Dissertations / Theses: 'Baitasi'

1

Pásler, Tomáš. "Podnikatelský záměr pro založení firmy TOP BAITS." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224605.

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This Master´s thesis deals with the business plan for establishment of a corporation TOP Baits. It is in the business of manufacturing and selling baits for carp fishing. The thesis is divided into several chapters are devoted to theoretical knowledge ofbusiness analysis, general and business environment and its own proposals for solutions.

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2

Jones, Melissa. "Sequence Capture Baits for Genetic Analysis in Anatidae." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13419913.

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This project aims to develop a panel of sequence capture baits to use for SNP genotyping for pedigree analysis in Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa ) as well as for general population genetic analysis within species in the family Anatidae. SbfI RAD libraries were prepared with samples comprising five duck species (N = 96). Sequenced libraries were aligned to the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) reference genome and screened for 120bp regions proximal to the SbfI cutsite that contained SNPs conserved collectively in each species. A series of screenings identified regions which were used to produce 2,508 custom sequence capture baits. These baits were tested in novel individuals from the same species used to design the baits as well as novel species representing different taxonomic ingroup and outgroup levels within Aves. These baits delineate species at various taxonomic scales, even above the taxonomic level that was originally targeted and will prove useful for analyses of population and comparative genetics for species of Anatidae and perhaps more broadly.

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3

Caudwell, Robert William. "The development of baits for tropical grasshoppers and locusts." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387229.

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4

Allsop, Sinead. "Minimising native non-target uptake of 1080 fox baits." Thesis, Allsop, Sinead (2014) Minimising native non-target uptake of 1080 fox baits. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2014. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/25333/.

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Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are a significant pest species threatening the survival of endangered and vulnerable native Australian fauna. Lethal baiting with the toxin 1080 is currently the most widely implemented form of control. However, non-target uptake is a problem, even in Western Australia where most native species have a high 1080 tolerance. It reduces the number of baits available to foxes and therefore the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of 1080 fox baiting operations. To investigate bait presentation and the use of aversive tastant agents as potential techniques to reduce non-target uptake of 1080 baits, two separate studies were conducted. Study 1 examined different non-toxic meat bait presentations to find the presentation that had the lowest non-target uptake. Baits were laid on the surface, suspended, buried or wrapped in kangaroo hide. Study 2 investigated the effectiveness of potential deterrents in causing aversion both immediately and accumulatively over time. Nine different deterrents (washing-up liquid, citric acid, wasabi, baking powder, bicarbonate soda, salt, sodium saccharin, Bitrex and chilli) were tested for immediate aversion and chilli and Bitrex were tested for accumulative aversion. A cafeteria-style presentation was used, with deterrents applied to apple baits of control, low and high concentrations. For Study 1 and 2 animal activity and bait take were monitored on remote-sensing Reconyx cameras for later photo analysis. The results of Study 1 suggested no significant effect of bait presentation. However, as hypothesised the longevity and non-target uptake was lowest for buried baits. Study 2 suggested that salt, wasabi and chilli created immediate aversion in the most abundant non-target species, quokkas. However, aversion was only carried-over onto untreated apple baits in wasabi and chilli. These findings suggest that bait presentation and the use of aversive tastant agents may have potential to decrease non-target uptake and be employed in future baiting 1080 fox baiting operations.

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Fisher, Paul. "Responses of the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Miegen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to semiochemical baits." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247201.

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6

Kirkpatrick, Winifred E. "Assessment of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) in baits and its biodegradation by microorganisms." Thesis, Curtin University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/128.

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In Western Australia dried meat baits containing 1080 are used extensively by agricultural and conservation organisations to control foxes and dingoes for the protection of agricultural production and native fauna. Field trials were conducted to assess 1080 loss from dried meat baits and this required the analysis of over five hundred baits. Because of this large number of baits it was essential to have a simple and efficient 1080 extraction procedure and method of 1080 analysis. In this study three methods of 1080 extraction and the new bioassay method for 1080 analysis were investigated. A simple and cost-effective 1080 extraction method using water with a 98% 1080 recovery rate was developed and modifications to the bioassay method were made.Factory-produced 1080 dried meat baits were laid in the field during different seasons at four locations in Western Australia, samples were collected over time and analysed for 1080 content using the bioassay. Rainfall was recorded and temperature data was collected for each site. Baits were exposed to the elements but were placed in mesh or wire cages to restrict invertebrate attack and prevent removal by vertebrates. Some baits were placed on the surface and others were buried. Initially 1080 loss from baits from all 4 sites was minimal, ranging from 0 - 21% at day 7 - 9. Further loss was gradual even when rainfall was recorded. Generally baits had to be exposed to at least 50 mm of rain before 1080 loss increased to 50%. At some sites baits continued to remain toxic to foxes even after long exposure. The mean 1080 content of baits from the Carnarvon site at day 226 was 2.0 mg (55% of the mean 1080 content of baits at day zero) with 137 mm of rainfall recorded for that period. Loss of 1080 from baits buried occurred at a faster rate than from baits placed on the surface during the same time period. By day 14 no 1080 was detected in the buried baits compared to the 68% detected in the surface baits. Under certain conditions 1080 loss from baits was minimal. Levels of 1080 in baits from Nangeen Hill remained fairly constant during the months of September to December 1995, and again during February to April 1996.Gastrolobium plant tissue and soil samples from the southwest of Western Australia were investigated for the presence of 1080 degrading microorganisms. Microbes were isolated and individually tested in solution containing 1080 as the sole carbon source. Isolates which showed 1080 degrading ability were further tested for their degrading efficiency in McClung carbon-free solution with added 1080 as the sole source of carbon and in factory 1080 waste solution, at 1080 concentrations of 20 and 200 mM. The effect of temperature on their rate of degradation was also examined. Thirteen isolates (7 fungi and 6 bacteria) showing varying degrees of 1080 degrading ability were obtained. Rates of 1080 degradation varied among isolates but were highest in the factory waste solution at the 20 mM concentration and in the McClung solution, where 1080 was the sole source of carbon, at the higher concentration of 200 mM. The most efficient isolates OSK and 10H (both Pseudomonas species) degraded all the 1080 present in sterile factory waste solution up to 20 mM 1080 concentration in 4 days and the isolate 1AF (Fusarium oxysporum) degraded 93% of 200 mM 1080 in the McClung solution in 9 days. The optimum temperatures for 1080 degradation were 30 degrees celsius and fluctuating ambient temperatures of 15 28 degrees celsius.

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Kirkpatrick, Winifred E. "Assessment of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) in baits and its biodegradation by microorganisms." Curtin University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, 1999. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=10174.

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In Western Australia dried meat baits containing 1080 are used extensively by agricultural and conservation organisations to control foxes and dingoes for the protection of agricultural production and native fauna. Field trials were conducted to assess 1080 loss from dried meat baits and this required the analysis of over five hundred baits. Because of this large number of baits it was essential to have a simple and efficient 1080 extraction procedure and method of 1080 analysis. In this study three methods of 1080 extraction and the new bioassay method for 1080 analysis were investigated. A simple and cost-effective 1080 extraction method using water with a 98% 1080 recovery rate was developed and modifications to the bioassay method were made.Factory-produced 1080 dried meat baits were laid in the field during different seasons at four locations in Western Australia, samples were collected over time and analysed for 1080 content using the bioassay. Rainfall was recorded and temperature data was collected for each site. Baits were exposed to the elements but were placed in mesh or wire cages to restrict invertebrate attack and prevent removal by vertebrates. Some baits were placed on the surface and others were buried. Initially 1080 loss from baits from all 4 sites was minimal, ranging from 0 - 21% at day 7 - 9. Further loss was gradual even when rainfall was recorded. Generally baits had to be exposed to at least 50 mm of rain before 1080 loss increased to 50%. At some sites baits continued to remain toxic to foxes even after long exposure. The mean 1080 content of baits from the Carnarvon site at day 226 was 2.0 mg (55% of the mean 1080 content of baits at day zero) with 137 mm of rainfall recorded for that period. Loss of 1080 from baits buried occurred at a faster rate than from baits placed on the surface during the same time period. By day 14 no 1080 was ++
detected in the buried baits compared to the 68% detected in the surface baits. Under certain conditions 1080 loss from baits was minimal. Levels of 1080 in baits from Nangeen Hill remained fairly constant during the months of September to December 1995, and again during February to April 1996.Gastrolobium plant tissue and soil samples from the southwest of Western Australia were investigated for the presence of 1080 degrading microorganisms. Microbes were isolated and individually tested in solution containing 1080 as the sole carbon source. Isolates which showed 1080 degrading ability were further tested for their degrading efficiency in McClung carbon-free solution with added 1080 as the sole source of carbon and in factory 1080 waste solution, at 1080 concentrations of 20 and 200 mM. The effect of temperature on their rate of degradation was also examined. Thirteen isolates (7 fungi and 6 bacteria) showing varying degrees of 1080 degrading ability were obtained. Rates of 1080 degradation varied among isolates but were highest in the factory waste solution at the 20 mM concentration and in the McClung solution, where 1080 was the sole source of carbon, at the higher concentration of 200 mM. The most efficient isolates OSK and 10H (both Pseudomonas species) degraded all the 1080 present in sterile factory waste solution up to 20 mM 1080 concentration in 4 days and the isolate 1AF (Fusarium oxysporum) degraded 93% of 200 mM 1080 in the McClung solution in 9 days. The optimum temperatures for 1080 degradation were 30 degrees celsius and fluctuating ambient temperatures of 15 28 degrees celsius.

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8

Mpuhlu, Batsho. "Synthesis of P-Methane-3,8-Diol." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/570.

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The synthesis of para-menthane-3,8-diol in a batch reactor was investigated in some detail with the view to evaluate the potential of producing said p-menthane- 3,8-diol in a continuous-flow reactor from the results obtained from the batch process. The methodology used as base for this investigation was a published procedure by Takasago of Japan. The Takasago-method produced 92.3 percent Yield for the product para-menthane-3,8-diol, and 2.7 percent Yield of the by-product, acetal. The objective for this investigation was to produce a minimum p-menthane-3,8- diol content of 97.0 percent and a maximum content of 3.0 percent for the by-product acetal. The batch production process was evaluated in detail using statistical experimental design methodologies. Three process variables, namely catalyst loading, organic/aqueous phase ratio and reaction temperature were selected for the study. The experimental method was based on the Takasago procedure, however the substrate was added as a single slug as opposed to gradual addition method and the reaction period was reduced to 30 minutes. Apart from statistical analysis, mechanistic aspects were also used to interpret the following results. Using a central composite design, three response models (one for the conversion of citronellal, p-menthane-3,8-diol and acetal formation) were determined. An analysis of the response surfaces indicated that, to increase the citronellal conversion all three variables should be increased. To increase the amount of pmenthane- 3,8-diol, the reaction temperature and acid concentration should be increased, but the Aq/org ratio should be decreased as the acid catalyst concentration is increased. To minimize the amount of acetals formed during the reaction, the Aq/org ratio should be decreased; temperature and acid concentration can be decreased or increased. The reaction mechanism suggested that p-menthane-3,8-diol may be formed along two pathways: One pathway directly forms p-menthane-3,8-diol, whilst the second pathway forms the isopulegol first, then proceeds to form product by hydrolysis. The acetal is formed as result of the reaction between unreacted citronellal and p-menthane-3,8-diol. From the design experiments it was suggested that reaction time can be reduced to 8 minutes at reaction temperatures between, 80-85 0C The product and acetal were isolated by simple vacuum evaporation of the low boiling citronellal and isopulegol. Results from recycling the catalyst phase were similar to those of the initial process. The results of this investigation has clearly shown that with a proper understanding of the effect of process variables on the performance of the batch synthesis route, the conversion of this traditionally batch (actually semi-batch) process into a continuous process is quite feasible provided that suitable equipment is available. The most important features required for such equipment would be: Intense mixing throughout the reaction zone so as to maximise the surface area between the two immiscible phases, hence the rate of mass transfer between the two phases; and the ability to run reactions above the boiling point of water. Plans for the further study of the process are already well underway and sections of static mixing tubes have been acquired to build a continuous lab scale tubular reactor that would be capable of providing the level of mixing required.

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9

Nicholas, J. T. "Behaviour of the house fly, Musca domestica (L) in relation to insecticide baits." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234791.

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10

Akwi, Faith Mary. "Creation of clay flameless burner for vaporizing an insect repellent containing pmd as an active ingredient." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008406.

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Insecticide treated mosquito bed nets, insecticide aerosol sprays, repellent lotions and creams, repellent candles, vaporizable repellent essential oils, mosquito mats and coils are some of the many malaria personal protection tools that are in use. The latter of these measures are the most accessible and affordable options for the rural population in sub-Saharan Africa. It is therefore important to determine how effective these personal protection measures are by determining their ability to efficiently disperse an active ingredient when the protection measure is in use. In this study, a copper II oxide montmorillonite clay burner (CuOMontmorillonite clay burner) was created to vaporize repellent formulations containing various concentrations of p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) as the active ingredient with the aim of determining the percentage of the active ingredient that is released into the air and the rate of release. The performance of the CuO-Montmorillonite clay burner was also compared to that of the Lampe Berger fragrance burner (LBFB). In addition to this, the percentage of PMD released from 6 percentage wt PMD candles of diameters 40mm, 69mm and 83mm was determined and compared to that released when the CuO-Montmorillonite clay burner and Lampe Berger Fragrance burner where used to vaporize PMD repellent formulations. It was found that the rate of vaporization of the various PMD repellent formulations vaporized using the Lampe Berger fragrance burner is affected by the mass of PMD present in the repellent formulations. The 6 percentage wt PMD repellent candles released the least percentage of PMD as compared to that released when the CuO-Montmorillonite clay burner and the Lampe Berger fragrance burner were used to vaporize the PMD repellent formulations.

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11

Tofolo, Viviane Cristina [UNESP]. "Dinâmica populacional, forrageamento e exposição de operárias de Ectatomma opaciventre (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) a iscas formicidas contendo sulfluramida, fipronil e clorpirifós." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106532.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:25:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tofolo_vc_dr_rcla_prot.pdf: 19466486 bytes, checksum: bad26d57e8eb11a239b119205310d9c6 (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Ectatomma opaciventre (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae) apresenta características morfológicas e comportamentais plesiomórficas, como a presença de um ferrão funcional, monoginia, colônias pequenas e estratégia de forrageamento solitário. Vive tanto nos ambientes preservados quanto nos alterados pelo homem, como os agroecossistemas, estando constantemente em contato com os produtos destinados ao controle de formigas consideradas pragas, como as cortadeiras do gênero Atta. Pouco se conhece a respeito de sua biologia básica (como dieta, rotas de forrageamento, distribuição espacial dos ninhos, composição dos hidrocarbonetos cuticulares) e das conseqüências advindas de seu contato com as iscas formicidas usadas para o controle de formigas cortadeiras em pastagens. Dessa forma, foi determinado por meio do “Método do Vizinho Mais Próximo” o padrão de distribuição espacial de seus ninhos em uma área degradada de 1800m2 na cidade de Rio Claro/SP/Brasil. Como na maioria das espécies de formigas tropicais, os ninhos de E. opaciventre apresentaram distribuição espacial do tipo regular ou hiperdispersa, com densidade de 0,018 ninho/m2. A distância média encontrada para o vizinho mais próximo foi de 5,57m, variando de 1,93m a 12,96m. Em vista da dificuldade em encontrar a rainha desta espécie, foi utilizado o método da “Espectroscopia Fotoacústica no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR)” para identificar os hidrocarbonetos cuticulares da única rainha encontrada e das operárias de 9 ninhos satélites. Também foi determinado o grau de similaridade entre elas. Com os resultados obtidos ficou evidenciada a condição polidômica nessa espécie devido à semelhança entre o perfil químico cuticular da rainha e das operárias de ninhos vizinhos. Além disso...
Ectatomma opaciventre belongs to the subfamily Ectatomminae, which presents morphological and behavioral characteristics typical of more basal groups, such as the presence of a functional sting, monogyny, small colonies, and individual foraging strategies while searching for food. This species lives both in preserved and modified environments, such as agroecosystems, and it is constantly in contact with products intended to control ants regarded as pests, such as leaf-cutting ants of the genus Atta. The patterns of spatial distribution of nests over a 1800m2 degraded area in the city of Rio Claro, SP, Brazil were determined using a nearest neighbor method. As in most tropical species, the nests of E. opaciventre presented a regular or hyperdispersed spatial distribution, with a density of 0.018 nests/m2. The average nearest neighbor distance was 5.57 m, ranging from 1.93 m to 12.96 m. Considering the difficulty in finding queens of this species, the Fourier Transform-Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) was used to identify cuticular hydrocarbons of the only queen found and of workers from nine satellite nests. The degree of similarity between them was also determined. From the results, polydomy was evident in this species because of the similarity between the cuticular chemical profile of the queen and that of workers from neighboring nests. Moreover, it was observed that the colonies that were not collected disappeared one year after the removal of the queen from the study area. In another area in the city of Rio Claro, of 4,800 m2, the diet of this species was studied by identifying the prey collected during the period of highest foraging activity. Besides, the foraging routes of three nests were determined by following foragers during their excursions in the field. The maximum foraging distance was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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12

Portes, Maria Carolina Guarinello de Oliveira. "Deposição de serapilheira e decomposição foliar em floresta ombrófila densa altomontana, Morro do Anhangava, Serra da Baitaca, Quatro Barras - PR." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/29924.

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Este trabalho foi realizado em uma Floresta Ombrófila Densa Altomontana, na face sudoeste do morro do Anhangava (25º23'S e 49º00'W), município de Quatro Barras-PR, entre 1.250 -1.350 m de altitude. Teve como objetivo a avaliação da ciclagem de nutrientes no ambiente altomontano, estudando-se a deposição de serapilheira e a decomposição do material foliar. Como subsídio para o entendimento do processo de ciclagem, avaliou-se também os solos, a composição florística e a estrutura da comunidade. Os solos foram coletados por meio de tradagens a cada 10 metros, entre as linhas dos coletores de serapilheira, e submetidos às análises de rotina. O levantamento fitossociológico foi realizado por meio de dois transectos locados sobre as linhas dos coletores, compostos cada um por 10 parcelas de 5 x 10 m, onde mediu-se todos os indivíduos com PAP igual ou superior a 10 cm. A produção de serapilheira foi verificada durante dois anos e meio, utilizando-se 20 coletores de 50 cm de diâmetro cada, totalizando 3,927 m2 de área amostral. O material coletado mensalmente foi separado em fracões, determinada a sua biomassa e submetido às análises dos macronutrientes. Com os dados obtidos no levantamento fitossociológico, selecionou-se as 5 espécies arbóreas mais representativas da comunidade, das quais avaliou-se, separadamente, a taxa de decomposição das folhas durante um ano, utilizando-se "litter bags". O mesmo procedimento também foi realizado com a fração foliar da serapilheira. A área é composta por solos rasos com grande quantidade de matéria orgânica, classificados como NEOSSOLOS LÍTÓLICOS Hísticos e Húmicos, com pH ácido, baixa saturação por bases e com alto teor de alumínio trocável. A floresta apresentou alta densidade, 4.830 ind./ha, baixo porte, composta por apenas um estrato arbóreo com, no máximo, 8 m de altura. Encontrou-se baixa diversidade, 24 espécies pertencentes a 13 famílias, com dominância de uma ou poucas espécies. Myrtaceae foi a família mais representativa, contudo uma Aquifoliaceae -Ilex microdonta Reissek -apresentou o maior índice de dominância, 46,15%. A produção média de serapilheira foi de 4,5 ton./ha/ano, sendo que a fração folha representou 62%, dos quais 42% eram folhas de 1. microdonta, a fração ramo contribuiu com 25% e a fração epífita com 4%. Os maiores valores de deposição ocorreram no final do período mais frio e mais seco, início da primavera, de outubro a novembro, e a produção foi menor nos meses de maio a julho, começo do inverno. A serapilheira contribuiu, em kg/ha/ano, com 57 de N, 3,2 de P, 13,7 de K, 57,9 de Ca e 9,8 de Mg.1. microdonta também foi a espécie com maior taxa de decomposição, única com coeficiente de decomposição maior que um e com a menor concentração de lignina. Apesar de pequenas variações, todas as espécies estudadas na decomposição apresentaram baixa concentração de N e alta relação C/N.

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Setter, Robert Roy. "Potential adjuvants to attractive baits for the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby (Coleoptera: scolytidae)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24238.pdf.

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14

Owen, Kirsty Elizabeth. "Onely baits for sacrilege : good deaths and worthy remembrances in Gloucestershire, c.1350-1700." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30807.

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This thesis considers the definition of elite identity and its relationship to the constitution of power structures through the manipulation of material culture. The following discussion will assess the nature of identity and how it is comprehended within contemporary archaeological theory. Thereafter the formation of medieval and early modem elite identities will be considered with reference to the manipulation of ideals of piety through the funerary material culture of Gloucestershire c.1350-1700. This study will consider how monuments that proposed a link between worldly wealth and divine favour might articulate elite selves in relation to each other and in opposition to those unaccustomed or unable to erect a monument to themselves or their kin. Funerary evidence will be analysed alongside the ideal of dying well as presented in the Ars Moriendi texts. It will be found that the ideological potential of 'dying well' was exploited to its fullest potential during the period under study. The idealised pious death provided the affluent with a focus for competition, the significance of which can only be fully comprehended if the texts are analysed alongside other forms of material culture.

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15

Asquith, Ilse Bernadette. "A statistical evaluation and analysis of mosquito repellent combination." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015732.

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The present product development project was aimed at studying the synergism and/or antagonism amongst various known insect repellent actives with the view to formulating a multi-active repellent product with improved properties when compared to current single-active commercial products. Advanced statistical methods were used to identify synergism between individual active substances and to define a formulation as close as possible to the “ideal” formulation. Several mosquito repellent samples were prepared and sent to the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) in Pretoria to test for their efficiency in repelling mosquitoes. From the results of the repellency tests of the various active combinations, three actives were identified that showed promising signs of synergism. These actives were then studied in further detail to determine their optimum combination. In addition, it was shown that when using a natural flavourant as promoter and incorporating a slow-release agent into formulations for aerosols and lotions, a product is obtained that gives comparable levels of efficiency to current commercial products, but at much reduced levels of active loading. Accelerated stability tests performed on the final combination of the three actives used in the final formulation showed no adverse reactions over a three-week study. These tests shall be repeated once the final application form (lotion, aerosol, etc) and product packing have been decided.

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Tofolo, Viviane Cristina. "Dinâmica populacional, forrageamento e exposição de operárias de Ectatomma opaciventre (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) a iscas formicidas contendo sulfluramida, fipronil e clorpirifós /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106532.

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Orientador: Edilberto Giannotti
Banca: Fabio Prezoto
Banca: Maria Santina de Castro Morini
Banca: Odair Correa Bueno
Banca: Claudio José Von Zuben
Resumo: Ectatomma opaciventre (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae) apresenta características morfológicas e comportamentais plesiomórficas, como a presença de um ferrão funcional, monoginia, colônias pequenas e estratégia de forrageamento solitário. Vive tanto nos ambientes preservados quanto nos alterados pelo homem, como os agroecossistemas, estando constantemente em contato com os produtos destinados ao controle de formigas consideradas pragas, como as cortadeiras do gênero Atta. Pouco se conhece a respeito de sua biologia básica (como dieta, rotas de forrageamento, distribuição espacial dos ninhos, composição dos hidrocarbonetos cuticulares) e das conseqüências advindas de seu contato com as iscas formicidas usadas para o controle de formigas cortadeiras em pastagens. Dessa forma, foi determinado por meio do "Método do Vizinho Mais Próximo" o padrão de distribuição espacial de seus ninhos em uma área degradada de 1800m2 na cidade de Rio Claro/SP/Brasil. Como na maioria das espécies de formigas tropicais, os ninhos de E. opaciventre apresentaram distribuição espacial do tipo regular ou hiperdispersa, com densidade de 0,018 ninho/m2. A distância média encontrada para o vizinho mais próximo foi de 5,57m, variando de 1,93m a 12,96m. Em vista da dificuldade em encontrar a rainha desta espécie, foi utilizado o método da "Espectroscopia Fotoacústica no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR)" para identificar os hidrocarbonetos cuticulares da única rainha encontrada e das operárias de 9 ninhos satélites. Também foi determinado o grau de similaridade entre elas. Com os resultados obtidos ficou evidenciada a condição polidômica nessa espécie devido à semelhança entre o perfil químico cuticular da rainha e das operárias de ninhos vizinhos. Além disso... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Ectatomma opaciventre belongs to the subfamily Ectatomminae, which presents morphological and behavioral characteristics typical of more basal groups, such as the presence of a functional sting, monogyny, small colonies, and individual foraging strategies while searching for food. This species lives both in preserved and modified environments, such as agroecosystems, and it is constantly in contact with products intended to control ants regarded as pests, such as leaf-cutting ants of the genus Atta. The patterns of spatial distribution of nests over a 1800m2 degraded area in the city of Rio Claro, SP, Brazil were determined using a nearest neighbor method. As in most tropical species, the nests of E. opaciventre presented a regular or hyperdispersed spatial distribution, with a density of 0.018 nests/m2. The average nearest neighbor distance was 5.57 m, ranging from 1.93 m to 12.96 m. Considering the difficulty in finding queens of this species, the Fourier Transform-Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) was used to identify cuticular hydrocarbons of the only queen found and of workers from nine satellite nests. The degree of similarity between them was also determined. From the results, polydomy was evident in this species because of the similarity between the cuticular chemical profile of the queen and that of workers from neighboring nests. Moreover, it was observed that the colonies that were not collected disappeared one year after the removal of the queen from the study area. In another area in the city of Rio Claro, of 4,800 m2, the diet of this species was studied by identifying the prey collected during the period of highest foraging activity. Besides, the foraging routes of three nests were determined by following foragers during their excursions in the field. The maximum foraging distance was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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RIETH, JOSEPH PAUL. "THE REPELLENT EFFECT OF PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES ON HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA L, PERMETHRIN, CYPERMETHRIN, FENVALERATE)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183969.

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A model for the repellent effect of pyrethroid insecticides on insects was developed. Experiments were conducted using a small colony of honey bees in a flight cage. Conditioning to scented feeders allowed the separation of foraging bees from a single colony into treatment and control groups. Permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate and flucythrinate were shown to be contact repellents to honey bees; exposure was primarily to the tarsi and ventral abdomen. The threshold dose of permethrin required to induce repellency was ca. 3.8 ng/bee. Repellency was fully reversible within 24 hours. No permanent effects on either memory or foraging efficiency were observed following acute exposure.

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Roy, James E. ""Baits for curious tasts" : the Gothic as a heuristic in the poetics of Andrew Marvell." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ47765.pdf.

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Nyamukondiwa, Casper. "Assessment of toxic baits for the control of ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) in South African vineyards." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4496.

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Thesis (MScAgric (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ant infestations comprising the Argentine ant Linepithema humile (Mayr), common pugnacious ant Anoplolepis custodiens (F. Smith) and cocktail ant Crematogaster peringueyi Emery are a widespread pest problem in South African vineyards. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes aimed at suppressing the problematic honeydew excreting vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on grapes must include ant control to optimize the effectiveness and efficacy of mealybug natural enemies. If ants are eliminated, natural enemies are able to contain mealybugs below the Economic Threshold Level (ETL). Current strategies for ant control are limited and generally include the application of long term residual insecticides that are detrimental to the environment, labour intensive to apply and can disrupt natural biological control if applied incorrectly. A more practical method of ant control using low toxicity baits was therefore investigated. Field bait preference and bait acceptance assessments aimed at determining bait repellency and palatability, respectively, were carried out during spring, summer and autumn in three vineyards of the Cape winelands region during 2007/08. Five toxicants comprising gourmet ant bait (0.5%), boric acid (0.5%), fipronil (0.0001%), fenoxycarb (0.5%) and spinosad (0.01%) dissolved in 25% sugar solution were tested against a 25% sucrose solution control. Gourmet ant bait was significantly more preferred and accepted by all ant species than the other baits. Laboratory bait efficacy assessments using four insecticides (gourmet, boric acid & spinosad) at concentrations of 0.25; 0.5; 1; 2 and 4 times the field dose and fipronil at 0.015625; 0.03125; 0.0625; 0.125; 0.25 times the field dose were carried out. Results revealed that boric acid (2%), gourmet ant bait (2%) and fipronil (1.0 X 10-5%) exhibited delayed toxicity for L. humile and C. peringueyi while spinosad (0.01%) showed delayed action on L. humile. Field foraging activity and food preference tests were also carried out for the three ant species during 2007/08. Foraging activity trials revealed that vineyard foraging activity of L. humile is higher relative to A. custodiens and C. peringueyi. This means fewer bait stations are required for effective L. humile control making low toxicity baits a more affordable and practical method of controlling L. humile than the other two ant species. Food preference trials showed that L. humile and C. peringueyi have a high preference for sugar while A. custodiens significantly preferred tuna over other baits. However, all ant species had a preference for wet baits (25% sugar water, 25% honey, tuna & agar) as opposed to dry ones (fish meal, sorghum grit, peanut butter & dog food). This research concludes that low toxicity baits show potential in ant pest management and can offer producers with a more practical, economical and environmentally friendly method of ant control which is compatible with vineyard IPM programmes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mierbesmetting wat uit die Argentynse mier Linepithema humile (Mayr), die gewone malmier Anoplolepis custodiens (F. Smith) en die wipstertmier Crematogaster peringueyi Emery bestaan, is ’n plaagprobleem wat wydverspreid in Suid-Afrikaanse wingerde voorkom. Programme vir geïntegreerde plaagbeheer (GPB) wat daarop gemik is om die wingerdwitluis Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) – wat ’n probleem is weens die heuningdou wat dit afskei – op druiwe te beheer, moet mierbeheer insluit om sodoende die uitwerking en doeltreffendheid van die witluis se natuurlike vyande die beste te benut. As miere uitgeskakel kan word, sal dit vir die natuurlike vyande moontlik wees om die witluis sodanig te beheer dat dit onder die ekonomiese drempelvlakke (EDV) bly. Huidige strategieë om miere te beheer, is beperk en sluit gewoonlik die toediening van insekdoders in wat lank neem om in die grond af te breek, wat skadelik vir die omgewing is, waarvan die toediening arbeidsintensief is en wat die natuurlike biologiese beheer kan versteur indien dit verkeerd toegepas word. Daarom is ’n meer praktiese metode ondersoek waar miere deur die gebruik van lae toksisiteit lokase beheer word. Ondersoeke na lokaasvoorkeure en lokaasaanvaarbaarheid in die praktyk, wat daarop gemik is om te bepaal of die lokaas onderskeidelik afstootlik en smaaklik bevind word, is oor lente, somer en herfs in drie verskillende wingerde in die Kaapse wynlandstreek gedurende die 2007/08-seisoen uitgevoer. Vyf gifstowwe, bestaande uit gourmet ant bait (0.5%), boorsuur (0.5%), fiproniel (0.0001%), fenoksiekarb (0.5%) en spinosad (0.01%) wat in ’n 25%-suikeroplossing opgelos is, is getoets teenoor ’n kontrole wat uit ’n 25%-sukrose-oplossing bestaan. Al die mierspesies het gourmet ant bait bo die ander lokase verkies en aanvaar. In die laboratorium is ondersoeke gedoen om die doeltreffendheid van die lokase te bepaal deur vier insekdoders (gourmet ant bait, boorsuur en spinosad) te gebruik in konsentrasies van 0.25; 0.5; 1; 2 en 4 keer die dosis in die praktyk en fiproniel teen 0.015625; 0.03125; 0.0625; 0.125; 0.25 keer die dosis in die praktyk. Resultate het getoon dat boorsuur (2%), gourmet ant bait (2%) en fiproniel (1.0 X 10-5%) vertraagde toksisiteit getoon het vir L. humile en C. peringueyi, terwyl spinosad (0.01%) ’n vertraagde uitwerking getoon het op L. humile. Toetse om kossoekaktiwiteite in die praktyk en die voedselvoorkeure van die drie mierspesies te ondersoek, is ook gedurende die 2007/08-seisoen gedoen. Proewe oor kossoekaktiwiteite het getoon dat hierdie aktiwiteite in die wingerd by L. humile hoër is in verhouding met A. custodiens en C. peringueyi. Dit beteken dat minder lokaasstasies nodig is om L. humile doeltreffend te beheer en lei daartoe dat lae toksisteit lokaas ’n beter manier is om L. humile te beheer as die ander twee mierspesies. Proewe oor voedselvoorkeure het aangedui dat L. humile en C. peringueyi ’n groot voorkeur toon vir suiker, terwyl A. custodiens ’n duidelike voorkeur vir tuna het. Alle mierspesies het egter ’n voorkeur vir nat lokaas (25% suikerwater, 25% heuning, tuna en agar), eerder as droë lokaas (vismeel, sorghumgruis, grondboontjiebotter en hondekos) getoon. Uit hierdie navorsing word afgelei dat lae toksisteit lokaas potensiaal toon in mierbeheer en dat dit produsente ’n meer praktiese, ekonomiese en omgewingsvriendelike metode van mierbeheer kan bied wat met GPB-programme in die wingerd versoenbaar is.

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Negus, Tracy L. "The response of German cockroaches to commercial toxic baits and their potential to develop resistance." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45080.

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Multiple strains of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica, were exposed to four different toxic baits. The baits used were Roach Ender, Whitmire gel bait (not commercially available), Stapleton’s Magnetic Roach Food and Baygon. For each bait, strains varied in respect to bait consumption, percent bait eaten and mortality. Selection experiments were carried out to determine the potential for the development of resistance. After three generations of selection, incipient development of behavioral resistance was found in the Jacksonville and Puerto Rico strains exposed to Roach Ender. All strains exposed to Stapleton’s Magnetic Roach Food developed strong behavioral resistance. Video recordings were carried out to study the behavior of the selected strain and the stock of some strains that had developed behavioral resistance. The results from these experiments were inconclusive.
Master of Science

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Diehl, K., T. Görig, E. W. Breitbart, R. Greinert, Joel J. Hillhouse, J. L. Stapleton, and S. Schneider. "First Evaluation of the Behavioral Addiction Indoor Tanning Screener (baits) in a Nationwide Representative Sample." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15888.

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Background: Evidence suggests that indoor tanning may have addictive properties. However, many instruments for measuring indoor tanning addiction show poor validity and reliability. Recently, a new instrument, the Behavioral Addiction Indoor Tanning Screener (BAITS), has been developed. Objectives: To test the validity and reliability of the BAITS by using a multimethod approach. Methods: We used data from the first wave of the National Cancer Aid Monitoring on Sunbed Use, which included a cognitive pretest (August 2015) and a Germany‐wide representative survey (October to December 2015). In the cognitive pretest 10 users of tanning beds were interviewed and 3000 individuals aged 14–45 years were included in the representative survey. Potential symptoms of indoor tanning addiction were measured using the BAITS, a brief screening survey with seven items (answer categories: yes vs. no). Criterion validity was assessed by comparing the results of BAITS with usage parameters. Additionally, we tested internal consistency and construct validity. Results: A total of 19·7% of current and 1·8% of former indoor tanning users were screened positive for symptoms of a potential indoor tanning addiction. We found significant associations between usage parameters and the BAITS (criterion validity). Internal consistency (reliability) was good (Kuder–Richardson‐20, 0·854). The BAITS was shown to be a homogeneous construct (construct validity). Conclusions: Compared with other short instruments measuring symptoms of a potential indoor tanning addiction, the BAITS seems to be a valid and reliable tool. With its short length and the binary items the BAITS is easy to use in large surveys.

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Camelo, Leonardo De Azevedo. "Floral lures for attract and kill and for seasonal monitoring of alfalfa looper, corn earworm and cabbage looper moths." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2006/l%5Fcamelo%5F060206.pdf.

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Schwinghammer, Margaret A. "Factors affecting the response of Reticulitermes plavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to disturbance in laboratory arenas /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1421157.

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Stapleton, Jerod L., Joel J. Hillhouse, Rob Turrisi, Katie Baker, Sharon L. Manne, and Elliot J. Coups. "The Behavioral Addiction Indoor Tanning Screener (BAITS): An Evaluation of a Brief Measure of Behavioral Addictive Symptoms." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/57.

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Bourchier, Robert S. "Development of traps for adult Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) (Coleoptera:Nitidulidae) and investigation of olfactory responses to volatile components of corn, raspberry and tomato." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66170.

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Nascimento, Érica Vanessa Julião do. "Impactos do Novo Código Florestal brasileiro nas áreas de vegetação protegida por lei na microbacia da Sanga Baitaca no Município de Marechal Cândido Rondon PR." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2015. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1485.

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The new Brazilian Forest Code innovated when considering that the farm are size define the Environmental Protectected Areas (EPA) and the percentage of legal reserves, and not the width of the water bodies, as defined by the old law. This dissertation evaluated the impacto f change in Forest áreas in the Sanga Baitaca watershed, located in the municipality of Marechal Candido Rondon-PR, where small farms predominate. There were evaluated 36 properties, located around Sanga Baitaca. Of these, 48,08% were smaller than one fiscal module, 21,15% had between one and two fiscal modules. None of them had more than two fiscal modules. The data obtained show that the legally protected área decreased from 32,87% the total area sampled in the watershed for 2,32%, with the aplication of the new law. The largest reduction occurred in the legal reserves áreas, where the previous legislation provited a protection of 20% of the área of the watersed and this protection was completely eliminated, because all farms are smaller than four fiscal modules and none of them need to have legal reserves
O novo Código Florestal Brasileiro inovou ao considerar que o tamanho da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APP) e a porcentagem de reserva legal sejam proporcionais ao tamanho da propriedade rural e não em relação à largura dos corpos de água aos quais protegem, como definia a antiga lei. Esta dissertação avaliou o impacto da alteração da legislação florestal na microbacia hidrográfica da Sanga Baitaca, situada no município de Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, onde predominam pequenas propriedades rurais. Foram avaliadas 36 propriedades situadas no entorno da Sanga Baitaca. Destas, 48,08% eram menores que um módulo fiscal, 21,15% tinham entre um e dois módulos fiscais e nenhuma tinha mais que dois módulos fiscais. Os dados obtidos mostram que a área protegida por lei passou de um total de 32,87% da área total amostrada da microbacia para 2,32%. A maior redução ocorreu na área de reserva legal, em que a legislação anterior previa uma proteção de 20% da área total da microbacia e agora esta proteção foi totalmente eliminada, pois como todas as propriedades são menores que quatro módulos fiscais, nenhuma delas precisa ter reserva legal

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Baitan, Daniela-Paraschiva [Verfasser], and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Betzel. "Analyzing Crystal Growth Phenomena and Mechanisms for the Production and Optimization of Protein Crystals for Serial Crystallography / Daniela-Paraschiva Baitan ; Betreuer: Christian Betzel." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1170872999/34.

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Baker, Paul B. "Termite control for homeowners." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146732.

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9 pp.
Termites are considered Arizona's number one urban pest. All termites can be placed into 3 broad categories based on their habitat: damp-wood, dry-wood and subterranean. In Arizona, damp-wood and dry wood termites are not major wide spread problems but can be under selected conditions. Subterranean termites on the other hand are considered one of our major urban pests. Detection of the presence of termites in many cases can be difficult to do. A discussion of construction practices is presented to keep termites from invading your home. Control technologies such as a pre and post-treatment using a termiticide, physical barriers and baiting systems are presented.

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Morgan, D. R. "Maximising the effectiveness of aerial 1080 control of possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)." Diss., Connect to this title online, 2004. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20060911.123107/index.html.

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Wraith, James A. "Assessing reef fish assemblages in a temperate marine park using baited remote underwater video." School of Biological Sciences, 2007. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/12.

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Baited remote underwater video (BRUV) is becoming an increasing popular tool for examining reef fish assemblages in depths less than 100m. This sampling technique is relatively new in the literature and several gaps remain to be filled. Scientists using this technique have selected bait based on results from trapping experiments. Therefore the first objective of the study was to compare commonly used baits and test if different fish species and fish assemblages were recorded. I planned to apply results from the first study towards further research using BRUV. Management at Jervis Bay Marine Park, located in southeast Australia, have applied a strategy to protect a comprehensive and representative sample of local habitats and associated flora and fauna. In doing so, sanctuary “no take” zones have been put in place. Surprisingly, there are no patch reefs afforded this protection. My second objective was to provide the Jervis Bay Marine Park management with baseline data on deep patch reef locations and to draw comparisons between deep patch, deep coastal, and shallow coastal reefs. I compared three different baits (pilchard, abalone, and urchin) at three locations in two separate years. A total of 63 “drops” (30 min recordings) were conducted in two years and a total of 47 species were recorded. There were no differences in the diversity and abundance of fish recorded while baited with pilchard and abalone. In contrast, in the second year of sampling I detected a greater species richness and abundance using pilchard, compared to urchin, at most locations (p<0.05). The two most speciose families recorded in the study were Labridae and Monacanthidae. These families, as well as several individual fish species, were examined but there were no significant differences in their relative abundance among bait treatments. Additionally, in the second year of sampling I detected differences in H′ and time of first arrival among locations (p<0.05). Surprisingly, large differences between the baits were greatly reduced at one location - Plantation Point. I interpret this finding as there being a high density of fish at Plantation Point that masks the differences in the attraction of these baits. I concluded that as the behaviour and structure of the fish assemblage can vary in space, pilchard was the best choice of bait for consistently detecting species richness and abundance. A total of 144 BRUV “drops” (30 min recordings) in 9 locations in 2005 and 2006 were completed in the second study. The composition of fish assemblage at shallow and deep water habitats was different (p<0.05). Indeed, depth related differences for temperate reef fish are well documented and my findings emphasise the need for the Marine Park management to maintain protection of reef habitats across abroad range of depths. I did not detect any differences in the composition of the fish assemblage or the relative abundance of fish between the two deep habitats (p>0.05), although the presence of several rarely encountered species including Bodianus unimaculatus, Coris sandageri, Meuschenia scaber, Caesioperca lepidoptera, and Eubalichthys mosaicus were recorded in the deep patch reef habitat. I concluded that the inclusion of the deep habitat in the sanctuary zoning plan is important for protecting fish biodiversity. By generating permanent baseline data, this study aims to assist Marine Park management in making sound decisions on future zoning plans.

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Wissel, Silke. "Spatial distribution of the rodent population at Boundary Stream Mainland Island and determination of the efficacy of different baits used for rodent control." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1082.

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Poison operations are a widely used technique for rodent control in the indigenous forests of New Zealand. This study examined the bait-take and rat monitoring data obtained for continuous poison operations at Boundary Stream Mainland Island (BSMI), Hawke’s Bay, between 1996 and 2007. Since the beginning of the Mainland Island project at BSMI in 1996, 800 ha of indigenous forest have been treated with an ‘Integrated Pest Management’ approach, in which rodents (primarily ship rats) have been targeted by consecutive ground poison operations. The aim of the intensive pest control was to allow the ecosystem to recover and provide a safe environment for threatened native bird species to recover or be re-introduced. Another important aim of this pest control is to provide experience and expert knowledge in management techniques especially applicable to the protection of indigenous habitat on the New Zealand mainland. This research study had two main aims: to identify spatial patterns of the rodent population at BSMI and to determine the efficacy of the different rodenticides applied for their control. The distribution of the rodent population was investigated by spatial analysis of bait-take across the reserve and through time. Visualisation of high and low bait-take areas revealed that there was a noticeable reinvasion from adjacent unmanaged native forests, but not markedly from exotic forest or pasture. Reinvasion from small and isolated adjacent forests ceased to be noticeable consistently after approximately four years of the poison operation, while a large scenic native reserve, as well as a narrow part of the treatment area surrounded by many native bush patches, were continuously affected by reinvasion through the entire project time. Bait-take was visibly higher after the bait had either been removed, or left in the field unserviced, over winter. No consistent areas of no bait-take were identified. Further statistical analysis of bait-take data revealed that bait-take was higher in bait stations within 150 m of the treatment edge than interior bait stations. Bait-take in broadleaf/tawa/podocarp forest was significantly higher than in kamahi/kanuka/rewarewa, beech and cloud-cap forest. The second aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of the various bait types with different active ingredients used during the operation. Rat monitoring data, namely rat tracking indices (RTI) obtained from tracking tunnels, were statistically modelled using Generalised Linear Models. Diphacinone cereal pellets (Pestoff® 50D, 0.05g/kg diphacinone) obtained the lowest RTI, followed by pindone cereal pellets (Pindone Pellets®, 0.5g/kg pindone), brodifacoum cereal pellets (Pestoff® 20p and Talon®, 0.02 g/kg brodifacoum), coumatetralyl paste (Racumin®, 0.375 g/kg) and diphacinone bait blocks (Ditrac®, 0.05 g/kg). Cereal pellet baits worked better than any other bait type used at this location. Season had no statistically significant effect on either RTI or bait-take estimates. The overall goal of the poison operation to decrease rat numbers, and to maintain low levels, has been met. However, the results of this study suggest that baiting needs to be done continuously and over the entire treatment area. Edge bait stations – particularly next to adjacent native forests – should be prioritised to target reinvading rodents. Poisons presented in cereal pellet baits should be preferred to other bait types. Both pindone and brodifacoum showed very good results, as well as diphacinone in cereal pellet baits.

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SANTOS, Thiago. "Variação Temporal da Atividade de Forrageio de Cupins (Insecta, Isoptera) sobre Iscas de Papel Higiênico em Hidrolândia, Goiás." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2543.

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Termites are social insects with 2800 described species which feeds on cellulose in different stages of decomposition. Based on the proportion of organic matter found in there gut content they are classified in four feeding groups: group I (not Termitidae), dead wood and grass feeders; group II, Termitidae that feeds on same food source that of the group I; group III, which feed on decomposed wood and organic matter rich soil; group IV, true soil feeders. The foraging activity is subject to a trade-off: the adverse weather conditions of the dry season impose physiological limits, but the colonies need a large quantity of food during this season to meet the needs of alates production for the next swarming period. The objective was to verify if the termite community in an area of forest and savannah of the Cerrados presents changes in the activity of foraging between the dry and wet season of 2007. The study was conducted in the municipality of Hidrolândia-GO at RPPN "Banana Menina" (16º57"44'S and 49º13"41'O). The climate of the region is the type Aw of Köppen. Six grids with 20 baits consisting of a roll of toilet paper away from adjacents 1m and buried at a depth average of 3cm were mounted in the two physiognomic forms. Each grid was placed at a distance of at least 100 m from the others. The collections were made on Sundays during two months after the baits installation, totaling eight collections each season (July and August in the dry season and November and December in the wet season). It was found 28 species of termites, 24 in the dry season, of which 11 in the forest physiognomy and 16 in the savannah. In the period of rain, 19 species were sampled, with 11 at the forest and 11 at the savannah. All feeding groups were collected in all seasons and physiognomies, with the exception of group IV, which occurred only in the savannah. Group II was the richest with 13 species and group I, even showing the slightest specie richness (3 species), occupied the largest number of baits (47.6 and 10.25 in the rain and the dry seasons respectively).Considering the entire termite community a significant increase in the number of baits attacked in the rainy season was verified and this trend was similar in both physiognomies. Only the group I has show a significant difference in the number of baits occupied between the two sample period, with no interaction between physiognomy and season. The most abundant species were Heterotermes tenuis (feeding group I) and Velocitermes velox (feeding group II), present in both physiognomies, Cornitermes snyderi (feeding group II) and Nasutitermes cf. jaraguae (feeding group II), present only in the savannah and Neocapritermes opacus (food group III) and Heterotermes longiceps (food group I) present only in the forest. N. opacus and C. snyderi increased significantly the number of baits occupied in the rainy season. The other species did not show any change. The activity of foraging termites in the area of studies presented a peak during the rain season. The colonies are subject to different pressures due to its characteristics as period of swarm, population dynamics, body size, feeding group and type and location of nesting and foraging.
Cupins são insetos sociais com de 2800 espécies descritas, que se alimentam de celulose em vários estágios de decomposição. Baseando-se na proporção de matéria orgânica encontrada no trato digestório estes são classificados em grupos alimentares: grupo I (não Termitidae), comedores de serapilheira, granívoros e xilófagos; grupo II (Termitidae), alimentam do mesmo material do grupo I; grupo III, que se alimentam de madeira decomposta e solo rico em conteúdo orgânico; grupo IV, cupins comedores de solo com baixo conteúdo orgânico. A atividade de forrageio está sujeita à demandas conflitantes: as condições climáticas adversas da estação seca impõem limites fisiológicos, porém as colônias necessitam de uma grande quantidade de alimento durante esta estação para suprir as necessidades da produção de reprodutores para o próximo período de revoada. O objetivo foi verificar se a comunidade de cupins em uma área de cerrado e mata do Cerrado apresenta mudanças na atividade de forrageio entre as estações seca e chuvosa de 2007. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Hidrolândia-GO, na RPPN Banana Menina (16º57 44 S e 49º13 41 O). O clima da região é do tipo Aw de Köppen. Foram montadas 6 grids com 20 iscas em cada fisionomia, compostas por um rolo de papel higiênico distantes 1m dos adjacentes e enterrado a uma profundidade média de 3cm. Os grids distavam-se no mínimo 100 m. As coletas foram feitas aos domingos durante dois meses após a instalação, totalizando oito coletas por estação (julho e agosto na seca e novembro e dezembro na chuva). Foram encontradas 28 espécies de cupins. Durante o período de seca 24 espécies foram coletadas, sendo que 11 na mata e 16 no cerrado, no período de chuva, 19 espécies foram amostradas, com 11 na mata e 11 no cerrado. Todos os grupos alimentares descritos estavam presentes e foram coletados em todas as estações e fisionomias, com exceção do grupo IV, que ocorreu apenas no cerrado. O maior número de espécies (13) pertencia ao grupo II e o grupo I, mesmo apresentando a menor riqueza (3), ocupou o maior número de iscas (47,6 na chuva e 10.25 na seca). Considerando-se toda a comunidade de cupins houve aumento significativo no número de iscas ocupadas na estação chuvosa e esta tendência foi igual em ambas as fisionomias. Apenas o grupo I apresentou diferença significativa quanto ao número de iscas ocupadas, entre as estações, não havendo interação entre fisionomia e estação. As espécies mais abundantes foram Heterotermes tenuis (grupo alimentar I) e Velocitermes velox (grupo alimentar II), presentes nas duas fisionomias, Cornitermes snyderi (grupo alimentar II) e Nasutitermes cf. jaraguae (grupo alimentar II), presentes apenas no cerrado e Neocapritermes opacus (grupo alimentar III) e Heterotermes longiceps (grupo alimentar I) presentes apenas na mata. N. opacus e C. snyderi aumentaram significativamente o número de iscas ocupadas na estação chuvosa. As outras espécies não apresentaram nenhuma modificação. A atividade de forrageio dos cupins na área estuda apresentou um pico durante a chuva. As colônias estão sujeitas a diferentes pressões devido a suas características internas como período de revoada, dinâmica populacional, tamanha corporal, grupo alimentar e tipo e local de nidificação e forrageio.

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Mackenzie, Bernard Louis. "An assessment of the shore baitfishery in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/165/.

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Kropidlowski, Stefan Jozef. "Investigating the efficacy of commercial baits for the control of yellow crazy ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes) and their impacts on Red-tailed Tropicbirds (Phaethon rubricauda)." Thesis, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1556762.

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Invasive ants are one of the largest threats to Pacific island ecosystem conservation. I investigated effective ant control options by examining the relative attractiveness of five commercial ant baits to yellow crazy ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes). The results were used to select three baits whose efficacy at reducing A. gracilipes abundance was then tested in experimental treatment plots. The trials failed to identify an obvious preference for any of the baits and none of experimental treatments resulted in decreases in A. gracilipes abundance that differed from untreated plots. Additionally, the impact of A. gracilipes on nest initiation rates of Red-tailed Tropicbirds (Phaethon rubricauda ) was explored. The survey found 90% fewer nest occurred in plots containing A. gracilipes. These results demonstrate the negative impacts invasive ants can have on ground-nesting seabirds and suggest that commercial ant baits may be ineffective against controlling A. gracilipes supercolonies.

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Silva, Cristiane Ferras Bolico Rodrigues da. "Distribuição de formicídeos em marismas do extremo Sul do Brasil segundo parâmetros alimentares e ambientais." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2013. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/4200.

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Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2013.
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Os ecossistemas de marisma desenvolvem-se na zona entremarés de costas protegidas onde as comunidades vegetais são dominadas por plantas herbáceas. Estas áreas estão sujeitas a inundações periódicas sendo possível visualizar uma estrutura espacial em mosaico relacionada a distintas condições de inundação. Os insetos residem de forma permanente nas marismas sendo o grupo mais diversificado e mais abundante e considerados consumidores secundários nestas áreas. Uma elevada riqueza de Formicidae é observada nesses ambientes. Invertebrados terrestres residentes em ecossistemas periodicamente inundados requerem estratégias especiais de sobrevivência como a migração vertical. As formigas apresentam dietas alimentares muito diversificadas e exploram constantemente o solo e a vegetação em busca de alimento, sendo, frequentemente, atraídas por iscas. O objetivo do estudo foi Investigar a composição de espécies de três comunidades de formigas, ao longo de um ciclo anual, nas diferentes zonas de alagamento de marismas, assim como avaliar dois tipos diferentes de iscas atrativas em relação às espécies de formigas capturadas nas marismas do estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas entre julho de 2011 e julho de 2012, na Ilha da Pólvora, Ilha da Torotama e Molhe Oeste da Barra de Rio Grande. Em cada área foram demarcadas seis transecções, ao longo das quais foram dispostas dez iscas (cinco de cada tipo). As iscas foram acondicionadas em envelopes de papel laminado e expostas por 60 minutos. Foram calculadas as frequências relativas e a constância faunística das espécies amostradas (constante, acessória e acidental). As espécies foram classificadas em três grupos de acordo com seus hábitos alimentares segundo uma análise de agrupamento por similaridade. A análise da significância das diferenças entre os grupos definidos na análise de agrupamento e o teste de hipóteses sobre as diferenças na distribuição das espécies entre os pisos da marisma foram calculados através de uma análise de semelhanças ANOSIM (one way). Para verificar a existência de relação entre a frequência das espécies e o nível de alagamento da lagoa foi realizada uma análise de correlação linear simples. Foram capturadas 47.661 formigas e 34 espécies, sendo 33 atraídas por sardinha e 28 por mel. A Ilha da Torotama e o Molhe Oeste da Barra demonstraram diferenças nos hábitos de forrageio das espécies. Foi observada, em média, uma maior preferência das espécies pela isca de sardinha na Ilha da Pólvora e no Molhe Oeste da Barra. Para a Ilha da Torotama não houve diferença na preferência pelas iscas. O piso alto das marismas exibiu 31 espécies, o médio 29 e o baixo, 18. O Molhe Oeste da Barra apresentou o maior número de espécies no piso baixo, 17. Não houve diferença significativa entre os pisos e entre as áreas, embora exista certo grau de dissimilaridade. As espécies que habitavam os pisos mais baixos exibiam estratégias de nidificação para residirem nesses locais. A riqueza de espécies presentes nessas áreas demonstra a importância desses ambientes.
Salt marshes ecosystems develop in the intertidal zone from protected coasts and they have plant communities dominated by herbs. These areas are susceptible to periodic flooding, which result in a mosaic-like spatial structure related to distinct flooding conditions. Insects are permanent residents of salt marshes and represent the most diversified and abundant group, and most are considered secondary consumers. These environments present an elevated richness of Formicidae. Terrestrial invertebrates living in periodically flooded ecosystems require special survival strategies such as vertical migration. Ants show quite diversified diets and they frequently explore the soil and vegetation searching for food, thus, they can be attracted by baits. The aim of the present study was to investigate the species composition of three ants’ communities, along an annual cycle, in the different flooding zones from three salt marshes. Additionally two different types of ant baits were evaluate concerning their attractively in the salt marshes of Patos Lagoon estuary, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. The samplings were carried out between July, 2011 and July, 2012, in the sites of Pólvora Island, Torotama Island and Molhe Oeste (jetties in the estuarine mounth). There were delimited in each site, six transects were located and in each transect. Ten baits (five of each type) were distributed. The baits were packaged into laminated paper foil and exposed for 60 minutes. The relative frequencies and constancy criteria of the sampled species were calculated (constant, accessory and accidental). The species were classified into three groups according to their feeding habits following a grouping analysis by similarity. The significance analysis of the differences between the groups defined in the cluster analysis and the hypothesis test on the differences in the species distribution between the salt marshes strata were calculated by an analysis of similarity ANOSIM (one way). Intending to verify the presence of a relation between the species frequencies and the lagoon flooding level, there was realized a simple linear correlation. There were captured 47.661 ants within 34 species and, from these, 33 were attracted by sardine and 28 by honey. Torotama Island and East Breakwater have shown differences in the species foraging habits. There was observed in average a higher preference by the species for the sardine bait in Pólvora Island and East Breakwater. Regarding Torotama Island, there was no difference in the preference by the baits. The high stratum of salt marshes exhibited 31 species, the middle, 29, and the low, 18. The East Breakwater evinced 17 species, which was the highest number in the low stratum. No significant difference was observed among the strata and the areas, although there was a certain degree of dissimilarity. The species have chosen the high stratum as favorite and the species inhabiting lower strata evinced nesting strategies to reach these spots. The diversity of species living in these areas evinces the importance of these environments.

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Jeans-Williams, Nicole L. "Evaluation of pheromone baits for the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus (Swaine) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and partial elucidation of the pheromone for Dryocoetes autographus (Ratzeburg)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ51369.pdf.

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Miranda, Henrique Louro Ad’Vincula. "Riqueza e interação entre besouros Cetoniinae e plantas em ambientes introduzidos e antropizados na Mata Atlântica." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2016. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1503.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Besouros Cetoniinae são comumente conhecidos como besouros das flores ou das frutas. Cetoniinae é uma subfamília de Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidae). Este grupo consiste de besouros de pequeno a médio porte (0,3 – 13,0 cm), com hábito geralmente diurno. O papel desses besouros nos ecossistemas ainda é pouco conhecido, bem como sua ecologia e comportamento. Por tanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo central avaliar a riqueza, a abundância dos besouros Cetoniinae em áreas introduzidas e antropizadas na Mata Atlântica. Dessa forma, foram feitas coletas de dados mensalmente de Julho de 2014 à Junho de 2015, no município de Rio Novo, MG, utilizando armadilhas do tipo carpotrampa, com iscas atrativas, em área de Eucaliptal, Pastagem e em fragmentos de Mata Semidecidual. Foram coletadas sete espécies distribuídas em quatro gêneros. Em fragmentos de Mata Semidecidual (N = 159) a diversidade (H’ = 1.395) foi maior que nas demais áreas e a abundância maior que nas áreas de plantio de eucalipto (N = 95) (H’ = 1.093), porém menor que nas áreas de pastagem (N = 222) (H’ = 1.082). Foram encontradas duas espécies de Cetoniinae pilhando duas espécies de plantas. Os besouros Cetoniinae, ocorreram de Agosto a Fevereiro, e a maior riqueza observada (Sete espécies) aconteceu no mês de Dezembro. A coloração dos indivíduos demonstra relação com o habitat onde foram encontrados. As espécies encontradas nos três ambientes estudados apresentam uma coloração críptica que pode propiciar sua camuflagem em ambos os habitats. Esse estudo contribuiu para o conhecimento da diversidade dos besouros Cetoniinae em áreas antrópicas e de vegetação nativa. Além de contribuir para a compreensão da relação da coloração dos besouros com os habitats onde eles foram encontrados e o comportamento de interação com plantas, e para melhorar os métodos utilizados para amostragem de besouros Cetoniinae.
Cetoniinae beetles are commonly known as beetles of flowers or fruits. Cetoniinae is a subfamily of Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidae). This group consists of small to medium-sized beetles (0.3 to 13.0 cm), with typically diurnal. O role of these beetles ecosystem is little known, and its ecology and behavior. Therefore, the present study had as main objective to register the diversity of Cetoniinae beetles in areas exotic vegetation (pasturelands and eucalyptus plantations) and native vegetation (Mata Semidecidual) the richness of species throughout the seasons (dry and wet), check the color of Cetoniinae beetles reflect environmental feature where they were found and compare the abundance sampled at different heights (1.5 m and 6 m) with attractive baits (Pineapple with broth cane and banana with sugar cane broth). In addition, record information about the floral visitation habits, and the interactions between Cetoniinae beetles and plants, and quantify the species visited throughout the seasons climáticas.Dessa way, data samples were taken monthly from July 2014 to June 2015, on the New River County, MG, using traps carpotrampa type, with attractive baits in Eucalyptus area, Pasture and Semidecidual Forest fragments. Seven species distributed in four genera were collected. In Semidecidual Forest fragments (N = 159) diversity (H '= 1.395) was higher than in other areas and abundance greater than the areas of eucalyptus plantation (N = 95) (H' = 1.093), but less than in the pastures (N = 222) (H '= 1.082). Cetoniinae looting two species of two species of plants were found. The Cetoniinae beetles, occurred from August to February, the greatest wealth observed (seven species) took place in December. The coloring of individuals demonstrates relation to the habitat where they were found. The species found in the three environments present a cryptic coloration that may have led to camouflage in both habitats. This study contributed to the knowledge of the diversity of beetles Cetoniinae in anthropogenic areas and native vegetation. Besides contributing to the understanding of the relationship of the color of the beetles with the habitats where they were found and the plants interaction behavior, and to improve the methods used for sampling Cetoniinae beetles.

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Leite, Rafael Gervasoni Ferreira. "Ação de extratos botânicos no controle da formiga cortadeira Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hym: Formicidae)." Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 2015. http://bdtd.unoeste.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/1011.

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The control of leafcutter ants is constant in agroecosystems, in which, among the different methods adopted, the chemical one (toxic baits) is the most used. Substances that are extracted from plants, as insecticides, have many advantages when compared to the use of synthetic products. This project’s objective was to evaluate the insecticidal and/or fungicidal potential of the plants Asclepias curassavica, Rosmarinus officinalis and Equisetum ssp. in the control of the leaf-cutting ants Atta sexdens rubropilosa. We made use of 40 colonies of Atta sexdensbred in a laboratory. The plants were collected, dried in a high temperature test chamber for 48 hours, grinded in a Wiley mill and macerated in ethanol 96º up to exhaustion. After being filtered, the product obtained was evaporated under reduced pressure for the production of ethanolic extracts. We conducted reagent acceptance tests, topical application of ethanolic extracts at 4% on the back of the ants and topical application of baits made with plant extracts at 4%. All of the plant extracts adopted affected the de development of the fungi garden negatively. Asclepias-curassavica-based baits provoked the mortality of 22.5% of the colonies in a 7-day period.
O controle de formigas cortadeiras é constante nos agroecossistemas sendo empregados diferentes métodos, onde o químico (iscas tóxicas) é o mais utilizado. Substâncias extraídas de plantas, na qualidade de inseticidas, têm inúmeras vantagens quando comparado ao emprego dos sintéticos. A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial inseticida e/ou fungicida das plantas Asclepias curassavica (falsa-erva-de-rato), Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim) e Equisetum ssp. (cavalinha) no controle de formigas cortadeiras Atta sexdens rubropilosa. Foram utilizadas 40 colônias de Atta sexdens rubropilosa mantidas em laboratório. As plantas foram colhidas, secas em estufa de ar circulante durante 48 horas, trituradas em moinho tipo Willye e maceradas em etanol 96º até exaustão. Após a filtragem, o produto obtido foi evaporado sob pressão reduzida para obtenção dos extratos etanólicos. Foram realizados teste de aceitação do reagente, aplicação tópica dos extratos etanólicos dos vegetais a 4% no dorso das formigas e aplicação de iscas confeccionadas com extratos vegetais a 4%. Todos os extratos vegetais utilizados influenciaram negativamente o desenvolvimento do jardim de fungo. Iscas produzidas a base de Asclepias curassavica provocaram mortalidade de 22,5% das colônias num período de 7 dias.

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Cretchley, Robyn. "Exploitation of the bait organism Upogebia africana (Crustacea: Anomura) in the Knysna estuary." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005377.

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In South African estuaries the anomuran mud prawn, Upogebia africana (Ortmann), is the main organism exploited as bait by recreational and subsistence anglers. In the Knysna estuary, three groups of bait collectors were identified on the basis of their source of income: subsistence fishermen who rely on bait-collecting and fishing for their income, supplementary anglers who catch fish to supplement their income and leisure anglers who draw no income from fishing. Two groups were identified based on the methods used: lelsure anglers who collect bait using a prawn pusher or pump and fish using a fishing rod and tackle, and non-leisure anglers who collect mud prawns using tin cans and fish with handlines. The hypothesis was erected that bait-collecting does not affect the U africana populations in the Knysna estuary. The approach adopted was to assess the distribution, density, population structure and reproductive patterns of the bait stock and to estimate the intensity of bait collection, to test the validity of the hypothesis. U africana has an extensive distribution, occupying 62 % of the available intertidal area of the Knysna estuary. Mud prawns have a broad intertidal distribution from the high water level (Spartina zone) to the shallow subtidal. The density, biomass and population structure of the mud prawns vary significantly with distance up the estuary and with tidal height on each shore. The Invertebrate Reserve supports very low densities of U africana (x = 11.7 m⁻²), whereas a relatively inaccessible centre bank in the middle reaches of the estuary appears to be a very effective natural mud prawn reserve as it supports the highest densities (x = 176.5m⁻²). The mud prawn stock of the estuary is estimated to be 2.19 x 108 prawns (82.7 tonnes dry mass). The numbers of bait collectors present per mudbank is highest on public holidays (x = 34) and higher during the summer holidays (x = 16) than during the winter (x = 4). A total of 1.858 x 106 U africana or 700.53 kg (dry mass) are removed by bait collectors annually from the 6 popular bait-collecting sites studied. This represents 8.49 % of the mud prawn stocks at these sites and 0.85 % of the entire estuary stock. 85 % of the U africana taken as bait annually, is removed by the 77.12 % of bait collectors who are non-leisure anglers. Recreational or leisure anglers are responsible for removing 14.2 %. The reproduction of female U africana in the Knysna estuary is seasonal and occurs from late July to April. There is evidence that this breeding season consists of two merging breeding cycles. The largest percentage (63 %) of ovigerous females is found in the middle reaches of the Knysna estuary at the Oyster Bank where the highest numbers of stage 1 larvae (165 m⁻³) are released. Larvae were exported from the estuary on the crepuscular ebb tide with peaks in abundance of nearly 1500 m⁻³ in November 1995 and January 1996. Although numbers caught are not significantly higher, larvae are nearly twice as abundant on crepuscular neap tides following a new moon (waxing quarter) than on those following a full moon (waning quarter). Recruitment of juvenile U africana to populations in the estuary was highest in December (45 m⁻²) and decreased over the summer. The highest numbers of recruits (31 m⁻²) were found at those sites closest to the mouth or on the main channel. Recruitment to the Leisure Isle and Thesens sites which are intensively exploited by bait collectors is high (20 - 32 m⁻²). The number of juveniles recruiting to U africana populations is estimated to be four times as high as the numbers of mud prawns taken by bait collectors. Legal methods of bait collection used in the Knysna estuary by the majority of anglers appear to cause minimal sediment disturbance and are not likely to affect the associated infauna. Illegal bait-collecting methods are however highly destructive and must be prohibited. It is concluded that the null hypothesis is acceptable, as mud prawn stocks of the Knysna estuary are not over-exploited and appear to be naturally regulated. The recruitment rate of juvenile U africana is estimated to be sufficiently high to sustain the present levels of exploitation.

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Castilho, Camila Paula de 1982. "Comunidade de mamiferos de medio e grande porte em fragmentos de mata semidecidual da APA municipal de Campinas, SP." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316355.

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Orientador: Eleonore Zulnara Freire Setz
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: No presente estudo avaliei a comunidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em 13 fragmentos pequenos (1 a 12 ha) e um fragmento controle (220 ha) da Área de Proteção Ambiental de Campinas, estado de São Paulo. A comunidade foi estudada através de parcelas de areia iscadas com dois tipos de iscas odoríferas (Pro's Choice e Canine Call) ao longo das quatro estações do ano, durante o período de julho de 2007 a junho de 2009. O esforço variou de 15 a 170 parcelas-noite entre os fragmentos, com um esforço total de 665 parcelas-noite para o conjunto de fragmentos. A comunidade foi composta por 20 espécies, variando de uma a sete espécies por fragmento e 11 no controle, sendo a maioria espécies generalistas e oportunistas, incluindo três espécies exóticas: o cachorro-doméstico (Canis lupus familiaris), a lebre européia (Lepus europaeus) e o ratão-do-banhado (Myocastor coypus). A riqueza da comunidade não esteve relacionada com a área dos fragmentos (rs = 0,083; p>0,05). A análise de similaridade também não evidenciou nenhum padrão na composição entre os fragmentos. Grandes carnívoros predadores de topo não foram verificados no interior dos fragmentos através das parcelas de areia, sendo a jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) o maior carnívoro registrado. No entanto, a riqueza registrada para o conjunto dos fragmentos foi superior em relação a outros fragmentos florestais maiores em tamanho e número em outras regiões do estado de São Paulo. A análise de abundância e de freqüência de ocorrência revelou o domínio da comunidade por três espécies mesopredadoras, o gambá (Didelphis sp), o cachorrodoméstico e o cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) e uma presa, o tatu-galinha (Dasypus novemcinctus). Esse predomínio aparentemente parece estar relacionado à ausência de grandes predadores de topo, devido à liberação dessas espécies do controle demográfico imposto por esses últimos, bem como à plasticidade comportamental dessas espécies. Na ausência de predadores, essas espécies estiveram negativamente correlacionadas às áreas dos fragmentos, exceto o gambá. Em conclusão, a comunidade da APA de Campinas demonstrou-se simplificada e dominada por espécies generalistas. Os últimos remanescentes da região representam os últimos refúgios para a comunidade de médios e grandes mamíferos
Abstract: I evaluated the medium and large mammal community in 13 small fragments (1 to 12ha) and a control (220ha) in the Environmental Protected Area of Campinas, São Paulo state. The community was sampled using baited track stations (Pro's Choice and Canine Call bait) over a year (once each quarter) from July 2007 to June 2009, giving 15 to 170 track-station nights among the fragments and 665 track-station nights for all the remnants. Twenty species were recorded, varying from one to ten species per fragment, and eleven in the control. Most species was generalist and opportunist. Three exotic species (domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris; European hare, Lepus europaeus; and nutria, Myocastor coypus) were among those recorded. No correlation between richness and fragment size was found (rs = 0,083; p> 0,05). No pattern in similarity was found among them. Although the smaller fragments had fewer species than the control, the species were often distinct. Large carnivores, top predators, were not sampled in the fragments interior by the track-stations and ocelot was the biggest carnivore registered. Opossums, domestic dog, nine-banded armadillo and crab-eating fox were the most abundant and frequent species in the community. As expected, the generalist species (except opossums) were negatively correlated with fragment area. Interactions between predator-prey and competitor abundances among those species were not detected. In conclusion, the mammal community was simplified and dominated by a few generalist species. The fragments seem representative of the last refuges to the community of the medium and large mammals
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia

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Dec, Enderlei. "As espécies da tribo Euglossini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em diferentes cotas altimétricas em áreas de Mata Atlântica na região norte de Santa Catarina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-27112015-113358/.

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Reconhecida pela sua megadiversidade, mas também pelo alto nível de desmatamento e perda de espécies que vem ocorrendo nas últimas décadas, a Mata Atlântica é um dos biomas mais ameaçados do planeta, recebendo a denominação de hotspot mundial. As abelhas exercem papel fundamental para a manutenção da vegetação por meio da polinização e o conhecimento sobre a composição do táxon contribui para ações de conservação. Abelhas da tribo Euglossini podem atuar como bioindicadoras da qualidade ambiental e exercem uma estreita relação com determinadas plantas, principalmente da família Orchidaceae, sendo fundamentais para a perpetuação de muitas espécies desta família. A tribo Euglossini apresenta riqueza de espécies nas florestas tropicais decaindo em direção às latitudes altas. Este estudo propôs investigar e reconhecer a fauna de Euglossini presente na região norte do estado de Santa Catarina, no sul do Brasil, a partir de coletas mensais em seis localidades, distribuídas ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal entre o nível do mar e 800 metros, nos municípios de Joinville e São Francisco do Sul. Duas localidades são constituídas por morros remanescentes de Mata Atlântica, inseridos na malha urbana de Joinville, com extensões de aproximadamente 390 e 525 hectares. As demais localidades compõem áreas contínuas de floresta na costa litorânea e Serra do Mar. Em cada local houve um dia de coleta por mês nos períodos de setembro/2013 até abril/2014 e de setembro/2014 até abril/2015. As iscas odoríferas disponibilizadas foram: benzoato de benzila, cineol, eugenol e vanilina. Nos últimos seis meses do estudo foi testada uma nova fragrância à base de menta: o mentol. O estudo registrou 794 machos de Euglossini dos gêneros Eufriesea, Euglossa e Eulaema, distribuídos em dez espécies válidas e uma potencialmente nova. As localidades com maiores riquezas foram os remanescentes no Morro do Finder e Morro do Boa Vista, e as maiores diversidades ocorreram na Vila da Glória e Mutucas. As espécies Eufriesea violacea Blanchard 1840, Euglossa annectans Dressler 1982 e Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier, 1841 foram registradas nas seis localidades estudadas. Ef. violacea, Eg. annectans Eg. stellfeldi representaram 91,56% da comunidade amostrada, sendo 66,87% somente da primeira espécie. O cineol atraiu 299 abelhas, o eugenol 190 e vanilina 165, mas em relação à riqueza, os mais atrativos foram o benzoato de benzila, cineol e vanilina, com seis espécies cada. O mentol mostrou eficácia, atraindo 75 abelhas de quatro espécies. A distribuição das abelhas em relação a variação altitudinal demonstrou que as maiores riqueza e abundância ocorreram entre o nível do mar e 200 metros de altitude com diminuição do número de indivíduos e espécies acima desta cota. Interações entre as abelhas e oito espécies de orquídeas foram registradas a partir de polinários aderidos às abelhas. Apesar da ocupação humana no entorno dos fragmentos da área urbana, os Morros do Finder e do Boa Vista apresentaram bom estado de conservação para a comunidade de Euglossini. Novos esforços e utilização de outras metodologias podem enriquecer os dados obtidos contribuindo para uma melhor caracterização ambiental da região. A partir dos dados existentes na literatura sobre a tribo Euglossini em Santa Catarina, nota-se uma riqueza significativa nos municípios de Joinville e São Francisco do Sul.
Recognized for its megadiversity, but also the high level of deforestation and species loss that has occurred in recent decades, the Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened biomes on the planet, getting the global name hotspot. Bees play a crucial role in the maintenance of vegetation through pollination and knowledge about the taxon composition contributes to conservation actions. The tribe Euglossini can act as bioindicators of environmental quality and exert a close relationship with certain plants, particularly the orchid family, being fundamental to the perpetuation of many species of this family. The tribe Euglossini has a species richness in tropical forests which decreases in the higher latitudes. This study aimed to investigate and identify the Euglossini fauna present in the northern state of Santa Catarina, in southern Brazil, from monthly collections in six locations distributed along an altitudinal gradient between sea level and 800 meters, in the cities of Joinville and São Francisco do Sul. Two locations are composed of remnants of Atlantic Forest hills, situated in the urban area of Joinville, with extensions of approximately 390 and 525 hectares. Other locations comprise continuous areas of forest on the coastline and Serra do Mar. At each site there was one collection day per month in the period from September / 2013 to April / 2014 and September / 2014 to April / 2015. The available scent baits were: benzyl benzoate, cineol, eugenol and vanillin. In the last six months of the study a new mint-based fragrance was tested : menthol. The study recorded 794 Euglossini males of the genera Eufriesea, Euglossa and Eulaema, distributed in ten valid species and one potentially new species. The localities with the greatest richness were in Morro do Finder and Morro do Boa Vista, and the largest diversity occurred in the Vila da Glória and Mutucas. The species Eufriesea violacea Blanchard 1840, Euglossa annectans Dressler 1982 e Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier, 1841 were recorded in the six studied locations. Ef. violacea, Eg. annectans and Eg. stellfeldi represented 91.56% of the sampled community, with the first species making up 66.87% of that figure. The cineole attracted 299 bees, eugenol 190 and vanillin 165, but in relation to richness, the most attractive were the benzyl benzoate, cineole and vanillin, with six species each. The menthol was effective, attracting 75 bees from four species. The distribution of bees in relation to altitudinal variation showed that the greatest richness and abundance occured between sea level and an altitude of 200 metres, with a decrease in the number of individuals and species above this altimetry quota. Interactions between bees and eight species of orchids were recorded from pollinaria adhered to the bees. Despite the surrounding human occupation of urban fragments, Morros Finder and Boa Vista showed good conditions for the community of Euglossini. New efforts and using other methodologies can enrich the data, contributing to a better environmental characterization of the area. From the literature data on the tribe Euglossini in Santa Catarina, there is a significant richness in the cities of Joinville and São Francisco do Sul.

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Maciel, Tatiane Tagliatti. "Coleta de vespas sociais em estudos de diversidade: estado da arte e otimização do método de armadilhas atrativas." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4589.

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Dado o reconhecido papel das vespas sociais no equilíbrio dos ecossistemas é clara a importância de estudos sobre a diversidade desses insetos e, apenas a partir do conhecimento do comportamento das vespas sociais, é possível elaborar metodologias adequadas para a sua coleta. Assim, e tendo em vista a importância de inventários de fauna, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar uma análise detalhada dos estudos de diversidade em vespas sociais conduzidos em Minas Gerais avaliando o uso das armadilhas atrativas. Sabendo da falta de estudos dedicados aos atributos espaciais das espécies de vespas sociais, ou ainda dos métodos utilizados para sua coleta, o trabalho objetivou ainda comparar a atratividade de diferentes variáveis na elaboração de armadilhas atrativas e estimar e analisar em escala local a distância ótima para instalação dessas armadilhas para estudos de diversidade de vespas sociais. A análise detalhada dos estudos de diversidade seguiu os passos propostos pela metodologia de PRISMA para estudos sistemáticos e de meta-análise. A abordagem metodológica incluiu o desenvolvimento de critérios de seleção, definição de estratégias de busca, avaliação da qualidade do estudo e extração de dados relevantes. A parte experimental foi desenvolvida no Jardim Botânico da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora que compreende uma área de fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Montana, com 84 hectares de extensão, localizado no perímetro urbano de Juiz de Fora, sudeste do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foi possível observar que Minas Gerais é o Estado com o maior número de estudos, entretanto, as regiões sul e sudeste concentram a maior parte desses estudos, ficando clara a importância do desenvolvimento de pesquisas nas demais regiões, em especial na região norte onde se encontra o Bioma Caatinga. Os experimentos mostraram que devem ser utilizadas garrafas de polietileno tereftalato (PET) de 0,5L como armadilhas atrativas preenchidas com 150mL de suco artificial de manga, goiaba ou maracujá e instaladas a distâncias entre 10m e 150m umas das outras. O trabalho conseguiu otimizar o método de armadilhas atrativas quanto ao tamanho das armadilhas, o tipo de atrativo alimentar utilizado e o número de armadilhas utilizadas em campo.
Considering the recognized role of social wasps in the balance of ecosystems, it is clear the importance of studies on the diversity of these insects and, only from the knowledge of the behavior of the social wasps, it is possible to elaborate adequate methodologies for their collection. Thus, considering the importance of fauna inventories, the aim of this paper was to carry out a detailed analysis of the studies of diversity in social wasps conducted in Minas Gerais, when evaluating the use of attractive traps. Due to the lack of studies dedicated to the spatial attributes of the social wasp’s species, or the methods used for its collection, the study also aimed to compare the attractiveness of different variables in the elaboration of attractive traps. It also aimed to estimate and analyze in local scale the optimal distance for the installation of these traps for studies of social wasp diversity. The detailed analysis of the diversity studies followed the steps proposed by the PRISMA methodology for systematic studies and metaanalysis. The methodological procedure included the development of selection criteria, definition of search strategies, evaluation of study quality and extraction of relevant data. The experimental phase was developed at the Botanic Garden of the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, which comprises a fragment area of Montane Semi-deciduous Forest, with 84 hectares of extension, located in the Juiz de Fora urban area, in the southeast of the State of Minas Gerais, Brasil. It was possible to observe that Minas Gerais is the State with the largest number of studies, however, the south and southeast regions concentrate most of these studies, therefore, it is highlighted the importance of the research development in the other regions, especially in the northern region, where the Caatinga Biome is located. The experiments showed that the traps must be made of bottles of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) of 0.5L, filled with 150mL of artificial juice of mango, guava or passion fruit, and installed at distances between 10m and 150m from each other. The study was able to optimize the method of attractive traps as to the size of the traps, the type of attractive food source and the number of traps used in the field.

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Marques, Luiz Henrique da Silva Fagundes. "Biologia, dano e controle de Dichomeris famulata Meyrick, 1914 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) por meio de iscas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-09092009-153326/.

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Dichomeris famulata Meyrick, 1914 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) é uma nova praga da espiga de milho no Brasil, sendo importante em áreas de produção de sementes porque os grãos atacados pelas lagartas não germinam. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a sua biologia, descrever os danos causados pela praga e verificar o efeito de alguns tratamentos no controle dos adultos, por ingestão, em condições de laboratório (25 ± 2°C, UR de 65 ± 10% e fotofase de 14 horas). Os inseticidas foram fornecidos às mariposas com e sem isca a base de mel a 10%. Os inseticidas utilizados e suas respectivas doses foram: cloridrato de cartape (0,5 g i.a. L-1 calda), metomil (0,258 g i.a. L-1 calda), acetamiprido (0,2 g i.a. L-1calda), espinosade (0,24 g i.a. L-1 calda) e pirimifós-metílico (0,5 g i.a. L-1 calda), além da testemunha. O ciclo biológico (ovoadulto) foi de 35,2 dias. O período de incubação foi de 4,1 dias. A duração média da fase larval foi de 21,1 dias, sendo observados cinco ínstares larvais. A fase pupal durou 8,6 dias para os machos e 8,1 dias para as fêmeas. O peso de pupa de machos e fêmeas foi de 12,4 e 11,3 mg, respectivamente. As fêmeas colocaram, em média, 118 ovos, apresentando um período de préoviposição de 10,7 dias e de oviposição de 14,0 dias. A longevidade média de machos e fêmeas foi de 37,02 e 44,16 dias, respectivamente, e a razão sexual de 0,48. As iscas contendo cloridrato de cartape e metomil causaram 97,92 e 83,33% de mortalidade de adultos, respectivamente 24 horas após a exposição dos tratamentos, sendo promissores no controle desta praga e podendo ser utilizados alternadamente, caso necessário. Cloridrato de cartape sem atrativo alimentar causou mortalidade de 91,67% de adultos. As lagartas danificam os estilo-estigmas e os grãos em formação ou em estado leitoso por meio de pequenos orifícios de entrada, prejudicando o endosperma e principalmente a região do embrião, inutilizando-os para sementes. A visualização dos danos é difícil, sendo que esses passam despercebidos. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho fornecem subsídios para o estabelecimento de estratégias de manejo do inseto, especialmente em áreas de produção de sementes.
Dichomeris famulata Meyrick, 1914 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a new pest of corn in Brazil, and is important in seed fields. The work goals were to study the biology of this pest, describe the damages caused by this pest and evaluate the effect of some insecticides, with and without bait, to control adults by ingestion, under laboratory conditions (25 ± 2°C, 65 ± 10% of RH and 14-hours of photophase). Pesticides were provided to moth with and without honeybee 10%. The insecticides used and respective doses were: cartap (0.5 g a.i. L-1), methomyl (0.258 g a.i. L-1), acetamiprid (0.2 g a.i. L-1), spinosad (0.24 g a.i. L-1), pirimiphos-methyl (0.5 g a.i. L-1) and a control treatment. The biological cycle (egg-adult) was 35.2 days. The incubation period was 4.1 days. The mean time larval was 21.1 days and 5 instars were observed. The pupal period was 8.6 days for male and 8.1 days for female insects. The pupae weight was 12.4 and 11.3 mg for males and females, respectively. The females laid an average of 118 eggs with a preoviposition period of 10.7 days and an oviposition time of 14.0 days. The mean longevity of males and females was 37.02 and 44.16 days, respectively, and sex ratio was 0.48. The baits with cartap and methomyl caused 97.92 and 83.33% of adults mortality, respectively, 24 hours after exposure to the treatments. This is a promising way to control this pest and it may be used in rotation. Cartap without attractive caused 91.67% of adults mortality. The caterpillars damage the silks and beginning of grain development or grains at the milk stage through little entry orifices, damaging the endosperm and, more importantly, the embryo, which disenables them for seed. Therefore, it is difficult to visualize the damage, which is unnoticed without an accurate examination. These results can support the establishment of strategies to manage this new corn ear pest, especially in seeds field.

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Jooste, Jakobus Gerrit. "An assessment of bait availability, utilization and management guidelines in Eastern Cape estuaries." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/334.

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Aspects around the management of benthic soft sediment bait organisms, with special focus on the mud prawn (Upogebia africana) of eastern Cape estuaries was investigated. The recreational linefishery of the Gamtoos estuary was described, and compared to previous studies. Target fish species was identified, and a large dependency on bait sourced from estuaries needed for the capture of these species was noted, especially for spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii). A comparison between bait use, success and the natural diet of target fish species was also made. The structure and distribution of sediments in the old channel mud banks was described and compared with historical data. The influence of sediments on mud prawn distribution was investigated, but no significant interactions were found at the study site. The impacts of once-off pumping and digging events, and monthly trampling on the sediments and mud prawn population was studied over a 7-month period. Initial removal rates as well as recovery time varied significantly between the two collection methods, while the largest decline in prawn numbers (to zero) with no recovery visible after seven months was caused by trampling. All disturbances caused some alteration in sediment composition, but not to such an extent that the sediments became unfavorable for mud prawns. Trampling did, however, result in the compaction of sediments to such a degree that prawns could not construct burrows. Issues around current removal quotas of bait species as well as the creation of a small-scale commercial (SSC) bait selling operation at Swartkops estuary were critically evaluated, and suggestions for the future removal rates of mud prawns based on production export calculations were made. The distribution, size, sex ratios and number of gravid females occurring along a tidal gradient as well as along horizontal gradient of the mud bank during growth (January – March) and reproductive (September – October) periods was investigated. Changes in the distribution of females between the two study periods were significant, while the distribution of reproductively active females were closely linked to the low water mark (Lower tidal levels). Females occurring in this zone were also significantly larger than females occurring towards the back of the study site. Some minor changes along the horizontal gradient were also observed. The sediment compos ition of the mud bank was found not to play a role in this distribution, leading to the suggestion that exposure to ebb and flood tide currents could influence female prawn distributions. Management recommendations based on these observations were made.

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Cidade, Márcia Patricia Nascimento. "Riqueza e abundância de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em diferentes classes de solo em uma área de savana próxima de Boa Vista-RR." Universidade Federal de Roraima, 2011. http://www.bdtd.ufrr.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=145.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A savana (Lavrado) de Roraima ocupa 17% de seu território. Estas áreas apresentam um mosaico de vegetações e uma diversidade pedológica devido aos fatores de formação do solo. As formigas estão presentes praticamente em todos os ambientes terrestres e desempenham inúmeros papéis no ecossistema. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as relações entre as características físicas e químicas do solo com as assembleias de formigas em uma área de savana próxima de Boa Vista, RR, situadas no Campus do Cauamé/UFRR. O trabalho foi desenvolvido nas 12 parcelas permanentes do Programa de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade (PPBio). Foram utilizadas duas técnicas de coleta (iscas e pitfalls), sendo instaladas10 subamostras em cada parcela, separadas 25 m uma da outra, totalizando 120 sub-amostras por método de coleta. Os pitfalls permaneceram em operação por 48 horas e as iscas ficaram expostas por 40 minutos. O material foi coletado e levado ao laboratório para identificação. Os dados químicos e físicos do solo foram obtidos através dos metadados disponíveis no site do PPBio. Adicionalmente foram coletadas as variáveis umidade e resistência a penetração (RP). Os dados das classes de solo foram obtidos de estudos detalhados do campus Cauamé. As assembleias de formigas foram ordenadas com base na presença/ausência dos indivíduos utilizando o escalonamento multidimensional não-métrico (NMDS). Para verificar a influencia das variáveis ambientais sobre a distribuição das formigas, foi realizada uma Analise Multivariada da Variância (MANOVA). A similaridade entre as técnicas de coleta foram analisadas com o teste de Mantel. Na área de estudo identificou-se cinco classes de solos, e nestas foram coletadas 8936 formigas distribuídas em 7 subfamílias, 22 gêneros e 49 espécies onde 39 são morfotipos. A espécie Kalathomyrmex emery foi registrada pela primeira vez para o estado de Roraima. Os gêneros mais abundantes ncontrados nas iscas foram Crematogaster (46,3%) e Camponotus (25,5%). A similaridade entre as técnicas pitfall e isca foi baixa (35%), porém o pitfall foi 92% similar as duas técnicas em conjunto. Dentre as variáveis ambientais testadas, verificamos que não houve diferença significativa em relação às classes de solo, umidade e pH com a distribuição das formigas, sendo que a argila foi à única variável que influenciou em sua distribuição. Os pitfalls podem ser o único método de coleta de formigas em áreas de savanas. A maior riqueza de espécies de formigas foi verificada no Latossolo Amarelo. O solo com menor riqueza foi o Gleissolo, porém, foi o que apresentou maior número de espécies exclusivas.
Savanna (Lavrado) of Roraima occupy 17% of its territory. These areas have a mosaic of vegetation and pedological diversity due to factors of soil formation. The ants are present in virtually all terrestrial environments, and playing numerous roles in the ecosystem. The objective of this research was to evaluate the relationships between the physical and chemical characteristics of soil with ant assemblages in a savanna area near Boa Vista, Roraima (Campus Cauamé/UFRR). The study was conducted in 12 permanent plots of the Biodiversity Research Program (PPBio). We used two techniques (baits and pitfalls), and 10 sub-samples from each plot, 25 m apart from each other, a total of 120 sub-samples using the method of collection. The pitfalls remained in operation for 48 hours and the baits were exposed for 40 minutes. The material was collected and taken to the laboratory for identification. The chemical and physical soils were obtained from the metadata available from the PPBio. Additionally we collected moisture content and resistance to penetration (RP). Data from the soil classes were obtained from detailed studies of Cauamé campus. Ant assemblages were sorted based on the presence / absence of individuals using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). To check the influence of environmental variables on the distribution of ants, we performed a Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). The similarity between the techniques was analyzed with the Mantel test. In the study area were identified five classes of soil, and these were collected 8,936 ants distributed in 7 subfamilies, 22 genera and 49 species which are 39 morphotypes. The species Kalathomyrmex emery was first recorded for the state of Roraima. The most abundant genera were found in the bait Crematogaster (46.3%) and Camponotus (25.5%). The similarity between the techniques and bait pitfall was low (35%), but the pitfall was 92% similar the two techniques together. Among the environmental variables tested, we found that there was no significant difference in the classes of soil, moisture and pH with the distribution of ants, and the clay was the only variable that influenced the distribution of ants. The pitfalls may be the only method of collecting ants in savanna areas. The highest species richness of ants was found in the Yellow Latosol. And the soil with less wealth was the Gleysol, however, was the soil with the highest number of exclusive species.

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Waddington, Kris Ian. "Diet and trophic role of western rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus George) in temperate Western Australian deep-coastal ecosystems (35-60m)." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0035.

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[Truncated abstract] Removal of consumers through fishing has been shown to influence ecosystem structure and function by changing the biomass and composition of organisms occupying lower trophic levels. The western rock lobster (Panurilus cygnus), an abundant consumer along the temperate west coast of Australia, forms the basis of Australia's largest single species fishery, with catches frequently exceeding 11000 tonnes annually. Despite their high abundance and commercial importance, the diet and trophic role of adult lobster populations in deep-coastal-ecosystems (35-60 m) remains unknown. An understanding of the diet and trophic role of lobsters in these ecosystems is a key component of the assessment of ecosystem effects of the western rock lobster fishery. This study uses gut content and stable isotope analyses to determine the diet and trophic role of lobsters in deep-coastal ecosystems. Dietary analysis indicated adult lobsters in deep-coastal ecosystems were primarily carnivorous with diet reflecting food available on the benthos. Gut content analyses indicate crabs (62 %) and amphipods/isopods (~10 %) are the most important lobster dietary sources. Stable isotope analysis indicates natural diet of lobsters in deep coastal ecosystems is dominated by amphipods/isopods (contributing up to ~50 %) and crabs (to ~75 %), with bivalves/gastropods, red algae and sponges of lesser importance (<10 % of diet each). Diet of lobsters in deep-coastal ecosystems differed from that reported for lobsters inhabiting shallow water ecosystems in this region, reflecting differences in food availability and food choice between these ecosystems. Bait from the fishery was also determined (by stable isotope analyses) to be a significant dietary component of lobsters in deep-coastal ecosystems, contributing between 10 and 80 % of lobster food requirements at some study locations. '...' Given observed effects of organic matter addition in trawl fisheries, and also associated with aquaculture, bait addition is likely to have implications for processes occurring within deep-coastal ecosystems in this region, particularly given its oligotrophic status, most likely by increasing the food available to scavenging species. Removal of lobsters from deep-coastal ecosystems may affect the composition and abundance of lobster prey communities through a reduction in predation pressure. Such effects have been demonstrated for other spiny lobster species. These effects are typically most observable amongst common prey taxa which in other studies have been commonly herbivores. In deep-coastal ecosystems, crabs and amphipods/isopods are the most common prey taxa and most likely to be effected. The ecosystem-impacts of top-down control of non-herbivorous prey species is unknown and constrains the inferences possible from this study. However, the establishment of 'no-take' areas in deep-coastal ecosystems would allow the ecosystem effects of lobster removal to be further assessed in these deep-coastal ecosystems. While data from the current study did not allow the ecosystem effects of lobster removal to be properly assessed, this study provided information regarding the ecology of western rock lobsters in previously unstudied ecosystems.

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Ferreira, Giovanne Ambrosio. "Dieta e área de vida do gato doméstico (Felis silvestris catus Linnaeus -1758) (carnívora, felidae) em ambiente natural de Mata Atlântica na Ilha Comprida, estado de São Paulo." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2011. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2457.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O livre acesso de gatos (Felis silvestris catus) a áreas externas da residência de seus proprietários (chamados semi-domiciliados), quando em ambientes naturais pode ocasionar predação sobre animais silvestres, competição alimentar com carnívoros nativos, e ainda potencializara veiculação de zoonoses. Informações a respeito do comportamento destes animais em fragmentos de mata atlântica são raros, desta forma, este estudo objetivou avaliar: a) os itens encontrados na dieta e sua variação sazonal através da análise de amostras fecais; b) a área de vida e os padrões de atividade por meio de rádio telemetria; c) as diferenças individuais na dieta e a disposição das fezes nos territórios por meio do método da marcação de isca de gatos semi-domiciliados encontrados em um fragmento remanescente de Mata Atlântica localizado ao sul do município de Ilha Comprida – SP. Resultados coletados entre setembro de 2009 e setembro de 2010 demonstram que mesmo recebendo alimentos dos proprietários, a espécie apresentou uma dieta oportunista e generalista, com pouca variação sazonal (X2 = 6,754; p = 0,4549). As presas mais consumidas foram insetos (21,26%), seguidos por mamíferos (14,24%) e aves (4,11%). Machos residentes em propriedades ausentes de fêmeas demonstraram maiores área de vida e sobreposições sobre as áreas dos demais gatos, que apresentaram valores semelhantes entre si. Os horários de maior atividade ocorreram no período crepuscular noturno, principalmente nos horários de 20-22h e 02-04h; enquanto o período entre 14-16h apresentou menor registro. Maiores atividades registradas durante a estação seca, todavia, machos demonstraram maior atividade noturna, em ambas as estações, enquanto fêmeas maiores atividades diurna, principalmente durante a estação seca. As amostras fecais encontradas próximas ao centro de atividade, geralmente estavam enterradas, enquanto à medida que se distanciavam, podiam ou não estar enterradas. Ocorreram poucas variações na dieta entre os sexos. Entretanto, fêmeas mais novas predaram animais menores (insetos); fêmeas mais velhas predaram também vertebrados maiores; enquanto para os machos observou-se o inverso. A diversidade de itens de presas nativas encontrados na dieta demonstra a capacidade adaptativa e o comportamento inato de predação da espécie. A pequena diferença encontrada entre as estações reflete na pequena variação sazonal encontrada no período amostrado. Os resultados indicam que a disponibilidade e abundância de recursos (alimento e abrigo) foram os fatores mais importantes na determinação das áreas de vida de fêmeas, enquanto a disponibilidade e acesso a estas, seriam os determinantes para os machos. Sugere-se que o padrão de atividade sofra influência das variações sazonais. A maneira como as fezes são encontradas no ambiente estão relacionadas ao status hierárquico ou questões comportamentais e ecológicas de seu produtor. Sendo assim, informações importantes sobre a dieta e comportamento de caça individuais foram obtidas por meio da identificação individual de suas fezes. Os resultados obtidos por este estudo contribuem para pesquisas que visem à preservação de espécies vulneráveis às influencias causadas pela presença desta espécie em ambientes naturais, ou ainda que busquem obter esclarecimentos sobre a saúde e o bem estar destes animais, espécies nativas e seus proprietários.
Free access for cats (Felis silvestris catus) to areas outside the residence of its owners (called semi-resident), when in natural environments may cause predation on wildlife, food competition with native carnivores and more, increase the zoonoses placement. Information about the behavior of these animals in the Atlantic forest fragments are rare, thus this study aimed to assess: a) the items found on diet and its seasonal variation by analyzing fecal samples; b) the home range and patterns of activity by radio telemetry; c) individual differences in diet and feces disposal in the territories by the method of marking bait semidomiciled cats found in an Atlantic forest fragment located south of the city of Ilha Comprida – SP. The results collected between September 2009 and September 2010 show that even getting food from the owners, the species had a generalist and opportunistic diet, with little seasonal variation (X2 = 6,754, p = 0,4549). The most consumed preys were insects (21,26%), followed by mammals (14,24%) and poultry (4,11%). Males residing in properties absent from females had larger home ranges and overlap the areas of other cats, which showed similar values. The time of greatest activity occurred in the evening twilight period, mainly during 20-22h and 02-04h, while the period between 14-16h showed the lowest record. Major activities recorded during the dry season, however, males showed greater nocturnal activity in both seasons, while females more daytime activities, especially during the dry season. The fecal samples found near the center of activity usually were buried, and as much as they distanced from the center they could be buried or not. There were few variations in diet between the sexes. However, younger females preyed on smaller animals (insects); older females also ate higher vertebrates, whereas for males the opposite was observed. The diversity of prey items found in the native diet demonstrates the adaptiveness in innate behavior and predation of the species. The small difference found between the seasons reflected in the low seasonal variation found in the sample period. The results indicate that the availability and abundance of resources (food and shelter) were the most important factors in determining the home range of females, while the availability and access to them, and are the determinants for males. It is suggested that the activity pattern is influenced by seasonal variations. How feces are found in the environment are related to the hierarchical status or behavioral and ecological issues of its producer. Thus, important information about diet and individual hunting behavior were obtained through individual identification of feces. The results of this study contribute to research aimed at the preservation of species vulnerable to influences caused by the presence of this species in natural environments, or even seek clarification about the health and wellness of these animals, native species and their owners.

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48

Martins, Luciano. "Estrutura de comunidades de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) do planalto do Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1139.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This study aims to compare three sampling techniques to estimate species richness of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in ?campos of altitude? at Itatiaia National Park, in Rio de Janeiro state. Compared richness estimates for genera and species, and curves of accumulation of species for sardine baits, pitfall traps and manual collecting are presented for two distinct sites ("steppe vegetation" [VE] and "rupicola vegetation" [VR]) in Itatiaia Plateau. The three techniques collected 31 species of 10 genera belonging to four subfamilies. In VE were registered 50% of genera and 36.4% of species collected exclusively by baits, and 20% and 50% by pitfall traps, respectively. In VR were registered 37.5% of genera and 47.61% of species exclusive for baits, but no one genus and species was restricted for manual collecting. In the case of ?campos de altitude? and when only one technique can be used, the sardine bait was the most efficient sample technique to registered richness at VE. For VR, the manual collecting was the most appropriate technique to record species richness. However, the pitfalls (in VE) and bait (in VR) recorded an important portion of species richness. In our data, the manual collecting were associated with standardized data collecting protocols, and, although much criticized, have shown effectiveness in recording species in habitats where widespread techniques cannot be used. In spite of different physiognomies show differentiated efficiency for samples techniques, it is relevant to using more than one technique associated to a colleting protocol well structured to potentiated the record of the new species in environments as the ?campos de altitude?.
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo comparar tr?s t?cnicas de coleta para estimar a riqueza de esp?cies de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) no Planalto do Itatiaia , Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. S?o apresentados dados comparativos das estimativas da riqueza de g?neros, de esp?cies e as curvas de acumula??o de esp?cies amostradas com iscas de sardinha, armadilhas de queda e coletas manuais, em duas fisionomias distintas (?vegeta??o est?pica? [VE] e ?vegeta??o rup?cola? [VR]), no Planalto do Itatiaia. Com a utiliza??o das tr?s t?cnicas foram coletadas 30 esp?cies de 11 g?neros, pertencentes a quatro subfam?lias. Para a VE foram registrados 50% dos g?neros e 36,4% das esp?cies coletadas exclusivamente pelas iscas, e 20% e 50% pela armadilha de queda, respectivamente. Para a VR foram registrados 37,5% e 47,61% dos g?neros e esp?cies exclusivas para iscas, por?m nenhum g?nero e esp?cie foram restritos a coleta manual. Em se tratando de ecossistema de campos de altitude e quando apenas uma das t?cnicas possa ser utilizada, a isca de sardinha foi a mais eficiente para amostrar a riqueza em VE. Para VR, a coleta manual se apresentou como a t?cnica mais apropriada para registrar sua riqueza. No entanto, as armadilhas de queda (na VE) e as iscas (na VR) registraram uma parcela n?o t?o desprez?vel da riqueza. Em nossos dados, as coletas manuais foram associadas a protocolos de coleta padronizados, e, apesar de serem bastante criticadas, mostraram efici?ncia no registro de esp?cies em habitats em que outras t?cnicas mais difundidas n?o podem ser utilizadas. Apesar de fisionomias distintas apresentarem efici?ncia de t?cnica de coleta diferenciada, ? relevante a utiliza??o das tr?s t?cnicas para se potencializar ainda mais o registro das esp?cies em ambientes de campos de altitude.

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49

Marincea, Stephan. "Cristallochimie et propriétés physiques des borates magnésiens des skarns de la province banatitique de Roumanie." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01027512.

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L'étude apporte des nouvelles données sur les borates magnésiens de cinq gites de skarns de Roumanie : Baita Bihor, Pietroasa, Ocna de Fier, Masca-Baisoara et Cacova Ierii. Les aires de skarn sont developpées autour des intrusions calco-alcalines d'âge crétacé supérieur - paléogène, connues sous le nom collectif de banatites. Les borates qui ont été identifiés, à savoir la ludwigite, la kotoite, la szaibelyite, la suanite et la fluoborite sont caractéristiques d'une association géochimique très connue, Mg-B-OFe. Les minéraux de chaque occurrence ont été minutieusement analysés en utilisant la diffractométrie des rayons X sur poudres, l'absorption infrarouge, l'étude thermique, l'analyse chimique par voie humide et à la microsonde électronique. On peut distinguer deux types d'associations géochimiques : l'une riche en fer, à Ocna de Fier, Cacova Ierii, Masca-Baisoara et l'autre déficitaire en cet élément, à Baita Bihor et Pietroasa. La cristallisation des borates a eu lieu à des températures comprises entre 300°C et 650°C pour des pressions comprises entre 0,6 et 3 kB. Toutes les espèces sont remarquablement homogènes du point de vue chimique et optique et extrêmement riches en magnésium. La ludwigite montre un comportement superparamagnétique et un puissant effet d'anisotropie magnétique de forme. Elle est inerte thermiquement jusqu'à 1000°C. Une ludwigite alumineuse a été identifiée à Pietroasa et une kotoite ferreuse à Cacova Ierii. L'occurrence de la fluoborite est restreinte aux associations riches en fluor et bore de Baita Bihor, tandis que la suanite préfère les systèmes pauvres en fer de Baita Bihor et Pietroasa. Fe²⁺ est le principal substituant du magnésium dans toutes les espèces de borates analysées. La szaibelyite renferme usuellement des faibles teneurs en fluor et sa maille élémentaire comporte deux vibrateurs hydroxyles. La déshydratation thermique de la szaibelyite se produit à 650-670°C, quand elle passe en Mg₂B₂O₅ monoclinique.

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50

Moyo, Sipho. "Alternative practices used by resource-limited farmers to control fleas in free-range chickens in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/393.

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Fleas are one of the major external parasites affecting free range chickens, causing irritation, tissue damage, blood loss and toxicosis which in turn affect quality and quantity of meat and egg production. There are many commercial insecticides available that are effective against fleas. These commercial insecticides have, however become expensive to most resourcelimited farmers and therefore unaffordable, causing farmers to seek low cost alternatives. This study was conducted to document, determine the existence of external parasites in freerange chickens and validate the alternative remedies used in controlling free-range chicken fleas by resource-limited farmers. A questionnaire survey was used to collect data on external parasites of free-range chickens and ethno-veterinary control remedies used by resourcelimited farmers to control these parasites at Amatola basin, in Eastern Cape, South Africa. Resource-limited farmers perceived that mites (79.6%), fleas (64.5%), lice (10.8%) and ticks (6.5%) were problematic parasites of chickens. To control these parasites, resource-limited farmers commonly use ash (28%) madubula (13% carbolic acid) (26.7%), Jeyes fluid (13% carbolic acid) (10%), paraffin (8.4%), used engine oil (2.8%), plants Tagetes minuta, Clutia pulchella, Calpurnia aurea (5.2%) and a few (4.2%) used commercial drugs Karbadust (Carbarly 5%) and mercaptothion 5%. About 7.5% of the respondents used neither of the remedies. To confirm the farmers’ perception on problematic external parasites of free-range chickens a diagnostic survey was conducted. Fifty free-range chickens were randomly selected and examined for external parasites. About 96% of the free-range chickens examined harboured at least one species of external parasites. Fleas (Echidnophaga gallinacea) (50.7%) were the most prevalent followed by lice, Menopon gallinae (12.4%); Menacanthus stramineus (5.3%) and Knemidocoptes mutans (0.57%). Given that Jeyes fluid, used engine oil, paraffin, C. aurea, C. pulchella and T. minuta were mainly used in controlling these parasites, it was important to determine the potential dermal irritant effects of these plants. A dermal irritant effect test was, therefore, conducted using a rat model. Forty eight rats, with parts of the backs shaven, were used to screen the materials for irritation. All the materials tested did not cause any visible skin irritation on rats (p>0.05). Regarding that ethnoveterinary materials were non irritant on rat skin in vitro repellency and contact bio-assay models were used to assess the insecticidal properties of Tagetes minuta, Calpurnia aurea, Clutia pulchella, used engine oil, paraffin and Jeyes fluid on fleas. For the in vitro bioassay T. minuta and Jeyes fluid at 100% concentration demonstrated a repellency level of 76 and 83%, respectively. Tagetes minuta was the most effective among plant materials (p<0.05). Clutia pulchella, C. aurea, used engine oil and paraffin showed insignificant repellency (p>0.05). For the contact bio-assay, C. pulchella, C. aurea and T. minuta at a concentration of 100% resulted in flea mortality of 83.5, 73.3 and 42.5%, respectively. The efficacy of Clutia pulchella compared well with that of Karbadust which had a mean mortality of 97.5%. Paraffin, used engine oil, and Jeyes fluid (19.2%) caused higher flea mortality of more than 82%. In the in vivo study 60 free-range chickens were artificially infested with fleas and test materials were topically applied on infested sites. Test materials exhibited varying flea load reduction efficacy. Used engine oil and Jeyes fluid at 76.8% concentration had a reduction efficacy of 100 and 96% after 3 days post application of test materials. These were not significantly different to that of the positive control Kabadust (carbaryl 5%). The plants C. pulchella and C aurea at 100% concentration had an efficacy of 92 and 77%, respectively. The commonly used remedies by resource-limited farmers to control fleas vary in efficacy. Some of the materials are as effective as the commercial insecticides hence they have a potential to be exploited as insecticides. Further investigations on plant compounds with insecticidal properties and their toxicity, need to be conducted before the plants are recommended for use.

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