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Journal articles on the topic 'Baculum'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Srinivasulu, Bhargavi, Harpreet Kaur, Tariq Ahmed Shah, Devender Gundena, Gopi Asad, Sreehari Raman, and Chelmala Srinivasulu. "A review of the bacular morphology of some Indian bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 9 (June 26, 2020): 15985–6005. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5650.12.9.15985-16005.

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Bacular studies play a significant role in the case of bats and other mammals since it is considered an important taxon-specific character, thus helping in species discrimination. Structure of the baculum (os penis) also aids in examining and understanding cryptic diversity in bats. The baculum has been used in taxonomic studies of bats but such studies for Indian bats are few and far between. It was felt necessary to put together a comprehensive document depicting the bacular morphology of bats in India so as to be helpful for future bat studies. The penises of the bats were excised, treated with KOH, and then dyed with alizarin red to extract the bacula. The extracted bacula were measured using an oculometer, photographed, and preserved in glycerol. Of the total of 47 species of bats (belonging to nine families) collected and studied during the past decade, we present the bacular morphology of 44 species from peninsular India, Andaman Islands, and Jammu and Kashmir. Bacular morphology of eight taxa, namely, Eonycteris spelaea, Rhinolophus pusillus, R. lepidus monticola, R. cognatus, Hipposideros cf. grandis, Myotis peytoni, M. horsfieldii dryas, and M. longipes are presented here for the first time from India.

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2

Brindle, Matilda, and Christopher Opie. "Postcopulatory sexual selection influences baculum evolution in primates and carnivores." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1844 (December 14, 2016): 20161736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1736.

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The extreme morphological variability of the baculum across mammals is thought to be the result of sexual selection (particularly, high levels of postcopulatory selection). However, the evolutionary trajectory of the mammalian baculum is little studied and evidence for the adaptive function of the baculum has so far been elusive. Here, we use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods implemented in a Bayesian phylogenetic framework to reconstruct baculum evolution across the mammalian class and investigate the rate of baculum length evolution within the primate order. We then test the effects of testes mass (postcopulatory sexual selection), polygamy, seasonal breeding and intromission duration on the baculum in primates and carnivores. The ancestral mammal did not have a baculum, but both ancestral primates and carnivores did. No relationship was found between testes mass and baculum length in either primates or carnivores. Intromission duration correlated with baculum presence over the course of primate evolution, and prolonged intromission predicts significantly longer bacula in extant primates and carnivores. Both polygamous and seasonal breeding systems predict significantly longer bacula in primates. These results suggest the baculum plays an important role in facilitating reproductive strategies in populations with high levels of postcopulatory sexual selection.

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3

Brassey, Charlotte A., Julia Behnsen, and James D. Gardiner. "Postcopulatory sexual selection and the evolution of shape complexity in the carnivoran baculum." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1936 (October 14, 2020): 20201883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1883.

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The baculum is an enigmatic bone within the mammalian glans penis, and the driving forces behind its often bizarre shape have captivated evolutionary biologists for over a century. Hypotheses for the function of the baculum include aiding in intromission, stimulating females and assisting with prolonged mating. Previous attempts to test these hypotheses have focused on the gross size of the baculum and have failed to reach a consensus. We conducted three-dimensional imaging and apply a new method to quantify three-dimensional shape complexity in the carnivoran baculum. We show that socially monogamous species are evolving towards complex-shaped bacula, whereas group-living species are evolving towards simple bacula. Overall three-dimensional baculum shape complexity is not related to relative testes mass, but tip complexity is higher in induced ovulators and species engaging in prolonged copulation. Our study provides evidence of postcopulatory sexual selection pressures driving three-dimensional shape complexity in the carnivore baculum.

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4

Čanády, Alexander, and Anna Onderková. "Notes on variation in the baculum of Martes foina from Czech Silesia, Czech Republic (Carnivora: Mustelidae)." Lynx new series 47, no. 1 (2016): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lynx-2016-0003.

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In this study we investigated variation in the baculum of the stone marten Martes foina from the Czech part of Silesia (north-eastern Czech Republic). The aim of this study was to assess quantitative characteristics of the baculum size, relationships between measurements and description of the variability in baculum morphology. The study presents the morphological variation in six dimensional traits of the baculum based on an analysis of 15 specimens collected in the vicinity of Opava and deposited at the Šariš Museum Bardejov (Slovakia). The descriptive statistics revealed size variation of the bacula, while the statictic analysis (PCA) showed a strong positive correlation between morphological traits of the body and baculum.

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5

Varajão de Latorre, Daniel. "Fossil bacula of five species of Borophaginae (Family: Canidae): Implications for their reproductive biology." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): e0280327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280327.

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The baculum of mammals offers the opportunity to study the reproductive biology of extinct species given that it is a fossilizable part of the male genitalia and that its size and shape correlate with several aspects of the reproductive biology of extant mammals. Fossil bacula, however, are rare. Currently, bacula have been described from only two extinct species of canids, one from the subfamily Caninae and the other from the extinct subfamily Hesperocyoninae. Here, I describe the bacula of five extinct species of Borophaginae, each of which was found with other skeletal elements that have enabled identification to the species level. Two specimens (Aelurodon ferox and Aelurodon stirtoni) are largely complete, while the baculum from Carpocyon compressus is complete but still embedded in matrix that obscures some of its features. The bacula of Paratomarctus euthos and Desmocyon thomsoni are incomplete, but they provide useful information nonetheless. These borophagine bacula are similar to extant canines in being robust, having a urethral groove, and a simple distal end. These features suggest that the Borophaginae had long-lasting copulation and possibly spontaneous ovulation, similar to the extant canines. However, unlike the straight baculum of extant canines, borophagine bacula are ventrally curved (arched), which is also observed in the hesperocyonine baculum. The implication of this curvature for the reproductive biology of these animals remains unknown.

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6

Brassey, Charlotte A., James D. Gardiner, and Andrew C. Kitchener. "Testing hypotheses for the function of the carnivoran baculum using finite-element analysis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1887 (September 19, 2018): 20181473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1473.

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The baculum (os penis) is a mineralized bone within the glans of the mammalian penis and is one of the most morphologically diverse structures in the mammal skeleton. Recent experimental work provides compelling evidence for sexual selection shaping the baculum, yet the functional mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Previous studies have tested biomechanical hypotheses for the role of the baculum based on simple metrics such as length and diameter, ignoring the wealth of additional shape complexity present. For the first time, to our knowledge, we apply a computational simulation approach (finite-element analysis; FEA) to quantify the three-dimensional biomechanical performance of carnivoran bacula (n= 74) based upon high-resolution micro-computed tomography scans. We find a marginally significant positive correlation between sexual size dimorphism and baculum stress under compressive loading, counter to the ‘vaginal friction’ hypothesis of bacula becoming more robust to overcome resistance during initial intromission. However, a highly significant negative relationship exists between intromission duration and baculum stress under dorsoventral bending. Furthermore, additional FEA simulations confirm that the presence of a ventral groove would reduce deformation of the urethra. We take this as evidence in support of the ‘prolonged intromission’ hypothesis, suggesting the carnivoran baculum has evolved in response to pressures on the duration of copulation and protection of the urethra.

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7

Csanády, Alexander. "First knowledge of baculum size in males of the mound-building mouse (Mus spicilegus Petényi 1882) from Slovakia." Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 71, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cszma-2022-0008.

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Abstract In this study was quantified bacular size, variation, and allometry in mound-building mice (Mus spicilegus) from the western Carpathians (Slovakia). The study presents the first knowledge of morphological variation in three baculum traits based on the analysis of 11 adult and 60 subadult males. According to descriptive statistics, bacula are variable in size. Despite the small number of adult individuals, the Mann-Whitney test indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) in proportions between age groups. However, to confirm these results, larger numbers of adults and subadults will need to be tested in the future.

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8

Miller, Edward H., Ian L. Jones, and Garry B. Stenson. "Baculum and testes of the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata): growth and size-scaling and their relationships to sexual selection." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-233.

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Growth and size-scaling of the baculum and testes in the moderately polygynous hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) were studied using 107 specimens of known age (1 month to 28 years) from the northwestern Atlantic. Bacular growth was rapid between 2 and 5 years of age: length increased 150% and "density" (i.e., mass/length) increased 8-fold and mass 20-fold. Growth continued throughout life. In large, old (>14 years) males, the baculum averaged 20.7 cm in length, 2.1 g/cm in density, and 44.4 g in mass. Bacular length increased relative to body length until seals were about 5 years of age, after which it averaged 8.2%. Testicular growth continued until the seals were about 12 years of age. Testes from breeding males >12 years old averaged 11.2 cm in length, 4.6 cm in width, and 138 g in mass; length averaged 4.9% of body length. In males 2-5 years of age, bacular and testicular sizes were positively allometric relative to body length; in older males, bacular mass and density were positively allometric, and bacular length and testicular size isometric, relative to body length. Bacular size was mostly positively allometric relative to testicular size (bacular length exhibited some isometry). Compared with that of the related and ecologically similar harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), which is presumed to have a promiscuous mating system, the baculum of the hooded seal was structurally simpler and grew more quickly but reached a relatively smaller size in adults (8.2 vs. 9.9% of body length). Relative testicular length was also smaller (4.9 vs. 5.7% of body length) and bacular density lower (2.1 vs. 2.8 g/cm) than in the harp seal. These observations suggest that intra- or inter-sexual competition via copulation is weaker in the hooded seal.

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9

Casey, John. "Beliefs, Commitments, and Ad Baculum Arguments." Languages 7, no. 2 (April 27, 2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020107.

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Typically, an ad baculum argument is one where an arguer threatens a respondent in order to induce them to adopt a standpoint. It is a fallacy, a common account goes, because the power to impose a standpoint is irrelevant to its truth or acceptability. However, fallacies, if they are to be anything, ought at a minimum to be persuasive, and it is hard to see how an ad baculum might persuade. Employing an ad baculum just underscores how terrible someone’s reasons are. Despite this, cases of fallacious ad baculum arguments seem to exist, and this is a fact that requires some explanation. This paper offers an account where the real target of an ad baculum is an audience downstream from the initial ad baculum exchange. This means that the ad baculum consists of misrepresenting the quality of evidence by means of the forced adoption of a particular standpoint.

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10

Stockley, Paula. "The baculum." Current Biology 22, no. 24 (December 2012): R1032—R1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.001.

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11

Rocha-Barbosa, O., JSL Bernardo, MFC Loguercio, TRO Freitas, JR Santos-Mallet, and CJ Bidau. "Penial morphology in three species of Brazilian Tuco-tucos, Ctenomys torquatus, C. minutus, and C. flamarioni (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 73, no. 1 (February 2013): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842013000100022.

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The present study analyses the glans penis and baculum morphology of three Brazilian tuco-tucos, Ctenomys torquatus Lichtenstein, 1830, Ctenomys minutus Nehring, 1887 and Ctenomys flamarioni Travi, 1981, in order to identify possible variations and understand some more about this taxonomically complex group. We used fixed penis from 15 previously listed adult specimens. For a more detailed baculum analysis, the penis underwent dissection and diaphanisation, whereas to analyse the glans penis surface we used Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results showed striking differences in baculum morphology among the three species. While C. minutus have a particular V-shaped proximal baculum tip, C. flamarioni baculum is thin throughout the shaft with rounded proximal and distal tips. Ctenomys torquatus have a shorter and larger baculum, similar to what has previously been described for the species. Glans penis surface microstructure analyses also revealed inter-specific differences, with penial spines varying in shape, size and, especially density. Although C. torquatus has a relatively small penis, it has the largest penial spine density, which suggests a more complex penial ornamentation in this species.

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12

André, Goncalo I., Renée C. Firman, and Leigh W. Simmons. "Baculum shape and paternity success in house mice: evidence for genital coevolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1813 (October 19, 2020): 20200150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0150.

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Sexual selection is believed to be responsible for the rapid divergence of male genitalia, which is a widely observed phenomenon across different taxa. Among mammals, the stimulatory role of male genitalia and female ‘sensory perception’ has been suggested to explain these evolutionary patterns. Recent research on house mice has shown that baculum (penis bone) shape can respond to experimentally imposed sexual selection. Here, we explore the adaptive value of baculum shape by performing two experiments that examine the effects of male and female genitalia on male reproductive success. Thus, we selected house mice ( Mus musculus domesticus ) from families characterized by extremes in baculum shape (relative width) and examined paternity success in both non-competitive (monogamous) and competitive (polyandrous) contexts. Our analyses revealed that the relative baculum shape of competing males influenced competitive paternity success, but that this effect was dependent on the breeding value for baculum shape of the family from which females were derived. Our data provide novel insight into the potential mechanisms underlying the evolution of the house mouse baculum and lend support to the stimulatory hypothesis for the coevolution of male and female genitalia. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition’.

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13

LIU, SHAO YING, ZHI YU SUN, YANG LIU, HAO WANG, PENG GUO, and ROBERT W. MURPHY. "A new vole from Xizang, China and the molecular phylogeny of the genus Neodon (Cricetidae: Arvicolinae)." Zootaxa 3235, no. 1 (March 15, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3235.1.1.

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During a faunal survey in southern Xizang, we collected 27 specimens of voles that could not be identified as any knownspecies in the Arvicolinae. These specimens shared the following morphological characteristics, not corresponding withany other arvicoline species: the first lower molar possessed five closed triangles, the third upper molar exhibited eitherfour or three inner angles, and the tails of all specimens measured 30% of the body length. Their proximal baculum of theglans was very sturdy and trumpet-shaped, the distal baculum was tongue-like and sturdy, and the lateral bacula were veryshort. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) geneclustered these specimens as a distinct lineage within the genus Neodon. According to the morphological and moleculardata, we described them as a new species, Neodon linzhiensis. Our phylogenetic analysis strongly supported that Lasio-podomys fuscus, Phaiomys leucurus, Neodon sikimensis, N. irene and the new species formed a monophyletic group, notincluding N. juldaschi. We suggested that L. fuscus and P. leucurus should be transferred to Neodon and that N. juldaschishould be removed from this genus. Following our new delineation of Neodon, we proposed a redefinition of the morphological diagnostic characters of the genus.

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14

André, Gonçalo I., Renée C. Firman, and Leigh W. Simmons. "Phenotypic plasticity in genitalia: baculum shape responds to sperm competition risk in house mice." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1882 (July 11, 2018): 20181086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1086.

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Males are known to adjust their expenditure on testes growth and sperm production in response to sperm competition risk. Genital morphology can also contribute to competitive fertilization success but whether male genital morphology can respond plastically to the sperm competition environment has received little attention. Here, we exposed male house mice to two different sperm competition environments during their sexual development and quantified phenotypic plasticity in baculum morphology. The sperm competition environment generated plasticity in body growth. Males maturing under sperm competition risk were larger and heavier than males maturing under no sperm competition risk. We used a landmark-based geometric morphometric approach to measure baculum size and shape. Independent of variation in body size, males maintained under risk of sperm competition had a relatively thicker and more distally extended baculum bulb compared with males maintained under no sperm competition risk. Plasticity in baculum shape paralleled evolutionary responses to selection from sperm competition reported in previous studies of house mice. Our findings provide experimental evidence of socially mediated phenotypic plasticity in male genitalia.

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15

Hobday, Alistair J. "Where is the Human Baculum?" Mankind Quarterly 41, no. 1 (2000): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46469/mq.2000.41.1.2.

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16

Smith, Theodore C., and Laura Hechtel. "Erectile dysfunction and the baculum." Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2019, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoz023.

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17

Walleser, Liza R., Shawn M. Crimmins, and Nathan M. Roberts. "Estimating the Age of Male Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) Using Baculum Measurements." Canadian Field-Naturalist 130, no. 3 (November 30, 2016): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v130i3.1882.

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Morphological characteristics of the bacula of 62 Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) harvested in Wisconsin were related to age estimates generated from cementum annuli analyses. Baculum analysis suggested that 47 of 62 wolves (75.8%) were correctly classified as the appropriate age category (pup, yearling, adult) assessed by cementum analyses; however, this success was limited for yearlings (53.5%) and adults (38.5%). Results could not corroborate future use of this approach for rapid aging of dead wolves. there remains a need for a wolf-aging technique that can be broadly implemented in a timely and cost-effectivemanner, while also preserving the inherent trophy value of an intact skull.

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18

Armstrong, KN. "A description and discussion of the penile morphology of Rhinonicteris aurantius (Gray, 1845) (Microchiroptera: Hipposideridae)." Australian Mammalogy 27, no. 2 (2005): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am05161.

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A description of the glans penis and baculum of the orange leaf-nosed bat (Rhinonicteris aurantius Gray, 1845) is provided. The sample size, while limited, did not suggest that a more comprehensive study would indicate significant differences between the three main regional populations (Pilbara, Kimberley, Northern Territory). This observation complements previous morphometric investigations on the species that revealed a general pattern of morphological similarity among populations. The function of the spikes that were observed to cover the glans, and the significance of the shape of the baculum are discussed.

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19

GOODMAN, STEVEN M., PETER J. TAYLOR, FANJA RATRIMOMANARIVO, and STEVEN R. HOOFER. "The genus Neoromicia (Family Vespertilionidae) in Madagascar, with the description of a new species." Zootaxa 3250, no. 1 (March 29, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3250.1.1.

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Using molecular genetics, male sexual organ morphology (baculum), and cranio-dental characters, we describe a new spe-cies of the genus Neoromicia from Madagascar, N. robertsi sp. nov. It is presumed to be endemic to the island and isknown from three specimens taken in montane areas of the eastern central region. The new species shows 1.0 % and 2.8%divergence in the 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes, respectively, from its nearest congener and is notably larger in cranio-dental measurements than other members of the genus occurring on Madagascar. This new species was previously iden-tified as N. melckorum, which is considered a junior synonym of southern African N. capensis. Neoromicia malagasyen-sis, an endemic to central western Madagascar, is the sister species to N. robertsi and the two are best considered vicariantspecies. Specimens provisionally assigned to N. malagasyensis, but notably smaller in baculum and skull size, and withdifferent baculum morphology, probably represent another unknown species from the island. Given the apparent rarity ofN. robertsi compared with other Malagasy members of this genus living in the eastern portion of Madagascar, it is considered a taxon of conservation concern.

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20

Nahit;ÇAKIR, PAMUKOĞLU. "Porsukta (Meles meles) OS penis (baculum)." Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 48, no. 2 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/vetfak_0000001604.

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21

Sanchez, H., E. M. Magnan, and R. K. Bush. "Vietnamese walking stick (Baculum extradentatum) sensitivity." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 111, no. 2 (February 2003): S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6749(03)80262-2.

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22

Jeon, Young-Shin, Sung-Chul Kim, Sang-Hoon Han, and Chul-Un Chung. "Morphological Characteristics of Baculum in Four Bats." Environmental Biology Research 35, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11626/kjeb.2017.35.1.095.

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23

Jason, Gary. "The nature of the argumentum ad baculum." Philosophia 17, no. 4 (December 1987): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02381067.

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24

Wessel, Gary M. "The baculum - The fastest source for intercourse." Molecular Reproduction and Development 79, no. 3 (February 17, 2012): Fm i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22026.

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25

Dixson, A. F. "Baculum length and copulatory behavior in primates." American Journal of Primatology 13, no. 1 (1987): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350130107.

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26

Walton, Douglas. "A Dialectical Analysis of the Ad Baculum Fallacy." Informal Logic 34, no. 3 (September 16, 2014): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v34i3.4109.

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This paper applies dialectical argumentation structures to the problem of analyzing the ad baculum fallacy. It is shown how it is necessary in order to evaluate a suspected instance of the this fallacy to proceed through three levels of analysis: (1) an inferential level, represented by an argument diagram, (2) a speech act level, where conditions for specific types of speech acts are defined and applied, and (3) a dialectical level where the first two levels are linked together and fitted into formal dialogue structures. The paper adds a new type of dialogue called advising dialogue that needs to be applied at the third level.

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27

Walton, Douglas, and Fabrizio Macagno. "The Fallaciousness of Threats: Character and Ad Baculum." Argumentation 21, no. 1 (November 25, 2006): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10503-006-9018-7.

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28

van Eemeren, Frans H., Bart Garssen, and Bert Meuffels. "De vermomde ad baculum drogreden empirisch onderzocht." Tijdschrift voor Taalbeheersing 37, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvt2015.1.eeme.

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29

Lundy, Kendall. "Morphological Variation of the Baculum in Coyotes (Canis latrans)." Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 117, no. 3 & 4 (September 2014): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1660/062.117.0317.

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30

Kierdorf, U. "Verheilte Baculum-Fraktur bei einem Iltis (mustela putorius L.)." Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 42, no. 4 (December 1996): 308–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02241212.

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31

Budzynska, Katarzyna, and Maciej Witek. "Non-Inferential Aspects of Ad Hominem and Ad Baculum." Argumentation 28, no. 3 (July 19, 2014): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10503-014-9322-6.

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32

Bartosiewicz, L�szl�. "Baculum fracture in carnivores: osteological, behavioural and cultural implications." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 10, no. 6 (2000): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1212(200011/12)10:6<447::aid-oa532>3.0.co;2-w.

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33

Zeng, Yongsan, Weimin Ye, Xinrong Wang, Zhijian Du, and Robin M. Giblin-Davis. "Schistonchus fistulosus n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) associated with Ficus fistulosa in China." Nematology 15, no. 7 (2013): 879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002727.

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A new nematode species was recovered from syconia of Ficus fistulosa from the South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, during a survey of nematode biodiversity from 2007 to 2012. It is described herein as Schistonchus fistulosus n. sp. and is typologically characterised by possessing the combined characters of a long post-uterine sac, excretory pore located near the metacorpus, amoeboid sperm, three pairs of subventral papillae on the male tail, a mucron on the male tail tip, absence of a gubernaculum and possession of ox-horn-shaped spicules without a terminal cucullus and with a short, broad and bluntly rounded rostrum. Schistonchus fistulosus n. sp. was easily differentiated from other sequenced species by the partial small subunit rRNA gene (SSU) and D3 expansion segments of the large subunit rRNA gene (LSU). Phylogenetic analysis with partial SSU sequences suggests that S. fistulosus n. sp. has a closer relationship with S. guangzhouensis and S. baculum in the same highly supported monophyletic clade than to the other sequenced Schistonchus species. Based upon inferences using LSU D3 sequence data, it is also in a well-supported monophyletic clade with S. guangzhouensis and S. baculum.

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Taylor, Peter J., Angus Macdonald, Steven M. Goodman, Teresa Kearney, Fenton P. D. Cotterill, Sam Stoffberg, Ara Monadjem, et al. "Integrative taxonomy resolves three new cryptic species of small southern African horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184, no. 4 (April 24, 2018): 1249–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly024.

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Abstract Examination of historical and recent collections of small Rhinolophus bats revealed cryptic taxonomic diversity within southern African populations previously referred to as R. swinnyi Gough, 1908 and R. landeri Martin, 1832. Specimens from Mozambique morphologically referable to R. swinnyi were phylogenetically unrelated to topotypic R. swinnyi from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa based on cytochrome b sequences and showed distinctive echolocation, baculum and noseleaf characters. Due to their genetic similarity to a previously reported molecular operational taxonomic unit (OTU) from north-eastern South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zambia, we recognize the available synonym (R. rhodesiae Roberts, 1946) to denote this distinct evolutionary species. This new taxon is genetically identical to R. simulator K. Andersen, 1904 based on mtDNA and nuclear DNA sequences but can easily be distinguished on morphological and acoustic grounds. We attribute this genetic similarity to historical introgression, a frequently documented phenomenon in bats. An additional genetically distinct and diminutive taxon in the swinnyi s.l. group (named herein, R. gorongosae sp. nov.) is described from Gorongosa National Park, central Mozambique. Specimens from Mozambique referable based on morphology to R. landeri were distinct from topotypic landeri from West Africa based on mtDNA sequences, and acoustic, noseleaf and baculum characters. This Mozambique population is assigned to the available synonym R. lobatus Peters, 1952.

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35

Smirnov, Dmitry G., and Katerina Tsytsulina. "The Ontogeny of the Baculum inNyctalus noctulaandVespertilio murinus(Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)." Acta Chiropterologica 5, no. 1 (June 2003): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/001.005.0111.

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Lange, Angela B., Amanda Calvin, and Rosa Da Silva. "Neuropeptides Modulate the Heart of the Stick Insect Baculum extradentatum." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1163, no. 1 (April 2009): 448–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03658.x.

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37

Calderón-Capote, María C., Juan F. Díaz-Nieto, and Hugo Fernando López-Arévalo. "Geographic distribution of the Pygmy Squirrel Sciurillus pusillus (É. Geoffroy-St.-Hilaire, 1803) (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in the northwestern Amazonia, southern Colombia." Check List 11, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.3.1650.

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We evaluated the occurrence of Sciurillus pusillus in Colombia and present the first confirmed records of the species in the country based on material deposited at Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva (IAvH, former INDERENA). The mentioned material was collected in two localities from vicinities of town La Chorrera, Igara-Paraná River, Amazonas Department of Colombia. Additionally, we provide a description of the baculum from one of the specimens herein recorded from Colombia.

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Malecha, Anna W., Agata J. Krawczyk, and Martin Hromada. "Morphological variability of baculum (os penis) in the polecat Mustela putorius." Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia - Series A: Vertebrata 52, no. 1 (June 30, 2009): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/azc.52a_1-2.115-120.

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Schultz, Nicholas G., Jesse Ingels, Andrew Hillhouse, Keegan Wardwell, Peter L. Chang, James M. Cheverud, Cathleen Lutz, Lu Lu, Robert W. Williams, and Matthew D. Dean. "The Genetic Basis of Baculum Size and Shape Variation in Mice." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 6, no. 5 (March 2, 2016): 1141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.116.027888.

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40

Walton, K. C. "The baculum as an age indicator in the polecat Putorius putorius." Journal of Zoology 156, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb04374.x.

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Ejaz, Aiza, and Angela B. Lange. "Peptidergic control of the heart of the stick insect, Baculum extradentatum." Peptides 29, no. 2 (February 2008): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2007.07.036.

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42

Morejohn, G. Victor. "BACULUM OF THE WEDDELL SEAL WITH COMPARISONS TO OTHER PHOCID SEALS." Journal of Mammalogy 82, no. 3 (2001): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0877:botwsw>2.0.co;2.

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Schultz, Nicholas G., Michael Lough-Stevens, Eric Abreu, Teri Orr, and Matthew D. Dean. "The Baculum was Gained and Lost Multiple Times during Mammalian Evolution." Integrative and Comparative Biology 56, no. 4 (June 1, 2016): 644–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw034.

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Morejohn, G. V. "Baculum of the Weddell Seal with Comparisons to Other Phocid Seals." Journal of Mammalogy 82, no. 3 (August 17, 2001): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/82.3.877.

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45

Kimball, Robert H. "What’s Wrong with Argumentum ad Baculum? Reasons, Threats, and Logical Norms." Argumentation 20, no. 1 (February 2006): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10503-006-9003-1.

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46

Lough-Stevens, Michael, Nicholas G. Schultz, and Matthew D. Dean. "The baubellum is more developmentally and evolutionarily labile than the baculum." Ecology and Evolution 8, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 1073–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3634.

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ARIMOTO, KÔICHI. "First record and new species of the genus Calambus Thomson (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Dendrometrinae) from Taiwan." Zootaxa 4853, no. 1 (September 21, 2020): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4853.1.2.

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Calambus taiwanensis sp. n. is described from Taiwan, as the first record of the genus Calambus. This species is distinguished from its congeners by the male antennae extending beyond the apex of the pronotal hind angles by two apical antennomeres, antennomere III obconical and slightly longer than II, male aedeagus not expanded apically and without lateral subapical barbs, female genitalia with robust baculum and bursa copulatrix without sclerotized piece. The species is not included in any group suggested in past studies. A key to the five genera of the tribe Prosternini from Taiwan is provided.

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Evans, J. D. G. "Reason and Violence: arguments from force." Philosophy 80, no. 2 (April 2005): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819105000276.

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There are good grounds for seeing a deep opposition between reason and violence. Yet some forms of argument appear to link the two; and a prominent example is the argumentum ad baculum, where the premise contains a threat. Consideration of the connection between premise and conclusion in such an argument can, it seems, yield some cases where the status of the author of the threat renders the argument not only valid but also sound. Examples of such arguments cluster in the areas near Pascal's Wager and Rawls' argument for justice. However even these arguments fail to effect a reconciliation between reason and violence.

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ÖZEN, Ahmet Haris Selçuk. "Morphological variability of the baculum in Martes foina (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from Turkey." TURKISH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 42, no. 6 (November 12, 2018): 666–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1802-39.

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Abramov, A. V. "Variation of he baculum structure of the Palaearctic badger (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Meles)." Russian Journal of Theriology 1, no. 1 (June 24, 2002): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/rusjtheriol.01.1.04.

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