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Journal articles on the topic 'Bait aversion'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Moss, Zane N., Cheryl E. O'Connor, and Graham J. Hickling. "Implications of prefeeding for the development of bait aversions in brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)." Wildlife Research 25, no. 2 (1998): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97018.

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Development of aversions, or learned ‘bait-shyness’, in frequently poisoned possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) populations is becoming increasingly detrimental to the efficacy of pest-control operations in New Zealand. This experiment aimed to identify the effects of prefeeding, a common management procedure, on the subsequent development of aversions in possums. Wild possums (n = 96) were captured and acclimatised, then allocated to one of three treatments groups that for seven days received either (i) no prefeed, (ii) plain RS5 cereal baits, or (iii) green-dyed and cinnamon-lured RS5 cereal baits. The possums were then offered a standard green-dyed and cinnamon-lured RS5 bait that contained a sublethal dose (0.4 mg kg-1) of the toxin sodium monofluoroacetate (1080). The possums were tested for development of an aversion towards a toxic RS5 1080 bait, a prefeed bait, and a prefeed bait containing an alternative toxin, brodifacoum. Most (96%) of the non-prefed possums became averse to the 1080 bait after two exposures, compared with only 55% and 9% of the two prefed groups. Similarly, 90% and 92% of the non-prefed possums were averse to prefeed and brodifacoum baits, respectively, compared with 8% and 14% of the prefed possums. This suggests that pest managers can reduce the risk of ‘bait shyness’ by prefeeding. A further advantage of prefeeding is that if poison shyness develops, use of an alternative toxin such as brodifacoum in the original bait base may still be successful.
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2

Warburton, B., and KW Drew. "Extent and nature of cyanide-shyness in some opulations of Australian brushtail possums in New Zealand." Wildlife Research 21, no. 5 (1994): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940599.

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The proportion of possums with cyanide-shyness was assessed in four populations and ranged from 12 to 54%. These results supported anecdotal evidence of cyanide-shyness and showed that the problem could be significant in some populations. Non-toxic baiting with rhodamine dye as a marker indicated that more than 90% of possums were willing to accept the bait material, and pen trials showed that possums were able to eat the bait material but reject the cyanide paste placed in the bait. Shyness was therefore not a result of bait aversion but of direct rejection of the toxin. Attempts to induce shyness in possums by feeding them sublethal doses of cyanide, and the history of cyanide use in the trial areas, support the theory that at least in some areas cyanide-shyness is not a result of previous exposure (learned aversion) but of primary aversion. Current research to produce cyanide formulations with low emission rates of hydrogen cyanide aims to make the toxin effective even in areas where cyanide-shyness has developed.
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3

Morgan, DR. "Behavioral-Response of Brushtail Possums, Trichosurus-Vulpecula, to Baits Used in Pest-Control." Wildlife Research 17, no. 6 (1990): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9900601.

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The behavioural responses of captive possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) were observed during first encounters with non-toxic and toxic carrot and pellet baits used in pest control programmes. Possums confronted with new baits first used smell in a highly discriminating way, and then taste, which sometimes changed their initial response. Toxic carrot baits were rejected by 27.5% of possums, equally by smell and taste aversion, and toxic pellet baits by 34% of possums, mainly by taste aversion. Few (5-7%) rejected non-toxic baits. Such non-learned aversion mechanisms therefore have an important role in the feeding behaviour of possums. A range of flavours tested, using barley as a food base, showed that only orange-flavored barley was significantly preferred to non-flavoured barley; 19 flavours had no significant effect, and 19 others significantly reduced barley consumption. Orange and cinnamon, which was ranked fourth and repels some bird species, were tested as masks for 1080 baits. Both flavours effectively masked the aversive smell and taste of 1080. The levels of toxic flavoured bait rejection were low and did not differ from those of non-toxic (flavoured or non-flavoured) baits. Very few possums were observed vomiting, a behaviour in other species that may assist survival.
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4

AMALIA, HERMA, and IDHAM SAKTI HARAHAP. "Preferensi Kecoa Amerika Periplaneta americana (L.) (Blattaria: Blattidae) terhadap Berbagai Kombinasi Umpan." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 7, no. 2 (September 28, 2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.7.2.67.

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Currently, most cockroach control in urban environment relies on bait application. Aversion of some commercial bait by cockroach cause failure to control cockroach problems. Developing local bait can improve this situation. This research was aimed to find proper combination of some cockroach diet to be formulated in effective bait. Research was conducted in Department of Plant Protection, Bogor Agricultural University, since November 2007-March 2008. Combination of peanut butter, chicken egg, and strawberry jam seem to be a candidate of effective bait for local cockroach.
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5

Nichols, Margaret, Phil Bell, Nick Mulgan, and Alexander Taylor. "Conditioned aversion in kea to cereal bait: A captive study using anthraquinone." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 230 (September 2020): 105077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105077.

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6

Cagnacci, Francesca, Giovanna Massei, David P. Cowan, and Richard J. Delahay. "Can learned aversion be used to control bait uptake by Eurasian badgers?" Applied Animal Behaviour Science 92, no. 1-2 (July 2005): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.11.003.

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7

Moseby, K. E., J. L. Read, B. Galbraith, N. Munro, J. Newport, and B. M. Hill. "The use of poison baits to control feral cats and red foxes in arid South Australia II. Bait type, placement, lures and non-target uptake." Wildlife Research 38, no. 4 (2011): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10236.

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Context Poison baits are often used to control both foxes and feral cats but success varies considerably. Aims This study investigated the influence of bait type, placement and lures on bait uptake by the feral cat, red fox and non-target species to improve baiting success and reduce non-target uptake. Methods Six short field trials were implemented during autumn and winter over a five-year period in northern South Australia. Key results Results suggest that poison baiting with Eradicat or dried kangaroo meat baits was inefficient for feral cats due to both low rates of bait detection and poor ingestion rates for baits that were encountered. Cats consumed more baits on dunes than swales and uptake was higher under bushes than in open areas. The use of auditory or olfactory lures adjacent to baits did not increase ingestion rates. Foxes consumed more baits encountered than cats and exhibited no preference between Eradicat and kangaroo meat baits. Bait uptake by native non-target species averaged between 14 and 57% of baits during the six trials, accounting for up to 90% of total bait uptake. Corvid species were primarily responsible for non-target uptake. Threatened mammal species investigated and nibbled baits but rarely consumed them; however, corvids and some common rodent species ingested enough poison to potentially receive a lethal dose. Conclusions It is likely that several factors contributed to poor bait uptake by cats including the presence of alternative prey, a preference for live prey, an aversion to scavenging or eating unfamiliar foods and a stronger reliance on visual rather than olfactory cues for locating food. Implications Further trials for control of feral cats should concentrate on increasing ingestion rates without the requirement for hunger through either involuntary ingestion via grooming or development of a highly palatable bait.
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8

Ross, J. G., G. J. Hickling, D. R. Morgan, and C. T. Eason. "The role of non-toxic prefeed and postfeed in the development and maintenance of 1080 bait shyness in captive brushtail possums." Wildlife Research 27, no. 1 (2000): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98029.

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Shyness to sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in cereal bait can persist in sub-lethally poisoned possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) populations for at least 2 years. We investigated the use of non-toxic cereal ‘prefeed’ and ‘postfeed’ as ways of inhibiting and overcoming such shyness. The postfeed result was also compared with changing to a non-cereal, gel-based 1080 bait. Prefeeding had a significant effect on the number of possums that became ‘bait shy’ following an approximate LD20 1080 dose, with 97% of non-prefed possums developing an aversion to 1080 cereal bait compared with only 22% of prefed possums. In contrast, postfeeding with cereal was relatively ineffective in reducing the number of 1080 bait-shy possums, with mortality of these possums being 30% compared with 0% of non-postfed possums. In contrast, the gel 1080 bait killed 64% of 1080 cereal bait-shy possums. These results suggest that 1080 bait shyness can be markedly reduced by prefeeding non-toxic bait to possums prior to each control operation. However, this may not be the most cost-effective control option, given the observed efficacy of follow-up baiting with 1080 gel.
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9

Allsop, Sinéad E., Shannon J. Dundas, Peter J. Adams, Tracey L. Kreplins, Philip W. Bateman, and Patricia A. Fleming. "Reduced efficacy of baiting programs for invasive species: some mechanisms and management implications." Pacific Conservation Biology 23, no. 3 (2017): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17006.

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‘Bait-resistance’ is defined as progressive decreases in bait efficacy in controlled pest species populations. Understanding the mechanisms by which bait-resistance can develop is important for the sustainable control of pests worldwide, for both wildlife conservation programs and agricultural production. Bait-resistance is influenced by both behavioural (innate and learned bait-avoidance behaviour) and physiological aspects of the target pest species (its natural diet, its body mass, the mode of action of the toxin, and the animal’s ability to biochemically break down the toxin). In this review, we summarise the scientific literature, discuss factors that can lead to innate and learned aversion to baits, as well as physiological tolerance. We address the question of whether bait avoidance or tolerance to 1080 could develop in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), an introduced predator of significant economic and environmental importance in Australia. Sublethal poisoning has been identified as the primary cause of both bait avoidance and increased toxin-tolerance, and so, finally, we provide examples of how management actions can minimise the risk of sublethal baits in pest species populations.
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10

Silverman, Jules, and Dangsheng Liang. "Effect of Fipronil on Bait Formulation-Based Aversion in the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 92, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 886–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/92.4.886.

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11

Henderson, R. J., and C. T. Eason. "Acute toxicity of cholecalciferol and gliftor baits to the European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus." Wildlife Research 27, no. 3 (2000): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99048.

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Alternatives to sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) and pindone are required for control of wild rabbits. The palatability and toxicity of cereal baits containing either cholecalciferol or gliftor were assessed on captive domestic rabbits. Although rabbits showed considerable variation in their individual response to cholecalciferol, they were very susceptible to the toxicant (LD50 = 4.4 mg kg–1) and it would be lethal to almost all rabbits ingesting doses greater than 15 mg kg–1. However, concentrations of 0.04% and 0.18% cholecalciferol in bait were not readily eaten by rabbits, suggesting that further research is required to mask the taste and/or smell of the toxicant. The LD50 of gliftor in cereal bait to rabbits was 2.2 mg kg–1. Rabbits showed no measurable aversion to baits that contained 0.2% w/w gliftor. A lower concentration of 0.1% gliftor in bait should be tested on wild populations of rabbits.
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12

Mutze, Greg, and Ron Sinclair. "Efficacy of zinc phosphide, strychnine and chlorpyrifos as rodenticides for the control of house mice in South Australian cereal crops." Wildlife Research 31, no. 3 (2004): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02027.

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Replicated field trials were conducted to compare the efficacy of zinc phosphide, strychnine and chlorpyrifos for the control of house mice (Mus domesticus) infesting recently sown wheat crops in South Australia. Bait was prepared using whole-wheat grain or grain-based pellets and broadcast into the crops at 1 kg ha–1. Treatment with zinc phosphide reduced mouse numbers by 98%. Two treatments with strychnine baits, applied 11 days apart, also reduced mouse numbers by 98% with no evidence of bait aversion in mice that survived the initial treatment. On the basis of these and other published results, zinc phosphide is considered an effective alternative to strychnine for control of house mice in cereal crops. Chlorpyrifos baits reduced mouse numbers by less than 10%. The trial began too late in the growing season to prevent substantial mouse damage to seed grain and seedlings. The number of seedlings established at treatment time one month after sowing explained 84% of variation in crop yield. Mouse damage is estimated to have reduced yield by more than 0.5 t ha–1 or 15% of potential yield and cost the grower more than $30 000 in lost production from the 300-ha study area.
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13

Gentle, M. N., G. R. Saunders, and C. R. Dickman. "Persistence of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in fox baits and implications for fox management in south-eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 34, no. 4 (2007): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06163.

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The persistence of 1080 in two commonly used fox baits, Foxoff® and chicken wingettes, was assessed under different climatic and rainfall conditions in central-western New South Wales. The rate of 1080 degradation did not change significantly between the Central Tablelands and the relatively hotter and drier environment of the Western Slopes. Loss of 1080 from wingettes was independent of the rainfall and climate conditions, with wingettes remaining lethal to foxes for, on average, 0.9 weeks. Foxoff® baits remained lethal for longer than wingettes under all tested conditions, although their rate of degradation increased generally with increasing rainfall. As a result, areas baited with Foxoff® will require longer withholding periods for working dogs than those baited with wingettes, especially during dry periods. Wingettes may have advantages for use in sensitive areas where long-term hazards from toxic baits are undesirable. We found significant variations in 1080 concentration in freshly prepared baits that may result in efficacy, non-target and regulatory concerns for baiting campaigns. As a result, the superior quality control and shelf-stability of manufactured Foxoff® may be important criteria for favouring its use over freshly prepared bait types. However, use strategies for any bait type must ensure that foxes consume lethal doses of 1080 to avoid potential problems such as the development of learned aversion to baits or pesticide resistance.
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14

Mcilroy, JC, and EJ Gifford. "Secondary Poisoning Hazards Associated With 1080-Treated Carrot-Baiting Campaigns Against Rabbits, Oryctolagus Cuniculus." Wildlife Research 19, no. 6 (1992): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920629.

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The conc. of 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) in dry muscle, organs, and stomach contents of rabbits poisoned by eating baited carrots ranged from 0.004 to 0.423 mg/g. Stomach contents (mainly masticated carrot bait) and livers contained the highest concn., followed by stomach tissue, kidneys, heart, and muscle. The total 1080 content in rabbits ranged from 0.01 to 4.88 mg. The risk of secondary poisoning in animals eating rabbits poisoned by 1080 was evaluated using 2 methods. Foxes, dingos, dogs and cats probably face the greatest risk of secondary poisoning. The extent to which other carrion-eating animals, particularly birds and small dasyurids, are at risk depends on their feeding habits and wheter they are able to vomit or develop an aversion to the taste and smell of 1080. Secondary poisoning can be minimized by using the minimum effective concn. of 1080 in baits and by removing the dead animals from the treated area.
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15

O'Connor, C. E., and L. R. Matthews. "1080-induced bait aversions in wild possums: influence of bait characteristics and prevalence." Wildlife Research 26, no. 3 (1999): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98057.

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The current experiment aimed to determine the proportion of wild-caught possums from previously poisoned and non-poisoned populations that developed aversions to 1080 baits. In addition, we aimed to identify the bait characteristics mediating the ongoing aversions. In an initial test, animals from areas previously exposed to a 1080 control-operation avoided 1080 baits (60–80%), whereas few naive animals (0–20%) avoided these baits. The baits comprised a green-dyed, cinnamon-lured cereal loaded with 0.08% 1080. As a result of the exposure to the toxic baits, over 80% of the naive animals subsequently developed aversions to those baits. Sixty-nine of these averse animals were allocated to one of 16 bait-treatment groups in a factorial design balanced for population, sex, age and bodyweight. Each bait was characterised by four factors: (a) presence or absence of 1080, (b) presence or absence of green dye, (c) lure type (cinnamon or orange), and (d) bait type (No. 7 or carrot). The presence or absence of 1080 or green dye did not influence the degree of bait avoidance. Lure type had a significant effect on consumption, with 53% of possums avoiding an orange bait compared with 73% for cinnamon baits. Bait type also had a significant effect on avoidance rates, with carrot baits being avoided by 42% of possums compared with 83% for No. 7 baits. Changing the bait type would appear to hold the greatest promise for overcoming aversions by possums to cereal bait.
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16

Shepherd, David S., and Ian R. Inglis. "Toxic Bait Aversions in Different Rat Strains Exposed to an Acute Rodenticide." Journal of Wildlife Management 57, no. 3 (July 1993): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3809294.

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17

Horak, K. E., N. M. Hofmann, and B. A. Kimball. "Assessment of zinc phosphide bait shyness and tools for reducing flavor aversions." Crop Protection 112 (October 2018): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.06.002.

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18

Galef, Bennett G., Laurel M. McQuoid, and Elaine E. Whiskin. "Further evidence that Norway rats do not socially transmit learned aversions to toxic baits." Animal Learning & Behavior 18, no. 2 (June 1990): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03205259.

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19

Baker, Sandra E., Paul J. Johnson, David Slater, Richard W. Watkins, and David W. Macdonald. "Learned food aversion with and without an odour cue for protecting untreated baits from wild mammal foraging." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102, no. 3-4 (February 2007): 410–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.039.

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20

Baider, Fabienne, and Maria Constantinou. "Covert hate speech." Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 8, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 262–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00040.bai.

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Abstract Previous research on extremist discourse has revealed that racism is linguistically shaped by its socio-cultural context. For instance, a comparison between Greek Cypriot and Greek online data indicated that the two communities use different linguistic means and strategies to express their aversion to the Other, and that Greek comments are more overtly insulting than Greek Cypriot comments (Baider and Constantinou 2017a; Assimakopoulos and Baider 2019). The present study focuses on how irony is used to disseminate hate speech, albeit covertly. Our dataset comprises online Greek and Greek Cypriot comments posted on social media and collected during the same period of time (2015- 2016) within an EU project. We use concepts such as verisimilitude and overt untruthfulness to deconstruct ironic racist comments. We conclude that irony in both datasets fulfils three socio-pragmatic functions: it serves to insult or humiliate members of groups targeted for their ethnic identity; it creates or reinforces negative feelings against such groups; it promotes beliefs that could be used to legitimate their mistreatment. Regarding socio-cultural differences, it emerges that the use of the Greek Cypriot vernacular and the appeal to indigenous in-group social stereotypes influence the way irony shapes racist comments and reinforces in-group membership.
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21

Candy, Candy, and Kellen Vincent. "Analisis Pengaruh Behavioural Finance Terhadap Pengambilan Keputusan Investasi Investor di Kepulauan Riau." Jesya (Jurnal Ekonomi & Ekonomi Syariah) 4, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 864–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v4i2.403.

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Perkembangan ekonomi global yang semakin maju dan cepat akibat adanya perkembangan teknologi menyebabkan kegiatan berinvestasi semakin dipermudah. Hal tersebut membuat minat investasi di Indonesia selama empat tahun terakhir berkembang sangat pesat. Akan tetapi, peningkatan jumlah investor dan banyaknya keuntungan yang ditawarkan tidak menggambarkan secara nyata kinerja investasi para investor itu sendiri. Kinerja investasi yang baik juga memiliki korelasi kuat dengan pengambilan keputusan investasi yang baik dan rasional. Seorang investor yang baik biasanya akan membuat suatu keputusan investasi yang rasional, tetapi nyatanya para investor sering kali membuat keputusan investasi yang buruk akibat pengaruh faktor psikologis dalam diri mereka sendiri. Sebagai contohnya, pada masa pandemi COVID-19 ini, IHSG Indonesia bahkan seluruh negara mengalami penurunan drastis akibat kepanikan para investor. Dari contoh tersebut dapat kita ketahui bahwa peran faktor psikologis sangatlah penting. Penelitian ini dibuat dengan tujuan untuk mencari tahu dan menguji faktor-faktor behavioural finance yang memiliki pengaruh kepada para investor di Kepulauan Riau dalam proses pengambilan keputusan investasi. Faktor-faktor behavioural finance yang diuji pada penelitian ini adalah representativeness bias, availability bias, overconfidence bias, loss aversion bias, dan anchoring and adjustment bias. Sampel yang digunakan sebagai bahan pengujian berjumlah 133 responden yang merupakan investor aktif di Kepulauan Riau. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa, variabel loss aversion dan anchoring & adjustment bias berpengaruh positif terhadap proses pengambilan keputusan investasi para investor di Kepulauan Riau, sedangkan variabel representativeness bias, overconfidence, dan availability bias tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan.
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22

Parshad, V. R., and J. K. Kochar. "Potential of three rodenticides to induce conditioned aversion to their baits in the Indian mole rat, Bandicota bengalensis." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 45, no. 3-4 (November 1995): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(95)99372-g.

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23

Darbro, Jonathan M., and Bradley A. Mullens. "Assessing insecticide resistance and aversion to methomyl-treated toxic baits inMusca domestica L(Diptera: Muscidae) populations in southern California." Pest Management Science 60, no. 9 (August 9, 2004): 901–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.885.

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24

Rahman, Arief. "ANALISIS MULTIDIMENSIONAL PEMBELAJARAN AKIDAH AKHLAK BERBASIS MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES DAN DAMPAKNYA BAGI SIKAP KEAGAMAAN SISWA MADRASAH ALIYAH BENGKULU SELATAN." Conciencia 18, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/conciencia.v18i1.2228.

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Keberhasilan pembelajaran tidak terlepas dari berbagai komponen yang menjadi pendukung dalam pembelajaran, dimana komponen pendukung tersebut sudah semestinya dibuat dengan baik. Demikian juga dalam proses pembelajaran yang seharusnya menarik, agar siswa dapat memahami pembelajaran. Sikap siswa yang kurang baik salah satu faktornya dapat disebabkan karena kurangnya pemahaman siswa akan materi pembelajaran akidah akhlak. Bila siswa memahami dengan baik, tentunya akan berdampak pada sikap siswa itu sendiri. Jenis penelitian ini adalah mixed methods (penelitian campuran) kualitatif-kuantitatif, dengan sequential exploratory designs, yaitu pengumpulan data kualitatif dilakukan pertama kali dan dianalisis, kemudian data kuantitatif dikumpulkan dan dianalisis. Metode ini dengan bobot metode kualitatif lebih tinggi daripada kuantitatif (QUAL + quan). Sedangkan teknik pengumpulan datanya adalah observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan angket, dengan menggunakan teknik analisis data kualitatif yang bersifat induktif dan teknik analisis isi untuk dokumen. Sedangkan analisis data kuantitatif digunakan untuk mengetahui dampak pembelajaran aversion therapy dan modelling bagi sikap keagamaan siswa Madrasah Aliyah Bengkulu Selatan.
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Pimentel, Luciano A., Lisanka A. Maia, Fabricio K. de L. Carvalho, Edipo M. Campos, James A. Pfister, Daniel Cook, Rosane M. T. Medeiros, and Franklin Riet-Correa. "Aversão alimentar condicionada para o controle da intoxicação por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa em caprinos." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33, no. 6 (June 2013): 719–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013000600005.

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A aversão alimentar condicionada é uma técnica que pode ser utilizada em animais para evitar a ingestão de plantas tóxicas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a eficiência e durabilidade da aversão alimentar condicionada em caprinos para evitar o consumo de Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa. Foram utilizados 14 caprinos jovens da raça Moxotó, que foram adaptados ao consumo da planta. Inicialmente foi administrada I. carnea subsp. fistulosa dessecada e triturada misturada à ração concentrada por 30 dias e, posteriormente, foi fornecida a planta verde por mais 10 dias. Para constatação da adaptação ao consumo da planta os caprinos foram colocados a pastar em um piquete de 510 m² onde tinha sido plantada I. carnea subsp. fistulosa em uma área de 30m² (10 plantas/m²). No 42º dia de experimento, após a constatação do consumo espontâneo os animais receberam a planta verde individualmente na baia por alguns minutos, e todos os animais que consumiam qualquer quantidade da planta foram tratados com uma solução de LiCl na dose 175mg por kg de peso vivo. Este procedimento repetiu-se por mais dois dias. Posteriormente, os caprinos foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 com seis animais, quatro deles avertidos e dois não avertidos (facilitadores); e o Grupo 2, com oito caprinos, todos avertidos. Para constatar a eficiência e duração da aversão e a influência de animais facilitadores na durabilidade da aversão, os caprinos foram colocados a pastar, em dias alternados, três dias por semana, durante duas horas, no piquete plantado com I. carnea subsp. fistulosa. Por 12 meses os animais foram monitorados durante o pastejo, identificando-se o consumo e a preferência dos animais pelas plantas presentes no piquete. No Grupo 1 tanto os caprinos avertidos quanto os não avertidos iniciaram a ingerir a planta em 1-6 semanas e gradualmente foram aumentando a planta consumida, mas nunca a ingeriram exclusivamente. Nenhum caprino do Grupo 2 iniciou a ingestão da planta durante os 12 meses de experimento. Após esse período a área do piquete destinada ao plantio de I. carnea subsp. fistulosa foi ampliada para 80m² e os animais foram novamente introduzidos, com tempo de pastejo na área aumentado para quatro horas durante cinco dias na semana. Nesta fase todos os caprinos do Grupo 1 ingeriram a planta em grande quantidade. Os caprinos do Grupo 2 iniciaram gradualmente a ingerir a planta e a aversão se extinguiu, em todos os animais, após dois meses. A concentração de swainsonina em I. carnea subsp. fistulosa foi de 0,052±0,05% (média±SD). Conclui-se que a aversão alimentar condicionada é eficiente para evitar a ingestão de I. carnea subsp. fistulosa. No entanto, a duração da mesma depende, entre outras coisas, da quantidade de planta presente na área de pastoreio e do tempo de exposição e se extingue rapidamente por facilitação social.
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26

Triratnawati, Atik, Arsanti Wulandari, and Tiara Marthias. "The Power of Sugesti in Traditional Javanese Healing Treatment." KOMUNITAS: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 6, no. 2 (December 20, 2014): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v6i2.3307.

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This paper aims to explore the beliefs in society toward traditional healing regardless of the more accessible, affordable and improved modern health services. This ethnographic study was conducted in Yogyakarta in 2013-2014. Phenomenological approach was used to analyze the data using the theory of health seeking behavior as the guiding principle of this research. The main factor influencing Javanese communitys belief in traditional healing was the power of placebo effect. Placebo can arise from both the patient and the healer. Additionally, other factors such as compatibility between the patients and the healer, patients aversion to doctors therapy, and the fact that traditional treatment is cheaper, easier, and more effective than modern medicine were the main considerations for patients in choosing traditional treatment. The benefit of psychotherapy provided through traditional medicine is in the form of life advices or counseling. In addition, healers attentiveness in listening to patients complaints was also the main appeal of the traditional health care service.Tulisan ini mengupas kepercayaan masyarakat pada penyembuhan medis tradisional meski pelayanan kesehatan modern semakin mudah diakses, murah/gratis pembiayaannya serta ditingkatkan pelayanannya. Studi etnografis ini dilakukan di DIY tahun 2013-2014. Pendekatan fenomenologi digunakan untuk menganalisis data disertai teori health seeking behavior. Kunci kepercayaan masyarakat Jawa berobat ke penyembuh tradisional adalah pengaruh sugesti. Sugesti muncul baik dari penderita maupun penyembuh. Selain itu faktor cocok, takut dengan terapi dokter serta murah, mudah dan manjur juga menjadi pertimbangan pasien ke pengobatan tradisional. Manfaat psikoterapi berupa nasihat, wejangan maupun saran serta kemampuan penyembuh tradisional mendengar curahan hati pasien menjadi daya tarik lain pasien merasa cocok ke pengobatan non medis.
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27

Orr, Bronwyn, Richard Malik, Jacqui Norris, and Mark Westman. "The Welfare of Pig-Hunting Dogs in Australia." Animals 9, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100853.

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Hunting feral pigs using dogs is a popular recreational activity in Australia. Dogs are used to flush, chase, bail, and hold feral pigs, and their use for these activities is legal in some states and territories and illegal in others. However, there is little knowledge about the health and welfare of dogs owned specifically for the purpose of pig hunting. We conducted a review of the literature on working dogs in Australia and overseas to determine the likely welfare impacts confronting pig-hunting dogs. We identified numerous challenges facing pig-hunting dogs throughout their lives. Risks to welfare include overbreeding, wastage due to behavioural incompatibilities, the use of aversive training techniques including electronic shock collars, solitary kenneling and tethering, high exposure to infectious diseases including zoonotic diseases, inadequate vaccination and anthelmintic prophlyaxis, high incidence of traumatic and other injuries during hunts, climatic exposure during transportation, mortality during hunts, and a suboptimal quality of life after retirement. There are also significant welfare concerns for the wild pigs hunted in this manner. We conclude that research needs to be conducted in order to determine the current health and welfare of pig-hunting dogs, specifically in Australia. The humaneness of this method of pest control urgently requires further assessment.
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28

Schulz, Alexander, and Guntram B. Wolff. "The German Sub-national Government Bond Market: Structure, Determinants of Yield Spreads and Berlin’s Forgone Bail-out." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 229, no. 1 (January 1, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2009-0105.

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SummaryThe paper presents a new and comprehensive data set of all bonds issued by the sixteen German federal states (Länder) since 1992. It thus provides a complete picture of a capital market comparable in size to the combined corporate bond and commercial paper market in Germany. The quantitative analysis reveals that Länder follow different issuing strategies: while some concentrate to a greater extent on large issues or issue joint bonds with other Länder (Jumbos), others rely more on comparatively small but frequent issues. Moreover, some Länder issue a significant volume-share of their bonds in foreign currencies. Suitable bonds are used to compute time series of yields for the respective Länder at a daily frequency as well as a liquidity measure. Based on the unique data set, we document that spreads of Länder yields to the Bund are driven to a great extent by general risk aversion. Public debt only has an economically marginal impact. Moreover, the recent refusal of the Federal Constitutional Court to grant additional federal funds to the city-state of Berlin did not change the risk assessment of German Länder by financial markets. Recent market turbulences have manifestly contributed to widening spreads as well as increased responsiveness of Länder spreads to international measures of risk aversion.
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29

Malia Rahma Hidayati, Beti. "Intervensi Psikologi Dalam Penanganan Kasus Underchiever." Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman 25, no. 1 (January 19, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.33367/tribakti.v25i1.250.

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Anak yang berprestasi rendah dibandingkan tingkat kecerdasan yang dimilikinya disebut dengan underachievement. Dalam penyelesaian kasus ini, dilakukan asesmen untuk pengambilan keputusan tentang pengetahuan dan kemampuan subjek. Asesmen yang digunakan diantaranya adalah: wawancara, observasi, tes psikologi (BINET dan grafis). Setelah diperoleh data, maka inilah perilaku yang diklasifikasikan akan dikurangi dan ditingkatkan. Adapun perilaku yang akan dikurangi yaitu keluar dari bangku saat proses balajar-mengajar, bersuara keras saat proses belajar-mengajar, dan mendapatkan uang saat akan atau setelah melakukan hal yang baik. Sedangkan perilaku yang akan ditingkatkan yaitu mengerjakan tugas secara mandiri dengan tuntas, membawa buku sesuai jadwal, dan melakukan sesuatu yang baik tanpa imbalan uang. Adapun intervensi yang dilakukan yaitu: konseling individual, token ekonomi, aversif, dan positif parenting skill. Berdasarkan hasil intervensi yang dilakukan, Subjek telah mengalami perubahan yang positif. Evaluasi intervensi dilakukan guna mendapatkan informasi penilaian. Efektif tidaknya intervensi tersebut dalam penanganan kasus underchiever menjadi materi penting untuk program tindak lanjut dan acuan penanganan kasus yang serupa. Program intervensi dalam penanganan kasus underchiever ini telah selesai, untuk mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal perlu adanya dukungan dan partisipasi yang baik dari berbagai pihak. Termasuk untuk melaksanakan saran-saran yang diajukan guna mendapatkan hasil intervensi yang maksimal dalam penanganan kasus underchiever
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