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Journal articles on the topic 'Bait acceptance'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Wanless, Ross M., Penny Fisher, John Cooper, John Parkes, Peter G. Ryan, and Martin Slabber. "Bait acceptance by house mice: an island field trial." Wildlife Research 35, no. 8 (2008): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08045.

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Predation by introduced house mice Mus musculus on islands is one cause of decline in native birds and has deleterious impacts on other ecological aspects. Eradication of rats (Rattus spp.) from islands of up to >10000 ha has been achieved, but for mice scale is still an issue with the largest island cleared being only 710 ha. The feasibility of eradicating mice from larger islands is being considered, and to support these assessments, we undertook a field study on Gough Island (6400 ha) to determine whether all mice would be likely to accept toxic bait. We replicated a toxic bait operation as closely as possible, in timing, probable bait density and distribution, using a bait formulation used commonly in rodent eradication operations. Baits lacked toxin but were coated with the fluorescent dye rhodamine B. Mice trapped in and around the baited areas were inspected under ultraviolet light for fluorescent marking indicative of bait consumption. Of 434 mice, 97% tested positive, including mice trapped on assessment lines up to 90 m from the closest bait. There was no difference in the proportions of unstained mice from assessment lines outside baited sites compared with mice trapped in the core baited sites, suggesting large-scale foraging movements over relatively large distances into the baited sites from surrounding, non-baited habitat. Despite the high bait densities (15.7 kg ha−1 at initial application and 7.9 kg ha−1 at second application), bait consumption rates of ~4 kg ha−1 day−1 occurred after both applications. This was much higher than expected (probably the result of large-scale movements) and meant that all baits were consumed before trapping began. Thus the 13 unstained mice trapped in the core of the baited area may have moved there after bait was consumed. Further trials are required to assess whether all unmarked mice were false negatives (not exposed to bait) or if any were true negatives (rejected bait). A separate experiment found that all 11 mice trapped in a cave had eaten bait applied aboveground around the cave’s entrances, suggesting that caves do not serve as refugia for mice and are thus unlikely to compromise an eradication attempt.

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2

Tobin, Mark E., Robert T. Sugihara, and Ann E. Koehler. "Bait placement and acceptance by rats in macadamia orchards." Crop Protection 16, no. 6 (September 1997): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-2194(97)00035-5.

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3

MARSH, R. E. "Bait additives as a means of improving acceptance by rodents." EPPO Bulletin 18, no. 2 (June 1988): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1988.tb00366.x.

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4

Benson, Eric P., Patricia A. Zungoli, and Melissa B. Riley. "Effects of Contaminants on Bait Acceptance by Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 96, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/96.1.94.

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5

Shafi, M. M., S. M. Ahmed, A. Pervez, and S. Ahmad. "Enhancement of poison bait acceptance through taste additives in Rattus norvegicus." Journal of Stored Products Research 28, no. 4 (October 1992): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-474x(92)90003-9.

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6

Jokic, Goran, Marina Vuksa, Suzana Djedovic, Bojan Stojnic, Dragan Kataranovski, and Tanja Scepovic. "Effects of different essential oils on the acceptability and palatability of cereal-based baits for laboratory mice." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 28, no. 2 (2013): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1302111j.

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The aim of our study was to investigate the possibility of application of essential oils as additives in cereal-based rodenticide baits, at rates which prevent mould development and are applicable in humane medicine. Also, the purpose of these oils would be to extend the utility value of baits and reduce the use of antifungal ingredients that usually affect bait acceptance. The effects of essential oils of ten different plant species, applied at rates of one and two ml per kg of plain bait, on bait acceptance and palatability in choice feeding tests for Swiss mice were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. Baits were prepared according to relevant EPPO standards (2004). The effects of essential oils on bait acceptance and palatability for Swiss mice were determined in choice feeding tests using a formula by Johnson and Prescott (1994). There was no significant statistical difference in effects between groups and sexes regarding weight change in the experiment. During the experiment and recovery period, neither change in mice behavior no deaths were observed. Cinnamon and anise essential oils, commonly used as attractants, and clove oil, were most effective because they had no negative effect on bait acceptance and palatability, while fenchel and bergamot oils showed repellent activity that grew as the oil content in baits increased.

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7

Shafi, M. M., S. Ahmad, A. Pervez, and S. M. Ahmed. "Taste enhancers improve poison bait acceptance in field rodents damaging wheat crop." Tropical Pest Management 38, no. 2 (January 1992): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670879209371687.

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8

Saunders, Glen, and Stephen Harris. "Evaluation of attractants and bait preferences of captive red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)." Wildlife Research 27, no. 3 (2000): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99052.

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The development of bait types, additives such as synthetic flavours, and attractants for use in fox control and rabies vaccination programmes is briefly reviewed. A captive colony was used to establish bait preferences for foxes. A variety of bait types and additives were screened for this purpose. The potential of chemical attractants to enhance the discovery of baits by foxes was also examined. Gustatory additives, such as beef flavour and sugar, enhanced bait acceptance, and olfactory attractants such as synthetic fermented egg showed promise. Trials using captive animals allow for observations impossible under field conditions. However, field trials are also needed to determine whether behavioural responses of free-ranging animals are similar to those observed in captive individuals.

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9

Jokic, G., Marina Vuksa, Suzana Djedovic, B. Stojnic, D. Kataranovski, P. Kljajic, and Vesna Jacevic. "Rodenticide efficacy of sodium selenite baits in laboratory conditions." Archives of Biological Sciences 66, no. 3 (2014): 1083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1403083j.

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We examined the acceptance and palatability of baits containing different contents of sodium selenite as a rodenticide, in Swiss mice under laboratory conditions. In a no-choice and choice feeding test, the animals were exposed to baits containing 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125% of sodium selenite. The total bait consumption by Swiss mice in the no-choice feeding test was highly negatively correlated, while total sodium selenite intake was medium-positively correlated to the sodium selenite content in the bait. In the same test, daily intakes significantly depended on the content of sodium selenite in the bait, while the exposure and associated interactions of contents of sodium selenite and exposure had no statistically significant impact. Baits with sodium selenite contents of 0.05 and 0.1% had the most lethal effects. The negative impact of the sodium selenite content on bait acceptance and palatability was confirmed in choice feeding tests. Baits containing 0.05 and 0.1% of sodium selenite displayed the biological potential to be used as a rodenticide. It is necessary to improve its insufficient acceptability and palatability by adding adequate additives to the bait. The results of this study should be verified in experiments with wild rodents.

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10

Fisher, P., A. Airey, and S. Brown. "Effect of pre-feeding and sodium fluoroacetate (1080) concentration on bait acceptance by house mice." Wildlife Research 36, no. 7 (2009): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr09082.

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Context. In New Zealand, the aerial application of toxic baits containing sodium fluoroacetate (1080) can consistently achieve significant reductions in populations of multiple vertebrate pest species including brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), ship rats (Rattus rattus) and stoats (Mustela erminea). Reductions in house mouse (Mus musculus) populations by 1080 baiting appear less consistent, possibly due to low acceptance of 1080 bait by mice in field conditions. Aims. We tested the effect of pre-feeding and 1080 concentration on the acceptance of pellet food by mice. Methods. Wild-caught mice were individually housed and presented with a series of two-choice laboratory feeding tests, using estimates of the daily amount eaten to indicate relative acceptance of different types of pellet food. Key results. Pre-feeding mice on non-toxic food did not increase their subsequent acceptance of the same food containing 0.15% 1080. Mice showed low acceptance of food containing 0.08 and 0.15% 1080 (by weight), with similar mortality (25%). Acceptance of food containing 1.5% 1080 was also very low in comparison with non-toxic food, although mortality in mice was higher (~66%). In comparison with other concentrations, mice ate comparatively more of food containing 0.001% 1080 with no mortality, although the non-toxic food was still significantly favoured. Presentation of a choice between non-toxic food and food containing 0.08, 0.15 or 1.5% 1080 to mice was followed by a significant decrease in average total daily food intake over the following 2 days. In surviving mice this ‘drop feed’ effect was followed by an increase in average daily intake of non-toxic food over the next 3 days until normal daily intake levels were again reached. Conclusions. We suggest that wild mice can rapidly identify food containing 1080 and subsequently will avoid it. Implications. This feeding response partly explains the variable success of 1080 baiting operations against wild mouse populations (M. musculus) in New Zealand.

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11

Bender, Scott, David Bergman, Adrian Vos, Ashlee Martin, and Richard Chipman. "Field Studies Evaluating Bait Acceptance and Handling by Dogs in Navajo Nation, USA." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 2, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed2020017.

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12

Kasemsuwan, Suwicha, Karoon Chanachai, Tanu Pinyopummintr, Kansuda Leelalapongsathon, Kitipat Sujit, and Ad Vos. "Field Studies Evaluating Bait Acceptance and Handling by Free-Roaming Dogs in Thailand." Veterinary Sciences 5, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci5020047.

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13

Benson, Eric P., Patricia A. Zungoli, and Melissa B. Riley. "Effects of Contaminants on Bait Acceptance by Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 96, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.94.

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14

Langguth, Anna, Kansuda Leelahapongsathon, Napasaporn Wannapong, Suwicha Kasemsuwan, Steffen Ortmann, Ad Vos, and Michael Böer. "Comparative Study of Optical Markers to Assess Bait System Efficiency Concerning Vaccine Release in the Oral Cavity of Dogs." Viruses 13, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071382.

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Oral vaccination of dogs against rabies has the potential to achieve mass coverage and thus deplete the virus of its most important reservoir host species. There is, however, no established non-invasive method to evaluate vaccine release in the oral cavity, following bait ingestion. In this study, two pre-selected marker methods in conjunction with their acceptance were assessed in local Thai dogs. Shelter dogs (n = 47) were offered one of four randomized bait formulations; bait type A-, containing Green S (E142) in a fructose solution; type B-, containing Patent Blue V (E131) in a fructose solution; type C-, containing the medium used for delivery of oral rabies vaccine in baits commercially produced; and type D-, containing denatonium benzoate, which was to serve as the negative control, due to its perceived bitterness. Patent Blue V was found to possess overall stronger dyeing capacities compared to Green S. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the acceptance or bait handling of Patent Blue V baits compared to those containing the oral rabies vaccine medium alone, suggesting the potential use of this dye as a surrogate for rabies vaccine when testing newly developed bait formats.

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15

Johnston, M. J., M. J. Shaw, A. Robley, and N. K. Schedvin. "Bait uptake by feral cats on French Island, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 29, no. 1 (2007): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am07009.

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Management of feral cat (Felis catus) populations is currently limited by the lack of a control technique that is cost-effective, target-specific and suitable for broad-scale application. This paper describes two non-toxic bait acceptance trials undertaken on French Island in Western Port, Victoria in south?eastern Australia. Moist meat baits were injected with the marker Rhodamine B (RB), and surface distributed along the existing road and firebreak network. Subsequent trapping of feral cats facilitated collection of whiskers, which were analysed using ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy for the presence of RB marking. Twenty-four and forty-seven cats respectively were recovered in each trial with fifty per cent of these individuals found to have consumed at least one bait in either trial. Results are discussed with reference to the development of a felid-specific toxicant baiting technique.

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16

Bennison, Clifford, J. Anthony Friend, Timothy Button, Harriet Mills, Cathy Lambert, and Roberta Bencini. "Potential impacts of poison baiting for introduced house mice on native animals on islands in Jurien Bay, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 43, no. 1 (2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15126.

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Context House mice (Mus domesticus) are present on Boullanger and Whitlock islands, Western Australia, and could potentially threaten populations of the dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis) and grey-bellied dunnart (Sminthopsis griseoventer) through competition for resources. A workshop in 2007 recommended a study to assess the feasibility of eradicating house mice from the islands by using poison baits and of the risk posed to non-target native species. Aim We aimed to assess the risk to non-target native species if poison baiting was used to eradicate house mice on Boullanger and Whitlock islands. Methods Non-toxic baits containing the bait marker rhodamine B were distributed on Boullanger Island and on the mouse free Escape Island to determine the potential for primary poisoning. Acceptance of baits by mammals was measured through sampling and analysis of whiskers, and by reptiles through observations of dye in faeces. To determine the potential for secondary exposure to poison, the response of dibblers to mouse carcasses was observed using motion-activated cameras. Bait acceptance was compared using two methods of delivery, namely, scattering in the open and delivery in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes. A cafeteria experiment of bait consumption by dibblers was also undertaken using captive animals held at the Perth Zoo. Ten dibblers were offered non-toxic baits containing rhodamine B in addition to their normal meals; consumption of bait and the presence of dye in whiskers were measured. Key results Bait acceptance on the islands was high for house mice (92% of individuals) and dibblers (48%) and it was independent of bait-delivery technique. There was no evidence of bait acceptance by grey-bellied dunnarts. Dibblers may consume mice carcasses if available; however, no direct consumption of mice carcasses was observed with movement sensor cameras but one dibbler was observed removing a mouse carcass and taking it away. During the cafeteria experiment, 9 of 10 captive dibblers consumed baits. Conclusions This investigation demonstrated that dibblers consume baits readily and island populations would experience high mortality if exposed to poison baits. Poison baiting could effectively eradicate mice from Boullanger and Whitlock islands but not without mortality for dibblers. Implications Toxic baits could be used to eradicate mice from Boullanger and Whitlock islands, provided that non-target species such as dibblers were temporarily removed from the islands before the application of baits.

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17

Forschler, Brian T., and G. Michael Evans. "Argentine Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Foraging Activity Response to Selected Containerized Baits." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.2.209.

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Bait acceptance and effect of toxic bait consumption on the foraging activity of field colonies of Argentine ants, Linepithema humile (Mayr), were assessed. Nine individual colonies were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments: a containerized bait containing 0.5% sulfluramid in a peanut butter matrix, a containerized bait containing 0.9% hydramethylnon in an insect pupae-fish meal matrix, and an untreated control. Ant foraging activity was measured using honey-water monitoring stations placed at 0, 1, and 3 m from the colony nest-site. Both containerized baits reduced ant foraging activity to zero ants per monitor within 6 wks, if the equivalent of one containerized bait station was consumed by the colony.

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18

Beasley, James, Sarah C. Webster, Olin E. Rhodes, and Fred L. Cunningham. "Evaluation of Rhodamine B as a biomarker for assessing bait acceptance in wild pigs." Wildlife Society Bulletin 39, no. 1 (December 18, 2014): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.510.

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19

Alam, Md Shah, and ATM Hasanuzzaman. "Use of carbon disulfide as attractant for trapping and rodenticide baiting of Bandicota bengalensis (GRAY)." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 14, no. 1 (September 7, 2016): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v14i1.29579.

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Management of rodent with rodenticide and trapping is frequently ineffective due to bait or trap shyness and neophobia. A study was conducted in the laboratory of Vertebrate Pest Division, BARI, Gazipur and field to increase the attractiveness of bait or trap to B. bengalensis and enhance the consumption of novel food by using different concentration of carbon disulfide (CS2). Study revealed that addition of CS2 improved bait acceptance of food. Five ppm concentration of CS2, rat consumed significantly greater amount of cereal bait than untreated plain wheat bait. In semi-natural field test, significantly greater number (59%) of rat was trapped in CS2 scented bait than without scented bait (41%). In the field study higher population reduction (85-91%) was achieved with CS2 scented zinc phosphide bait than without scented zinc phosphide bait (50%). That is 80% higher reduction of rodent population was achieved with CS2 treated zinc phosphide bait. From this study we conclude that CS2 can improve the efficiency and consumption of poison bait and can increase trap success.SAARC J. Agri., 14(1): 93-101 (2016)

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20

Eason, CT, and D. Batcheler. "Iophenoxic and Iopanoic Acid as Bait Markers for Feral Goats." Wildlife Research 18, no. 1 (1991): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910085.

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As part of assessments of the palatability of different formulations for baits to be used for the control of feral goats, iopanoic acid and iophenoxic acid were compared as bait markers. After goats ingested iopanoic acid (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg), peak plasma iodine concentrations (4.86, 17.25 and 19.11 micro g/ml respectively) were reached after 4 to 8 h, followed by rapid excretion. In contrast, iophenoxic acid (1.5 mg/kg) was more slowly absorbed but remained stable in the plasma at concentrations greater than 2.40 micro g/ml for 3months after ingestion. When goats were fed 10 marked leaves smeared with non-toxic petrolatum containing a total of 50 mg iophenoxic acid, plasma iodine concentrations were proportionally and significantly higher than in animals fed on marked leaf smeared with non-toxic petrolatum (total of 5 mg iophenoxic acid), indicating a potential for quantifying the amount of bait ingested. Iophenoxic acid, therefore, shows the greatest potential as a bait marker for goats, particularly for quantitative use in palatability and acceptance studies.

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21

Smyser, Timothy J., James C. Beasley, Zachary H. Olson, and Olin Eugene Rhodes. "Use of Rhodamine B to Reveal Patterns of Interspecific Competition and Bait Acceptance in Raccoons." Journal of Wildlife Management 74, no. 6 (August 2010): 1405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2009-299.

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22

Johnstone, A. D. F., and A. M. Mackie. "Laboratory investigations of bait acceptance by the cod, Gadus morhua L.: identification of feeding stimulants." Fisheries Research 9, no. 3 (September 1990): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-7836(05)80003-7.

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23

SMYSER, TIMOTHY J., JAMES C. BEASLEY, ZACHARY H. OLSON, and OLIN EUGENE RHODES. "Use of Rhodamine B to Reveal Patterns of Interspecific Competition and Bait Acceptance in Raccoons." Journal of Wildlife Management 74, no. 6 (August 2010): 1405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01265.x.

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24

Williams, David F., and Patrick M. Whelan. "Bait Attraction of the Introduced Pest Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Galapagos Islands2." Journal of Entomological Science 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.1.29.

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In laboratory studies with 14 food substances, peanut butter and honey were the most attractive substances to workers of the ant Wasmannia auropunctata. In tests with 6 oils, soybean oil (once refined) was the most attractive to the workers; however, it was not significantly more attractive than tuna oil and sunflower oil. A comparison of the attractiveness of the commercial fire ant baits Amdro (hydramethylnon) and Logic (fenoxycarb) with a peanut butter standard indicated that Amdro was not significantly different; however, Logic was significantly less attractive. Field bait acceptance studies of W. auropunctata were conducted in the Galapagos Islands with the following: the fire ant baits, Amdro and Logic; the Pharaoh's ant baits, Raid Max Ant Bait (N-ethyl Perfluorooctanesulfonamide) and Maxforce Pharoah Ant Killer (hydramethylnon); and lard, peanut butter, peanut butter oil, honey, and honey:water (1:1). Results indicated that the most attractive substance to workers was Amdro; however, it was not significantly different from peanut butter, lard or Raid Max Ant Bait.

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25

Shafi, M. M., A. Pervez, S. Ahmad, and S. M. Ahmed. "Role of some taste additives to enhance poison bait acceptance in the black rat,Rattus rattusL." Tropical Pest Management 36, no. 4 (January 1990): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670879009371514.

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26

Spurr, E. B. "Rhodamine B as a systemic hair marker for assessment of bait acceptance by stoats(Mustela erminea)." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 29, no. 3 (January 2002): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2002.9518302.

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27

XIAN, Xingfu. "Effect of microencapsulated male sterilant α-chlorohydrin on bait acceptance and antifertility of male Rattus norvegicus." Medical Entomology and Zoology 45, no. 1 (1994): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.45.33.

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28

SAINI, MANJIT S., and V. R. PARSHAD. "Control of the Indian mole rat with alpha-chlorohydrin: laboratory studies on bait acceptance and antifertility effects." Annals of Applied Biology 118, no. 1 (February 1991): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb06102.x.

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29

Saini, Manjit S., and V. R. Parshad. "Control of Rattus rattus with cholecalciferol: laboratory acceptance of freshly prepared and ready-to-use bait formulations." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 30, no. 1 (January 1992): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-8305(92)90027-l.

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30

Kappes, Peter, and Shane Siers. "Relative acceptance of brodifacoum pellets and soft bait sachets by Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans) on Wake Atoll." Management of Biological Invasions 12, no. 3 (2021): 685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2021.12.3.11.

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31

Duncan, F. D., A. Nel, S. H. Batzofin, and P. H. Hewitt. "A mathematical approach to rating food acceptance of the harvester termite, Hodotermes mossambicus (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae) and the evaluation of baits for its control." Bulletin of Entomological Research 80, no. 3 (September 1990): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300050471.

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AbstractHodotermes mossambicus (Hagen) is a harvester termite which competes with livestock for natural grazing. Control by baiting is recommended. Field trials in the north-western Orange Free State and south-western Transvaal, Republic of South Africa, showed that the two most commonly used commercial baits, with carbaryl or sodium fluosilicate as the active ingredient, are ineffective in controlling this species. A simple mathematical model was developed to rate the acceptability of grasses as food for the termite colonies. This enabled the attractiveness of the bait carriers as food for termites to be compared with that of the grasses. All five grass species tested had a similar food acceptability value, while both bait carriers were unacceptable as food. Failure of the baits was due to the fact that they were not consumed by the termites. The active ingredients was found to be effective when natural grass was used as the bait carrier. The mathematical model was extended to elucidate the effect of different baits on colony survival. This approach could be further used to rate new baits and their carriers objectively.

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32

Forschler, Brian T., and John C. Ryder. "Subterranean Termite, Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), Colony Response to Baiting with Hexaflumuron Using a Prototype Commercial Termite Baiting System." Journal of Entomological Science 31, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-31.2.143.

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Six subterranean termite colonies, representing two species, Reticulitermes flavipes and R. virginicus were characterized and baited during the spring and summer of 1993 at three locations in the Piedmont Soil Zone in west-central Georgia. Characterizations included population and foraging territory estimates, indices of activity, wood consumption rates, and number of termites collected per site per visit. The four characterized colonies that were baited averaged 43,000 termites per colony and occupied foraging territories averaging 16 m2. An additional 12 colonies were baited in 1994 simulating a commercial bait application where only indices of termite activity were recorded. Each termite colony was baited using a prototype baiting system which included the active ingredient hexaflumuron. Activity of each colony was monitored before, during, and after baiting. Three of the characterized colonies were baited during June and July 1993, and activity was undetectable within 3 months. One colony, baited in September, continued to show activity for 8 months. Six of the colonies baited in 1994 showed no activity at least 5 months after bait acceptance, two colonies removed bait starting in September and were still showing activity in May, two colonies did not revisit monitors following bait stake attack, and one colony did not accept bait and remained active in the nearby monitor. Colony characterizations, baiting procedures, measures of termite activity, and the difficulties of determining termite baiting efficacy from field trials are discussed.

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33

Parkes, JP. "Phytotoxicity, Poison Retention, Palatability, and Acceptance of Carriers Used in Compound-1080-Foliage Baits for Control of Feral Goats." Wildlife Research 18, no. 6 (1991): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910687.

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Feral goats have been controlled in New Zealand by treating leaves of favoured food plants with the poison sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) in a suitable carrier, either carbopol gel or petrolatum grease. The effect of these 2 carriers on the most suitable plant species (mahoe), their retention of 1080, their comparative palatability to goats, and the acceptance of the least palatable, petrolatum, were studied in a series of trials. Both carriers caused baited leaves to absciss, and the rate of abscission increased when 1080 was included. Toxic petrolatum was 3 times less phytotoxic than carbopol and retained 1080 for much longer (carbopol lost most of its toxin after 200 mm of rain). Abscissed petrolatum-treated leaves retained much of their toxicity for at least a year. Goats detected and, to some extent, rejected leaves of all treatments, either by not eating them or by spitting them out (particularly petrolatum-treated leaves). However, use of iophenoxic acid as a bait marker indicated that even petrolatum-treated leaves were consumed by 24 of 30 goats tested. Carbopol with 1080 is recommended for use where its distribution is sufficient to place all goats at immediate risk. Petrolatum is not recommended for general use, although it can be used in areas where a long-life bait is needed.

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34

Kleba, R., J. Hone, and G. Robards. "The Acceptance of Dyed Grain by Feral Pigs and Birds II. Penned Feral Pigs." Wildlife Research 12, no. 1 (1985): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850051.

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Three experiments were conducted to determine the acceptance of dyed and undyed grain bait by penned feral pigs. The experiments were conducted with three grains (wheat, sorghum and maize) each coloured blue, green or black with a powdered food dye or pigment. The pigs showed no preference for any of the three grains and ate as much dyed grain as they had previously eaten undyed grain. However, high levels of pigment concentration depressed (P<0.05) intake. These results indicate that the addition of dye to poison grain will not reduce grain intake. There was evidence to suggest that pigs have a degree of colour vision, because they showed preference for certain coloured grain.

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Spurr, E. B. "Iophenoxic acid as a systemic blood marker for assessment of bait acceptance by stoats (Mustela erminea) and weasels (Mustela nivalis)." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 29, no. 2 (January 2002): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2002.9518296.

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Salmon, Terrell P., and Ned A. Dochtermann. "Rodenticide grain bait ingredient acceptance by Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) and pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae)." Pest Management Science 62, no. 7 (2006): 678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.1224.

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Marks, Clive A., and Tim E. Bloomfield. "Bait uptake by foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in urban Melbourne: the potential of oral vaccination for rabies control." Wildlife Research 26, no. 6 (1999): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98063.

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Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are widely distributed throughout the Melbourne metropolitan area. Density estimates indicate that fox populations would be capable of maintaining the endemic persistence of rabies. Oral vaccination of foxes by baiting is a technique that has been used successfully overseas to manage rabies epizootics. This study assessed the uptake by foxes of baits containing biomarkers in three urban field sites in winter 1993 and summer 1993/94. Baits were dosed with 200 mg of tetracycline in the winter trial and 5 mg of iophenoxic acid in the summer trial, and distributed at a density of 8 baits ha −1 in open areas within each field site. In the winter trial, 8 of 11 (72.7%) radio-collared foxes known to be in the field sites during the distribution of baits were marked. In the summer trial, 45 of the 49 foxes (92%) recovered from the combined field sites had consumed at least a single bait, resulting in bait acceptance of 80–97% for each field site. No bias existed between plasma iodine levels due to sex, although first-year foxes had a significantly higher level than older age groups combined. There were no significant differences in mean age of foxes collected at the three field sites, yet significant differences existed in mean plasma iodine concentrations between all three sites. These results are discussed with reference to rabies contingency planning. The high rates of bait uptake in this study are encouraging and suggest that oral vaccination may be a viable strategy for rabies containment in urban areas and is worthy of further assessment at reduced baiting densities.

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Nugent, Graham, Bruce Warburton, Caroline Thomson, Peter Sweetapple, and Wendy A. Ruscoe. "Effect of prefeeding, sowing rate and sowing pattern on efficacy of aerial 1080 poisoning of small-mammal pests in New Zealand." Wildlife Research 38, no. 3 (2011): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10198.

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Context Aerial poisoning using sodium fluoroacetate (1080) is an important but controversial technique used for large-scale control of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and other pests in New Zealand. The technique reliably produces near total kills of possums and rats, provided that many tens of baits (and therefore many tens of individually lethal doses) are sown for each target animal present. Aim The aim of this study was to further refine aerial 1080 poisoning by determining the effect of prefeeding, sowing rate, and sowing pattern on effectiveness. Methods Eighteen experimental treatments comprising all possible combinations of three sowing rates (1, 2, and 5 kg/ha of bait), three frequencies of non-toxic prefeed (0, 1, and 2) and two sowing patterns (parallel and cross-hatched) were applied to each of two forested areas. Treatment effectiveness was assessed from changes in the rate of interference recorded on baited cards for three species: possum, ship rat (Rattus rattus) and mouse (Mus musculus). Key results Outcomes were highly variable, ranging from increases in pest activity to near total reductions. Possum reductions were highest where one or two prefeeds were used, and at the higher sowing rates (2 or 5 kg/ha), but with some interactions between these factors. For rats, two prefeeds resulted in the highest reductions but sowing rate had no effect. For mice, post-poisoning indices were often high, indicating low effectiveness. Conclusions Some treatments were highly effective so poor kills were unlikely to have resulted from pests not encountering bait, or the bait being unpalatable. Rather they appeared to reflect sub-lethal poisoning either as a result of low acceptance (as a result of a lack of familiarity and/or satiation) or bait fragmentation. We infer that for possum and rats prefeeding helps reduce this risk of sub-lethal poisoning not only by increasing familiarity, but also (in conjunction with high sowing rates) by increasing the bait encounter rate, particularly for possums. Implications There is scope to further reduce the amount of toxic bait sown and the cost of poisoning, without compromising efficacy, by fine-tuning the balance between prefeeding and sowing rate based on which species are being targeted and, for possums, reducing bait fragmentation.

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Cliquet, F., J. Barrat, A. L. Guiot, N. Caël, S. Boutrand, J. Maki, and C. L. Schumacher. "Efficacy and bait acceptance of vaccinia vectored rabies glycoprotein vaccine in captive foxes (Vulpes vulpes), raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and dogs (Canis familiaris)." Vaccine 26, no. 36 (August 2008): 4627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.089.

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Brownbridge, M., R. Toft, J. Rees, T. L. Nelson, and C. Bunt. "Towards better mitigation technologies for invasive wasps Vespula spp." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4831.

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Exotic social insects are a major threat to New Zealands natural and agroecosystems Social wasps (Vespula vulgaris V germanica) in particular have had devastating effects in native forests and have displaced indigenous fauna through their predatory and polyphagous feeding habits High nest densities also limit access to and use of wilderness areas Insecticidal baits can reduce wasp populations for the short term on a local scale but contain potent toxins that pose environmental risks Novel baiting technologies are urgently needed by DOC and Regional Councils for use in conservation areas Baits must be palatable to Vespula spp and enable prolonged delivery of an efficacious yet selective control agent to the nest Using appropriate preservatives and humectants the field life of a protein bait was extended to 4 days without compromising its acceptance by foraging wasps Incorporation of waspactive isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana into the baits did not affect their attractiveness to wasps; nest traffic rates were significantly reduced by the Metarhizium treatment and infected larvae were recovered from nests exposed to each fungal treatment demonstrating the potential utility of this approach in a wasp mitigation strategy

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Sun, Wei, Kenneth L. Roland, and Roy Curtiss III. "Developing live vaccines against plague." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 09 (May 22, 2011): 614–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2030.

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Three great plague pandemics caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis have killed nearly 200 million people and it has been linked to biowarfare in the past. Plague is endemic in many parts of the world. In addition, the risk of plague as a bioweapon has prompted increased research to develop plague vaccines against this disease. Injectable subunit vaccines are being developed in the United States and United Kingdom. However, the live attenuated Y. pestis-EV NIIEG strain has been used as a vaccine for more than 70 years in the former Soviet Union and in some parts of Asia and provides a high degree of efficacy against plague. This vaccine has not gained general acceptance because of safety concerns. In recent years, modern molecular biological techniques have been applied to Y. pestis to construct strains with specific defined mutations designed to create safe, immunogenic vaccines with potential for use in humans and as bait vaccines to reduce the load of Y. pestis in the environment. In addition, a number of live, vectored vaccines have been reported using attenuated viral vectors or attenuated Salmonella strains to deliver plague antigens. Here we summarize the progress of live attenuated vaccines against plagu

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Twigg, Laurie E., Tim Lowe, Gary Martin, and Michael Everett. "Feral pigs in north-western Australia: basic biology, bait consumption, and the efficacy of 1080 baits." Wildlife Research 32, no. 4 (2005): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04110.

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Bait consumption, and the efficacy of 1080-treated grain, were determined for feral pigs (Sus scrofa) during the dry season in the Fitzroy River region of north-western Australia. There were an estimated 250 pigs on the study site (15 000-ha paddock with beef cattle) before poison-baiting, and group size and the basic biology of these pigs were similar to that found elsewhere in Australia. All animals at the study site were naive to the test baits. Fermented wheat with added blood and bone was an attractant for feral pigs but added fish oil was not. Wheat and malted barley were the ‘preferred’ baits. Lupins and pig pellets were consumed in lesser amounts, suggesting that they are less/not acceptable to some feral pigs. Consequently, the efficacy of 1080-treated wheat and malted barley was determined (n = 3 sites per treatment). Three independent measures of pig activity/abundance were used. The daily sighting index before and after poison-baiting suggested that pig numbers were decreased by at least 81–100% (mean 89%) regardless of which bait was used. The take of both 1080-bait and non-toxic fermented wheat added to each station generally ceased within 1–3 days, and little take occurred during the post-poisoning follow-up. Pig tracks decreased to zero within 1–3 days of poisoning on the two sites where track plots were established. However, due to the arrival of ‘immigrant’ pigs ~6 days after poisoning on two sites, and the need to close down a third site before poison-baiting could be completed, we believe the absolute efficacy was greater than the 89% overall reduction. Even though they had access to bait, there was no bait-take by non-target species, either native (toxic and non-toxic bait) or domestic (non-toxic bait). The 61 pig carcases found after poisoning were within 20–610 m of active bait stations (mean 232 m), and most were found in clustered groups. These findings are discussed with respect to the development of management strategies for reducing the impacts of feral pigs, and in terms of their potential implications for developing wildlife disease (exotic and endemic) contingency plans.

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De Araújo, Gabriel Rios, Maria Carolina Ricciardi Sbizera, Marcela Lucas De Lima, José Victor Pronievicz Barreto, Michele Monteiro Sudak, Manuela Venturelli Finco, Diego Fagner Michelassi de Souza, Daiene Locoman, Dienifer Kely De Oliveira Ribeiro, and Luiz Fernando Coelho Da Cunha Filho. "Avaliação da Palatabilidade e da Resistência de Diferentes Rodenticidas Disponíveis para Uso por Empresas Especializadas, em Aviários no Município de Rolândia, Paraná." UNICIÊNCIAS 21, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-5141.2017v21n1p2-6.

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A presença de roedores em estabelecimentos gera importantes prejuízos financeiros, além de representar risco à saúde animal e humana, fazendo-se necessário o seu controle. O trabalho teve como objetivo testar produtos rodenticidas disponíveis para o uso profissional quanto à aceitação pelos roedores e a sua resistência às ações ambientais. Foram utilizados três rodenticidas anticoagulantes de dose única; Brodifacum Bloco Parafinado (Syngenta®); Difetialona Bloco Extrusado (Bayer®); e Bromadiolone Bloco Extrusado (De Sangosse®). Os rodenticidas foram acondicionados em porta-iscas distribuídos em quatro aviários de uma granja produtora de aves de corte, no município de Rolândia, PR. Semanalmente, foi anotada a quantidade consumida e a deterioração dos rodenticidas. Os resultados obtidos nas quatro semanas mostram que na situação testada, o Brodifacum representa 68,3% do total de blocos consumidos, o Difetialona 26,7% e o Bromadiolone 5%. Em relação à resistência às ações ambientais, o Bromadiolone teve 19 blocos afetados (23,2%), o Difetialona 30 blocos (36,6%) e o Brodifacum 33 blocos (40,2%), tanto o consumo quanto a resistência entre os blocos não foram significativas estatisticamente. Os dados evidenciam que a escolha do rodenticida tem influência direta na eficiência, devendo ser um quesito valorizado no planejamento das ações de controle de roedores.Palavras-chave: Controle de Roedores. Rodenticida. Aceitação de Rodenticida.AbstractThe presence of rodents in establishments generates significant financial losses, as well as it poses a risk to animals and human’s health, making its control necessary. The study aimed to test rodenticides products available for professional use regarding the rodents’ acceptance and their resistance to environmental actions. Three single dose anticoagulant rodenticides wereused; Brodifacum Block waxed (Syngenta™); Difethialone Block Extruded (Bayer™); and Bromadiolone Block Extruded (De Sangosse™). Rodenticides were placed in bait holders distributed in four aviaries producing broilers in Rolândia city, PR. Thee amount consumed and the deterioration of rodenticides were weekly noted. The results obtained in four weeks show that in the tested situation, Brodifacum represents 68.3% of total consumed blocks, Difethialone 26,7% and Bromadiolone 5%. For resistance to environmental actions, Bromadiolone had 19 blocks affected (23.2%), Difetialona 30 blocks (36.6%) and Brodifacum 33 blocks (40.2%), both consumption and the resistance amongthe blocks were not statistically significant. The data show that the choice of rodenticide directly influences the efficiency and should be a question valued in the planning of rodent control measures.Keywords: Rodent control. Rodenticide. Rodenticides Acceptance.

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Sciarretta, Andrea, Maria Rosaria Tabilio, Armando Amore, Marco Colacci, Miguel Á. Miranda, David Nestel, Nikos T. Papadopoulos, and Pasquale Trematerra. "Defining and Evaluating a Decision Support System (DSS) for the Precise Pest Management of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata, at the Farm Level." Agronomy 9, no. 10 (October 2, 2019): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100608.

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A Decision Support System (DSS) was developed and evaluated to control the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedermann), by incorporating a semi-automatic pest monitoring and a precision targeting approach in multi-varietal orchards. The DSS consists of three algorithms. DSS1, based on the degree days calculation, defines when the traps should be deployed in the field initiating the medfly population monitoring. DSS2 defines the areas to be treated and the type of treatment based on the number of adult medfly captures, harvesting time, and phenological stage of the host cultivar. DSS3 defines the spraying procedure considering the technical registration properties of the selected insecticide (e.g., withholding period and efficacy duration time) and weather conditions. The DSS was tested in commercial orchard conditions near Rome, central Italy, with a randomized complete blocks experimental design, comparing DSS-assisted and conventional management. In the DSS-assisted plots, a semi-automatic adult medfly monitoring system was deployed, composed of real-time, wireless electronic traps. The output of the functioning DSS is a map of spraying recommendation, reporting the areas to be treated and the treatment type (bait or cover insecticide spraying). The farmer was left free to follow, or not, the DSS indications. The first medfly captures were observed on June 30, whereas the DD threshold was reached on July 3 when the DSS started to operate. The field test produced 29 DSS decisions from July 3 to September 1 and confirmed that medfly management using the DSS substantially reduced the number of pesticide applications, the treated area, and the volumes of pesticide utilization. No significant differences in infested fruit were observed between DSS-assisted and conventional management. The level of acceptance of the DSS by the farmer was 78%. This evidence confirmed the requirement of fully involving farmers and pest managers during the evaluation process of DSS.

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Hadidian, J., S. R. Jenkins, D. H. Johnston, P. J. Savarie, V. F. Nettles, D. Manski, and G. M. Baer. "ACCEPTANCE OF SIMULATED ORAL RABIES VACCINE BAITS BY URBAN RACCOONS." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 25, no. 1 (January 1989): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-25.1.1.

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Koehler, Ann E., Mark E. Tobin, Margaret J. Goodall, and Robert T. Sugihara. "Weatherability and acceptance of selected commercial zinc phosphide rodent baits." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 36, no. 1-2 (January 1995): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-8305(95)00039-9.

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Bachmann, Peter, Richard N. Bramwell, Sarah J. Fraser, Douglas A. Gilmore, David H. Johnston, Kenneth F. Lawson, Charles D. MacInnes, et al. "WILD CARNIVORE ACCEPTANCE OF BAITS FOR DELIVERY OF LIQUID RABIES VACCINE." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26, no. 4 (October 1990): 486–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-26.4.486.

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Rosatte, Richard C., and Kenneth F. Lawson. "ACCEPTANCE OF BAITS FOR DELIVERY OF ORAL RABIES VACCINE TO RACCOONS." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37, no. 4 (October 2001): 730–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.4.730.

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Smith, Graham C., and John A. Woods. "Acceptance of baits, designed to carry oral rabies vaccines, by foxes in Britain." International Journal of Pest Management 53, no. 4 (October 2007): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670870601185222.

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Twigg, Laurie E., Garry S. Gray, Marion C. Massam, Tim J. Lowe, Winifred Kirkpatrick, Gerard Bendotti, and David R. Chester. "Evaluation of bait stations for control of urban rabbits." Wildlife Research 28, no. 3 (2001): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99114.

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The acceptability of four different bait station designs (drum, slab, tyre, corrugated iron) to rabbits was tested in the field using unpoisoned oat bait. The drum (200 L, cut longitudinally) and the raised concrete slab (60 × 60 cm) designs were the most acceptable to rabbits. The raised tyre design was unacceptable, and this was supported by later field efficacy trials that compared the drum and tyre designs using 1080 One-shot oats. The efficacy of three of these designs (drum, slab, tyre) against ‘urban’ rabbits was assessed more fully using pindone oat bait. The tyre stations were again found to have little impact on rabbit numbers. With the exception of one drum site where pindone bait stations were totally ineffective, the proportional reductions in rabbit numbers for the remaining sites were similar between the drum (69%, n = 3) and slab (70%, n = 5) designs. However, the slab design provided much easier access to bait by non-target species (particularly birds), and we therefore recommend that the drum design would be the best bait station for controlling rabbits. The overall proportional reduction in rabbit numbers achieved with pindone bait stations was 48% (range 0–80%, n = 13), which is less than that usually achieved during broadacre control programs with pindone (60–90+%). In addition, these kills took 30–60 days to achieve, and as rabbit damage still occurred over this period, the use of pindone bait stations did not always result in damage mitigation or, ultimately, an economic benefit. Some potential problems associated with the use of pindone bait stations, such as the possibility of the development of ‘resistance’ to pindone bait and the risk to non-target species, are also discussed. The combined use of track counts and a ‘digs’ index proved a reliable indicator of changes in rabbit abundance.

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