Journal articles on the topic 'Bacteriology, Agricultural'
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1
Rood, Sarah, and Katherine Sheedy. "Sydney Rubbo." Microbiology Australia 30, no. 3 (2009): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09s30.
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Born in Sydney in 1911, Sydney Dattilo Rubbo was educated at Sydney Boys? High School and the University of Sydney (BSc, 1934) before travelling to London to further his studies. He obtained a diploma in bacteriology from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (1935) and was awarded a scholarship for microbiological research at the University of London (PhD, 1937). Returning to Australia in 1937, Rubbo took up an appointment as a senior lecturer in the Department of Bacteriology at the University of Melbourne where he taught students of medicine, dentistry, science and agricultural science. A ?brilliant and provocative lecturer?, he inspired a generation of students. He also studied and completed a medical degree (MB, BS, 1943) and in 1945, at the age of 33, was appointed Professor of Bacteriology (Microbiology from 1964), a position he held until 1969.
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Cossart, Pascale, David Holden, and Stephen Busby. "The new bacteriology." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20150507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0507.
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Isenberg, Henry D. "Diagnostic Bacteriology Protocols.Jenny Howard , David M. Whitcombe." Quarterly Review of Biology 71, no. 3 (September 1996): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/419473.
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Topp, E. "Bacteria in agricultural soils: Diversity, role and future perspectives." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, Special Issue (August 1, 2003): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-065.
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Bacteria in soil are very diverse, very numerous, and functionally important, and have historically been an important object of research by Canadian microbiologists. Only a small fraction of bacteria in soils are amenable to culturing in the laboratory, limiting the ability to study these organisms. Canadian scientists have contributed to the development and implementation of both nucleic acidbased and chemical biomarker-based methods now widely used for assessing soil microbial biodiversity without the need for isolation and cultivation. Pesticide degradation, and the cycling of nitrogen in soils are used here to illustrate the significance of bacterial biodiversity to soil functions relevant to human and environmental health, and crop production . There remains much to be discovered about the genetic and functional biodiversity of soil bacteria, and much to be gained from this knowledge. A number of recommendations are made for future research in soil bacteriology. Key words: Soil quality, bacteria, microbial biodiversity, pesticide biodegradation, nitrogen cycling.
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Stead, William W. "Robert Koch: A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology. Thomas D. Brock." Quarterly Review of Biology 64, no. 4 (December 1989): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/416466.
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Carvalho, Gabriel, Christiane Forestier, and Jean-Denis Mathias. "Antibiotic resilience: a necessary concept to complement antibiotic resistance?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1916 (December 4, 2019): 20192408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2408.
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Resilience is the capacity of systems to recover their initial state or functions after a disturbance. The concepts of resilience and resistance are complementary in ecology and both represent different aspects of the stability of ecosystems. However, antibiotic resilience is not used in clinical bacteriology whereas antibiotic resistance is a recognized major problem. To join the fields of ecology and clinical bacteriology, we first review the resilience concept from ecology, socio-ecological systems and microbiology where it is widely developed. We then review resilience-related concepts in microbiology, including bacterial tolerance and persistence, phenotypic heterogeneity and collective tolerance and resistance. We discuss how antibiotic resilience could be defined and argue that the use of this concept largely relies on its experimental measure and its clinical relevance. We review indicators in microbiology which could be used to reflect antibiotic resilience and used as valuable indicators to anticipate the capacity of bacteria to recover from antibiotic treatments.
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SUZUKI, Yoji. "Interface between Medicinal Bacteriology and Agricultural Chemistry. Innovation of Culturing Technology of Bordetella pertussis by a cyclodextrin derivative." Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi 54, no. 4 (1999): 833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3412/jsb.54.833.
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Izard, Jacques, Teklu Kuru Gerbaba, and Shara R. P. Yumul. "3D Printing of Human Microbiome Constituents to Understand Spatial Relationships & Shape Parameters in Bacteriology." American Biology Teacher 83, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2021.83.3.188.
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Effective laboratory and classroom demonstration of microbiome size and shape, diversity, and ecological relationships is hampered by a lack of high-resolution, easy-to-use, readily accessible physical or digital models for use in teaching. Three-dimensional (3D) representations are, overall, more effective in communicating visuospatial information, allowing for a better understanding of concepts not directly observable with the unaided eye. Published morphology descriptions and microscopy images were used as the basis for designing 3D digital models, scaled at 20,000×, using computer-aided design software (CAD) and generating printed models of bacteria on mass-market 3D printers. Sixteen models are presented, including rod-shaped, spiral, flask-like, vibroid, and filamentous bacteria as well as different arrangements of cocci. Identical model scaling enables direct comparison as well as design of a wide range of educational plans.
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Muchamad Yusron, Bibiana W Lay, Anas M Fauzi, and Dwi Andreas Santosa. "ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI PEREDUKSI SULFAT PADA AREA PERTAMBANGAN BATU BARA MUARA ENIM, SUMATERA SELATAN." Jurnal Matematika Sains dan Teknologi 10, no. 1 (August 15, 2009): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/jmst.v10i1.569.2009.
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Sulfate reducing bacteria utilize sulfate as their terminal electron acceptor and reduce it to sulphide. Acid mine drainage, by-products of mining activities, is an acidic sulfate-rich wastewater suitable habitat for sulfate reducing bacteria. Isolation and identification of sulfate reducing bacteria collected from Muara Enim coal mining, South Sumatra was carried out at Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Indonesian Center for Biodiversity and Biotechnology (ICBB), Bogor, and Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Bogor Agricultural University. Postgate B liquid media was used for isolation and purification via serial dilution. Physiological and biochemical characterization was done based on Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Fifteen pure isolates have been isolated with diverse characteristics. Eight isolates can sustain at pH 3, while the rest sustain at pH 4 or above. Sulfate reduction efficiency of each isolates were different, but increased as the pH increased. The bacteria are classified as Desulfovibrio sp., which is characterized straight rods, motile, non spore-forming and able to grow in simple organic carbon.
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Lewington, J., D. M. Lewis, and M. J. Day. "BACLAB: a computer simulation of a medical bacteriology laboratory–an aid for teaching tertiary level microbiology." Journal of Biological Education 19, no. 4 (December 1985): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1985.9654752.
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Skendzic, Elizabeth, and Cynthia Keler. "Fruit Flies & the Gut Microbiome: Redesign-Your-Bacteria Lab Exercise." American Biology Teacher 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2019.81.1.47.
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This lab introduces students to experimental design in an inquiry lab exercise that investigates the gut microbiome, basic microbiology techniques, and the broader topic of bacteriology. Fruit flies are used as a model system to study the impact that foods, food additives, and/or antibiotics have on the gut microbiome. One of the major bacteria in the guts of fruit flies is Lactobacillus, which is easy to grow in the lab. This exercise is done in three consecutive lab sessions. During Lab 1, students prepare a standard nutritive medium that has been mixed with a substance of their choice, add the fruit flies to the medium, and practice serial dilution with a simulation. During Lab 2, students plate mashed fruit flies on MRS medium to look at the change in Lactobacillus levels. During Lab 3, students count and determine the change in the number of Lactobacillus in their tested substance, Gram stain selected colonies, and discuss their results as a class. SALG surveys indicated a significant gain in their understanding of the microbiology concepts introduced in this lab.
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Katrina Ford. "Keeping the Country Clean: Animal Diseases, Bacteriology, and the Foundations of Biosecurity in New Zealand, 1890–1910." Agricultural History 92, no. 1 (2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3098/ah.2018.092.1.078.
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Oktiarni, D., Hermansyah, Hasanudin, Miksusanti, E. Nofyan, and G. Kasmiarti. "Isolation and Identification Cellulolytic Bacteria from Termite Gut Obtained from Indralaya Peatland area." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 926, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/926/1/012024.
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Abstract The production of second-generation bioethanol as renewable energy has developed very rapidly and has become a promising alternative energy source. Bioethanol production using biomass can be obtained alternatively from cellulose in wood, sawdust, organic waste, and agricultural waste. This research used termites obtained from Indralaya peatland area as organisms that can decompose cellulose into glucose with the cellulase enzymes produced by bacteria in their digestive tract. Cellulases are enzymes capable of hydrolyzing lignocellulose into glucose. The study aimed to isolate and identify of cellulolytic bacteria from termite gut obtained from Indralaya peatland area. The bacterial isolates were classified by using morphological and biochemical standard methods, and identification based on Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Cellulolytic bacteria of termite gut were isolated and cultured on CMC (Carboxymethyl cellulose) agar medium. The activity of cellulolytic bacterial was conducted based on halo area and cellulolytic index on CMC agar medium. Among 64 isolates of bacteria, 24 isolates were identified as cellulolytic bacteria. Futhermore, our isolates with higher cellulolytic index were identified as the Staphylococcus, Microbacterium, Bacillus, and Brevibacterium genus.
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Benrabah, Samia, Badra Attoui, and Mani Hannouche. "Characterization of groundwater quality destined for drinking water supply of Khenchela City (eastern Algeria)." Journal of Water and Land Development 30, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0016.
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AbstractIn spite of the abundance of water resources in the watershed of Khenchela region, the strong urban growth and the expansion of agricultural land resulted in a considerable increase in water needs. This fact exposed groundwater and surface vulnerability to an overlooked growing pollution.In this vein, this study aims to determine the global quality of groundwater oriented to drinking water supply in Khenchela city. It focuses particularly on looking for minerals, nutrients and salt concentration and to assess their spatial and temporal variability. This area has been the subject of several previous studies due to the importance of its watershed (hydrology, geology, geomorphology, bacteriology...). The dosage of the considered parameters revealed vulnerability of water of the North and the North Western part of the watershed to the strong mineralization and excess of organic minerals. This requires in the short term an obligation to treat this water before distribution. A permanent monitoring and the use of other evaluation means for quality protection of this vulnerable resource have been taken into account.
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Pédron, Thierry, Giulia Nigro, and Philippe J. Sansonetti. "From homeostasis to pathology: decrypting microbe–host symbiotic signals in the intestinal crypt." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20150500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0500.
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Metagenomic analysis of the human intestinal microbiome has provided a wealth of information that allowed an exceptionally detailed description of its microbial content and physiological potential. It also set the basis for studies allowing correlation of alterations in the balance of this microbiota and the occurrence of a certain number of emerging diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity and diabetes, and possibly colorectal cancer. The time has come to give the intestinal microbiota in symbiosis with its host an experimental dimension. This brief review summarizes our attempt at developing a cellular microbiology of the mutualistic symbiosis established between the gut microbiota and the host intestinal surface. Particular attention is paid to the intestinal crypt, due to its role in epithelial regeneration. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Rolhion, Nathalie, and Benoit Chassaing. "When pathogenic bacteria meet the intestinal microbiota." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20150504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0504.
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The intestinal microbiota is a large and diverse microbial community that inhabits the intestinal tract, containing about 100 trillion bacteria from 500–1000 distinct species that, collectively, provide multiple benefits to the host. The gut microbiota contributes to nutrient absorption and maturation of the immune system, and also plays a central role in protection of the host from enteric bacterial infection. On the other hand, many enteric pathogens have developed strategies in order to be able to outcompete the intestinal community, leading to infection and/or chronic diseases. This review will summarize findings describing the complex relationship occurring between the intestinal microbiota and enteric pathogens, as well as how future therapies can ultimately benefit from such discoveries. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Gao, Lei, Ji Qi, JianDong Sun, and BaiLin Hao. "Prokaryote phylogeny meets taxonomy: An exhaustive comparison of composition vector trees with systematic bacteriology." Science in China Series C: Life Sciences 50, no. 5 (October 2007): 587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11427-007-0084-3.
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Winarni, Inggit. "ISOLASI DAN KARAKTERISASI BAKTERI PATOGEN PADA BENIH PADI DAN KEDELAI." Jurnal Matematika Sains dan Teknologi 14, no. 2 (August 15, 2013): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/jmst.v14i2.391.2013.
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Healthy seedlings is required in the cultivation of crops. Bad seeds can reduce the quality and quantity of crop yields. This research aim was to find a group of pathogenic bacteria rice and soybean seed from Seed Technology Experimental Garden IPB-Darmaga. The research was conducted in 2004 at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Department of Biology Faculty, Bogor Agricultural University. This research began with the isolation, followed by morphological and physiological characterization based on Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Morphological characterization includes the observation of the shape and colour of colonies,Gram stain test, and motility test. Physiological examination were catalase test, oxidase test, xanthomonadin test, and test poly hydroxy butyrate. Those characterizations of rice and soybean seeds samples suspected one group of pathogenic bacteria. The stydy showed that the morphology and physiology characters of colony were shape round, convex, white-yellow, Gram negative, motile, rod-shaped cells, catalase positive, oxidase negative, negative xanthomonadin, and PHB negative. Both bacterial pathogens of rice and soybean seeds showed characteristics similar to those Pseudomonas sp., so it is strongly suspected that these two bacteria are grouped into the genus of Pseudomonas sp.
Benih yang sehat diperlukan dalam budidaya tanaman. Benih tidak sehat dapat menurunkan kualitas dan kuantitas produksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan beberapa kelompok bakteri patogen benih padi dan kedelai yang berasal dari kebun percobaan jurusan Teknologi Benih IPB-Darmaga. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tahun 2004 di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Departemen Biologi FMIPA, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian diawali dengan kegiatan isolasi, dilanjutkan dengan karakterisasi morfologi dan fisiologi berdasarkan Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Karakterisasi morfologi meliputi pengamatan terhadap: bentuk dan warna koloni, uji pewarnaan Gram, dan uji motilitas. Karakterisasi fisiologi meliputi uji katalase, uji oksidase, uji xanthomonadin, dan uji poly hidroksi butirat. Hasil isolasi pada masing-masing sampel benih padi dan kedelai ditemukan satu jenis bakteri patogen, yang selanjutnya dikarakterisasi secara morfologi dan fisiologi. Hasil uji morfologi dan fisiologi menunjukkan bahwa bentuk koloni bulat, cembung, warna putih-kuning, Gram negatif, bersifat motil, sel berbentuk batang, katalase positif, oksidase negatif, xanthomonadin negatif, dan PHB negatif. Kedua bakteri patogen benih padi dan kedelai memperlihatkan ciri yang sama dengan kelompok Pseudomonas sp., sehingga diduga kuat kedua bakteri tersebut dikelompokkan ke dalam genus Pseudomonas sp.
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Chu, Xian-Ming, Hua Yu, Xue-Xia Sun, Yi An, Bing Li, and Xue-Bin Li. "Identification of Bacteriology and Risk Factor Analysis of Asymptomatic Bacterial Colonization in Pacemaker Replacement Patients." PLOS ONE 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2015): e0119232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119232.
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Gründling, Angelika, and Vincent T. Lee. "Old concepts, new molecules and current approaches applied to the bacterial nucleotide signalling field." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20150503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0503.
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Signalling nucleotides are key molecules that help bacteria to rapidly coordinate cellular pathways and adapt to changes in their environment. During the past 10 years, the nucleotide signalling field has seen much excitement, as several new signalling nucleotides have been discovered in both eukaryotic and bacterial cells. The fields have since advanced quickly, aided by the development of important tools such as the synthesis of modified nucleotides, which, combined with sensitive mass spectrometry methods, allowed for the rapid identification of specific receptor proteins along with other novel genome-wide screening methods. In this review, we describe the principle concepts of nucleotide signalling networks and summarize the recent work that led to the discovery of the novel signalling nucleotides. We also highlight current approaches applied to the research in the field as well as resources and methodological advances aiding in a rapid identification of nucleotide-specific receptor proteins. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Sendy, Bandar, David J. Lee, Stephen J. W. Busby, and Jack A. Bryant. "RNA polymerase supply and flux through the lac operon in Escherichia coli." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20160080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0080.
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Chromatin immunoprecipitation, followed by quantification of immunoprecipitated DNA, can be used to measure RNA polymerase binding to any DNA segment in Escherichia coli . By calibrating measurements against the signal from a single RNA polymerase bound at a single promoter, we can calculate both promoter occupancy levels and the flux of transcribing RNA polymerase through transcription units. Here, we have applied the methodology to the E. coli lactose operon promoter. We confirm that promoter occupancy is limited by recruitment and that the supply of RNA polymerase to the lactose operon promoter depends on its location in the E. coli chromosome. Measurements of RNA polymerase binding to DNA segments within the lactose operon show that flux of RNA polymerase through the operon is low, with, on average, over 18 s elapsing between the passage of transcribing polymerases. Similar low levels of flux were found when semi-synthetic promoters were used to drive transcript initiation, even when the promoter elements were changed to ensure full occupancy of the promoter by RNA polymerase. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Trinick, Ruth E., Lara Bunni, Kent Thorburn, Angela P. Hackett, Mark Dalzell, and Paul S. McNamara. "An Observational Study Examining the Relationship between Respiratory Symptoms, Airway Inflammation and Bacteriology in Children with Severe Neurodisability." PLOS ONE 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2015): e0124627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124627.
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Hille, Frank, and Emmanuelle Charpentier. "CRISPR-Cas: biology, mechanisms and relevance." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20150496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0496.
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Prokaryotes have evolved several defence mechanisms to protect themselves from viral predators. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and their associated proteins (Cas) display a prokaryotic adaptive immune system that memorizes previous infections by integrating short sequences of invading genomes—termed spacers—into the CRISPR locus. The spacers interspaced with repeats are expressed as small guide CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) that are employed by Cas proteins to target invaders sequence-specifically upon a reoccurring infection. The ability of the minimal CRISPR-Cas9 system to target DNA sequences using programmable RNAs has opened new avenues in genome editing in a broad range of cells and organisms with high potential in therapeutical applications. While numerous scientific studies have shed light on the biochemical processes behind CRISPR-Cas systems, several aspects of the immunity steps, however, still lack sufficient understanding. This review summarizes major discoveries in the CRISPR-Cas field, discusses the role of CRISPR-Cas in prokaryotic immunity and other physiological properties, and describes applications of the system as a DNA editing technology and antimicrobial agent. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Di Paolo, Diana, Oshri Afanzar, Judith P. Armitage, and Richard M. Berry. "Single-molecule imaging of electroporated dye-labelled CheY in live Escherichia coli." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20150492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0492.
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For the past two decades, the use of genetically fused fluorescent proteins (FPs) has greatly contributed to the study of chemotactic signalling in Escherichia coli including the activation of the response regulator protein CheY and its interaction with the flagellar motor. However, this approach suffers from a number of limitations, both biological and biophysical: for example, not all fusions are fully functional when fused to a bulky FP, which can have a similar molecular weight to its fused counterpart; they may interfere with the native interactions of the protein and the chromophores of FPs have low brightness and photostability and fast photobleaching rates. A recently developed technique for the electroporation of fluorescently labelled proteins in live bacteria has enabled us to bypass these limitations and study the in vivo behaviour of CheY at the single-molecule level. Here we show that purified CheY proteins labelled with organic dyes can be internalized into E. coli cells in controllable concentrations and imaged with video fluorescence microscopy. The use of this approach is illustrated by showing single CheY molecules diffusing within cells and interacting with the sensory clusters and the flagellar motors in real time. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Knoll, Andrew H., Kristin D. Bergmann, and Justin V. Strauss. "Life: the first two billion years." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20150493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0493.
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Microfossils, stromatolites, preserved lipids and biologically informative isotopic ratios provide a substantial record of bacterial diversity and biogeochemical cycles in Proterozoic (2500–541 Ma) oceans that can be interpreted, at least broadly, in terms of present-day organisms and metabolic processes. Archean (more than 2500 Ma) sedimentary rocks add at least a billion years to the recorded history of life, with sedimentological and biogeochemical evidence for life at 3500 Ma, and possibly earlier; phylogenetic and functional details, however, are limited. Geochemistry provides a major constraint on early evolution, indicating that the first bacteria were shaped by anoxic environments, with distinct patterns of major and micronutrient availability. Archean rocks appear to record the Earth's first iron age, with reduced Fe as the principal electron donor for photosynthesis, oxidized Fe the most abundant terminal electron acceptor for respiration, and Fe a key cofactor in proteins. With the permanent oxygenation of the atmosphere and surface ocean ca 2400 Ma, photic zone O 2 limited the access of photosynthetic bacteria to electron donors other than water, while expanding the inventory of oxidants available for respiration and chemoautotrophy. Thus, halfway through Earth history, the microbial underpinnings of modern marine ecosystems began to take shape. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Errington, Jeff, Katarzyna Mickiewicz, Yoshikazu Kawai, and Ling Juan Wu. "L-form bacteria, chronic diseases and the origins of life." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20150494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0494.
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The peptidoglycan cell wall is widely conserved across the bacterial domain, suggesting that it appeared early in the evolution of bacteria. It is normally essential but under certain conditions wall-deficient or ‘L-form’ bacteria can be isolated. In Bacillus subtilis this normally requires two genetic changes. The first, exemplified by mutations shutting down wall precursor synthesis, works by increasing membrane synthesis. This promotes the unusual form of proliferation used by L-forms, involving a range of relatively disorganized membrane blebbing or vesiculation events. The secondary class of mutations probably work by relieving oxidative stress that L-forms may incur due to their unbalanced metabolism. Repression or inhibition of cell wall precursor synthesis can stimulate the L-form transition in a wide range of bacteria, of both Gram-positive and -negative lineages. L-forms are completely resistant to most antibiotics working specifically on cell wall synthesis, such as penicillins and cephalosporins, consistent with the many reports of their involvement in various chronic diseases. They are potentially important in biotechnology, because lack of a wall can be advantageous in a range of production or strain improvement applications. Finally, L-forms provide an interesting model system for studying early steps in the evolution of cellular life. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Carpena, Nuria, Keith A. Manning, Terje Dokland, Alberto Marina, and José R. Penadés. "Convergent evolution of pathogenicity islands in helper cos phage interference." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20150505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0505.
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Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity islands (SaPIs) are phage satellites that exploit the life cycle of their helper phages for their own benefit. Most SaPIs are packaged by their helper phages using a headful ( pac ) packaging mechanism. These SaPIs interfere with pac phage reproduction through a variety of strategies, including the redirection of phage capsid assembly to form small capsids, a process that depends on the expression of the SaPI-encoded cpm A and cpm B genes. Another SaPI subfamily is induced and packaged by cos -type phages, and although these cos SaPIs also block the life cycle of their inducing phages, the basis for this mechanism of interference remains to be deciphered. Here we have identified and characterized one mechanism by which the SaPIs interfere with cos phage reproduction. This mechanism depends on a SaPI-encoded gene, ccm , which encodes a protein involved in the production of small isometric capsids, compared with the prolate helper phage capsids. As the Ccm and CpmAB proteins are completely unrelated in sequence, this strategy represents a fascinating example of convergent evolution. Moreover, this result also indicates that the production of SaPI-sized particles is a widespread strategy of phage interference conserved during SaPI evolution. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Hengge, Regine. "Trigger phosphodiesterases as a novel class of c-di-GMP effector proteins." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20150498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0498.
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The bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP controls bacterial biofilm formation, motility, cell cycle progression, development and virulence. It is synthesized by diguanylate cyclases (with GGDEF domains), degraded by specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs, with EAL of HD-GYP domains) and sensed by a wide variety of c-di-GMP-binding effectors that control diverse targets. c-di-GMP-binding effectors can be riboswitches as well as proteins with highly diverse structures and functions. The latter include ‘degenerate’ GGDEF/EAL domain proteins that are enzymatically inactive but still able to bind c-di-GMP. Surprisingly, two enzymatically active ‘trigger PDEs’, the Escherichia coli proteins PdeR and PdeL, have recently been added to this list of c-di-GMP-sensing effectors. Mechanistically, trigger PDEs are multifunctional. They directly and specifically interact with a macromolecular target (e.g. with a transcription factor or directly with a promoter region), whose activity they control by their binding and degradation of c-di-GMP—their PDE activity thus represents the c-di-GMP sensor or effector function. In this process, c-di-GMP serves as a regulatory ligand, but in contrast to classical allosteric control, this ligand is also degraded. The resulting kinetics and circuitry of control are ideally suited for trigger PDEs to serve as key components in regulatory switches. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Barquist, Lars, Alexander J. Westermann, and Jörg Vogel. "Molecular phenotyping of infection-associated small non-coding RNAs." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20160081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0081.
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Infection is a complicated balance, with both pathogen and host struggling to tilt the result in their favour. Bacterial infection biology has relied on forward genetics for many of its advances, defining phenotype in terms of replication in model systems. However, many known virulence factors fail to produce robust phenotypes, particularly in the systems most amenable to genetic manipulation, such as cell-culture models. This has particularly been limiting for the study of the bacterial regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) in infection. We argue that new sequencing-based technologies can work around this problem by providing a ‘molecular phenotype’, defined in terms of the specific transcriptional dysregulation in the infection system induced by gene deletion. We illustrate this using the example of our recent study of the PinT sRNA using dual RNA-seq, that is, simultaneous RNA sequencing of host and pathogen during infection. We additionally discuss how other high-throughput technologies, in particular genetic interaction mapping using transposon insertion sequencing, may be used to further dissect molecular phenotypes. We propose a strategy for how high-throughput technologies can be integrated in the study of non-coding regulators as well as bacterial virulence factors, enhancing our ability to rapidly generate hypotheses with regards to their function. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Achtman, Mark. "How old are bacterial pathogens?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1836 (August 17, 2016): 20160990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0990.
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Only few molecular studies have addressed the age of bacterial pathogens that infected humans before the beginnings of medical bacteriology, but these have provided dramatic insights. The global genetic diversity of Helicobacter pylori , which infects human stomachs, parallels that of its human host. The time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of these bacteria approximates that of anatomically modern humans, i.e. at least 100 000 years, after calibrating the evolutionary divergence within H. pylori against major ancient human migrations. Similarly, genomic reconstructions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the cause of tuberculosis, from ancient skeletons in South America and mummies in Hungary support estimates of less than 6000 years for the tMRCA of M. tuberculosis . Finally, modern global patterns of genetic diversity and ancient DNA studies indicate that during the last 5000 years plague caused by Yersinia pestis has spread globally on multiple occasions from China and Central Asia. Such tMRCA estimates provide only lower bounds on the ages of bacterial pathogens, and additional studies are needed for realistic upper bounds on how long humans and animals have suffered from bacterial diseases.
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Courcoul, Aurélie, Jean-Louis Moyen, Laure Brugère, Sandy Faye, Sylvie Hénault, Hélène Gares, and Maria-Laura Boschiroli. "Estimation of Sensitivity and Specificity of Bacteriology, Histopathology and PCR for the Confirmatory Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis Using Latent Class Analysis." PLoS ONE 9, no. 3 (March 13, 2014): e90334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090334.
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Gerdes, Kenn. "Hypothesis: type I toxin–antitoxin genes enter the persistence field—a feedback mechanism explaining membrane homoeostasis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20160189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0189.
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Bacteria form persisters, cells that are tolerant to multiple antibiotics and other types of environmental stress. Persister formation can be induced either stochastically in single cells of a growing bacterial ensemble, or by environmental stresses, such as nutrient starvation, in a subpopulation of cells. In many cases, the molecular mechanisms underlying persistence are still unknown. However, there is growing evidence that, in enterobacteria, both stochastically and environmentally induced persistence are controlled by the second messenger (p)ppGpp. For example, the ‘alarmone’ (p)ppGpp activates Lon, which, in turn, activates type II toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules to thereby induce persistence. Recently, it has been shown that a type I TA module, hokB / sokB , also can induce persistence. In this case, the underlying mechanism depends on the universally conserved GTPase Obg and, surprisingly, also (p)ppGpp. In the presence of (p)ppGpp, Obg stimulates hokB transcription and induces persistence. HokB toxin expression is under both negative and positive control: SokB antisense RNA inhibits hokB mRNA translation, while (p)ppGpp and Obg together stimulate hokB transcription. HokB is a small toxic membrane protein that, when produced in modest amounts, leads to membrane depolarization, cell stasis and persistence. By contrast, overexpression of HokB disrupts the membrane potential and kills the cell. These observations raise the question of how expression of HokB is regulated. Here, I propose a homoeostatic control mechanism that couples HokB expression to the membrane-bound RNase E that degrades and inactivates SokB antisense RNA. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Stejskal, V., and R. Aulický. " Scientometrical analysis of journal Plant Protection Science in 1950–2002." Plant Protection Science 39, No. 3 (November 25, 2011): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3866-pps.
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We analysed scientific papers published in the “Plant Protection Science” (PPS), former “Ochrana Rostlin” which is the only international scientific journal covering the problematic of the plant protection in the Czech Republic (CZ). The aim of this study was to explore general trends in the plant protection research in CZ during the five past decades (i.e. 1950–2002). During the period studied, 1633 articles and 2425 authors appeared in PPS. The peak of the annual publishing quantity was in 1970s and 1980s. The number of papers per year declined in 1990s reflecting (i) a decrease of scientific institutes and restriction of agricultural research in the CZ in early 1990s, and (ii) increasing demands on the quality of PPS in this period. The publication proportion of various disciplines in PPS were as follows: mycology (34.3%), entomology (20.9%), virology (20.9%), weed science (13.7%), bacteriology (4.9%), agroecology (3.2%), stored-product protection (1.7%), rodent control (0.2%), air-pollution derived injuries (0.1%). The relative contributions of the individual disciplines were fairly steady across the period studied except for the increased publishing share of the stored product protection. We found a decreasing trend in the publishing of pesticide papers, and an increasing trend to publish papers by more than one author. The global process of integration and internationalisation of applied sciences was reflected by PPS via (i) replacement of the national (OR) title with the English title (PPS) of the journal, (ii) increasing number of foreign authors, and (iii) increasing proportion of scientific papers in English, reaching 100% in 1999. Most of the changes leading to internationalisation of the journal PPS were traceable after 1989s with the termination of a “cold war” inEurope.
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Gusman, Vera, Deana Medic, Zora Jelesic, Mira Mihajlovic-Ukropina, Vesna Milosevic, and Anika Povazan. "Listeria monocytogenes isolated in ready-to-eat food in South Backa region of Vojvodina province, Serbia." Archives of Biological Sciences 66, no. 1 (2014): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1401011g.
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Listeria monocytogenes is pathogenic bacterium that can contaminate food products during and after processing. As ready-to-eat food does not undergo any treatment to ensure its safety before consumption, the risk of foodborne disease must be considered if this pathogen is present in the food. As diseases caused by contaminated food are an important public health problem today, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in different ready-to-eat food products. In the seven-month period from June 1 to December 31, 2011, a total of 1 380 food samples were examined in the Division of Sanitary Bacteriology, Center for Microbiology, Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina in Novi Sad. A total of 912 samples were analyzed for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes according to ISO 11290-2. The identity of suspected Listeria monocytogenes was confirmed using the VITEK 2 Compact system (BioMerieux, France). Out of 912 samples, Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 18 (1.97%). Listeria monocytogenes was mostly found in cooked meals (in 6 samples out of 18), sandwiches (4 samples) and frozen food, such as ice-cream and frozen vegetables (4 samples). It was also found in tofu bread spreads (2 samples), cream cheese (1 sample) and cakes (1 sample). The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in some ready-to-eat food could present a public health hazard, particularly to the high-risk population group, because of the high mortality rate associated with listeriosis and the widespread nature of the organism. Monitoring of listeriosis is essential to prevent foodborne outbreaks, and in assessing human health risk in ready-to-eat foods.
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Cole, Stewart T. "Inhibiting Mycobacterium tuberculosis within and without." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20150506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0506.
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Tuberculosis remains a scourge of global health with shrinking treatment options due to the spread of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Intensive efforts have been made in the past 15 years to find leads for drug development so that better, more potent drugs inhibiting new targets could be produced and thus shorten treatment duration. Initial attempts focused on repurposing drugs that had been developed for other therapeutic areas but these agents did not meet their goals in clinical trials. Attempts to find new lead compounds employing target-based screens were unsuccessful as the leads were inactive against M. tuberculosis . Greater success was achieved using phenotypic screening against live tubercle bacilli and this gave rise to the drugs bedaquiline, pretomanid and delamanid, currently in phase III trials. Subsequent phenotypic screens also uncovered new leads and targets but several of these targets proved to be promiscuous and inhibited by a variety of seemingly unrelated pharmacophores. This setback sparked an interest in alternative screening approaches that mimic the disease state more accurately. Foremost among these were cell-based screens, often involving macrophages, as these should reflect the bacterium's niche in the host more faithfully. A major advantage of this approach is its ability to uncover functions that are central to infection but not necessarily required for growth in vitro . For instance, inhibition of virulence functions mediated by the ESX-1 secretion system severely attenuates intracellular M. tuberculosis , preventing intercellular spread and ultimately limiting tissue damage. Cell-based screens have highlighted the druggability of energy production via the electron transport chain and cholesterol metabolism. Here, I review the scientific progress and the pipeline, but warn against over-optimism due to the lack of industrial commitment for tuberculosis drug development and other socio-economic factors. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Sen, S., R. Acharya, A. Saha, and K. Acharya. "A New Report of Cymbidium spp. Pseudobulb Rot Orchestrated by Erwinia carotovora, Fusarium oxysporum, and Mucor hiemalis f. sp. hiemalis." Plant Disease 90, no. 11 (November 2006): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1460c.
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Cymbidium spp. is an orchid of great horticultural value cultivated extensively in Eastern Himalaya, India. Since 1995, growers have experienced huge crop losses in every monsoon month because of pseudobulb rot. Pseudobulbs initially turned soft and pulpy followed by oozing of a dark brown liquid with a foul odor (early phase). With increasing severity, the bulbs and roots lose weight as the internal tissues gradually disintegrate (middle phase). Finally, the bulb becomes hollow, fibrous, and dry causing death of the plant (later phase). Surveys from 2002 to 2005 showed that disease incidence ranged from 60 to 100%. Rotted tissue was plated on nutrient agar and potato dextrose agar media. Three organisms were consistently isolated from 50 samples collected from 30 different localities. They were identified as Erwinia carotovora (2), Fusarium oxysporum (3), and Mucor hiemalis f. sp. hiemalis (1) and were predominant at the earlier, middle, and later stages of disease, respectively. Identifications were further confirmed by the Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Pune, India. Pseudobulbs were surface sterilized with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, washed by sterile distilled water, and dipped separately into three different spore/cell suspensions (105 CFU/ml) for 1 min. Another set of sterilized bulbs was dipped first into E. carotovora, then into F. oxysporum 12 days later, and then into M. hiemalis f. sp. hiemalis 15 days after the second dip. For the control set, bulbs were dipped into sterile distilled water. Samples were incubated aseptically at 20°C with a relative humidity of 80%, and all inoculated bulbs were evaluated for disease 47 days after the first inoculation. When samples were inoculated separately, E. carotovora exhibited maximum (70%) tissue disintegration followed by F. oxysporum (30%) and M. hiemalis f. sp. hiemalis (10%), but none of the individual pathogens caused 100% tissue disintegration. Complete destruction was observed after 47 days of first inoculation when these three pathogens were inoculated consecutively according to their serial occurrence. It is an interesting report on host-pathogen combination as three pathogens act in sequence toward ultimate demolition of the host. We report this rot as a synergistic activity of three pathogens to cause an uncontrolled epidemic disease of Cymbidium spp. References: (1) J. C. Gilman. Page 37 in: A Manual of Soil Fungi. Iowa State College Press. Ames, IA, 1945. (2) J. G. Holt. Page 469 in: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. I. Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore/London, 1984, (3) C. V. Subramaniam. Page 657 in: Hyphomycetes. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). New Delhi, 1971.
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Schneider, Johannes P., and Marek Basler. "Shedding light on biology of bacterial cells." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1707 (November 5, 2016): 20150499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0499.
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To understand basic principles of living organisms one has to know many different properties of all cellular components, their mutual interactions but also their amounts and spatial organization. Live-cell imaging is one possible approach to obtain such data. To get multiple snapshots of a cellular process, the imaging approach has to be gentle enough to not disrupt basic functions of the cell but also have high temporal and spatial resolution to detect and describe the changes. Light microscopy has become a method of choice and since its early development over 300 years ago revolutionized our understanding of living organisms. As most cellular components are indistinguishable from the rest of the cellular contents, the second revolution came from a discovery of specific labelling techniques, such as fusions to fluorescent proteins that allowed specific tracking of a component of interest. Currently, several different tags can be tracked independently and this allows us to simultaneously monitor the dynamics of several cellular components and from the correlation of their dynamics to infer their respective functions. It is, therefore, not surprising that live-cell fluorescence microscopy significantly advanced our understanding of basic cellular processes. Current cameras are fast enough to detect changes with millisecond time resolution and are sensitive enough to detect even a few photons per pixel. Together with constant improvement of properties of fluorescent tags, it is now possible to track single molecules in living cells over an extended period of time with a great temporal resolution. The parallel development of new illumination and detection techniques allowed breaking the diffraction barrier and thus further pushed the resolution limit of light microscopy. In this review, we would like to cover recent advances in live-cell imaging technology relevant to bacterial cells and provide a few examples of research that has been possible due to imaging. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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BYNUM, W. F. "T. D. BROCK. Robert Koch, a life in medicine and bacteriology (Scientific Revolutionaries: A biographical series.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Science Tech Publishers, Madison WI: 1988. Pp x, 365; illustrated. Price: DM48. ISBN 3-540-19344-8." Archives of Natural History 17, no. 2 (June 1990): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1990.17.2.253a.
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Qekwana, Daniel N., James Wabwire Oguttu, Fortune Sithole, and Agricola Odoi. "Burden and predictors ofStaphylococcus aureusandS. pseudintermediusinfections among dogs presented at an academic veterinary hospital in South Africa (2007–2012)." PeerJ 5 (April 13, 2017): e3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3198.
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BackgroundStaphylococci are commensals of the mucosal surface and skin of humans and animals, but have been implicated in infections such as otitis externa, pyoderma, urinary tract infections and post-surgical complications. Laboratory records provide useful information to help investigate these infections. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the burdens of these infections and use multinomial regression to examine the associations between variousStaphylococcusinfections and demographic and temporal factors among dogs admitted to an academic veterinary hospital in South Africa.MethodsRecords of 1,497 clinical canine samples submitted to the bacteriology laboratory at a veterinary academic hospital between 2007 and 2012 were included in this study. Proportions of staphylococcal positive samples were calculated, and a multinomial logistic regression model was used to identify predictors of staphylococcal infections.ResultsTwenty-seven percent of the samples tested positive forStaphylococcusspp. The species ofStaphylococcusidentified wereS. pseudintermedius(19.0%),S. aureus(3.8%),S. epidermidis(0.7%) andS. felis(0.1%). The remaining 2.87% consisted of unspeciatedStaphylococcus. Distribution of the species by age of dog showed thatS. pseudintermediuswas the most common (25.6%) in dogs aged 2–4 years whileS. aureuswas most frequent (6.3%) in dogs aged 5–6 years.S. pseudintermedius(34.1%) andS. aureus(35.1%) were the most frequently isolated species from skin samples. The results of the multivariable multinomial logistic regression model identified specimen, year and age of the dog as significant predictors of the risk of infection withStaphylococcus. There was a significant temporal increase (RRR = 1.17; 95% CI [1.06–1.29]) in the likelihood of a dog testing positive forS. pseudintermediuscompared to testing negative. Dogs ≤ 8 years of age were significantly more likely to test positive forS. aureusthan those >8 years of age. Similarly, dogs between 2–8 years of age were significantly more likely to test positive forS. pseudintermediusthan those >8 years of age. In addition, dogs 2–4 years of age (RRR = 1.83; 1.09–3.06) were significantly more likely to test positive forS. pseudintermediuscompared to those <2 years of age. The risk of infection withS. pseudintermediusorS. aureuswas significantly higher in ear canal and skin specimens compared to other specimens.ConclusionsThe findings suggest thatS. pseudintermediusandS. aureuswere the most commonly isolated species from dogs presented at the study hospital. Age of the dog and the location of infection were significant predictors of infection with bothStaphylococcusspecies investigated. Significant increasing temporal trend was observed forS. pseudintermediusbut notS. aureus. This information is useful for guiding clinical decisions as well as future research.
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Bramley, A. J. "Dr M. Elisabeth Sharpe." Journal of Dairy Research 66, no. 3 (August 1999): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029999003696.
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Dr M. Elisabeth Sharpe, who died last year, was Editor of the Journal of Dairy Research from 1975 to 1989. During this period she devoted her considerable energies and talent to putting the Journal on a sound financial footing and expanding its contributions from authors in the developing world. Becky, as she was known to her friends and colleagues, was highly successful in both these goals and the Journal continues to build upon her success to this day.Her editorship was the culmination of a notable scientific career, full of achievement and friendships. Born in 1916 in Barnsley, Yorkshire, Becky Sharpe completed her BSc degree at University College London in 1937 and went on to a year of postgraduate study in microbiology at the University of Manchester. She then joined the staff of the National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, an Agricultural Research Council Institute and a part of the University of Reading. She left in 1942 for a 4 year stint with The Boots Company in Nottingham and returned to Shinfield for a 30 year period of exemplary research in dairy microbiology in the Department of Bacteriology.The Department had a tremendous group of researchers and was a really exciting place for many of us to start our careers working with people like Becky Sharpe, Bruno Reiter, Frank Neave and Christina Cousins. Becky interacted with many of us over her career, and her research resulted in hundreds of publications and contributions to the scientific literature on the microbiology and microflora of milk and dairy products. She is probably best remembered for her work on staphylococci, micrococci and the lactobacilli. Often she pioneered the development of new techniques for the growth, isolation and identification of these Gram-positive organisms. She was especially pleased with her work as a contributor and editor for Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, which continued after retirement. She received her PhD from the University of Reading in 1951 and a DSc degree from the University of London in 1973.On a more personal note, the author remembers Becky as a generous and stimulating scientific colleague. She was always willing to listen to the ideas of a young and inexperienced scientist and offer help and advice. She was highly respected and well known in the world of dairy microbiology, and many outstanding microbiologists either worked with her or trained under her. Her laboratory was a favoured stop for researchers from across the globe.After retiring from active research in 1976 she remained very active in scientific circles. Her Editorship of the Journal was a major commitment, but she was also an active participant in scientific society activities, particularly as a fellow of the Institute of Biology. Her numerous scientific contributions, and the health and international flavour of the Journal speak to her professional accomplishments. Her friendship and help will be fondly remembered and missed by all of those fortunate enough to have worked with her.
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Suharjo, Radix, Edhi Martono, and Siti Subandiyah. "POTENSI ERIONOTA THRAX SEBAGAI AGEN PENYEBAR PATOGEN PENYEBAB PENYAKIT LAYU BAKTERI PADA TANAMAN PISANG (BLOOD DISEASE BACTERIUM)." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 6, no. 2 (September 8, 2006): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.26100-106.
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Potential of Erionota thrax to spread the causal agen of banana bacterial wilt (Blood Disease Bacterium). This study was conducted in Gerbosari, Samigaluh, Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta and in the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta during December 2002 to June 2003. The aim of this study was to find out the potency of Erionota thrax to spread Blood Disease Bacterium the causal agent of banana blood disease in Indonesia. A field survey was conducted to record the existance of Blood Disease Bacterium in larvae and adult E. thrax. The results show that Blood Disease Bacterium was not found in the larval stage of E. thrax. In the adult of E. thrax, the pathogen was found on the legs, wings, body surface, head and head surface, but it was not found inside the body of E. thrax.
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Sahetapy, Betty, Nina Maryana, Syafrida Manuwoto, Kikin H. Mutaqin, and Fransina Latumahina. "TEST OF BLOOD DISEASE BACTERIUM (BDB) TRANSMISSION BY POTENTIAL INSECT VECTORS." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 20, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.12071-77.
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Blood disease bacterium (BDB) is one of the important diseases in banana and a major obstacle in developing and increasing banana production in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to prove the ability of the Drosophilidae insect as a vector in transmitting BDB. The research was conducted at the Insect Biosystematics Laboratory and Plant Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University. Drosophilidae insects were taken from the field and then reared in laboratory by being fed with ripe bananas to obtain offspring that are free from diseases or pathogens. Imago of the Drosophilidae from rearing was fed by inoculum sources which was infected banana, then inoculated into healthy plants. The plants used were healthy and flowering, heliconia. The results showed that the Drosophilidae insects were able to transmit BDB to heliconia plants that showed symptoms, brownish flower colors and falling flower crowns. Detection of BDB isolated from flower parts and the inside parts of the insects used in transmission test using the PCR method showed positive results.
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Cournoyer, Antoine, Laurence Plamondon, Liza Bau-Gaudreault, Annie Deschamps, Pascal Dubreuil, and Marie-Odile Benoit-Biancamano. "Effects of Varroa destructor on Hemolymph Sugars and Secondary Infections in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 11630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211630.
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The European honeybee contributes to the agriculture by its pollination; however, the overwintering loss rate over the last decades is worrisome. Varroa destructor is considered one of the most important causes of bee colony declines. This project aims to correlate the infestation by varroa to the hemolymph sugar concentrations and bacterial and viral coinfections. Six highly infested and six control hives were compared over time. Pooled hemolymph samples from honeybees were collected for sugar concentration measurements using a previously validated portable glucometer. The hemolymph samples were submitted for bacteriology. Multiplex RT-PCR analysis was performed on honeybees for six viruses: DWV-A, DWV-B, BQCV, ABPV, KBV, and IAPV. There was also no predominance of pathogenic bacteria. In September, sugar concentrations in hemolymph were significantly lower in highly infested hives than in control hives. Infested hives showed markedly higher viral loads except for ABPV. DWV-A and BQCV viral loads from highly infested hives were significantly higher in September compared to July. A continued and severe exposure to varroa leads to increased viral charges and decreased sugar concentrations, suggesting alterations in immunity, metabolism, and reserve mobilization. These parameters contribute to the weakening and mortality of the colonies.
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Kůdela, V. "Plant pathology in the Czech Republic." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (January 1, 2002): S1—S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10309-pps.
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An outline of past achievements in plant pathology in the CR and main recent problems of Czech plant pathologists are given. A description of the present state in plant pathology in the CR is preceded by data on the structure of CR, on its agriculture, research and development. The outstanding feature of the Czech agriculture is large-scale production. However, the CR still lags behind the EU in yields per hectare. Compared with the EU member states, the CR devotes less money (less then 0.7% of GDP) to research and development (R&D). The trend of state subsidies to R&D in the agriculture sector in current prices is stagnant. It represents an actual decline in the fixed prices. In the Czech Republic, approximately six hundreds persons are professionally engaged in plant health. It represents 6 professionals per 100 hundreds citizens in the CR. Around 160 persons deal with the research and/or teaching of plant pathology. Public service in the field of plant health (advisory work, extension or outreach activities) is one of the weak links in the system of plant health care in the CR. The reason is the lack of commitment for this field of plant health care activity together with absence of sufficient financial support. Minimum requirements for education should be set on advisors and provider of services in the field of plant health at the EU level. In the CR, there exists still some gap in scientific expertise of nematology and integrated pest management. The Czech Lands are proud of the role of some Bohemian and Moravian scientists who have been prominent in the development of plant pathology and related disciplines. These include: AUGUSTUS CARL JOSEPH CORDA and FRANTIŠEK BUBÁK in mycology, GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL in genetics, FRANTIŠEK KRÁL in bacteriology, BOHUMIL NĚMEC and EDUARD BAUDYŠ in plant pathology.
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Villamil Jiménez, Luis Carlos. "La institución de la medicina veterinaria en Colombia, una aventura por la innovación y la investigación. Apuntes de una vida: Claude Vericel Aimar." Revista Universidad de La Salle 1, no. 79 (January 1, 2019): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/ruls.vol1.iss79.18.
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La segunda mitad del siglo XIX representa un escenario de importantes eventos políticos, sociales y sanitarios. La agricultura y la ganadería se convirtieron en actividades que generaron riqueza. Las enfermedades animales, algunas con impacto sobre los humanos, aparecieron con carácter epidémico. La calidad sanitaria del agua, la carne y la leche era deficiente. El gobierno contrató los servicios de Claude Vericel Aimar, doctor en veterinaria de la Real escuela de Lyon, para que iniciara la Escuela Veterinaria en Colombia, estudiara las principales enfermedades animales, su prevención y control, prestara servicios de clínica e inspección de alimentos y diseñara el Matadero Municipal. Llegó al país en 1884 para iniciar una labor pionera. Trajo uno de los primeros microscopios, medios de cultivo, reactivos para el laboratorio clínico, conocimiento veterinario actualizado y la metodología pasteriana. Fue veterinario municipal, director de la primera Escuela Veterinaria, formó excelentes profesionales que hicieron historia, como Federico Lleras Acosta, Jorge Lleras Parra e Ismael Gómez Herrán. Estas notas sintetizan la vida y obra del pionero de la profesión veterinaria, la bacteriología y la parasitología en Colombia
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Shoda, Shinya, Hiroo Nasu, Kohei Yamazaki, Natsuki Murakami, Geon-Ju Na, Sung-Mo Ahn, and Minoru Yoneda. "Dry or Wet? Evaluating the Initial Rice Cultivation Environment on the Korean Peninsula." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050929.
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The origins and development of rice cultivation are one of the most important aspects in studying agricultural and socio-economic innovations, as well as environmental change, in East Asian prehistory. In particular, whether wet or dry rice cultivation was conducted is an important consideration of its impact on societies and the environment across different periods and places. In this study, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of charred crop remains from archaeological sites dating from the Early Bronze Age (ca. 1.1 k BC) to the Proto-Three Kingdoms (ca. 0.4 k AD) was conducted to clarify: (1) if there were any shifts from dry to wet cultivation around 1500 years after rice adoption as previously hypothesized and (2) the difference in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values between rice and dry fields crops excavated from the same archaeological context to understand the cultivation environment. The result show that stable isotope values of charred rice grains have not changed significantly for around 1500 years. Moreover, rice possessed higher nitrogen stable isotope values than dry crops across all periods. While other potential factors could have influenced the 15N-enrichment of soils and crops, the most reasonable explanation is bacteriologic denitrification in anaerobic paddy soil where the rice was grown.
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Devkota, Hari K., Bijaya L. Maharjan, Bikash Baral, Anjana Singh, and Kayo D. Yami. "Invitro Screening of Antifungal Activity of Rhizospheric Bacteria and Possible Role of Chitinase in Antifungal Activity." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (July 23, 2012): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6517.
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The use of biocontrol agents is becoming an increasingly important alternative to chemical crop protection against weeds, insects and plant diseases in the field of agriculture. The success of biocontrol and yield increase depends on the nature of antagonistic properties and mechanisms of action of the biocontrol agent against the phytopathogens. In this study, 103 macroscopically different bacterial isolates (62 from Kirtipur and 41 from Khumaltar) from 21 different rhizosphere soil samples (11 from Kirtipur and 10 from Khumaltar) were screened for antagonism against five fungal phytopathogens, viz, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Exserohilum turcicum and Phytophthora infestans by dual culture technique on Potato dextrose agar. Out of 18 different active isolates two of them showed the chitinolytic potential and the most active fungal antagonist was identified as Bacillus subtilis on the basis of colonial, morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics based on Bergey’s Manual of systemic bacteriology. The isolate produced maximum chitinase in colloidal chitin broth at pH7 and temperature 37oC after four days of inoculation. The corresponding culture filtrate supposed to contain chitinase showed maximum % inhibition of 53.29% with Fusarium oxysporum and no inhibition to Phytophthora infestans in agar well diffusion assay. Furthermore, chitinase was best fractionated at 40% ammonium sulphate salt fractionation which has almost similar inhibition potential as the crude culture filtrate. The 40% salt fraction of the enzyme showed the maximum chitinolytic potential at pH8 and temperature 40oC. Among the phytopathogens tested, sensitivity of Bacillus subtilis to fungi containing chitin on their cell wall demonstrates the possible role of chitinase in the antifungal activity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6517 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 304-311
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Kumbe, Adem. "Study on Bovine Mastitis under Different Management in Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Areas of Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 5, no. 1 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000192.
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A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated potential risk factors and major etiological agents of clinical and sub clinical mastitis under different management condition of pastoral, agro-pastoral, ranch and farm by using California mastitis test and bacteriology. A total of 384 lactating Borana cows in Did-tuyura ranch, Yabello Pastoral and dryland agriculture research center (YPDARC) dairy farm and three districts namely Gomole, Moyale and Yabello of Borana zone were included in the study. The study revealed that overall prevalence of mastitis were 47.4 % (182/384); out of which 12 % (46/384) clinical and 35.4 % (136/384) sub-clinical mastitis whereas prevalence at quarter level was 21.48% (330/1536) of which 3% (46/1536) and 18.48% (284/1536) were clinical and sub-clinical form respectively. From the total examined quarter, 3.5% (53) of quarters had blind quarter. Prevalence in pastoral and agro-pastoral herding system (extensive management system) at cow level and quarter level were 18.9% and 10.9% respectively while prevalence in Did-tuyura ranch and YPDARC dairy farm herding system (semi-intensive) were 20% and 7% at cow level and quarter level respectively. The prevalence of mastitis significantly (P<0.05) differed with parity, stage of lactation and body condition of lactating animals. From 330 California Mastitis Test (CMT) and clinically positive milk samples there was growth of bacteria on culture media observed only in 155 (46.97%). Out of this Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 59 (38.06%) isolates followed by Streptococcus species 33 (21.29%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus 30 (19.35%). Due to lack of proper managements of different risk factors major pathogenic microorganisms are isolated. Proper preventive and control strategy, awareness creation on key factors of mastitis, Regular screening and culling of chronically infected cows should be practiced.
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Suharjo, Radix, Siti Subandiyah, and Edhi Martono. "HUBUNGAN ANTARA FREKUENSI KEDATANGAN IMAGO ERIONOTA THRAX PADA BUNGA PISANG DAN KETERJADIAN PENYAKIT LAYU BAKTERI PISANG PADA LAHAN SAWAH, TEGALAN DAN PEKARANGAN." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 8, no. 1 (November 4, 2008): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.1847-54.
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Relationship Between Arrival Frequency of Erionota thrax to the Banana’s Flower and Disease Incidence of Banana Bacterial Wilt in Wet Rice Field, Dry Field and House Yard. This research was conducted in the Sub District of Samigaluh, Kulon Progo and Laboratory of Bacteriology, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta December 2002 to June 2003. The aim of this research was to investigate relationship between arrival frequency of Erionota thrax to the banana’s flower and disease incidence of Banana Bacterial Wilt in the three diffrent land uses (wet rice field, dry field and house yard). A survey method was done in this research. Stratified purpossive sampling was performed to collect the data. Strata used were wet rice field, dry field and house yard. Observation of the arrival frequency of E. thrax was done to the flowering banana. Data that collected in this study were disease incidence of Banana Bacterial Wilt and arrival frequency of E. thrax to the banana’s flower. The data was analized with Correlation test using SPSS 11.5 for windows with 5% of significant level. The results showed that the arrival frequency of imago E. thrax to the banana’s flower per one flowering seasons (5 days) were 17.65 imago (wet rice field), 15,65 imago (dry field) and 11 imago (house yard). Meanwhile, the disease insidence of Banana Bacterial wilt in the three different land uses were 5.41% (wet rice field), 3.81% (dry field) and 7.10% (house yard). Correlation analysis showed that there was no relationship between arrival frequency of E. thrax to the banana’s flower and the disease insidence of Banana Bacterial Wilt in the three different land uses. Its means that the arrival frequency of E. thrax to the banana’s flower did not influence the disease incidence of banana bacterial wilt in those areas.
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Alu, J. A. "Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Listeria monocytogenes from Retailed Fresh Cat Fish and Frozen Fish in Abuja, Nigeria." Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences 3, no. 1 (July 21, 2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/jvbs/1202.30.0180.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profile of Listeria monocytogenes from fresh catfish (Clarias species) and frozen raw fish (Mackerel and Herring). A total of 180 samples which comprised 60 units of fresh catfish, mackerel, and herring frozen fish each distributed uniformly across three locations in Abuja, were randomly collected within a period of three months. The samples were analyzed using standard bacteriological methods at the Animal science/bacteriology laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Abuja. Presumptive isolates were further serotyped using latex agglutination and subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity testing at the Advance Biotechnology laboratory (SHESTCO) Sheda, Abuja. Overall prevalence of L. monocytogenes in this study was 10.6% (n=19/180) distributed across Gwagwalada (20%), Bwari (11.7%) and none in Kwali Area council. The occurrence according to fish types showed 18.3% in mackerel, 10.0% in herring fish while 3.33% was from catfish. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in the fish type studied. Antimicrobial resistance profile indicated high MAR index (≥ 0.4) which revealed a diverse spread of bacterial resistance to antibiotics within the fish population in the study area. This was characterized by 100% resistance of L. monocytogenes isolates to ampicillin and tetracycline while few (5) isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol (71.5%), streptomycin (61.2%). This finding provides a baseline information on the prevalence and antibiotic profile of L. monocytogenes in catfish and frozen fish in Abuja, Nigeria. Proper hygienic handling of fish during processing and sales is optimum in mitigating the risk of foodborne illness due to L. monocytogenes. Adequate control of antimicrobial agent usage is also recommended to reduce the occurrence and spread of potential multidrug resistance strains.