Academic literature on the topic 'Baeck Wall Paper Co'

This paper introduced the principle of inner-furnace desulfurization system of CFB boilers by injecting limestone, and investigated the factors of the desulfurization efficiency. The desulfurization efficiency and stability of 480t/h CFB boilers manufactured by DongFang Boiler (Group) Co., Ltd were greatly increased by retrofitting the limestone injection position from dense region to the down secondary-air inlet of the back-wall. The improvement was achieved by increasing the oxygen concentration as well as optimizing the temperature of the reaction zone.

In this paper, a novel wideband transition from a laminated waveguide (LWG) to an air-filled rectangular waveguide (RWG) is proposed for millimeter-wave integration solutions based on multilayer low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology. The integrated transition cavity is divided into several resonators by introducing five grounded via holes. Due to the magnetic wall existing in the symmetry plane, the equivalent circuit of the proposed transition can be simplified as a three-pole filter model to explain the working mechanism with wideband performance. A W-band integrated LWG-to-RWG transition is designed as an example using LTCC technology. Two back-to-back prototypes with different lengths are fabricated and measured. A measured 25.7% bandwidth from 76 GHz to 101 GHz can be achieved for return loss better than 14 dB. The average insertion loss of a single transition is about 0.5 dB. The compact structure and wideband performance give it potential in high-density millimeter-wave and terahertz packaging.

To solve the problem of low detection accuracy of water supply pipeline internal wall damage, a random forest algorithm with simplified features and a slime mold optimization support vector machine detection method was proposed. Firstly, the color statistical characteristics, gray level co-occurrence matrix, and gray level run length matrix features of the pipeline image are extracted for multi-feature fusion. The contribution of the fused features is analyzed using the feature simplified random forest algorithm, and the feature set with the strongest feature expression ability is selected for classification and recognition. The global search ability of the slime mold optimization algorithm is used to find the optimal kernel function parameters and penalty factors of the support vector machine model. Finally, the optimal parameters are applied to support the vector machine model for classification prediction. The experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of the classification model proposed in this paper reaches 94.710% on the data sets of different corrosion forms on the inner wall of the pipeline. Compared with the traditional Support Vector Machines (SVM) classification model, the SVM model based on differential pollination optimization, the SVM model based on particle swarm optimization, and the back propagation (BP) neural network classification model, it is improved by 4.786%, 3.023%, 4.030%, and 0.503% respectively.

Microelectronics has benefited enormously from electrochemistry, particularly in metallization. Metallizing through-holes in multilevel printed circuit boards was a major, successful application of electroless Cu (1). Electroless Co-based magnetic films deposited on non-magnetic electroless nickel films on rigid aluminum disks propelled the magnetic storage industry for years. A decade or more ago, it looked as if electroless Co(W)(P) was the ideal candidate to replace PVD Ta-based liners for CMOS back-end-of-line (BEOL) builds (2). Its cost undid it, however, despite meeting selectivity, diffusion barrier and reliability requirements. Electrolytic Cu has been an outstanding success for CMOS BEOL interconnect metallization, mostly because of its submicron feature superfilling ability (3). Following such success, electrolytic and electroless deposition methods have never been far from microelectronics researchers’ interest. In this talk, I will describe examples of electrochemical metallization in chip level, power conversion and MEMS areas that I have worked on. MRAM Final Interconnect Level Capping We recently developed a maskless, electroless, high-P-content, Ni(P) capping process for the final Cu bitline wiring level in our STTM MRAM 200 mm wafer test vehicles. This replaced a two litho mask, final aluminum metal interconnect level, drastically shortening process time. This novel protective layer enables functional testing of MRAM device memory state retention in an air atmosphere at elevated temperatures (4). The Ni(P)-coated wafers show virtually unchanged device resistance and magnetoresistance (MR) for MRAM 4Kb arrays. Magnetic Inductor Fabrication Magnetic inductors are increasing in importance in the ongoing development of integrated, on-chip power conversion. The latter is critical for realizing the dream of granular, DC-DC power delivery using dedicated voltage regulators (VR). Traditionally, the large size of the inductor component has impeded efforts to fabricate the VR in one module. We explored potentially manufacturable processes for magnetic-core inductors with enhanced inductance using through-mask electrodeposited Ni45Fe55 (Fig. 1) (5) and electroless Co(W)(P) layers (6). Electroless Co(W)(P) yoke material performed best overall, showing excellent magnetic properties, good magnetic anisotropy and coercivity of less than 0.1 Oe (6). The resistivity of the Co(W)(P) material was about 90-100 µΩcm; a value of 100 µΩcm is desired to limit yoke eddy current loss at high frequencies. Device scaling has finally brought magnetic inductor fabrication within reach of BEOL CMOS fabs. Magnetic Minimotor Fabrication High-aspect-ratio optical or X-ray lithography (LIGA) and electrodeposition processes were used to fabricate variable-reluctance, nearly planar, integrated minimotors with 6-mm-diameter rotors on silicon wafers (7). The motors comprised six electrodeposited Ni81Fe19 (Permalloy) horseshoe-shaped cores that surrounded the rotor. We formed copper coils around each core. LIGA processing provided vertical wall profiles, which were important for the rotor and stator core pole tips (see stator pole tip, feature D, in Fig. 2). We fabricated the rotors separately and slipped them onto the shaft after releasing them from the substrate wafer. Shaft fabrication via electrodeposition occurred as part of the stator fabrication process. The LIGA fabricated minimotor (100 μm thick Permalloy core with 40 μm thick rotor) represented the successful integration of aligned X-ray exposures and planarizing dielectric into a MEMS fabrication process, producing a working, five-layer magnetic motor. I will show some minimotor operational data. [1]. See papers in IBM J. Res. Develop., 28(6) (1984), available online. [2]. See, e.g., Y. Shacham-Diamand et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 148 (2001) C162. [3]. P. C. Andricacos et al., IBM J. Res. Develop., 42, 567 (1998). [4]. E. J. O'Sullivan et al., 2019 Meet. Abstr. MA2019-02 916; doi: 10.1149/MA2019-02/15/916. [5]. E. J. O'Sullivan et al., ECS Transactions 50(10):93-105, doi: 10.1149/05010.0093ecst. [6]. N. Wang et al., MMM-Intermag, paper HG-11, 2013. [7]. E. J. O'Sullivan et al., IBM J. of Res. Develop., 42, 681 (1998). Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the efforts of the staff of the Microelectronics Research Laboratory (MRL) at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, where some of the fabrication work described in this talk was carried out. Figure 1

Today in Japan, people continue to show considerable interest in yōkai. In the past, a yōkai craze centering on MIZUKI Shigeru’s work GeGeGe no kitarō, had swept the country. However, more recently in 2014 the role-playing game Yōkai Watch (launched by Level-5 Inc. in 2013) was turned into a television anime and is boasting explosive popularity. In addition, while kaidan (yōkai stories) used to be transmitted orally, now they have appeared on the internet, and unique tales continue to be spun. In this way, by continuing to encounter yōkai in some form or another, fixed images of them have been formed amongst people today. In most cases, these images are of grotesque things with a specific appearance, for example, an ‘umbrella-shaped ghost’, a ‘painted wall’, or a ‘haunting cat’. However, these popular images of yōkai are hindrances when engaging in academic research on the subject. Compared to those found at the popular level, researchers’ definitions of yōkai are not uniform. The aim of this paper is, while referring to efforts to reconsider the concept of yōkai in contemporary folklore studies, to decipher INOUE Enryō’s philosophically motivated Yōkai Studies (or, Mystery Studies), and above all, to inquire into its limits and possibilities through his late-year “Mutual Inclusion” theory. By taking as an unconscious ontological premise the non-existence of yōkai, yōkai research in contemporary folklore studies has come up against the ontologies of folklorists that speak of actual existence of yōkai. For this reason, we must newly inquire into the ontological premise of the yōkai concept. However, this requires not something that results in an ‘anything goes’ perceptual relativism, but rather a pluralistic methodology that allows the co-existence of diverse ontological viewpoints while unifying them on a meta-level. In this sense, the perspectival conception of the interrelated structure of matter, mind and principle in Enryō’s Yōkai Studies and his late period philosophy of the Mutual Inclusion of the ‘front’ and ‘back’ offer considerable clues. A research approach that is not partial to a specific view of yōkai and makes use of folklorists’ worldviews can provide a metatheory for yōkai research. However, Enryō did not fully traverse this path. In his own Yōkai Studies, he did not choose to adopt the perspective of the superimposition of time, space, mind and matter within mutual inclusion, or approach yōkai phenomena as the edge of the cosmos that is formed within this perspective. Drawing from Enryō’s ideas, the paper proposes to newly define the concept of yōkai as the edge of the cosmos. Yōkai are things that continually threaten the concepts of the cosmos that researchers and folklorists hold. Having inquired to this point, our questions reverse themselves. Perhaps it is us humans who are interrogated by yōkai.

This paper examines how music and juxtapositions can ground a story in a longer history where the potential of images and cutting points become a dialectics of point, counter-point, and fusion in a revisitation of archetypal images and as a co-authorship of reception. A visual dialogue evolves in the film Shchedryk (2014) through a remediation of scenes from Sergei Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin (1925), Alexander Dovzhenko‘s Earth (1930) and Norman McLaren’s experimental film Synchromy (1971). People who do not have recourse to the dominant culture are through recipient-co-authorship able to replay things in more sophisticated ways. Judith Butler’s idea of the performative and of subjects re-performing an injury (Butler 1993) can be introduced to the multi-screen experience. Foregrounding the wounding aspect as visual images is about ‘bad pleasure’ (O’Brien & Julien 2005). If realness is a standard by which we judge any performance, what makes it effective is its ability to compel beliefs and embody and reiterate norms (Butler, 387). Image Credit: Frame from Shechedryk, directed by Kalli Paakspuu

The present paper deals with Barkhausen noise emission in Gd. Barkhausen noise emission was investigated in the temperature range mainly below the Gd Curie temperature when the spontaneous magnetization in Gd occurs. Barkhausen noise from the heavy rare-earth Gd is compared with Barkhausen noise emission from the transition metal Co measured at the same magnetizing and other conditions. This study demonstrates that Barkhausen noise emitted from Gd is much weaker than that originating from Co. This is a consequence of different spin exchange interaction among the neighbouring atoms, domain wall thickness as a well as domain wall energies. Moreover, Barkhausen noise is temperature sensitive especially for Gd sample as a result of the altering magneto-crystalline anisotropy.

This paper discusses about the effect of un-wetted area of tube on the heat transfer performance of horizontal tube falling film evaporation. A 2D CFD model was developed to perform simulations and investigate the output and validated them with published data available in the literature. In the present study the VOF method is used to track the boundary of the liquid vapour from the contours of volume fraction. Effect of varying tube wall temperature or wall super heat (6 to 11?C) on un-wetted area, heat transfer co-efficients and mass transfer co-efficients of the circular tube were obtained from the simulation model and the results were analysed and reasons were identified and discussed here. The threshold value of wall super heat above which phase change occurs between liquid film and tube surface is identified as 6?C. Also it is noted that mass transfer rate increases and then decreases with increase of wall super heat and heat transfer co-efficient showed declining trend.

This paper has illustrated a "near wall" combustion model for a spark ignition engine that was included in a two-zone thermodynamic model. The model has calculated cylinder pressure and temperature, composition, as well as heat transfer of fresh and combustion gas. The CO submodel used a simplified chemical equation to calculate the dynamics of CO during the expansion phase. Subsequently, the HC submodel is introduced, and the post-flame oxidation of un-burned hydrocarbon was affected by the reaction/diffusion phenomenon. After burning 90% of the fuel, the hydrocarbon reaction dominates at a very late stage of combustion. This modeling method can more directly describe the ?near wall? flame reaction and its contribution to the total heat release rate.

Abstract H2S is an important element to high-temperature corrosion for the water-cooled wall of coal-fired boilers, thus, it is an effective means to prevent high-temperature corrosion through reducing the concentration of H2S near the boiler wall. Since the concentration of H2S in the boiler is closely related to the concentration of O2 and CO, the research on the distribution of H2S atmosphere in the boiler furnace was conducted in this paper. With the air distribution regulation as the means, local O2 concentration is increased, to avoid the accumulation of H2S near the wall and reduce high-temperature corrosion.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

Pipeline integration ALC partition wall, prefabricated pipeline and wire box in the retaining wall, directly saving the construction technology of slotting, burying pipe, repairing and blocking. The construction of the same floor is the ALC wall panel in the main structure construction stage, in the downstairs pre-assembly into a whole wall panel, the development of new wall panel fixtures, lifting AIDS, such as lifting tools, with the realization of the integrated lifting process after pre-assembly. Combined with the actual construction schedule, this paper innovatively adopts the same floor construction method as the main body, analyzes the traditional construction scheme and the same floor construction scheme technology and construction period respectively, and then uses AHP method to calculate the influence degree of the factors influencing the construction period of the two schemes. The research results show that the ALC partition wall adopts the same floor construction scheme, which saves the construction time of the secondary structure, and has a natural advantage over the traditional scheme in terms of saving processes, which can effectively reduce the management pressure and reduce the influence of additional factors on the total construction period.

In this paper, a numerical model of the thermodynamic process was developed, by using CFD (software) technique and considering the gas flow, the diffused combustion and the radiative heat transfer in the molten salt furnace. This model aims to optimize the operating parameters. Simulation results demonstrate that the performances of the salt furnace can be improved by optimization. The temperatures along the fire wall circumference are quite even, and the deviant combustion phenomenon is not observed. A back-flow formed in the upper part of the furnace chamber enhances the circulation and the mixing of the gas, helping to effectively stabilize the combustion in the furnace. The behaviors of CO, CO2, NOx and H2O are presented in terms of the gas flow, temperature distribution and volumetric concentration distribution. The furnace with the constant air flow rate of 15500Nm3/h and the angle of guide vane at 48∼50 ° can increase the combustion effectiveness.

The need to evolve next-generation ultra-lean premixed systems with advanced air management and improved liner cooling strategies have led Solar to develop a pre-production combustion system for its C50 class engine. The system uses an Augmented Backside Cooled/Thermal Barrier Coated (ABC/TBC) combustor and Variable Geometry injectors. The technology reduces both NOx and CO emissions, while improving part-load cycle efficiency. The ABC/TBC combustor technology eliminates quenching of the reaction at the walls typically found in combustors using film-cooling techniques. Eliminating this quenching effect is not only conducive to reducing CO emissions, but it also enables the operation of the combustor primary zone at low temperatures to produce minimum thermal NOx. Coupled with a set of variable geometry injectors, the system manages air more effectively to extend the combustor operating range under which emissions and stability limits are maintained. The injectors enable the control of air entering the combustor as a function of engine load and ambient temperature. Such ability reduces the need to bleed high-pressure compressor air at part-load, thus enhancing the engine cycle efficiency. The pre-production combustion system is currently undergoing field evaluation to assess long-term durability, characterize system performance, and develop optimum control algorithms. The development methodology and experience for this system is discussed in this paper.

There is a new large horsepower engine available in North America and supported by a well-established network of authorized factory dealers. The driver is based on a reciprocating engine design delivering 7670 to 8180 HP depending on site conditions. The 16-cylinder prime mover is specially engineered for gas transmission, storage and withdrawal service. Built on a diesel engine designed block, crankshaft, bearings, rods, and gear train, it provides long service intervals and 120,000 hours before major overhaul. Electronic ignition and combustion controls help conserve fuel, minimize emissions and keep the engine operating at peak capability under a variety of ambient and loading conditions. Electronic monitoring protects critical components and systems while greatly simplifying maintenance. The electronic control tightly regulates the combustion process, cylinder by cylinder, to optimize efficiency. It also controls the main cylinder and prechamber fuel delivery. Using sensor data based on ambient and turbocharged-aftercooled air intake temperatures, the microprocessors in the control system continuously monitor available engine power. With this information, the PLC controlling the compressor has the ability to load or unload the compressor to match the available engine output. Fuel efficiency is less than 5900 Btu/bhp-hr and NOx emissions of 0.50 grams/bhp-hr. The mechanical efficiency of the engine is greater than 43%. The mechanical refinements designed into the prime mover, are behind the high efficiency. For instance, the long stroke design maximizes fuel efficiency. A solenoid operated gas admission valve for each cylinder provides precise fuel metering. A calibration ring in the upper part of the cylinder liner helps reduce CO and NMHC emissions. Combustion gases do not collect in the gap between the piston and the liner wall, where most of these gases form. Instead, piston action forces them back into the combustion chamber for complete burning. In the event of a decline in fuel quality, a three-piece connecting rod enables a quick change in compression ratio without changing the piston. The paper will also cover details on maintenance intervals and costs, with additional features on the product along with construction details. Figure 1, illustrates a side view of the engine as Seen from the front.

All buried pipes experience loading from the weight of soil overburden. When pipelines cross railroads, roads, parking lots or construction sites, the pipes also experience live surface loading from vehicles on the ground, including heavy construction equipment in some scenarios. The surface loading results in through-wall bending in pipes, which generates both hoop stress and longitudinal stress. Current standards limit the stresses in buried pipes to maximum values in terms of hoop stress, longitudinal stress and combined biaxial stress. An early approach to estimating stresses and deformations in a pipe subjected to surface loads dates back to Spangler’s work in the 1940s. Many models have been developed since then. API RP 1102 provides guidance for the design of pipeline crossings of railroads and highways following the model developed by Cornell University for the Gas Research Institute (GRI). The Cornell model was developed only based on experiments on bored pipes crossing a railroad or a highway at a near-right angle. The live surface loading distribution is also limited to the wheel-layout typical of railroad cars and highway vehicles. Most other existing models only focus on the hoop stress in the pipe. In this paper, a new approach to determine the stresses in buried pipes under surface loading is introduced. The approach is suitable for assessing pipes beneath any type of vehicle or equipment at any relative position and at any angle to the pipe. First, the pressure on the pipe from surface loading is determined through the Boussinesq theory. Second, both hoop stress and longitudinal stress in the pipe are estimated. The hoop stress is estimated through the modified Spangler stress formula proposed by Warman and his co-workers (2006 and 2009). The longitudinal stress, due to local bending and global bending, is estimated by the theory of beam-on-elastic-foundation. The modulus of foundation can be determined through the soil-spring model developed by ASCE. The hoop stress, longitudinal stress and the resulting combined biaxial stress can then be compared against their respective limits from a pertinent standard to assess the integrity of the pipe and determine the proper remediation approach, if necessary. The performance of the proposed approach is compared in this study with the experimental results in the literature and the predictions from API RP 1102.

Cracking in boiling water reactor (BWR) core shroud welds has been identified in operating nuclear plants worldwide. The nuclear industry has taken extensive efforts to disposition and evaluate core shroud cracking, most notably within the BWR Vessel and Internals Project (BWRVIP) where many industry guidance documents have been published regarding core shroud integrity [1, 2, 3, 4]. This guidance is predominately focused on evaluating crack stability. Calculating through-wall leakage was not previously a focus of the existing BWRVIP inspection and evaluation (I&E) guidelines for the core shroud; however, there is some guidance in the current documentation. In recent years there has been some evidence of through-wall indications in the core shroud where the through-wall indications were aligned in an array of co-linear, short, flaws. There is currently no BWRVIP document or other open literature, to the authors’ knowledge, that provides insight into whether the crack opening displacements (CODs) for an array of co-linear, through-wall cracks are larger than that calculated for a single through-wall crack. Developing an understanding of the effect of co-linear cracks on the CODs and subsequent crack opening areas (COAs) of each crack is important in augmenting the existing guidance on how to appropriately disposition through-wall cracking in reactor internal components. Specifically, it is important to know if multiple co-linear cracks can lead to individual COAs that are larger than for a single crack of the same length, in order to perform accurate leakage rate calculations. The purpose of the study documented in this paper is to characterize the COA for axial co-linear crack distributions compared to the COA of an individual crack. Cracks that are aligned in series with an uncracked ligament between them are considered to be co-linear. To better understand how these crack distributions behave, an evaluation is conducted to analyze axial co-linear flaw configurations in core shrouds using traditional linear-elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and finite element analysis (FEA) techniques. Through FEA, the COAs and displacements of various co-linear flaw configurations are calculated and compared to the COAs for single flaw configurations. These flaw geometries are useful for the purpose of determining the potential core leakage associated with through-wall co-linear cracks. Co-linear crack configurations for a range of crack sizes and geometries are parametrically evaluated based on the ligament length between the co-linear cracks. Results show that crack openings of co-linear flaw configurations compared to a single flaw can vary substantially depending the crack size and ligament length. Trends of these crack openings are summarized within this report. While the object of this work is to provide criteria for the evaluation of reactor internals, the results can be applied to evaluate COD and COA in any component for which the cracking configuration and inherent assumptions of LEFM are applicable.

Experience from previous earthquakes have shown that wall structural systems experience less damage during earthquake compared to frame systems. Wall systems for functional and architectural reasons frequently have openings (windows, doors, elevators, esc.). Wall systems with regularly distributed openings represent efficient system for resisting earthquake loads. Coupling beams connecting the walls, if designed and detailed properly, increase seismic resistance of the building by distribution of inelastic deformations both vertically and in plan. Eurocode 8 introduced set of rules for design and detailing of coupled walls and coupling beams. In order to access performance of coupled walls and beams designed in accordance with EC8, linear and nonlinear analysis of 11 story building was performed. Linear elastic modelling was done using software for linear analysis. The walls and coupling beams were designed and detailed in accordance with the provisions of Eurocode 8, part 1. Nonlinear model and assessment of inelastic response was conducted using Perform 3d CSI software for nonlinear analysis. For the modelling of coupled walls, wall section with fibers is used. The confined constitutive relationship is used for concrete edge elements, and unconfined relationship for concrete for the rest part. The reinforcement constitutive model was defined with bi-linear curve. Coupling beams are modelled using frame elements with shear hinge elements. Deformation capacities of elements was defined in accordance with EC8 provisions. Considering that EC8 doesn’t provide provisions for deformation capacities of diagonally reinforced coupling beams, deformation capacities for these elements is defined in accordance with the provisions of ASCE 41-06 standard. Static nonlinear analysis is performed in accordance with EC8 provisions and deformation capacities of wall elements and coupling beams checked in accordance with the provisions EC8 part 1 and part 3, where applicable. Characteristic results are presented on the end of paper, with conclusions and recommendations.

This paper presents the methodology for seismic analysis of masonry structures that can be employed in commercial software packages such as SAP2000. The concept of elementary block which combines non-linear spring and linear shell elements is used for discretization of masonry walls. The proposed modelling technique with localized nonlinearity can successfully simulate in-plane wall failure modes induced by compressive or tensile axial force and transverse force. It can also be used to investigate out-of-plane collapse which makes it a good candidate for 3D static and dynamic analysis of buildings. The modelling approach is tested on two examples where pushover analysis was performed: a single slender cantilever masonry wall and a family house. The response was verified against the results delivered by 3MURI and MINEA, and reasonable agreement was obtained. It is demonstrated that the transverse walls have significant contribution to the load bearing capacity of buildings.

More than 140 churches with medieval wall paintings have been preserved in Istria, which are an essential part of Istrian cultural identity, and classify Istria as the region with the greatest density of this type of cultural heritage. In the last 25 years considerable effort has been put into the preservation and conservation of the wall paintings, but also in the restoration of the churches from the structural point of view. The most significant adverse effects on the frescoes are capillary humidity and cracks that occur as a result of the ground settlement. In this paper we will focus on small single-nave churches with pointed barrel vaults, which are characteristic for the Gothic period. As a case study, the seismic capacity of the church of St. Anthony in Barban will be studied. The interior of the church was entirely painted in the early 15th century. The church has a simple architecture: a rectangular ground plan, roof covered with slate tiles and a bell gable present at the front façade. The walls are built of regular stone blocks in lime mortar. We present results of the numerical analysis of the pointed vault due to seismic actions. The admissible failure mechanisms related to formation of plastic hinges are examined.

Fibre property, refining requirement, and handsheet strength and optical property interrelations are examined for a eucalypt and several softwood market kraft pulps and blends. Market krafts included in the study are radiata pine pulps of low and medium coarseness, a benchmark pulp from the interior region of British Columbia, and a eucalypt pulp from Brazil. Eucalypt: softwood blends are in proportions of 100:0, 50:50, 80:20, and 0:100, and effects of separate and co-refining are assessed using -a laboratory scale Escher Wyssre finer which is considered to be indicative of commercial scale refining operations. For the softwood pulps, refining at the low 1 Ws/m specific edge load has minimal effects on fibre shortening, fibre collapse, and wall expansion and delamination. Under these conditions fibres are neither rapidly rewetted nor made flexible. The converse occurs with refining at 3 and 5 Ws/m. Tensile strengths are relatively high and softwood fibre walls are slow to respond with refining at low specific edge load. Such effects are consistent with the retention of fibre stiffness and length, and the development of high bonding potential. The high bonding potential is presumably developed through selective fibre surface disruption, wetting, and molecular and micro level fibrillation. Light-scattering coefficient/tensile index relations are independent of specific edge load and indicate mutual compensatory responses for these handsheet properties. For eucalypt: softwood blend proportions of about 80:20, tear/tensile relationships (reinforcement properties) and light-scattering coefficients (optical properties) are roughly the same and independent of the origin or type of softwood used in the investigation. Such results are to be expected since there are only 2-3% by number of softwood fibres included in the 80:20 eucalypt: softwood furnish blends. For 50:50 eucalypt: softwood blends the effects of using softwoods of different fibre quality are also relatively small. With co-refining reinforcement properties are decreased, and optical properties can be increased depending on specific edge load. It is envisaged with co-refining that the small number of softwood fibres present in the 80:20 eucalypt: softwood softwood blends (<3%) receive disproportionate levels of the refining, and tear strengths decrease forgiven tensile strengths and energy inputs. Also, such an explanation is consistent with the possibility that light scattering coefficients can increase with co-refining. Thus, softwood fibres can be expected to be more refined and hardwood fibres less refined for given energy inputs with co-refining than with separate refining before pulp blending.

Abstract The giant Khazzan gas field, onshore Oman covers an area of 2800 km2 and has been on production since 2017. Structural depth is a key uncertainty particularly in the flanks of the field that have fewer wells and low structural relief. With a shallowing GWC in these areas, the water risk increases and consequently, the recoverable gas and associated liquid content have become key development considerations. A well with a vertical seismic profile (VSP) was planned to improve the velocity control, narrow down the structural uncertainty and subsequently de-risk the resources and optimize the development plan in one of the areas where development is sensitive to the depth of the structure. Geomorphologically, this area is in a part of the field where there is a salina (weak evaporites) at surface. The VSP process was split into three phases: planning, operations, and analysis/results. The planning phase focused on the survey design to achieve the VSP objectives by means of: a) reviewing existing VSPs, pre-survey modelling and working closely with technology providers, b) salina engineering feasibility followed by vibrator test on the salina and c) pre-job preparation via conducting ‘shoot the survey on paper’ and ‘risk assessment’ to produce a main plan with back up options that included key decision points. The planning phase concluded with the following recommendations: a) VSP collection using fiber optic hybrid logging cable and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology, to efficiently collect velocity information (although risks to this ‘first of a kind’ operation in the area were mitigated by mobilizing a conventional VSP tool); b) acquire Zero offset (ZO) and walkaway (WA) VSP with 4 km maximum offset to measure anisotropy and velocity away from the well; c) acquire WAVSP along two perpendicular lines to estimate azimuthal anisotropy related to current stress regime; d) use an existing road for the primary WAVSP line and build an additional 4 km road for the second line to mitigate soft conditions in the salina. The salina poses risks to operating vibrators while driving and sweeping and these risks needed to be managed. During the acquisition phase, operational expertise on-site with co-location of the company decision makers would provide around-the-clock support to improve efficiencies and respond rapidly to any operational challenges. One contractor was chosen to provide all VSP services to reduce job complexity and minimize interfaces. VSPs acquired using fiber optic technology are becoming more common but this trial is the first in block 61 and possibly in the area, to use a hybrid optical-electric logging cable to record both zero-offset and walkaways. The ZOVSP DAS data was collected using a formation tester tool in the tool string. This showed inferior data quality due to difficulties in coupling the cable to the borehole wall and casing, which unfortunately limited the success of the trial. Only limited sections of the cable were coupled and could be used for first break time picking. This triggered the backup option, a conventional geophone array deployed with the hybrid cable, to successfully record the ZOVSP and two WAVSP. DAS data was recorded simultaneously, to try using the intervals with good coupling later during data processing.