Academic literature on the topic 'Bailliere, F F'

Abstract Introduction: We present a clinical case of a non-seminomatous germ cell choriocarcinoma producing human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and inducing hyperthyroidism. Clinical Case: A 21-year-old male with recently diagnosed metastatic non-seminomatous germ cell choriocarcinoma presented with persistent tachycardia and anxiety. At diagnosis, his β- human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-HCG) was elevated to 6,435 mIU/mL (normal <1 in male) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was within normal limits. At presentation, however, his β-HCG increased to 103,229 mIU/mL, TSH was suppressed <0.02 mcIU/mL (normal 0.3-4.7), and free thyroxine was elevated (FT4) 2.6 ng/dL (normal 0.8-1.7). His thyrotoxicosis improved with initiation of methimazole; however, his TSH remained undetectable due to persistently elevated β-HCG levels. His course was complicated by hemorrhagic shock and acute liver injury in the setting of a presumed intraluminal gastric metastasis, necessitating the discontinuation of methimazole. He was continued on steroids to try to minimize T4 to T3 conversion, but ultimately his thyroid hormones uptrended. He became stable enough to tolerate 5 days of chemotherapy, after which his FT4 quickly normalized. Unfortunately, he continued to suffer from vasodilatory shock and ultimately passed away. Discussion: It has been demonstrated that HCG can bind to the TSH receptor and has thyrotropic activity. The development of hyperthyroidism requires HCG levels >200,000 mIU/mL that are sustained for several weeks (1). It is unknown what the prevalence of hyperthyroidism is in choriocarcinoma, but it has been shown to greatly increase when serum HCG levels are greater than >50,000 mIU/mL (2). Conclusion: Hyperthyroidism can be difficult to recognize in patients suffering from cancer as many of the typical symptoms can also be seen with active malignancy. Patients with HCG-secreting tumors should be evaluated for hyperthyroidism and may benefit from treatment until the underlying cause can be managed. References: (1) Hershman, Jerome M. “Physiological and Pathological Aspects of the Effect of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on the Thyroid.” Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Baillière Tindall, 19 May 2004, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1521690X0400020X.(2) Oosting, S F et al. “Prevalence of paraneoplastic hyperthyroidism in patients with metastatic non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors.” Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology vol. 21,1 (2010): 104-8. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp265

This study was conducted to identify of rodent species and the ectoparasites are widely recognized for the type prevalent in homes, at Esna District, Luxor Governorate, Egypt, during 2020 year. The results were revealed that the presence of three species of rats included gray-bellied rat, Rattusrattusalexandrinusthe dominant species from, Rattusrattusfrugivorusand the Nile grass rat, Arvicanthisniloticus. The results also indicated that the identification of two types of fleas, Xenopsyllacheopis&Pulexirritans, and one species of lice, Polyplaxspinulosa, associated with the gray-bellied was identified. The study reports the interest in making integrated control programs for rodents to get rid of them and the risks of their external parasites. Introduction Rodents play an important role as hosts for ectoparasites and as repositories for various types of viruses, bacteria, rickets, protozoa, and parasitic worms that cause zoonotic diseases (Durden and Page, 1991; Azad and Beard, 1998; Coleman et al., 2003; Salibay and Claveria, 2005). Some examples of such diseases are rodent-borne hemorrhagic fever, plague, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, murine typhus, scrub typhus, toxoplasmosis, shistosomiasis, nematodes and tapeworms. The close association between commensal rodents and humans and domestic animals is a risk factor for transmission of these diseases (Kia et al., 2009). The aim of this study is to identify rodent species spread with a study of external parasites of the most dominant species in houses of study area. Materials and methods • Study Area The present study was carried out to inventory of the types of rodent spread in houses with a study of external parasites of the most dominant species at Esna area, Luxor Governorate, Egypt, during 2020 year. • Identification of the different species of rodents Rodent species were collected from the aforementioned sites using 10 common wire traps. Each trap was stabbed with bread and distributed twice every 15 days at 6 PM. The next morning at 7 a.m., traps were examined, rodents identified and recorded for data processing. Captured rodents were graded and recorded (Desoky, 2011). • IdentificationRattusrattusalexandrinusectoparasites: Five rats were taken all Month during the study period, rodent were anesthetized in jar containing a cotton pad with chloroform and then brushed in a deep white plate using a relatively hard brush. After collection of the ectoparasites, they were preserved in plastic bags containing 70% ethyl alcohol and labeled with necessary information. The parasites were sorted and transferred to the microscope slide for identification. The ectoparasites were classified.(Soulsby, 1982&Meerburget al., 2009). Results and discussion The results showed in table 1 and figure 1 a survey of three types of rodents: It was also found that the gray-bellied rat is the most common species in the study area (Esna homes), because the gray-bellied rat is considered a household climbing rodentAbdel-Gawad (1974 and 2010). Table 1: survey of rodent species in houses at Esna area, Luxor Governorate, during 2020 year. Figure 1: Survey of rodent species in houses at Esna area, Luxor Governorate, during 2020 year. Data in table (2) the results showed that two types of fleas, Xenopsyllacheopis&Pulexirritans, and one lice, Polyplaxspinulosa, infested the captured Rattusrattusalexandrinus. Results similar withVatandoostet al. (2003) &Telmadarraiyet al. (2004) found that most medically important rodents belong to the families of Muridae and the Cricetidae. Rodents play a role in many diseases, such as plague, transmitted by the rat flea Xenopsyllacheopisand Weil's disease, a severe form of leptospirosis transmitted via infected rat urine, Dada (2016). The study showed that infecting rodents with external parasites, which have a serious importance in transmitting diseases to humans or animals, for example, the eastern mouse flea has been identified, which may be a carrier of the bacteria that causes plague. The transmission of these rat-borne parasites is exacerbated in societies where environmental and personal health standards are not maintained. From these results, an integrated control program for the gray bellied rat must be established inside the houses. Table 2: Types of external parasites identified onRattus r. alexandrinus Data in Table (3) and Figure (2) showed thatthe highest population density of rat ectoparasites was recorded during spring and summer months, followed by autumn, whereas the lowest density was recorded during winter months. Regardless of months, the results showed also, the highest average number of lice was in spring 18, followed by summer 15, followed by autumn 14, and the lowest of them was winter 4, where it was recorded. While the highest average number of fleas was in spring 5, followed by summer and winter 4, and the lowest of them were autumn 3. The results also showed that the numerical density of lice was higher than that of fleas on the body of a gray-bellied rat.Regardless of months, lice exhibited the highest population density, whereas, fleas showed the least population density, this may be attributed to that fleas visit rats for feeding only, but lice are permanent parasites on hosts. The results similar with Embarak (1997); Kia et al. (2009) &Desokyet al. (2010). Table 3: Density numerical of external parasites on Ratttusrattusalexandrinus at Esna area, Luxor Governorate, during 2020 year. Figure 2: Seasonal numbers of ectoparasites for the gray-belliedrat at Esna area, Luxor Governorate, during 2020 year. Conclusion The results are useful in identifying the types of rodents and their external parasites that may transmit many diseases to humans or animals. It also helps in the future to increase the research study on this topic with attention to the participation of society as a whole to get rid of rodents and their external parasites. References Abdel-Gawad, K. H. Ecological and toxicological studies on commensal and household rodents in Assiut area. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ. 1974. Abdel-Gawad K. H. Rodent species composition in the present compared with past, the fifth Scientific Conferences for Agric. Assiut Univ. Oct. 16-17, 2010, 159-167. Azad AF.; CB Beard. Rickettsial pathogens and their arthropod vectors. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998, 4, 179-186. Coleman R.E.; T. Monkannaand K.J. Linthicum. Occurrence of Orientiatsutsugamushi in small mammals from Thailand. Am Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 69, 519-524. Dada, E.O. Study on the Ectoparasites and Haemoparasites of Domestic Rats in Parts of Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. International Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IJCCLM). 2016, 2(1), 1-5. Desoky, A.S.S. Studies on certain ectoparasites associated with some farm animals and their control, Ph.D. Thesis, Fac., Agric., Assiut Univ., Assiut, Egypt, 179, 2011. Desoky ASS.; Maher Ali A.; KH Abd El-Gawad.; AA Nafady. Survey and population density of some ectoparasites associated with rodents in animal production farm, Assiut University. Assiut J. of Agric. Sci. 2010, 41, 207-215. Durden LA.; BF Page. Ectoparasites of commensal rodents in Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, with notes on species of medical importance. Med Vet Entomol. 1991, 5(1), 1-7. Embarak MZ. Ecological and control studies on rodents and their ectoparasites in cultivated and newly-reclaimed areas. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ. 1997. Kia EB.; H Moghddas-Sani.; H Hassanpoor.; H Vatandoost.; F Zahabiun.; AA Akhavan.; AA Hanafi-Bojd.; Z Telmadarraiy. Ectoparasites of rodents captured in Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran. Iranian J. Arthropod-Borne Dis. 2009, 3, 44-49. Meerburg B.G.; G.R. Singleton.; A. Kijlstra. Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health. Rev. Microbiol. 2009, 35(3), 221–270. Soulsby E.J. Helminthes, Arthropods and Protozoa of domesticated animals. 7th Edition, Bailliere Tindal, London. 1982, 367–703. Salibay CC and FG Claveria. Serologic detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Rattusspp collected from three different sites in Dasmarinas, Cavite, Philippines. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005, 36 Suppl 4, S46-S49. Telmadarraiy Z.; A. Bahrami.; H. Vatandoost. A survey on fauna of ticks in west Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Iranian J. Publ. Health. 2004, 33(4), 65-69. Vatandoost H.; A. Ghaderi.; E. Javadian.; A.H. Zahirnia.; Y. Rassi.; Y. Piazak.; E.B. Kia.; M. Shaeghi.; Z. Zelmodarreiy.; M. Aboulghasani. Distribution of soft ticks and their infection with Borrelia in Hamadan Province, Iran&quot. J. Publ. Health. 2003, 32(1), 22-24.