it was determined to be thorough, inexpensive, nondestructive, and rapid. Additionally, the use of the toothpick-baiting method allows for the determination of the depth of inoculum of isolated fungi for intact soil cores. The mean depth of activity of R. solani AG1-IA, R. solani AG11, and R. oryzae was 1.15, 1.55, and 1.47 cm respectively.
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Friend, J. Anthony, Robert Hill, Brian Macmahon, Louisa Bell, Tim Button, Corey Mosen, and Stephanie Hill. "Are red-tailed phascogales (Phascogale calura) at risk from Eradicat® cat baits?" Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19087.
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Abstract ContextFeral cats have benefitted from effective control of foxes in south-western Australia and, consequently, their impact on some threatened mammal species has increased. Control of feral cats in the region can be enhanced by use of the Eradicat® cat bait, but its impact on non-target animal populations requires investigation before widespread use. AimsThe aim of the present study was to determine through field trials whether consumption of Eradicat® baits by resident red-tailed phascogales, following a broadscale baiting operation to control feral cats, was sufficiently frequent to cause significant rates of mortality in wild populations of phascogales. MethodsNine radio-tagged red-tailed phascogales were monitored through an Eradicat® baiting event to determine their survival. Removal and consumption of toxic and non-toxic rhodamine B-labelled baits by a range of species were monitored with camera traps and by subsequent trapping of red-tailed phascogales and other mammals to sample whiskers for evidence of rhodamine uptake. Key resultsAlthough some phascogales showed interest in baits and sometimes moved them from the deposition site, all radio-tagged phascogales survived for at least 1 week after baiting, by which time very few or no baits remained. Examination of whiskers sampled from individuals exposed to rhodamine-labelled baits showed that consumption of non-toxic Eradicat® baits by phascogales was negligible; only one phascogale of 62 sampled showed any rhodamine banding. ConclusionsThe present study provided no evidence that red-tailed phascogales in the study region are at risk from an Eradicat® baiting episode in autumn. ImplicationsThe risk to red-tailed phascogale populations through the use of Eradicat® baiting to control cats in their habitat in the Great Southern region of Western Australia is likely to be low. Further research to elucidate any impact of repeated baiting on populations of this species at several locations is recommended.
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Singleton, GR, LE Twigg, KE Weaver, and BJ Kay. "Evaluation of Bromadiolone Against House Mouse (Mus Domesticus) Populations in Irrigated Soybean Crops. Ii. Economics." Wildlife Research 18, no. 3 (1991): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910275.
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The economics of controlling house mice [M. musculus] using 0.005% bromadiolone-treated wheat placed in bait stations within soyabean crops was evaluated in New South Wales during 1989 when mouse densities were approx. 200-300/ha. Damage by mice to soyabean crops was assessed up to 200 m into 2 crops (1 with bait and 1 without) on each of 2 farms just before baiting, and 22 and 42 d after baiting. Mouse damage in each crop was always <10%, and was greatest in patches of high crop density. Damage was similar at the crop perimeters and up to 100 m into the crops, but 200 m from crop perimeters, damage was less prevalent. By 42 d after baiting, the differences in crop losses relative to pre-baiting damage levels were minimal. Estimates of losses caused by mice in 3 of the principal soyabean growing regions of New South Wales were obtained from all farmers who grew soyabeans in 1988-89. The combined losses caused by mice to growers in these regions in 1989 was about $A2 million.
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Fleming, PJS. "Ground-Placed Baits for the Control of Wild Dogs: Evaluation of a Replacement-Baiting Strategy in North-Eastern New South Wales." Wildlife Research 23, no. 6 (1996): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960729.
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Abundance indices for wild dogs (Canis familiaris familiaris and C. familiaris dingo) were calculated from their visitation to stations containing non-toxic baits before and after a replacement-baiting programme (conducted in January-February 1993). The programme, where 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate)-impregnated baits removed by target animals were replaced each day, achieved a mean reduction of 76.1% in the index of dog abundance. The replacement-baiting strategy removed all resident animals that would accept baits and the probable reductions in the populations of dogs were greater than the reductions reported in previous studies. The indices of the abundance of sympatric red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were also reduced (90.8%) by the replacement-baiting programme. Minimum numbers of dogs and foxes using roads and tracks in the study area were estimated by index-manipulation-index methodology. The risk of this replacement-baiting programme to populations of non-target animals was insubstantial. The effects of the manipulation of canid populations on the management of populations of non-target animals are discussed.
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Ardhita, Merin Tri, Arif Widyanto, and Nur Hilal. "PENGARUH APLIKASI VARIASI DOSIS BORAKS PADA BAITING GEL TERHADAP MORTALITAS IMAGO Periplaneta americana." Buletin Keslingmas 40, no. 4 (December 28, 2021): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v40i4.7742.
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Kecoa merupakan salah satu vektor mekanik bagi beberapa mikroorganisme patoghen. Penggunaan bahan kimia untuk pengendalian vektor kecoa sudah banyak digunakan. Pengasapan dan penyemprotan mempunyai efek negative untuk kesehatan manusia dan pencemaran lingkungan. Maka dari itu perlu dilakukan alternatif lain, salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan yaitu dengan menggunakan metode Baiting Gel sebagai salah satu pengendalian kecoa. Menurut Potter Entomologist (2015) tidak seperti banyak insektisida, boraks tidak memiliki sifat repellent / penolak serangga sehingga kecoa tidak jera umpan dan kembali ke area baiting berulang kali sampai mereka mati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh aplikasi variasi dosis boraks pada Baiting Gel terhadap mortalitas imago Periplaneta americana. Metode penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperimen dengan desain non equivalent control group design. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dosis 0 gram boraks mempunyai daya bunuh 0%, dosis 10 gram boraks mempunyai daya bunuh 10%, dosis 15 gram boraks mempunyai daya bunuh 30% dan dosis 30 gram boraks mempunyai daya bunuh 25%. Sehingga dari hasil tersebut tidak didapatkan dosis boraks yang efektif untuk membunuh Periplaneta americana. Hasil analisis Kruskal Wallis diperoleh angka signifikasi dengan nilai p = 0,127 0,05, sehingga tidak ada pengaruh aplikasi variasi dosis boraks pada Baiting Gel terhadap mortalitas imago Periplaneta americana. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah tidak ada pengaruh aplikasi variasi dosis boraks pada Baiting Gel terhadap mortalitas imago Periplaneta americana. Diharapkan bagi peneliti lain dapat melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan kombinasi bahan aktif Boraks dan Sulfur dimana penelitian sebelumnya sudah memperoleh hasil yang signifikan dan efektif dalam membunuh kecoa Periplaneta americana.
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Fenner, Sally, Gerhard Körtner, and Karl Vernes. "Aerial baiting with 1080 to control wild dogs does not affect the populations of two common small mammal species." Wildlife Research 36, no. 6 (2009): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08134.
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More than most other animal control techniques, toxic baiting is fraught with the potential impact on non-target species. In the present study, we investigated the effect of aerial baiting with 1080 to control wild dogs in north-eastern New South Wales (NSW), Australia, on populations of southern bush rats (Rattus fuscipes assimilis) and brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii), using a controlled experiment. Six populations, three each within widely spaced baited and unbaited trapping grids, were monitored before and after bait laying. To develop capture–mark–recapture indices, separate 4-day trapping surveys were undertaken twice before and twice after meat baits (250 g containing 6 mg sodium fluoroacetate, 1080) were delivered from a helicopter at 40 baits per kilometre. To assess non-fatal bait consumption, all baits contained rhodamine B (RhB), which gets incorporated into the vibrissae of animals that have ingested this marker. Neither mammal population decreased in size after baiting, nor was there any increase in population turnover rates or changes in the movement patterns of either species. Furthermore, no trapped animal tested positive for RhB, suggesting that these small mammals rarely consume meat baits, and that, at the population level, the impact of baiting on them was likely negligible. It is therefore unlikely that the current practise of aerial baiting in NSW, although effective in reducing dog activity, threatens populations of these two common species and perhaps small mammals in general.
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Brown, Peter R., Lisa K. Chambers, and Grant R. Singleton. "Pre-sowing control of house mice (Mus domesticus) using zinc phosphide: efficacy and potential non-target effects." Wildlife Research 29, no. 1 (2002): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01023.
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Zinc phosphide was tested on populations of house mice in cereal stubble and pasture paddocks in the Central Mallee region of Victoria, in Autumn 1997. There were three replicates of two application methods: aerial and ground (perimeter) baiting. The response of mouse populations to baiting was monitored by live-trapping; estimates of population size and survivorship were compared between baited and unbaited sites (n = 3) taking prebaiting population sizes into account. Zinc phosphide was effective in decreasing the abundance (adjusted trap success) of mice on aerially baited sites (by 51%), but the reduction observed on ground-baited sites (24%) was not significant. There was no change in abundance on the untreated sites. There was a significant reduction in the survivorship of mice on both aerially and ground-baited sites compared with unbaited sites. Non-target species were monitored before and after baiting. Only four bird deaths were recorded as a result of the baiting program. Given that birds are highly mobile, with deaths possible many kilometres from the bait sitesit was difficult to fully assess the impact of poisoning on bird species in the area without more rigorous searching of vegetated areas further from baited paddocks.
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Phillips, James G., and Leon Mann. "Suicide baiting in the internet era." Computers in Human Behavior 92 (March 2019): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.027.
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Johnson, James T., Richard B. Chandler, L. Mike Conner, Michael J. Cherry, Charlie H. Killmaster, Kristina L. Johannsen, and Karl V. Miller. "Effects of Bait on Male White-Tailed Deer Resource Selection." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2021): 2334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082334.
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Bait is often used to increase wildlife harvest susceptibility, enhance viewing opportunities, and survey wildlife populations. The effects of baiting depend on how bait influences space use and resource selection at multiple spatial scales. Although telemetry studies allow for inferences about resource selection within home ranges (third-order selection), they provide limited information about spatial variation in density, which is the result of second-order selection. Recent advances in spatial capture-recapture (SCR) techniques allow exploration of second- and third-order selection simultaneously using non-invasive methods such as camera traps. Our objectives were to describe how short-term baiting affects white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) behavior and distribution. We fit SCR models to camera data from baited and unbaited locations in southwestern Georgia to assess the effects of short-term baiting on second- and third-order selection of deer during summer and winter surveys. We found little evidence of second-order selection during late summer or early winter surveys when camera surveys using bait are typically conducted. However, we found evidence for third-order selection, indicating that resource selection within home ranges is affected. Concentrations in space use resulting from baiting may enhance disease transmission, change harvest susceptibility, and potentially bias the outcome of camera surveys using bait.
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Olotu, Moses I., Hannalene du Plessis, Zuberi S. Seguni, Sunday Ekesi, and Nguya K. Maniania. "Efficacy of fish- and hydramethylnon-based baits for conservation of the African weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) during cashew off-seasons in Tanzania." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 35, no. 02 (June 2015): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758415000144.
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The efficacy of fish- and hydramethylnon-based baits for conservation of the African weaver ant (AWA)Oecophylla longinodaLatreille was evaluated at orchards in Bagamoyo and Mkuranga districts, Coast region of Tanzania, during the cashew off-seasons in 2011 and 2012. The baits were applied at monthly intervals; the dynamics of AWA were monitored by counting the number of leaf nests/tree and the colonization trails on main branches. The numbers of leaf nests recorded before baiting ranged between 3.5 and 5.3 and were not significantly different at both sites and in both seasons; after baiting, they ranged between 3.2 and 11.6 at Bagamoyo and between 3.0 and 10.2 at Mkuranga. The colonization of AWA trails recorded before baiting was also not significantly different at both sites and in both seasons and ranged between 37.9 and 50.0%; after baiting, this ranged between 35.9 and 75.1% at Bagamoyo and between 34.6 and 79.2% at Mkuranga. The provision of fish- and hydramethylnon-based baits can effectively contribute to the conservation of AWA during the cashew off-seasons. The fish-based bait is cheaper and more easily affordable by local farmers and can, therefore, be used as an alternative diet for AWA at this time.
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Wan Umar, Wan Ahmad Syahir, and Abdul Hafiz Ab Majid. "Efficacy of Minimum Application of Chlorfluazuron Baiting to Control Urban Subterranean Termite Populations of Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)." Insects 11, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090569.
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Termite infestations in urban areas are a serious problem because they cause negative economic effects, reduce the esthetic value of buildings, damage crops, and require household repairs. Chemical controls are the most common method used against subterranean termites, and baiting has emerged as one of the prominent control methods. The goal of this research was to determine the efficacy of termite baiting by treating one of six active termite stations (selective baiting) with chlorfluazuron baits to eradicate six populations of subterranean termites. This work shows that the placement of chlorfluazuron baits in one of the active stations was sufficient to destroy a colony that was interconnected with multiple chlorfluazuron-free stations. In general, it requires an average of 4–8 weeks for a quantity of less than 300 g of chlorfluazuron bait to remove a termite infestation at the study site.
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Edwards, Glenn P., Stephen R. Eldridge, Bernie J. Shakeshaft, and Teresa Nano. "Lethal control reduces the relative abundance of dingoes but not cattle production impacts." Wildlife Research 48, no. 6 (2021): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr20076.
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ContextLethal control through the application of 1080 baits is widely used in Australia to manage the negative impacts of wild dogs (dingoes, wild domestic dogs and their hybrids) on cattle production, but its effectiveness in this regard is not well understood. AimsTo evaluate the efficacy of once yearly 1080 baiting on dingoes and its effects in mitigating predation and sublethal impacts on beef cattle. MethodsA replicated experiment with two paired treatments (1080 poisoned and non-poisoned) was conducted on each of four cattle stations of 3782–10850km2, over 2.5 years (2000–02) in the southern Northern Territory. The study was undertaken in relatively good rainfall years. Key resultsTrack-based surveys indicated that dingo abundance declined on poisoned relative to non-poisoned areas immediately following a single baiting episode. However, there was no detectable difference about 8 months after baiting. No difference was detected in observed levels of calf damage or calf loss between poisoned and non-poisoned areas. ConclusionsThe results add to the growing body of consistent evidence that contemporary dingo control practices yield little benefit to rangeland beef producers most of the time. ImplicationsRoutine dingo baiting (as currently undertaken) may be largely unnecessary for beef cattle producers in arid and semiarid areas. Alternative strategies and practices to reduce dingo mauling and predation impacts should be investigated using replicated and controlled field studies.
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Forschler, Brian T., and John C. Ryder. "Subterranean Termite, Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), Colony Response to Baiting with Hexaflumuron Using a Prototype Commercial Termite Baiting System." Journal of Entomological Science 31, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-31.2.143.
Full textAbstract:
Six subterranean termite colonies, representing two species, Reticulitermes flavipes and R. virginicus were characterized and baited during the spring and summer of 1993 at three locations in the Piedmont Soil Zone in west-central Georgia. Characterizations included population and foraging territory estimates, indices of activity, wood consumption rates, and number of termites collected per site per visit. The four characterized colonies that were baited averaged 43,000 termites per colony and occupied foraging territories averaging 16 m2. An additional 12 colonies were baited in 1994 simulating a commercial bait application where only indices of termite activity were recorded. Each termite colony was baited using a prototype baiting system which included the active ingredient hexaflumuron. Activity of each colony was monitored before, during, and after baiting. Three of the characterized colonies were baited during June and July 1993, and activity was undetectable within 3 months. One colony, baited in September, continued to show activity for 8 months. Six of the colonies baited in 1994 showed no activity at least 5 months after bait acceptance, two colonies removed bait starting in September and were still showing activity in May, two colonies did not revisit monitors following bait stake attack, and one colony did not accept bait and remained active in the nearby monitor. Colony characterizations, baiting procedures, measures of termite activity, and the difficulties of determining termite baiting efficacy from field trials are discussed.
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McLeod, Lynette J., Glen R. Saunders, Steven R. McLeod, Michelle Dawson, and Remy van de Ven. "The potential for participatory landscape management to reduce the impact of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) on lamb production." Wildlife Research 37, no. 8 (2010): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10082.
Full textAbstract:
ContextRed fox (Vulpes vulpes) predation has an impact on populations of many species throughout its range worldwide, and as such, the red fox is the target of control programs. AimsWe investigated the potential for participatory landscape management to reduce the impact of fox predation on a major prey species, lambs. MethodsThe present study monitored fox-management programs already operating across 4.5 million hectares of regional New South Wales to compare the impact of varying (frequency and spatial coverage) control effort on lamb survival. Key resultsThe frequency and timing of fox control was correlated with lamb survival. Lamb survival was higher in areas where fox baiting was carried out twice a year, in autumn and late winter/spring. Spatial coverage of the control program was also positively correlated with lamb survival. Properties that had near neighbours (up to 2.5 km away) participating in group fox-control programs had higher survival of lambs than properties that did not. ConclusionsThese results support the development of a high level of group participation in fox-control programs that considers both spatial extent and frequency of baiting programs. They also support a movement away from the reactionary, short-term practice of baiting small areas to protect vulnerable prey. ImplicationsCoordinated group-baiting programs are likely to deliver improved lamb survival and should be promoted in areas where ongoing control programs for foxes are necessary.
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Billing, Justin, and Bob Harden. "Control of introduced Rattus rattus L. on Lord Howe Island. I. The response of mouse populations to warfarin bait used to control rats." Wildlife Research 27, no. 6 (2000): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99012.
Full textAbstract:
Warfarin bait has been used since 1986 to control introduced black rats (Rattus rattus) in palm-seeding areas on Lord Howe Island, New South Wales. We examined the relationship between bait use and mouse numbers in these areas. In the first experiment, one mouse population was manipulated by removal trapping while baiting for rats was being undertaken. When mouse density was reduced by approximately 193 ha–1, bait consumption fell by 80.0%, suggesting that the mice were not susceptible to warfarin and that the rat bait may have been an important food resource for these mice. During the second experiment, the existing rat-baiting regime was maintained in one area but manipulated in another – bait was removed for one year then returned during the second year. Under the existing baiting regime, mouse numbers increased during the two-year period. The mouse population that was denied rat bait declined to near zero after one year, then increased when bait was reintroduced to the area, reaching densities after one year similar to those in the area where bait had been maintained. We conclude that the mice were resistant to warfarin, consumed most of the bait distributed to control rats, were largely dependant on the bait as a food source, and reached high densities in rat-control areas as a direct result of rat-baiting strategies.
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Shults, Phillip, Steven Richardson, Pierre-Andre Eyer, Madeleine Chura, Heather Barreda, Robert W. Davis, and Edward L. Vargo. "Area-Wide Elimination of Subterranean Termite Colonies Using a Novaluron Bait." Insects 12, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030192.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated the use of termite baiting, a proven system of targeted colony elimination, in an overall area-wide control strategy against subterranean termites. At two field sites, we used microsatellite markers to estimate the total number of Reticulitermes colonies, their spatial partitioning, and breeding structure. Termite pressure was recorded for two years before and after the introduction of Trelona® (active ingredient novaluron) to a large area of one of the sites. Roughly 70% of the colonies in the treatment site that were present at the time of baiting were not found in the site within two months after the introduction of novaluron. Feeding activity of the remaining colonies subsequently ceased over time and new invading colonies were unable to establish within this site. Our study provides novel field data on the efficacy of novaluron in colony elimination of Reticulitermes flavipes, as well as evidence that an area-wide baiting program is feasible to maintain a termite-free area within its native range.
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Short, Jeff, Bruce Turner, Danielle A. Risbey, and Reg Carnamah. "Control of Feral Cats for Nature Conservation. II. Population Reduction by Poisoning." Wildlife Research 24, no. 6 (1997): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96071.
Full textAbstract:
A feral cat population was substantially reduced by poisoning at a semi-arid site in Western Australia. The control programme was designed to protect two species of endangered native mammals that had recently been reintroduced to the site. Feral cats were poisoned with carcasses of laboratory mice, each impregnated with 4.5 mg of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080). Baits were placed at 100-m intervals along the track system each night for four consecutive nights. Kill rates were assessed by monitoring survival of radio- collared cats and by spotlight counts of cats before and after baiting. All radio-collared cats were killed and there was a 74% reduction in spotlight counts of cats after baiting. Bait removal varied with the abundance of rabbits, the primary prey item for cats in this area. Effectiveness of control operations against feral cats is maximised by baiting at times of low prey abundance. Monitoring the changing abundance of the primary prey species provides important information for timing control operations against feral cats.