Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bacteriophages – Molecular genetics; Genetic transcription

Academic literature on the topic 'Bacteriophages – Molecular genetics; Genetic transcription'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Bacteriophages – Molecular genetics; Genetic transcription"

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Collin, Alejandro, Araceli González-Jiménez, María del Carmen González-Jiménez, Manuel J. Alfonso, and Olga Calvo. "The Role of S. cerevisiae Sub1/PC4 in Transcription Elongation Depends on the C-Terminal Region and Is Independent of the ssDNA Binding Domain." Cells 11, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 3320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11203320.

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sub1 (ScSub1) has been defined as a transcriptional stimulatory protein due to its homology to the ssDNA binding domain (ssDBD) of human PC4 (hPC4). Recently, PC4/Sub1 orthologues have been elucidated in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and bacteriophages with functions related to DNA metabolism. Additionally, ScSub1 contains a unique carboxyl–terminal region (CT) of unknown function up to date. Specifically, it has been shown that Sub1 is required for transcription activation, as well as other processes, throughout the transcription cycle. Despite the progress that has been made in understanding the mechanism underlying Sub1′s functions, some questions remain unanswered. As a case in point: whether Sub1’s roles in initiation and elongation are differentially predicated on distinct regions of the protein or how Sub1′s functions are regulated. Here, we uncover some residues that are key for DNA–ScSub1 interaction in vivo, localized in the ssDBD, and required for Sub1 recruitment to promoters. Furthermore, using an array of genetic and molecular techniques, we demonstrate that the CT region is required for transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Altogether, our data indicate that Sub1 plays a dual role during transcription—in initiation through the ssDBD and in elongation through the CT region.
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Tyler, Jessica S., Melissa J. Mills, and David I. Friedman. "The Operator and Early Promoter Region of the Shiga Toxin Type 2-Encoding Bacteriophage 933W and Control of Toxin Expression." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 22 (November 15, 2004): 7670–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.22.7670-7679.2004.

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ABSTRACT The genes encoding Shiga toxin (Stx), the major virulence factor of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, are carried in the genomes of bacteriophages that belong to the lambdoid family of phages. Previous studies demonstrated that induction of prophages encoding stx significantly enhances the production and/or release of Stx from the bacterium. Therefore, factors that regulate the switch between lysogeny and lytic growth, e.g., repressor, operator sites, and associated phage promoters, play important roles in regulating the production and/or release of Stx. We report the results of genetic and biochemical studies characterizing these elements of the Stx-encoding bacteriophage 933W. Like λ, 933W has three operator repeats in the right operator region (O R), but unlike λ and all other studied lambdoid phages, which have three operator repeats in the left operator region (O L), 933W only has two operator repeats in O L. As was observed with λ, the 933W O R and O L regions regulate transcription from the early P R and P L promoters, respectively. A lysogen carrying a 933W derivative encoding a noncleavable repressor fails to produce Stx, unlike a lysogen carrying a 933W derivative encoding a cleavable repressor. This finding provides direct evidence that measurable expression of the stx genes encoded by a 933W prophage requires induction of that prophage with the concomitant initiation of phage gene expression.
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Kropinski, Andrew M. "Phage Therapy -- Everything Old Is New again." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 17, no. 5 (2006): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/329465.

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The study of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages or phages) proved pivotal in the nascence of the disciplines of molecular biology and microbial genetics, providing important information on the central processes of the bacterial cell (DNA replication, transcription and translation) and on how DNA can be transferred from one cell to another. As a result of the pioneering genetics studies and modern genomics, it is now known that phages have contributed to the evolution of the microbial cell and to its pathogenic potential. Because of their ability to transmit genes, phages have been exploited to develop cloning vector systems. They also provide a plethora of enzymes for the modern molecular biologist. Until the introduction of antibiotics, phages were used to treat bacterial infections (with variable success). Western science is now having to re-evaluate the application of phage therapy -- a therapeutic modality that never went out of vogue in Eastern Europe -- because of the emergence of an alarming number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The present article introduces the reader to phage biology, and the benefits and pitfalls of phage therapy in humans and animals.
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Niu, Guoqing, Toshinori Okinaga, Fengxia Qi, and Justin Merritt. "The Streptococcus mutans IrvR Repressor Is a CI-Like Regulator That Functions through Autocleavage and Clp-Dependent Proteolysis." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 6 (December 28, 2009): 1586–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01261-09.

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ABSTRACT Previous work has shown that irvR is required for the proper regulation of genetic competence and dextran-dependent aggregation due to its ability to repress the transcription regulator irvA. In this study, we determined the mechanism used to relieve the repression of irvA. We demonstrate that IrvR is a “LexA-like” protein with four conserved amino acid residues likely required for IrvR autocleavage activity. Furthermore, recombinant IrvR protein purified from Escherichia coli was competent to undergo autocleavage in vitro. Using several truncated IrvR constructs, we show that the amino acids adjacent to the autocleavage site are essential for relieving irvA repression and engaging the irvA-dependent regulatory pathway primarily through the ClpXP and ClpCP proteases. By extending the IrvR C terminus with an epitope derived from the autocleavage site, we were also able to create a constitutive Clp-dependent degradation of the full-length IrvR protein. This suggests that the derepression of irvA occurs through a two-step mechanism involving the initial autocleavage of IrvR and exposure of a proteolytic degradation sequence followed by Clp-dependent degradation of the IrvR DNA binding domain. Thus, irvA derepression is highly analogous to the genetic switch mechanism used to regulate lysogeny in bacteriophages.
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Chatterjee, Anushila, Julia L. E. Willett, Gary M. Dunny, and Breck A. Duerkop. "Phage infection and sub-lethal antibiotic exposure mediate Enterococcus faecalis type VII secretion system dependent inhibition of bystander bacteria." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): e1009204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009204.

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Bacteriophages (phages) are being considered as alternative therapeutics for the treatment of multidrug resistant bacterial infections. Considering phages have narrow host-ranges, it is generally accepted that therapeutic phages will have a marginal impact on non-target bacteria. We have discovered that lytic phage infection induces transcription of type VIIb secretion system (T7SS) genes in the pathobiont Enterococcus faecalis. Membrane damage during phage infection induces T7SS gene expression resulting in cell contact dependent antagonism of different Gram positive bystander bacteria. Deletion of essB, a T7SS structural component, abrogates phage-mediated killing of bystanders. A predicted immunity gene confers protection against T7SS mediated inhibition, and disruption of its upstream LXG toxin gene rescues growth of E. faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus bystanders. Phage induction of T7SS gene expression and bystander inhibition requires IreK, a serine/threonine kinase, and OG1RF_11099, a predicted GntR-family transcription factor. Additionally, sub-lethal doses of membrane targeting and DNA damaging antibiotics activated T7SS expression independent of phage infection, triggering T7SS antibacterial activity against bystander bacteria. Our findings highlight how phage infection and antibiotic exposure of a target bacterium can affect non-target bystander bacteria and implies that therapies beyond antibiotics, such as phage therapy, could impose collateral damage to polymicrobial communities.
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Zaworski, Julie, Colleen McClung, Cristian Ruse, Peter R. Weigele, Roger W. Hendrix, Ching-Chung Ko, Robert Edgar, Graham F. Hatfull, Sherwood R. Casjens, and Elisabeth A. Raleigh. "Genome analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium bacteriophage L, indicator for StySA (StyLT2III) restriction-modification system action." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkaa037.

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Abstract Bacteriophage L, a P22-like phage of Salmonella enterica sv Typhimurium LT2, was important for definition of mosaic organization of the lambdoid phage family and for characterization of restriction-modification systems of Salmonella. We report the complete genome sequences of bacteriophage L cI–40 13–am43 and L cII–101; the deduced sequence of wildtype L is 40,633 bp long with a 47.5% GC content. We compare this sequence with those of P22 and ST64T, and predict 72 Coding Sequences, 2 tRNA genes and 14 intergenic rho-independent transcription terminators. The overall genome organization of L agrees with earlier genetic and physical evidence; for example, no secondary immunity region (immI: ant, arc) or known genes for superinfection exclusion (sieA and sieB) are present. Proteomic analysis confirmed identification of virion proteins, along with low levels of assembly intermediates and host cell envelope proteins. The genome of L is 99.9% identical at the nucleotide level to that reported for phage ST64T, despite isolation on different continents ∼35 years apart. DNA modification by the epigenetic regulator Dam is generally incomplete. Dam modification is also selectively missing in one location, corresponding to the P22 phase-variation-sensitive promoter region of the serotype-converting gtrABC operon. The number of sites for SenLTIII (StySA) action may account for stronger restriction of L (13 sites) than of P22 (3 sites).
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Borghetti, Ivo Alberto, Miriam Ribas Zambenedetti, Luciana Requião, Deusilene Souza Vieira, Marco Aurélio Krieger, and Rita de Cássia Pontello Rampazzo. "External Control Viral-Like Particle Construction for Detection of Emergent Arboviruses by Real-Time Reverse-Transcription PCR." BioMed Research International 2019 (October 7, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2560401.

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Arboviruses have been emerging and reemerging worldwide, predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas. As many arbovirus infections, including dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), and chikungunya (CHIKV), have similar signs and symptoms, clinical diagnosis of arbovirus infections is challenging. Therefore, reliable laboratory tests are necessary to improve the clinical management of patients with suspected arbovirus infections. Real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is among the more effective methods to distinguish these viruses. The aim of this study was to construct a unique positive external control derived from a unique plasmid using genetic engineering for specific use in RT-qPCR assays to detect Zika, dengue (1–4), and chikungunya. An external control derived from the MS2 bacteriophage was constructed using sequences from arbovirus and human genomes. Laboratories were asked to test the control in the ZDC Biomol kit, a RT-qPCR kit which is able to detect Zika, dengue serotypes 1–4, chikungunya, and an internal human control. RNA extracted from the external control was able to be amplified and detected in RT-qPCR assays for each virus detected by using the ZDC Biomol kit. The external control, samples from viral culture, and infected patient samples display similar amplification using this assay. The pET47b(+)MS2-ZDC vector is a viable expression system for the production of external control viral-like particles (MS2-ZDC). The RNA from the recombinant particles can be easily extracted and can function as a tool to validate all steps of process from the extraction to the amplification of all targets in specific reaction. Thus, the MS2-ZDC particles are laboratory-safe in order to avoid risk for operators, and the phages are effective as positive control for use in the ZDC Biomol kit amplifying all kit targets making them effective for commercial profile.
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Godinho, Lia M., Mehdi El Sadek Fadel, Céline Monniot, Lina Jakutyte, Isabelle Auzat, Audrey Labarde, Karima Djacem, et al. "The Revisited Genome of Bacillus subtilis Bacteriophage SPP1." Viruses 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10120705.

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Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPP1 is a lytic siphovirus first described 50 years ago [1]. Its complete DNA sequence was reported in 1997 [2]. Here we present an updated annotation of the 44,016 bp SPP1 genome and its correlation to different steps of the viral multiplication process. Five early polycistronic transcriptional units encode phage DNA replication proteins and lysis functions together with less characterized, mostly non-essential, functions. Late transcription drives synthesis of proteins necessary for SPP1 viral particles assembly and for cell lysis, together with a short set of proteins of unknown function. The extensive genetic, biochemical and structural biology studies on the molecular mechanisms of SPP1 DNA replication and phage particle assembly rendered it a model system for tailed phages research. We propose SPP1 as the reference species for a new SPP1-like viruses genus of the Siphoviridae family.
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Wang, Pauline W., Linda Chu, and David S. Guttman. "Complete Sequence and Evolutionary Genomic Analysis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Transposable Bacteriophage D3112." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 2 (January 15, 2004): 400–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.2.400-410.2004.

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ABSTRACT Bacteriophage D3112 represents one of two distinct groups of transposable phage found in the clinically relevant, opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To further our understanding of transposable phage in P. aeruginosa, we have sequenced the complete genome of D3112. The genome is 37,611 bp, with an overall G+C content of 65%. We have identified 53 potential open reading frames, including three genes (the c repressor gene and early genes A and B) that have been previously characterized and sequenced. The organization of the putative coding regions corresponds to published genetic and transcriptional maps and is very similar to that of enterobacteriophage Mu. In contrast, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses has classified D3112 as a λ-like phage on the basis of its morphology. Similarity-based analyses identified 27 open reading frames with significant matches to proteins in the NCBI databases. Forty-eight percent of these were similar to Mu-like phage and prophage sequences, including proteins responsible for transposition, transcriptional regulation, virion morphogenesis, and capsid formation. The tail proteins were highly similar to prophage sequences in Escherichia coli and phage Phi12 from Staphylococcus aureus, while proteins at the right end were highly similar to proteins in Xylella fastidiosa. We performed phylogenetic analyses to understand the evolutionary relationships of D3112 with respect to Mu-like versus λ-like bacteriophages. Different results were obtained from similarity-based versus phylogenetic analyses in some instances. Overall, our findings reveal a highly mosaic structure and suggest that extensive horizontal exchange of genetic material played an important role in the evolution of D3112.
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Cicero, Marco P., Meghan M. Sharp, Carol A. Gross, and Kenneth N. Kreuzer. "Substitutions in Bacteriophage T4 AsiA andEscherichia coli ς70 That Suppress T4motA Activation Mutations." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 7 (April 1, 2001): 2289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.7.2289-2297.2001.

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ABSTRACT Bacteriophage T4 middle-mode transcription requires two phage-encoded proteins, the MotA transcription factor and AsiA coactivator, along with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the ς70 subunit. AmotA positive control (pc) mutant, motA-pc1, was used to select for suppressor mutations that alter other proteins in the transcription complex. Separate genetic selections isolated two AsiA mutants (S22F and Q51E) and five ς70 mutants (Y571C, Y571H, D570N, L595P, and S604P). All seven suppressor mutants gave partial suppressor phenotypes in vivo as judged by plaque morphology and burst size measurements. The S22F mutant AsiA protein and glutathione S-transferase fusions of the five mutant ς70 proteins were purified. All of these mutant proteins allowed normal levels of in vitro transcription when tested with wild-type MotA protein, but they failed to suppress the mutant MotA-pc1 protein in the same assay. The ς70 substitutions affected the 4.2 region, which binds the −35 sequence of E. coli promoters. In the presence of E. coli RNA polymerase without T4 proteins, the L595P and S604P substitutions greatly decreased transcription from standard E. colipromoters. This defect could not be explained solely by a disruption in −35 recognition since similar results were obtained with extended −10 promoters. The generalized transcriptional defect of these two mutants correlated with a defect in binding to core RNA polymerase, as judged by immunoprecipitation analysis. The L595P mutant, which was the most defective for in vitro transcription, failed to support E. coli growth.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bacteriophages – Molecular genetics; Genetic transcription"

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Dibbens, Justin Andrew. "Studies on the control of late gene transcription in coliphage 186 /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd543.pdf.

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Kalionis, Bill. "The early control region of temperate coliphage 186 : sequence and transcription studies /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk14.pdf.

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Folberg, Adriana. "Murine Hoxd4 : characterization of the transcription unit and genetic interactions with retinoic acid receptors." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35881.

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Hox genes encode homeodomain-containing transcription factors involved in the specification of structures along the anterior-posterior and secondary axes of the vertebrate embryo. Many pieces of evidence suggest that retinoic acid (RA) regulates Hox gene function. The present work involved the characterization of the transcription unit of a murine Hox gene, Hoxd4, its response to RA and its genetic interactions with Retinoic Acid Receptors (RARs) beta and gamma.
We have identified two Hoxd4 transcription start sites, P1 and P2. Multiple transcripts were identified by Northern blot, originating from both promoters and multiple polyadenylations signals. Expression of P1 transcripts in the neural tube showed an anterior border at the rhombomere 6/7 boundary, while P2 transcripts are detected more posteriorly. Somitic expression was strong up to somite 6 and weak in somite 5. After RA exposure in utero, only P1 showed a direct response to exogenous RA in the hindbrain, 4 or 24 hours after RA treatment on day 8.5 of gestation. In embryos collected 24 hours after RA treatment, wild-type mice showed a full rhombomere anteziorization of Hoxd4 expression. In contrast, Rarb null mice displayed only a partial anteriorization under the same conditions. The same holds true for the Hoxb4 gene. These results indicate that RARbeta is one of the mediators of the Hoxd4 and Hoxb4 RA-response.
Rarg null mutant mice display homeotic transformations of the cervical vertebrae that are similar to a Hoxd4 null mutant phenotype. In order to examine whether Hoxd4 and Rarg he in a common genetic pathway for patterning of the cervical region, we generated mice doubly mutant for these genes and analyzed their skeletons. For two malformations present in single mutants, namely an ectopic anterior arch in cervical vertebra 2 (C2) and the fusion of the basioccipital bone to C1, the penetrance and expressivity in double null mutants was significantly increased. Thus, we conclude that Hoxd4 and Rarg interact synergistically in the specification of these cervical vertebrae. In contrast to Rarg mutants, retinoic acid treatment of Hoxd4; Rarg double mutants on day 10.5 does not rescue normal development of C2. This result suggests that Hoxd4 mediates the retinoic acid-induced correction of this phenotype in Rarg mutants.
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Kwong, Ka-yee, and 鄺嘉儀. "Pituitary-specific transcription factor PIT-1 in Chinese grass carp: molecular cloning, functionalcharacterization, and regulation of its transcript expression at thepituitary level." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29474991.

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Lee, Sungkeun. "Molecular genetic analysis of nucleotide excision repair genes in Dictyostelium discoideum /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841209.

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Jiang, Yonghua. "Molecular cloning of AP-1 transcription factors in Chinese grass carp and their functional roles in PACAP-stimulated growth hormone geneexpression." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245419.

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Mavris, Maria. "Bacteriophage SfII mediated serotype conversion in Shigella flexneri /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm4608.pdf.

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Al, Zamal Faiyaz. "Relating the expression-based and sequence-based estimates of regulation in the gap gene system of Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112321.

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Quantitative analysis of Drosophila melanogaster gap gene expression data reveals valuable information about the nature and strengths of interactions in the gap gene network. We first explore different models for fitting the spatiotemporal gene expression data of Drosophila gap gene system and validate our results by computational analysis and comparison with the existing literature. A fundamental problem in systems biology is to associate these results with the inherent cause of gene regulation, namely the binding of the transcription factors (TF) to their respective binding sites. In order to relate these expression-based estimates of gap gene regulation with the sequence-based information of TF binding site composition, we also explore two related problems of (i) finding a set of regulatory weights that is proportional to the binding site occupancy matrix of the transcription factors in current literature and (ii) finding a set of position weight matrices of the TFs that produce a new binding site occupancy matrix showing a greater level of proportionality with our regulatory weights. Our solution to the first problem yielded a regulatory weight matrix incapable of explaining the true causes of gene expression profile despite its relative numerical accuracy in predicting the gene expressions. On the other hand, the second optimization problem could be solved up to a reasonable level of accuracy, but further analysis on the result demonstrated that this optimization problem may be under-constrained. We devise a simple regularization strategy that helps us to reduce the under-constrained nature of the problem.
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Fung, Sai-kit, and 馮世傑. "Grass carp activin: molecular cloning and functional role in regulating growth hormone gene expression in grasscarp pituitary cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30455947.

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Lam, Ka-man Amy, and 林嘉敏. "Osmotic response element binding protein (OREBP) is an essential regulator of urine concentrating mechanism and renal protection." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3127402X.

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Books on the topic "Bacteriophages – Molecular genetics; Genetic transcription"

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Yechiel, Becker, ed. Viral messenger RNA: Transcription, processing, splicing, and molecular structure. Boston: Nijhoff, 1985.

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Molecular genetics of bacteria. 4th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2013.

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Mechanisms of gene expression: Structure, function and evolution of the basal transcriptional machinery. London: Imperial College Press, 1999.

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M, Cox Timothy, and Sinclair John Ph D, eds. Molecular biology in medicine. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Science, 1997.

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Naegeli, Hanspeter. Mechanisms of DNA damage recognition in mammalian cells. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1997.

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Mechanisms of DNA damage recognition in mammalian cells. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1997.

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Bernot, Alain. Genome Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2005.

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Genome transcriptome and proteome analysis. Chichester: Wiley, 2004.

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P, Klein-Szanto Andres J., ed. Comparative molecular carcinogenesis: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment held in Austin, Texas, November 19-22, 1991. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1992.

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Shulin, Li, ed. Electroporation protocols: Experimental and clinical gene medicine. Totowa, N.J: Humana, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bacteriophages – Molecular genetics; Genetic transcription"

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"Molecular and medical genetics." In Oxford Handbook of Medical Sciences, edited by Robert Wilkins, Ian Megson, and David Meredith, 195–224. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789895.003.0003.

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‘Molecular and medical genetics’ firstly covers the principles of molecular genetics, including gene structure, gene expression, and how mutations affect the encoded protein sequence. The key mechanisms of gene expression are described, including regulation and RNA transcription, processing, and translation. The organization of the genome is described, followed by the techniques of DNA cloning and sequencing. The second part of the chapter on medical genetics covers the principles of population genetics and genetic diseases, their treatment, and the integration of knowledge of genetic information into pharmacological interventions (pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics).
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Schindler, Thomas E. "The Anomaly of Bacterial Genetics." In A Hidden Legacy, 37–43. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0005.

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This chapter reviews the research that set the stage for Joshua Lederberg’s surprising discovery of bacterial conjugation. While the foundational research of Gregor Mendel and his principles of inheritance had been effectively combined with Darwinian evolution, producing the Modern Synthesis in the mid-forties, bacteria did not fit into this grand synthesis. Most biologists believed that bacteria were too primitive to have real genes. But Delbruck, Hershey and Luria organized the Phage School, leading a novel approach to discovering the molecular biology of the gene by studying bacteriophages. Microbiologists like Tracy Sonneborn and Carl Lindegren turned to alternative microorganisms—protists, fungi, and yeast—to develop new model systems that offered advantages over the classical genetics organisms of animals and plants. The research of Edward Tatum and Jacques Monod indicated that mutations seemed to explain variation in bacteria. For many years, however, bacteriologists had known that bacteria reproduced by fission. The lack of any genetic hybridization seemed to argue against using bacteria to study basic genetic processes.
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Tripathi, Poonam. "Genetics of Thalassemia." In The Erythrocyte - A Unique Cell [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106748.

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β-Thalassemia is a common genetic disorder caused by mutations in β-globin gene that results in reduced β-globin production. There are more than 200 different mutations that have been reported till date affecting the diverse levels of β-globin gene expression and causing β-thalassemia. Nucleotide substitutions and frameshift insertion-/deletion-type mutations interfere with the molecular mechanism like transcription of the β-globin gene, splicing process and translation of mRNA of β-globin gene, thus resulting in either absence or reduction of synthesis of β-globin chains. Molecular analysis is a must for all thalassemia patients. Definitive diagnosis and counseling of these patients will help in better management of disease.
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Chew, Shern L. "Molecular aspects of hormonal regulation." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 29–33. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.1024.

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The wide molecular effects of hormones have complicated the understanding of how hormones work on a cell. The old view was of a linear signalling pathway from the receptor to the nucleus, thereby stimulating gene transcription. This view is probably an oversimplification. Hormones can not only regulate most of the molecular machines of the cell, certainly the transcription machinery, but also others. These machines perform and coordinate functions such as RNA and protein biosynthesis, macromolecular transport, cell division or death, and intracellular signalling. Physiological studies have shown that hormonal regulation is specific, yet flexible, and has the ability to generate feedback loops. Advances in genetics, cellular, and molecular biology, and biochemistry have allowed much new, and sometimes confusing, data on the mechanisms underlying hormonal regulation. Many advances have been due to methods of identifying and verifying networks of interactions between proteins. One example is the yeast two-hybrid system, an in vivo genetic screening method for such interactions. Another example is the use of protein tagging (e.g. with histidine residues) which can allow rapid and high-yield protein purification for biochemical studies. This chapter will briefly review some of the mechanisms of hormonal regulation.
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Nguyen, Trang, Trang Minh Tran, Yee Shen Choo, Maria Alexiadis, Peter J. Fuller, and Simon Chu. "Genetics and Mutational Landscape of Ovarian Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors." In Ovarian Cancer - Updates in Tumour Biology and Therapeutics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97540.

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Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors (SCST) are uncommon tumors accounting for approximately 8% of all ovarian malignancies. By far, the most common are granulosa cell tumors (GCT) which represent approximately 90% of SCST. SCST are also found in the hereditary syndromes: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome, and DICER1 syndrome. Key genomic and genetic events contributing to their pathogenesis have been the focus of recent studies. Most of the genomic studies have been limited to GCT which have identified a number of recurring chromosomal abnormalities (monosomy and trisomy), although their contribution to pathogenesis remains unclear. Recurrent DICER1 mutations are reported in non-hereditary cases of Sertoli cell and Sertoli–Leydig cell tumors (SLCT), while recurrent somatic mutations in both the juvenile (jGCT) and adult forms of GCT (aGCT) have also been reported. Approximately 30% of jGCT contain a somatic mutation in the gsp oncogene, while a further 60% have activating mutations or duplications in the AKT gene. For aGCT, a well characterized mutation in the FOXL2 transcription factor (FOXL2 C134W) is found in the majority of tumors (primary and recurrent), arguably defining the disease. A further mutation in the human telomerase promoter appears to be an important driver for recurrent disease in aGCT. However, despite several studies involving next generation sequencing, the molecular events that determine the stage, behavior and prognosis of aGCT still remain to be determined. Further, there is a need for these studies to be expanded to other SCST in order to identify potential targets for personalized medicine.
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6

Levitan, Irwin B., and Leonard K. Kaczmarek. "Neuronal Growth and Trophic Factors." In The Neuron, 353–86. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199773893.003.0015.

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Neural development requires the participation of growth factors that regulate neuronal determination, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Molecular genetic approaches using Drosophila, as well as other creatures whose genetics is well understood, have provided insights into the mechanisms of action of some of these developmental factors. Other factors are soluble and are secreted by nearby cells or other neurons. These include neurotrophins such as NGF and BDNF, cytokines such as CNTF, as well as GDNF and steroid hormones. Current research aims to identify key growth factors required for producing different types of neurons, and different patterns of transcription factor activated by different combinations of these factors. This knowledge may eventually allow medical therapies to convert a stem cell into a sympathetic neuron, a motor neuron, or any one of the thousands of other types of neurons that make up a mature nervous system.
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Reports on the topic "Bacteriophages – Molecular genetics; Genetic transcription"

1

Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Genetics and comparative molecular mapping of biochemical and morphological fruit characters in Capsicum. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586545.bard.

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Original objectives: The overall goal of our work was to gain information regarding the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper and to develop tools based on this information to assist in crop improvement. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoid (pungency) content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoid and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoid in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C.locus. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was poorly understood prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous SSR markers. This map has been integrated with a number of other independent maps resulting in the publication of a single resource map consisting of more than 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps based primarily on tomato-originated RFLP markers, the new maps are based on PCR markers that originate in Capsicum providing a comprehensive and versatile resource for marker-assisted selection in pepper. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, a character unique to pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master regulatoar for capsaicinoid accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTL that control capsaicinoid content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTL that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTL controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advances in our understanding of important processes of pepper fruit development including the isolation and characterization of several well known genes. These results also provided the basis for the development of molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement. A total of eleven refereed publications have resulted from this work, and several more are in preparation.
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