Academic literature on the topic 'Baculum'
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Journal articles on the topic "Baculum"
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Srinivasulu, Bhargavi, Harpreet Kaur, Tariq Ahmed Shah, Devender Gundena, Gopi Asad, Sreehari Raman, and Chelmala Srinivasulu. "A review of the bacular morphology of some Indian bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 9 (June 26, 2020): 15985–6005. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5650.12.9.15985-16005.
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Bacular studies play a significant role in the case of bats and other mammals since it is considered an important taxon-specific character, thus helping in species discrimination. Structure of the baculum (os penis) also aids in examining and understanding cryptic diversity in bats. The baculum has been used in taxonomic studies of bats but such studies for Indian bats are few and far between. It was felt necessary to put together a comprehensive document depicting the bacular morphology of bats in India so as to be helpful for future bat studies. The penises of the bats were excised, treated with KOH, and then dyed with alizarin red to extract the bacula. The extracted bacula were measured using an oculometer, photographed, and preserved in glycerol. Of the total of 47 species of bats (belonging to nine families) collected and studied during the past decade, we present the bacular morphology of 44 species from peninsular India, Andaman Islands, and Jammu and Kashmir. Bacular morphology of eight taxa, namely, Eonycteris spelaea, Rhinolophus pusillus, R. lepidus monticola, R. cognatus, Hipposideros cf. grandis, Myotis peytoni, M. horsfieldii dryas, and M. longipes are presented here for the first time from India.
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Brindle, Matilda, and Christopher Opie. "Postcopulatory sexual selection influences baculum evolution in primates and carnivores." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1844 (December 14, 2016): 20161736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1736.
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The extreme morphological variability of the baculum across mammals is thought to be the result of sexual selection (particularly, high levels of postcopulatory selection). However, the evolutionary trajectory of the mammalian baculum is little studied and evidence for the adaptive function of the baculum has so far been elusive. Here, we use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods implemented in a Bayesian phylogenetic framework to reconstruct baculum evolution across the mammalian class and investigate the rate of baculum length evolution within the primate order. We then test the effects of testes mass (postcopulatory sexual selection), polygamy, seasonal breeding and intromission duration on the baculum in primates and carnivores. The ancestral mammal did not have a baculum, but both ancestral primates and carnivores did. No relationship was found between testes mass and baculum length in either primates or carnivores. Intromission duration correlated with baculum presence over the course of primate evolution, and prolonged intromission predicts significantly longer bacula in extant primates and carnivores. Both polygamous and seasonal breeding systems predict significantly longer bacula in primates. These results suggest the baculum plays an important role in facilitating reproductive strategies in populations with high levels of postcopulatory sexual selection.
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Brassey, Charlotte A., Julia Behnsen, and James D. Gardiner. "Postcopulatory sexual selection and the evolution of shape complexity in the carnivoran baculum." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1936 (October 14, 2020): 20201883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1883.
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The baculum is an enigmatic bone within the mammalian glans penis, and the driving forces behind its often bizarre shape have captivated evolutionary biologists for over a century. Hypotheses for the function of the baculum include aiding in intromission, stimulating females and assisting with prolonged mating. Previous attempts to test these hypotheses have focused on the gross size of the baculum and have failed to reach a consensus. We conducted three-dimensional imaging and apply a new method to quantify three-dimensional shape complexity in the carnivoran baculum. We show that socially monogamous species are evolving towards complex-shaped bacula, whereas group-living species are evolving towards simple bacula. Overall three-dimensional baculum shape complexity is not related to relative testes mass, but tip complexity is higher in induced ovulators and species engaging in prolonged copulation. Our study provides evidence of postcopulatory sexual selection pressures driving three-dimensional shape complexity in the carnivore baculum.
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Čanády, Alexander, and Anna Onderková. "Notes on variation in the baculum of Martes foina from Czech Silesia, Czech Republic (Carnivora: Mustelidae)." Lynx new series 47, no. 1 (2016): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lynx-2016-0003.
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In this study we investigated variation in the baculum of the stone marten Martes foina from the Czech part of Silesia (north-eastern Czech Republic). The aim of this study was to assess quantitative characteristics of the baculum size, relationships between measurements and description of the variability in baculum morphology. The study presents the morphological variation in six dimensional traits of the baculum based on an analysis of 15 specimens collected in the vicinity of Opava and deposited at the Šariš Museum Bardejov (Slovakia). The descriptive statistics revealed size variation of the bacula, while the statictic analysis (PCA) showed a strong positive correlation between morphological traits of the body and baculum.
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Varajão de Latorre, Daniel. "Fossil bacula of five species of Borophaginae (Family: Canidae): Implications for their reproductive biology." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): e0280327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280327.
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The baculum of mammals offers the opportunity to study the reproductive biology of extinct species given that it is a fossilizable part of the male genitalia and that its size and shape correlate with several aspects of the reproductive biology of extant mammals. Fossil bacula, however, are rare. Currently, bacula have been described from only two extinct species of canids, one from the subfamily Caninae and the other from the extinct subfamily Hesperocyoninae. Here, I describe the bacula of five extinct species of Borophaginae, each of which was found with other skeletal elements that have enabled identification to the species level. Two specimens (Aelurodon ferox and Aelurodon stirtoni) are largely complete, while the baculum from Carpocyon compressus is complete but still embedded in matrix that obscures some of its features. The bacula of Paratomarctus euthos and Desmocyon thomsoni are incomplete, but they provide useful information nonetheless. These borophagine bacula are similar to extant canines in being robust, having a urethral groove, and a simple distal end. These features suggest that the Borophaginae had long-lasting copulation and possibly spontaneous ovulation, similar to the extant canines. However, unlike the straight baculum of extant canines, borophagine bacula are ventrally curved (arched), which is also observed in the hesperocyonine baculum. The implication of this curvature for the reproductive biology of these animals remains unknown.
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Brassey, Charlotte A., James D. Gardiner, and Andrew C. Kitchener. "Testing hypotheses for the function of the carnivoran baculum using finite-element analysis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1887 (September 19, 2018): 20181473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1473.
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The baculum (os penis) is a mineralized bone within the glans of the mammalian penis and is one of the most morphologically diverse structures in the mammal skeleton. Recent experimental work provides compelling evidence for sexual selection shaping the baculum, yet the functional mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Previous studies have tested biomechanical hypotheses for the role of the baculum based on simple metrics such as length and diameter, ignoring the wealth of additional shape complexity present. For the first time, to our knowledge, we apply a computational simulation approach (finite-element analysis; FEA) to quantify the three-dimensional biomechanical performance of carnivoran bacula (n= 74) based upon high-resolution micro-computed tomography scans. We find a marginally significant positive correlation between sexual size dimorphism and baculum stress under compressive loading, counter to the ‘vaginal friction’ hypothesis of bacula becoming more robust to overcome resistance during initial intromission. However, a highly significant negative relationship exists between intromission duration and baculum stress under dorsoventral bending. Furthermore, additional FEA simulations confirm that the presence of a ventral groove would reduce deformation of the urethra. We take this as evidence in support of the ‘prolonged intromission’ hypothesis, suggesting the carnivoran baculum has evolved in response to pressures on the duration of copulation and protection of the urethra.
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Csanády, Alexander. "First knowledge of baculum size in males of the mound-building mouse (Mus spicilegus Petényi 1882) from Slovakia." Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 71, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cszma-2022-0008.
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Abstract In this study was quantified bacular size, variation, and allometry in mound-building mice (Mus spicilegus) from the western Carpathians (Slovakia). The study presents the first knowledge of morphological variation in three baculum traits based on the analysis of 11 adult and 60 subadult males. According to descriptive statistics, bacula are variable in size. Despite the small number of adult individuals, the Mann-Whitney test indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) in proportions between age groups. However, to confirm these results, larger numbers of adults and subadults will need to be tested in the future.
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Miller, Edward H., Ian L. Jones, and Garry B. Stenson. "Baculum and testes of the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata): growth and size-scaling and their relationships to sexual selection." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-233.
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Growth and size-scaling of the baculum and testes in the moderately polygynous hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) were studied using 107 specimens of known age (1 month to 28 years) from the northwestern Atlantic. Bacular growth was rapid between 2 and 5 years of age: length increased 150% and "density" (i.e., mass/length) increased 8-fold and mass 20-fold. Growth continued throughout life. In large, old (>14 years) males, the baculum averaged 20.7 cm in length, 2.1 g/cm in density, and 44.4 g in mass. Bacular length increased relative to body length until seals were about 5 years of age, after which it averaged 8.2%. Testicular growth continued until the seals were about 12 years of age. Testes from breeding males >12 years old averaged 11.2 cm in length, 4.6 cm in width, and 138 g in mass; length averaged 4.9% of body length. In males 2-5 years of age, bacular and testicular sizes were positively allometric relative to body length; in older males, bacular mass and density were positively allometric, and bacular length and testicular size isometric, relative to body length. Bacular size was mostly positively allometric relative to testicular size (bacular length exhibited some isometry). Compared with that of the related and ecologically similar harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), which is presumed to have a promiscuous mating system, the baculum of the hooded seal was structurally simpler and grew more quickly but reached a relatively smaller size in adults (8.2 vs. 9.9% of body length). Relative testicular length was also smaller (4.9 vs. 5.7% of body length) and bacular density lower (2.1 vs. 2.8 g/cm) than in the harp seal. These observations suggest that intra- or inter-sexual competition via copulation is weaker in the hooded seal.
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Casey, John. "Beliefs, Commitments, and Ad Baculum Arguments." Languages 7, no. 2 (April 27, 2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020107.
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Typically, an ad baculum argument is one where an arguer threatens a respondent in order to induce them to adopt a standpoint. It is a fallacy, a common account goes, because the power to impose a standpoint is irrelevant to its truth or acceptability. However, fallacies, if they are to be anything, ought at a minimum to be persuasive, and it is hard to see how an ad baculum might persuade. Employing an ad baculum just underscores how terrible someone’s reasons are. Despite this, cases of fallacious ad baculum arguments seem to exist, and this is a fact that requires some explanation. This paper offers an account where the real target of an ad baculum is an audience downstream from the initial ad baculum exchange. This means that the ad baculum consists of misrepresenting the quality of evidence by means of the forced adoption of a particular standpoint.
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Stockley, Paula. "The baculum." Current Biology 22, no. 24 (December 2012): R1032—R1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.001.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Baculum"
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Schneiders, Sybille [Verfasser], Sebastian [Akademischer Betreuer] Brather, and Hans W. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hubert. "Baculus pastoralis : : Bischofs- und Abtsstäbe des 5. bis 12. Jahrhunderts in Irland und auf dem Kontinent." Freiburg : Universität, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1161340106/34.
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Di, Francesco Paolo. "Design and implementation of aMLFQ scheduler for the Bacula backup software." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-16100.
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Garcin, Elsa. "Études cristallographiques du site actif des hydrogènases à nickel de Desulfovibrio gigas et Desulfomicrobium baculatum." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10074.
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Les hydrogenases sont des enzymes qui catalysent la production ou la consommation de l'hydrogene moleculaire selon la reaction suivante : h#2 2h#+ +2e. L'hydrogenase de desulfovibrio gigas existe sous differents etats redox, appeles etats inactif, pre-actif (formes oxydees) et actif (forme reduite). La structure de l'hydrogenase de d. Gigas dans son etat oxyde, a une resolution de 2,85a, a montre que la proteine contenait deux agregats 4fe4s et un agregat 3fe4s, situes dans la petite sous-unite. Le site actif est enfoui dans la grande sous-unite et contient un atome de nickel, ainsi qu'un autre site metallique a proximite du nickel, probablement un fer et appele atome x. Une experience de dispersion anomale au seuil d'absorption du fer a montre pour la premiere fois que le site actif etait compose d'un atome de nickel et d'un atome de fer a une distance de 3a. Les deux metaux sont coordonnes par quatre cysteines dont deux sont pontantes entre les deux metaux ; l'atome de fer possede egalement trois ligands de nature inconnue et modelises comme trois molecules d'eau. L'analyse de la structure de la forme oxydee obtenue a 2,54a de resolution sur une autre forme cristalline a montre la presence d'un ligand pontant entre les deux metaux, modelise comme une espece oxygenee. D'autre part, en parallele avec des etudes infrarouges sur l'hydrogenase de chromatium vinosum, les trois ligands du fer ont ete attribues a des especes diatomiques du type co/cn. Une etude des differents etats redox est necessaire afin de mieux comprendre le mecanisme catalytique. L'installation d'une boite a gants ainsi que la mise au point de techniques de reduction et de congelation des cristaux ont donc ete realisees. La structure de l'hydrogenase a ni-fe-se de desulfomicrobium baculatum dans son etat reduit a ete determinee a une resolution de 2,15a par la methode du remplacement moleculaire. D'autre part, nous avons egalement obtenu la structure de l'hydrogenase de d. Gigas sous sa forme reduite a une resolution de 2,7a. Une comparaison des sites actifs des deux hydrogenases dans les etats oxyde et reduit fait apparaitre un certain nombre de differences. Sur la base des differentes structures, nous pouvons proposer un mecanisme d'activation.
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Castro, Rejane Maria Cassia de. "Clonagem molecular e expressão dos genes do cristal proteico de Bacullus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis em Escherichia coli." [s.n.], 1990. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317417.
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Orientador : Yoko Bomura RosatoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis é uma bactéria entomopatogênica que produz cristais protéicos durante o processo de esporulação. Com o objetivo de se determinar a atividade biológica das proteínas constituintes do cristal foi feita a clonagem molecular dos genes da toxina. A estratégia de clonagem consistiu-se na inserção de fragmentos de DNA plasmidial de B. thuringiensis subsp israelensis no plasmídio pUC8, resultando em plasmídios híbridos. Foram obtidos 8 clones recombinantes com atividade contra larvas de ª fluviatilis e hemolíticos para eritrócitos de carneiros e um clone recombinante com atividade larvicida e não hemolítico. Após análise imunológica com anticorpos produzidos contra as principais frações protéicas de B. thuringiensis subsp israelensis, verificou-se a produção dos peptídeos de 28, 33 e 38 kD nos clones recombinantes larvicidas e hemolíticos e a ausência do peptídeo de 33 kD no clone não hemolítico
Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Isralensis is a bacteria entomopathogenic that produce proteins crystals during the process of sporulation. The molecular cloning of the toxin genes was carried out to determine the biological activities of the crystal proteins. Fragments of DNA plasmids of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis coli were inserted in the vector pUC8 and cells of Escherichia coli were transformed with the hybrid plasmids. Eight of the recombinants obtained were active against larvae of A.fluviatilis and hemolytic for sheep red blood cells, while one of the recombinants showed larvicidal activity but did not show hemolytic activity. Antibodies were produced against the major proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis crystal and the immunodection test showed the presence of three types of proteins with 28, 33 and 38 kD, respectively. While the clones with IarvicidaI and hemolytic activity contained all three types of proteins, the one with no hemolytic activity lacked the 33 kD protein
Mestrado
Genetica
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas
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Taffarello, Denise. "Extratos de Arrabidaea chica (Humb. & Bonpl.) verlot obtidos por processos biotecnológicos: otimização da extração e avaliação farmacológica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-06082009-094214/.
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Arrabidaea chica Verlot (Bignoniaceae), conhecida como crajiru, fornece pigmentos vermelhos utilizados pelos índios no Brasil como corante e agente cicatrizante. Este estudo visou otimizar a extração de compostos fenólicos de A. chica e avaliar sua atividade farmacológica. Extratos de A. chica foram obtidos através de tratamento com xilanases de Bacillus pumilus previamente à extração. Os ensaios foram monitorados por CLAE e ESI-MS. O tratamento enzimático forneceu extratos enriquecidos em antocianidinas. Extratos sem tratamento enzimático apresentaram maior teor de antocianosídeos. O estudo farmacológico demonstrou que as atividades anticâncer e antioxidante in vitro estão diretamente relacionadas ao maior teor de agliconas. O ensaio in vitro de indução de crescimento de fibroblastos indicou que o maior teor da aglicona carajurina é inversamente proporcional à ação cicatrizante. Portanto, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia inovadora, através de processos biotecnológicos, para extração de antocianidinas que apresentam propriedades corantes e terapêuticas.Arrabidaea chica Verlot (Bignoniaceae), known as crajiru, produces red pigments used by Brazilian indians as dye and as healing agent. This study has aimed the optimization of phenolic compounds extraction from A. chica and to evaluate its pharmacological activities. Extracts from A. chica were obtained through treatment with xylanases from Bacillus pumilus before the extraction. The assays were monitored by HPLC and ESI/MS-MS. The enzymatic treatment has produced more concentrated in anthocyanidins extracts. Those obtained without enzymatic treatment have presented higher glycosilated anthocyanins content. The pharmacologic study has demonstrated that the antitumoral and the antioxydant in vitro properties for A. chica are directly related to the higher contents of aglycones. In vitro assay for fibroblasts growth induction has demonstrated that a higher content of carajurin is inversely proportional to the healing action. In conclusion, a novel approach has been developed, through biotechnological process, aiming the extraction of anthocyanidins presenting dye and therapeutic properties.
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Almeida, Andr?a Farias de. "Estrat?gias de Produ??o in vitro de Bioinseticida Viral: influ?ncias do Isolado, da Cin?tica e do Modo de opera??o." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18558.
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Previous issue date: 2010-03-12Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Societal concerns about environmental sustainability has lead to the development of ecologically-friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides for crop protection. One such alternative is biological pest control. In particular, baculoviruses are well suited as insect biopesticides due to their narrow host specificity and relative ease of propagation. In Brazil, the baculovirus Anticarsia gemmatalis nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) is the main biological control agent employed for the soybean pest, Anticarsia gemmatalis. This baculovirus biopesticide is currently produced using caterpillars, but increasing market demand for the product has encouraged the development of an in vitro manufacturing process, which can be scaled up to much higher virus productivities. In this study, three wild-type AgMNPV isolates (AgMNPV-2D, AgMNPV-MP2 and AgMNPV-MP5) and a recombinant form (vAgEGT-LacZ) were characterised in terms of occlusion body (OB) production and infection kinetics, to enable future optimisation of the in vitro production process. These viruses were propagated using a Spodoptera frugiperda (IPLB-SF21) insect cell line grown in shaker-flask batch cultures. Among the virus isolates tested, AgMNPV-MP5 was found to be the best producer, yielding (5.3?0.85)x108 OB/mL after 8 days post infection. The characterisation of vAgEGT-LacZ propagation in suspension cell cultures has not been previously reported in the literature; hence it became the main focus for this thesis. In particular, it was carried out a study on the effect of the multiplicity of infection (MOI) on OB production. Five successive batches were performed getting a final production (8.9?1.42)x1014 occlusion bodies, considering that production is related for a bioreactor with final volume of 10m3. A low MOI associated with a fed-batch process for vAgEGT-LacZ production was found to support a 3-fold higher OB yield when compared to the default batch process (1.8x107 and 5.3x107 OB/mL, respectively). This yield is competitive with regards to the production process.
A preocupa??o da sociedade com o meio ambiente tem levado a buscar alternativas de substitui??o dos inseticidas qu?micos por outros produtos menos agressivos ao homem e ao ambiente. Assim, a utiliza??o de controle biol?gico contra pragas ? altamente desej?vel, pois reduz os riscos ambientais e p?blicos da utiliza??o de produtos qu?micos convencionais. Em particular, os v?rus do tipo baculov?rus s?o uma grande alternativa devido ? especificidade oferecida aos seus hospedeiros e a sua forma de propaga??o. No Brasil, o baculov?rus Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) ? o principal agente de controle biol?gico da praga da soja Anticarsia gemmatalis. A crescente demanda deste bioinseticida tem estimulado o interesse no desenvolvimento de processos com base na produ??o in vitro de baculov?rus. Deste modo, poder? aumentar a oferta de v?rus, suprindo a necessidade do mercado deste bioinseticida para o controle de A. gemmatalis. Neste trabalho, estrat?gias de produ??o in vitro do baculov?rus selvagem AgMNPV e do seu recombinante vAgEGT?-LacZ, como influ?ncia do isolado, da cin?tica e do modo de opera??o, foram analisadas como alternativa para futura amplia??o de escala na produ??o deste bioinseticida viral. A produ??o em batelada de tr?s isolados selvagens do baculov?rus AgMNPV (AgMNPV-2D, AgMNPV-MP2 e AgMNPV-MP5) utilizando o cultivo em shaker, foi realizada com a finalidade de selecionar o melhor produtor de corpos de oclus?o a partir das infec??es em c?lulas de inseto Spodoptera frugiperda, linhagem IPLB-SF21 para avalia??o comparativa com recombinante vAgEGT?-LacZ. A sele??o identificou o isolado AgMNPVMP5 como melhor produtor de corpos de oclus?o de (5,30?0,85) x108 OB/mL em 8 dias de infec??o. A produ??o in vitro do vAgEGT?-LacZ foi foco principal deste trabalho, pois n?o h?, na literatura, a produ??o deste recombinante em sistemas de cultivo em suspens?o. Foi realizado estudo da multiplicidade de infec??o para identificar a quantidade de in?culo viral para o cultivo. A partir da?, foram realizadas cinco bateladas sucessivas obtendo-se (8,9?1,42)x1014 corpos de oclus?o para um volume final de 10m? de suspens?o de c?lulas infectadas. O aumento da produ??o de corpos de oclus?o obtidos a partir do vAgEGT?-LacZ foi analisado utilizando a estrat?gia de cultivo em batelada alimentada utilizando baixa multiplicidade de infec??o. Esta estrat?gia permitiu aumento de tr?s vezes na produ??o de corpos de oclus?o quando comparada ? produ??o em cultivos em batelada (5,3x107 e 1,8x107 OB/mL, respectivamente). E ainda, o baculov?rus recombinante vAgEGT?-LacZ mostrou-se competitivo em rela??o ao baculov?rus selvagem AgMNPV-MP5
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Dantas, Graciana Clecia. "Efeito da adi??o de colesterol e ecdisona na produ??o in vitro do baculov?rus spodoptera frugiperda MNPV." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15796.
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Previous issue date: 2010-08-02Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Among the pests that attack corn crop in Brazil, there is Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), known as fall armyworm, which is the major corn pest. Due to genetic instability during serial passage of baculoviruses in insect cell culture, the viral bioinseticides in vitro production development is the greatest challenge for mass production of this bioproduct. Successive passages of virus using extracellular viruses (BVs), necessary during viral bioinseticides production scaling up, leads to the appearance of aberrant forms of virus, a process so called as "passage effect ". The main consequence of passage effect is the production of occlusion bodies (OB) decrease, preventing its production using in vitro process. In this study, it was carried out a serial passage of baculovirus Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, isolate 18, using Sf21 cells. A decrease in the production of occlusion bodies from 170 to 92 in the third to fourth passage was observed. A factorial experimental design (22) was employed to verify the influence of two input variables, concentration of the hormone 20 - hydroxyecdysone (CH) and cholesterol (CC) on the values of response variables (volumetric and the specific OB production) of the process, seeking to define the optimum operating ranges trying to reverse or minimize the passage effect. The result indicated a negative influence of the cholesterol addition and positive effect in the hormone supplementation which the optimum range found for the concentrations studied were 8 to 10μg/mL and 5 to 6.5 mg / mL, for cholesterol and hormone concentrations respectively. New experiments were performed with addition of hormone and cholesterol in order to check the influence of these additives on the OB production independently. While the best result obtained from the factorial experiment was 9.4 x 107 OB/mL and 128.4 specific OB/cell, with the addition of only 6μg/mL 20-hydroxyecdysone these concentrations increased to 1.9 x 108 OB/mL and 182.9 OB/cell for volumetric and specific OB production, respectively. This result confirms that the addition of the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone enhances the SfMNPV in vitro production process performance using Sf21 cells
Dentre as pragas que atacam a cultura do milho no Brasil, destaca-se a Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), conhecida no est?dio larval como lagarta-do-cartucho, considerada a praga chave da cultura, alimentando-se da planta em todas as suas fases de crescimento, principalmente dos cartuchos de plantas jovens. Para seu controle, tem-se empregado inseticidas qu?micos de amplo espectro, o que tem causado efeitos adversos ao homem e ao meio ambiente. Por essa raz?o, torna-se necess?ria a busca de alternativas mais eficientes, de baixo custo e de f?cil utiliza??o, como o uso de bioinseticidas, especialmente os baculov?rus. Devido ? instabilidade gen?tica durante a passagem seriada de baculov?rus em cultivo de c?lulas de inseto, o desenvolvimento da produ??o in vitro de bioinseticidas virais ? o maior desafio para a sua produ??o massal. Passagens sucessivas de v?rus usando v?rus extracelulares (BVs), necess?rias para o aumento de escala durante a produ??o de bioinseticida viral, leva ao aparecimento de formas aberrantes de v?rus, processo conhecido como efeito de passagem . A principal consequ?ncia do efeito passagem ? a diminui??o da produ??o de corpos de oclus?o (OB), inviabilizando economicamente sua produ??o pelo processo in vitro. Neste trabalho, foi realizada a passagem seriada do isolado 18 do baculov?rus Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus em c?lulas Sf21. Foi observada uma queda na produ??o de OB de 170 para 92 da terceira para quarta passagem. Um planejamento experimental fatorial (22) foi empregado para verificar a influ?ncia de duas vari?veis de entrada, concentra??o de horm?nio 20- Hidroxiecdisona (CH) e concentra??o de colesterol (CC), sobre os valores das vari?veis de resposta do processo (produ??o volum?trica e produ??o espec?fica de OB), procurando definir as faixas ?timas de opera??o para reverter ou minimizar o efeito passagem. O resultado deste planejamento indicou influ?ncia negativa da adi??o do colesterol e positiva na adi??o de horm?nio, onde as faixas ?timas encontradas para as concentra??es estudadas foram: 8 a 10μg/mL e 5 a 6,5μg/mL, para as concentra??es de colesterol e horm?nio, respectivamente. Novos experimentos foram realizados com a adi??o individual de horm?nio e colesterol com a finalidade de verificar a influ?ncia destes adjuvantes na produ??o de OB de forma independente. No planejamento experimental obteve-se produ??o volum?trica de 9,4 x 107 OB/mL e espec?fica de 128,4 OB/c?lula. Quando se adicionou 6 μg/mL de 20-Hidroxiecdisona, as concentra??es elevaram-se para 1,9 x 108 OB/mL e 182,9 OB/c?lula, indicando que a adi??o do horm?nio melhorou a efici?ncia da produ??o in vitro de produ??o de SfMNPV em cultivos de c?lulas Sf21
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Costa, Victor Hugo Duarte da. "Testes gen?ticos e biol?gicos de baculov?rus coletados em Helicoverpa armigera (H?BNER) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) no Brasil." UFVJM, 2015. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/806.
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Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes)
Lagartas da esp?cie Helicoverpa armigera foram identificadas no Brasil atacando extensas ?reas de produ??o agr?cola. Algumas caracter?sticas fazem deste inseto uma das principais pragas a sistemas agr?colas do mundo, o que torna este ataque um perigo eminente ?s ?reas de produ??o do pa?s. Estudos com os insetos coletados nestas ?reas s?o essenciais para que seja desenvolvido um manejo adequado. Estudos de laborat?rio podem selecionar poss?veis pr?ticas de manejo a fim de combater surtos de pragas no campo. Uma das formas de manejar o ambiente de forma segura ? adotar o Manejo Integrado de Pragas, onde se destaca o controle biol?gico utilizando baculov?rus. A lagarta de H. armigera ? suscept?vel a estirpes de baculov?rus, por?m ? necess?rio verificar esta suscetibilidade. Sendo assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram selecionar estirpes aut?ctones de baculov?rus t?xicas as lagartas desta esp?cie. Foram realizados testes gen?ticos e biol?gicos entre as estirpes aut?ctones, comparando-as com o produto comercial Gemstar?, de origem norte americana. A an?lise comparativa do sequenciamento gen?tico realizada para os genes LEF-8 e LEF-9 revelaram que os isolados locais est?o, estreitamente, relacionados com esp?cies de baculov?rus da Austr?lia e da ?ndia. Todos os isolados testados possibilitaram o controle de lagartas de terceiro instar de H. armigera. Por?m, analises biol?gicas da concentra??o letal m?dia (CL50) e do tempo letal m?dio (TL50) variaram entre os isolados testados. O isolado HearNPV-BR2 apresentou os melhores resultados de CL50 e TL50. Ademais, este ? o primeiro registro da ocorr?ncia da esp?cie HearNPV-BR2 no Brasil, e suas propriedades inseticidas assinalam que a mesma pode ser ?til para a fabrica??o de bioinseticidas para o controle de H. armigera no pa?s.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2015.
ABSTRACT Larvea of Helicoverpa armigera species were identified in Brazil attacking extensive agricultural production areas. Some features make this one of the main insect pests in agricultural systems in the world, which makes this attack an imminent danger to agricultural production in the country. Studies with insects collected in these areas are essential for developed proper management. Laboratory studies can select possible management practices to combat pest outbreaks in the field. One way to manage the secure environment is to adopt the Integrated Pest Management, highlighting the biological control using baculovirus. The H. armigera larvea is susceptible to strains of baculovirus but it is necessary check this susceptibility. Therefore the objectives of this work were to select indigenous strains of toxic baculovirus larvea of this species. Genetic and biological tests were carried out between indigenous strains, comparing them with the commercial product Gemstar?, origin from North American (USA). Comparative analysis of genetic sequencing performed for the LEF-8 and LEF-9 genes, revealed that indigenous strains are closely related to species of baculovirus of the Australia and India. All strains tested allowed control of the third instar of the H. armigera larvea. However, biological analysis of median lethal concentration (LC 50) and median lethal time (LT50) varied among the strains tested. The HearNPV-BR2 strain showed the best results of CL50 and TL50. Moreover, this is the first record of the occurrence of HearNPV-BR2 species in Brazil and its insecticidal properties indicate that BR2 may be useful for the manufacture of biological insecticides for H. armigera control in the country.
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Almeida, Andr?a Farias de. "Avalia??o preliminar da viabilidade de produ??o in vitro de um isolado brasileiro de baculov?rus Spodoptera frugiperda MNPV." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2005. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15753.
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Previous issue date: 2005-04-29Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
In vivo production of viral biopesticides is the major source of viral insecticides currently in the marketplace. However, this system presents limitations during production scale-up. For the Spodoptera frugiperda nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV), the insect used for replication has cannibalistic characteristics, thus production is even more difficult. Insect cells are commonly used for in vitro baculovirus production. Most of these cell lines are derived from Lepidoptera species. The Sf21 cell line is derived from Spodoptera frugiperda caterpillar ovarian tissue, and its clonal isolate Sf9 has been used for biopesticide production due to its ease of growth in suspension cultures. In this work, the in vitro production capabilities of a Brazilian SfMNPV isolate obtained from cornfields was evaluated. Comparison of polyhedra production was carried out using both Sf21 and Sf9 cells, based on volumetric and specific yields. Both cell lines were cultivated in Hyclone medium supplemented with different fetal bovine serum concentrations (2,5 and 5%). The best results were obtained using Sf9 cells supplemented with 5% serum. These results were further confirmed quantitively through kinetic parameter estimation for both cells lines and different serum concentrations. After seven successive passages, this system still presented high specific polyhedra production
A produ??o in vivo de biopesticidas virais ? a maior fonte destes inseticidas presentes no mercado atualmente. Entretanto, o sistema in vivo apresenta limita??o em rela??o ao escalonamento de produ??o. No caso do v?rus Spodoptera frugiperda nucleopoliedrovirus (SfMNPV), o inseto usado para sua multiplica??o tem caracter?sticas canibais, o que dificulta ainda mais a sua produ??o in vivo. As c?lulas de inseto s?o comumente utilizadas para produ??o in vitro de baculov?rus. V?rias linhagens destas c?lulas s?o derivadas principalmente da esp?cie Lepidoptera. A linhagem Sf21 ? derivada do tecido ovariano da lagarta Spodoptera frugiperda e um clone isolado da linhagem original, denominado Sf9, tem sido utilizado para produ??o de biopesticidas, por apresentar f?cil crescimento em cultivo em suspens?o. Neste trabalho, foi testada a viabilidade de produ??o in vitro de um isolado viral brasileiro de SfMNPV obtido em lavouras de milho. A produ??o de poliedros, em c?lulas Sf21 e Sf9, foi determinada com base na avalia??o comparativa da produtividade volum?trica e espec?fica destes poliedros. Ambas as linhagens celulares foram cultivadas, em suspens?o, em meio HyClone suplementado com diferentes concentra??es de soro fetal bovino (2,5 e 5%). A c?lula Sf9 suplementada com 5% de soro apresentou os melhores resultados de produ??o. Os resultados foram confirmados quantitativamente atrav?s dos par?metros cin?ticos estimados para as duas linhagens e diferentes concentra??es de soro. O sistema demonstrou, ap?s sete passagens sucessivas, uma alta produ??o espec?fica de poliedros
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Zhang, Min. "Mechanisms of field-evolved Cry1Ac resistance in Helicoverpa zea." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/333206.
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Global large-scale adoption of Bt transgenic crops has provided effective management of key insect pests and have greatly reduced insecticide use. However, some field populations of several insect species have evolved resistance to Bt crops in the field, which threatens the continuing success of Bt crops. The cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) is among the first pest reported to have field-evolved resistance to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. To determine the current resistance status of the field populations of H. zea and to elucidate the mechanisms of Bt resistance in this pest, I conducted a series of experiments including bioassays of field populations as well as biochemical and molecular comparisons of midgut proteases and putative Cry1Ac receptors between Cry1Ac-susceptible and -resistant strains. Diet incorporation bioassays of six field populations of H. zea collected from Tifton, Georgia USA in 2008 and 2009 indicated that, comparing to LAB-S, a susceptible laboratory strain, all six field populations were significantly resistant to Cry1Ac toxin and one of three field strains was significantly resistant to Cry2Ab toxin. Across the five populations, survival on leaf-discs producing Cry1Ac was positively correlated to the lethal concentration that kills 50% of the population (LC₅₀) for Cry1Ac from diet bioassays. These results support previous findings of field-evolved resistance to Bt crops in H. zea and suggest an overall increase in resistance to Cry1Ac from 2002 to 2009.One of the six field population, which was designed as GA and had 55-fold resistance to Cry1Ac, was further selected with Cry1Ac in the laboratory to generate a more resistant strain, which was designated as GA-R and had 560-fold resistance to Cry1Ac. Total protease activity of the midgut extracts from GA-R and GA strains is significantly lower than that from the susceptible laboratory strain LAB-S. Among the proteases contributing to the total activity, trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like activities of GA-R and GA midgut extracts are significantly lower than that from the susceptible strain, while no difference in elastase-like activity is evident. Decreased proteolytic activity was correlated to the decreased Cry1Ac activation rate of midgut extracts of the GA-R and GA strains. Cytotoxicity assays with H. zea midgut cells show that the product of Cry1Ac protoxin digested with GA-R and GA midgut extracts has significantly lower cytotoxicity when compared with that digested with the susceptible strain midgut extracts. Transcriptional analysis of a limited number of protease genes did not identify specific proteases involved in the decline in Cry1Ac activation in GA-R and GA. These results indicate that the decreased Cry1Ac activation rate by midgut proteases is involved in the field originated Cry1Ac resistance in the H. zea GA-R and GA strains. I also compared the cDNA sequences and expression levels of the putative Cry1Ac receptors cadherin, aminopeptidase 1 (APN1), alkaline phosphatase 2 (ALP2) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 2 (ABCC2) in LAB-S and GA-R. No indels (insertions and deletions) were found in the cDNA sequences of the resistant alleles of the four receptors, relative to those of the susceptible alleles. While there were no amino acid point mutations in the resistant alleles of ALP2 and ABCC2, we found 2 and 14 consistent amino acid point mutations in the resistant alleles of cadherin and APN1, respectively. However, neither cadherin nor APN1 point mutations were genetically linked to Cry1Ac resistance in GA-R. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed no differences in the transcripts of the four receptors between the two strains. Taken together, these results indicate that the four receptors are not involved in Cry1Ac resistance in the GA-R strain of H. zea.
Books on the topic "Baculum"
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Hill, J. E. The baculum in the Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of Pipistrellus and Eptesicus, and the descriptions of a new genus and subgenus. London: British Museum (Natural History), 1987.
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Hill, John Edwards. The baculum in the Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera : Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of Pipistrellus and Epitesicus and the descriptions of a new genus and subgenus. London: British Museum (Natural History), 1987.
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Pāṇḍe, Mr̥ṇāla. Baculī caukīdārina kī kaṛhī. Nayī Dillī: Rādhākr̥shṇa, 1990.
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Pāṇḍe, Mr̥ṇāla. Baculī caukīdārina kī kaṛhī. Nayī Dillī: Rādhākr̥shṇa, 1990.
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DUARTE, Carlos. FeitiÇo No Pungo UÁ N'dongo Ou Onde No SÍtio ArqueolÓgico PrÉ-HistÓrico das Pedras Negras, Se Descobre o Baculum, o Osso Peniano Perdido Na Cadeia Evolutiva Do Homo Erectus: Baculum. Independently Published, 2018.
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Latimer, Charles. The Divining Rod: Virgula Divina-Baculus Divinatorius. Forgotten Books, 2017.
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Drake Bacula Monstar. Lake 7 Creative, 2009.
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Faria, Heitor. Bacula Backup Software: Publicação Independente. Independently Published, 2017.
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Network Backup with Bacula [How-to]. Packt Publishing, 2012.
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Bacula: The Open Source Backup Software. Independently Published, 2016.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Baculum"
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Walton, Douglas. "Ad Baculum in Argumentation Theory." In Argumentation Library, 71–100. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2940-6_3.
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Woods, John. "Ad Baculum and Pascal’s Wager." In Applied Logic Series, 65–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2712-3_4.
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Walton, Douglas. "Ad Baculum in the Logic Textbooks." In Argumentation Library, 31–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2940-6_2.
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van Eemeren, Frans H., Bart Garssen, and Bert Meuffels. "The disguised ad baculum fallacy empirically investigated." In Scrutinizing Argumentation in Practice, 313–26. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aic.9.18eem.
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van Eemeren, Frans H., Bart Garssen, and Bert Meuffels. "The Disguised ad baculum Fallacy Empirically Investigated. Strategic Maneuvering with Threats." In Argumentation Library, 815–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20955-5_44.
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Levi, Don S. "The Fallacy in the Treatment of the Ad Baculum as a Fallacy." In Argumentation Library, 29–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1850-9_3.
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Ciobanu, Estella. "Noah’s Wife in the Flood Plays: The Body of Argument Between Argumentum ad Verecundiam, Argumentum ad Hominem and Argumentum ad Baculum." In Representations of the Body in Middle English Biblical Drama, 235–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90918-9_6.
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"Baculum." In Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Informatics, 186. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_1516.
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Miller, Edward H. "Baculum." In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 51–54. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804327-1.00002-9.
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Miller, Edward H. "Baculum." In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 68–71. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373553-9.00020-1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Baculum"
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Chao, Yang, Xu Wen, Wu Guohui, Qi Xinge, Liu Sai, and Zhao Lele. "Incremental local data backup system based on bacula." In 2018 IEEE International Conference of Safety Produce Informatization (IICSPI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iicspi.2018.8690434.
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Faria, Heitor, Rommel Carvalho, and Priscila Solis. "Storage Growing Forecast with Bacula Backup Software Catalog Data Mining." In Fourth International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology. Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2017.70418.
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Sealey, Paul L., and Spencer G. Lucas. "Baculites Baculus Meek and Hayden, 1861 (Earliest Maastrichtian) from the Uppermost Pierre Shale in the Raton basin of Northeastern New Mexico and its Significance." In 70th Annual Fall Field Conference. New Mexico Geological Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/ffc-70.73.
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Sealey, Paul L., and Spencer G. Lucas. "<em>Baculites baculus</em> From the Uppermost Pierre Shale Near Raton Demonstrates That the Final Regression of the Late Cretaceous Seaway From Northeastern New Mexico Occurred During Early Maastrichtian Time." In 2018 New Mexico Geological Society Annual Spring Meeting. Socorro, NM: New Mexico Geological Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/sm-2018.763.
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