Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bacterial wilt disease management

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Academic literature on the topic 'Bacterial wilt disease management'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Bacterial wilt disease management"

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Mostafa, Hanan S. ,., Hanan A. Khalifaa, Wafaa M. Elsyd, and Abdel-Ghaffar N.Y. "Management of Potato Bacterial Wilt Disease Using Abiotic Treatments." Al-Mukhtar Journal of Sciences 37, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54172/mjsc.v37i3.619.

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Bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi is one of the most important bacterial diseases in the world. This study aimed to test some chemical compounds such as bactericides that were applied to control bacterial wilt disease under artificial inoculation conditions and their effects on the yield of potatoes under greenhouse conditions.In vitro, tested chemical compounds (Cefalexin, Gentamycin, and Copper sulphate) inhibit the growth of R. solanacerum compared with control treatment. Copper sulphate was the most effective where the Inhibition zone diameter was 6.0 to7.4mm compared with cefalexin and gentamycin, 3.6 to 5.8mm respectively, but cefalexin was moderately effective 4.2 to 5.8mm and gentamycin was less effective 3.6 to 5.8mm against the pathogen. Inhibition zone diameter was increased with increasing concentrations of tested chemical compounds. Greenhouse experiments showed that the chemical compounds used reduced the severity of potato bacterial wilt disease and increased potato yield compared with control treatment. When using Cefalexin, the mean of wilted shoots was 20.5 and the severity of disease 16.3, while when using Gentamycin as an Abiotic, the mean of wilted shoots was 22.8 and severity of disease 17.6 which was the most effective compared with Copper sulphate treatment were wilted shoot was 31.8 and severity of disease 29.6. The application of tested chemical compounds as soil drench treatment led to a percentage of infection which ranged from16.4 to19.0 more effective than tuber treatment where the percentage of infection ranged from 18.4 to 20.1.
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Sarfo, NY, EW Cornelius, and SK Torkpo. "Greenhouse tomato farmers' knowledge, perceptions, and management of tomato bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) disease." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 24, no. 2 (February 29, 2024): 25537. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.127.22870.

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A major constraint to tomato cultivation is bacterial wilt disease. The use of greenhouses to cultivate tomato is vital to controlling the bacterial wilt disease. Bacterial wilt can be successfully managed when farmers are well-informed with better knowledge of bacterial wilt in tomatoes. This study was conducted to assess farmers’ knowledge and experiences on the cultivation practices, prevalence, detection, spread, and control of bacterial wilt disease in tomato in greenhouses in the Volta, Eastern, Central, and Greater Accra regions of Ghana. Questionnaires were administered for fifty (50) greenhouse farmers, purposefully selected using a database of greenhouse tomato producers in southern Ghana provided by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA). Frequency data was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. The majority (86%) of respondents had formal education. Most of the greenhouses in operation were in the Greater Accra Region, and none was under cultivation in the Volta region at the time of the study. Most respondents have been involved in greenhouse tomato cultivation for barely three years. The frequency of greenhouse tomatoes production varied from one region to the other. Only 28% of greenhouse farmers knew the test to detect the disease with 64% of greenhouse farmers without any knowledge about how the disease spreads. 62% of respondents used roughing and burying of the infected plants to control the disease. Out of the 54 greenhouses (domes) surveyed, 12 were infected with the bacterial wilt disease. Greenhouse farmers had little knowledge on the spread, detection, and control of the bacterial wilt disease of tomato. The findings of this study would lead to the design of targeted training programs on cultivation practices, detection, spread and management of bacterial wilt of tomato to increase yield and boost income levels of greenhouse tomato farmers in Ghana. Key words: bacterial wilt, tomatoes, spread, detection, control, greenhouse, farmers, constraints
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Wang, Beibei, Mingze Sun, Jinming Yang, Zongzhuan Shen, Yannan Ou, Lin Fu, Yan Zhao, Rong Li, Yunze Ruan, and Qirong Shen. "Inducing banana Fusarium wilt disease suppression through soil microbiome reshaping by pineapple–banana rotation combined with biofertilizer application." SOIL 8, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-17-2022.

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Abstract. Crop rotation and biofertilizer application have historically been employed as efficient management strategies for soil-borne disease suppression through soil microbiome manipulation. However, how this occurs and to what extent the combination of methods affects the microbiota reconstruction of diseased soil is unknown. In this study, pineapple–banana rotation combined with biofertilizer application was used to suppress banana Fusarium wilt disease, and the effects on both bacterial and fungal communities were investigated using the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform. Our results showed that pineapple–banana rotation significantly reduced Fusarium wilt disease incidence and the application of biofertilizer caused additional suppression. Bacterial and fungal communities thrived using rotation combined with biofertilizer application: taxonomic and phylogenetic α diversity of both bacteria and fungi increased along with disease suppression. Between the two strategies, biofertilizer application predominantly affected both bacterial and fungal community composition compared to rotation. Burkholderia genus may have been attributed to the general wilt suppression for its change in network structure and high relative importance in linear models. Our results indicated that pineapple–banana rotation combined with biofertilizer application has strong potential for the sustainable management of banana Fusarium wilt disease.
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Rojas, Erika Saalau, Jean C. Batzer, Gwyn A. Beattie, Shelby J. Fleischer, Lori R. Shapiro, Mark A. Williams, Ricardo Bessin, et al. "Bacterial Wilt of Cucurbits: Resurrecting a Classic Pathosystem." Plant Disease 99, no. 5 (May 2015): 564–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-14-1068-fe.

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Bacterial wilt threatens cucurbit crop production in the Midwestern and Northeastern United States. The pathogen, Erwinia tracheiphila, is a xylem-limited bacterium that affects most commercially important cucurbit species, including muskmelon, cucumber, and squash. Bacterial wilt is transmitted and overwintered by striped and spotted cucumber beetles. Since there are few commercially available resistant cultivars, disease management usually relies on use of insecticides to suppress vector populations. Although bacterial wilt was initially described more than 100 years ago, our knowledge of disease ecology and epidemiology advanced slowly for most of the 20th century. However, a recent wave of research has begun to fill in missing pieces of the bacterial wilt puzzle. This article—the first review of research toward understanding the cucurbit bacterial wilt pathosystem—recounts early findings and updates our understanding of the disease cycle, including pathogen and vector biology. We also highlight research areas that could lead to more efficient and ecologically based management of bacterial wilt.
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Tessema, Gebrehanna Lemma, and Hussen Ebrahim Seid. "Potato bacterial wilt in Ethiopia: history, current status, and future perspectives." PeerJ 11 (January 18, 2023): e14661. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14661.

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Background Potato is an essential food staple and a critical tuber crop for rural livelihoods in Ethiopia, where many pathogenic pests are threatening production. Bacterial wilt, also known as brown rot of potato, ranks among the diseases that most affect many potato farmers in Ethiopia and the disease losses dramatically threatening the vibrant potato sector even in the highlands of the country where it has been uncommon so far. Methodology To devise a strategy towards boosting potato productivity in Ethiopia where food insecurity is most prevalent, production constraints should be investigated and properly addressed. Hence, we have used existing reviews and reports on the subjects, such as textbooks, and proceeding and conference abstracts in Plant Protection Society of Ethiopia; Web of Science; Google Scholar; Research Gate and CIP’s database to document most relevant information on the occurrence, distribution, and disease management of bacterial wilt in Ethiopia. Results Provision of comprehensive information on potato bacterial wilt occurrence, distribution, and management techniques are crucial for potato growers, researchers and stakeholders engaged on potato industry. In this review, we provided insights on the history, status, and future perspectives of potato bacterial wilt in Ethiopia. Conclusions Awareness of potato bacterial wilt and integrated disease management approaches could bring a fundamental impact to the farming community mostly to smallholder farmers in developing countries. This document compiled such imperative information targeting bacterial wilt management techniques to ensure food security.
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Nain, Y., AR Wasnikar, S. Verma, K. Choudhary, and K. Chand. "Response of seed endophytic bacteria for the management of chickpea wilt, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology 14 (October 5, 2022): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.58628/jae-2214-28.

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Vascular wilts are devastating plant diseases that can affect both annual crops as well as woody perennials, hence inducing major food losses and damaging valuable natural ecosystems. Because of ecological and economic reasons, the management of vascular wilt diseases by conventional chemical methods is raising concerns. More environmentally friendly alternatives such as the use of microbial antagonist to control phytopathogens are now of growing interest. The fact that bacterial endophytes are able to colonize an ecological niche similar to that of vascular wilt pathogens favours them as potential biocontrol agents against wilt diseases. Several possible disease suppression mechanisms of beneficial bacteria were proposed, among them induction of systemic resistance, growth promotion and competition. In this view, we studied out the seed endophytic bacteria (SEB) for the management of chickpea wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Among the treatment of seed entophytic bacterial isolate in SEB-5 was found highest germination percent (92% in JG 11), minimum mortality percent at pre and post–emergence (7.69 and 9.53% in JG 11 and JG 16, respectively). The minimum total mortality percent 17.82 % was found in JG 11 of SEB-5. The other seed entophytic bacterial isolate were found statistically at par with SEB-5. The minimum germination percent (78.5% in JG 62) as well as highest total mortality percent approximate 58% in JG 11 was found in T6 (treated control). Similarly, all the treatments of seed entophytic bacterial had higher root length and shoot length as compared to T6. Among the treatments the SEB-5 was found significantly highest by 23 cm in root length and 48 cm in shoot length as well as highest vigour index (6613) over the T6 in JG 11 variety. Among the varieties grown the JG 11 was perfumed better and found resistant and JG 62 was found susceptible to wilt. The treatment of seed endophytic bacterial isolate SEB-5, SEB-3, SEB-2, SEB-1 and SEB-4 was identified against wilt pathogen in reduce disease incidence, plant mortality and severity as well as promoting plant growth and health.
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Singh, T. H., DC Lakshmana Reddy, C. Anand Reddy, A. T. Sadashiva, P. Pandyaraj, and Y. B. Manoj. "Evaluation of Solanum species and eggplant cultivated varieties for bacterial wilt resistance." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.2019.v14i01.004.

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Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the major diseases in Solanum species including cultivated Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Bacterial wilt (BW) disease management in eggplant is difficult due to high survival rate of pathogen in soil and chemical application is not eco-friendly. The best way to avoid bacterial wilt in eggplant is using disease-resistant varieties. However, only a limited number of bacterial wilt resistant varieties are available and, there is a necessity to identify and/or develop new resistant varieties. In the current study, wild Solanum species, and eggplant cultivated varieties were evaluated against Ralstonia solanacearum, and disease incidence was recorded. The cultivated varieties IIHR-108, Pusa Purple Long and Rampur Local were identified as susceptible, whereas, IIHR-7 and CARI-1 were identified as resistant to bacterial wilt. These resistant wild and cultivated varieties can be used as a root-stock in bacterialwilt disease resistant breeding programmes.
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Singh, T. H., DC Lakshmana Reddy, C. Anand Reddy, A. T. Sadashiva, P. Pandyaraj, and Y. B. Manoj. "Evaluation of Solanum species and eggplant cultivated varieties for bacterial wilt resistance." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v14i1.713.

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Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the major diseases in Solanum species including cultivated Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Bacterial wilt (BW) disease management in eggplant is difficult due to high survival rate of pathogen in soil and chemical application is not eco-friendly. The best way to avoid bacterial wilt in eggplant is using disease-resistant varieties. However, only a limited number of bacterial wilt resistant varieties are available and, there is a necessity to identify and/or develop new resistant varieties. In the current study, wild Solanum species, and eggplant cultivated varieties were evaluated against Ralstonia solanacearum, and disease incidence was recorded. The cultivated varieties IIHR-108, Pusa Purple Long and Rampur Local were identified as susceptible, whereas, IIHR-7 and CARI-1 were identified as resistant to bacterial wilt. These resistant wild and cultivated varieties can be used as a root-stock in bacterialwilt disease resistant breeding programmes.
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Gleena Mary, C. F., and Sally K. Mathew. "Efficacy of Lignophenolic Composts for the Management of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato." Journal of Biological Control 30, no. 1 (June 21, 2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jbc/30/1/6460.

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Bacterial wilt is one of the most dreaded diseases in tomato growing areas all over the world. Though chemical control measures and resistance breeding offers certain degree of protection against wilt pathogen, both have their own limitations such as high cost, environmental impact, non target effect and development of resistance. Hence, biologically safe methods such as use of composts as soil amendments for wilt management was investigated in the present study which revealed the possibility of the use of ligno-phenolic composts in disease management. Among the five composts tested, application of ayurvedic compost at 45 days after planting was found to be the most effective with lowest wilt incidence of 6.94 per cent against 36.10 per cent in control, with 80.77 per cent disease reduction. At 60 DAP, same trend was noticed with minimum disease incidence in ayurvedic compost (13.88 %) which was on par with full basal application of leaf litter compost (15.27 %), and coir pith compost (16.66 %) with 86.79 to 60.02 per cent reduction of wilt incidence. In case of yield, among the different composts, split and basal application of ayurvedic compost recorded highest yield of 8.9 kg/6.48 m<sup>2</sup>.
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Harmon, Philip F., Carrie Harmon, and Dave Norman. "Bacterial Wilt of Southern Highbush Blueberry Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum." EDIS 2016, no. 9 (November 9, 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pp332-2016.

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Bacterial wilt is a newly discovered disease of blueberry in Florida. Plants with bacterial wilt will show signs of water stress such as wilting and marginal leaf burn. The disease was initially confirmed on three farms in Florida. This 3-page fact sheet describes the symptoms, occurrence, and management of bacterial wilt in blueberry. Written by Philip F. Harmon, Carrie Harmon, and Dave Norman, and published by the Plant Pathology Department, November 2016. PP332/PP332: Bacterial Wilt of Southern Highbush Blueberry Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (ufl.edu)
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bacterial wilt disease management"

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Thera, Aissata Traore. "Bacterial wilt management a prerequisite for a potato seed certification program in Mali /." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/thera/TheraA1207.pdf.

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Mandal, Hrisikesh. "Isolation and characterization of Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et. al. causing bacterial wilt of tomato from sub-Himalayan West Bengal and its management." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2021. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4800.

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Vrisman, Claudio M. "Real-time imaging and characterization of colonization of cucurbit hosts by Erwinia tracheiphila, the impact of intra-specific competition, and the discovery and characterization of novel approaches to manage bacterial wilt of cucurbits." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1542889416739096.

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Bredenkamp, Jane. "Characterization of tolerance to bacterial wilt in the model plant Arabidopsis." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40348.

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Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease, has been found to affect numerous economically important plants. Understanding the molecular basis of resistance, tolerance and susceptibility of plants to pathogens such as R. solanacearum is a major goal of molecular plant pathologists. Prior to this study it was thought that Arabidopsis accession Kil-0 shows gene-for-gene “resistance” to an African Eucalyptus isolate of R. solanacearum, BCCF402. However, a subsequent preliminary study indicated that Kil-0 may exhibit “tolerance” which is defined as the plant’s ability to support high pathogen numbers without displaying disease symptoms or a reduction in host fitness. The aim of this study was to determine if Kil-0 was tolerant to R. solanacearum BCCF402. The bacterial load of R. solanacearum was quantified in accessions Kil-0 and Be-0 using dilution plating and quantitative PCR methods. The cytC gene region was used to quantify R. solanacearum in Arabidopsis plants and the amount of bacterial DNA was normalized to “alien” DNA that was spiked into each sample. High bacterial concentrations of BCCF402 were found in Kil-0 but plants exhibited no wilting symptoms. Additionally, Kil-0 plants inoculated with BCCF402 showed no significant reduction in fitness compared to control Kil-0 plants. In contrast, high bacterial numbers and severe disease symptoms were observed in the susceptible Be-0 plants, whereas Nd1 plants contained a low number of bacteria and no disease symptoms indicative of a resistance response. These results illustrated that Kil-0 is tolerant to R. solanacearum isolate BCCF402. A tool for the visualization of R. solanacearum in Arabidopsis plants was designed. R. solanacearum isolate BCCF402 was tagged with two mCherry-containing plasmids under the constitutive expression of the tac promoter. The expression levels of mCherry were suitable for successful visualization in planta. BCCF402 cells transformed with the mCherry-containing plasmids were not affected in terms of virulence or disease progression compared to wildtype BCCF402 cells. A plasmid loss of 30-35% was observed in mCherry-tagged BCCF402 cells at later stages of Arabidopsis infection. mCherry-tagged BCCF402 was successfully visualized in Kil-0 leaves at early infection stages.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
gm2014
Plant Science
unrestricted
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Thwaites, Richard Mark. "Molecular studies on the variability and basis of pathogenicity of vascular bacterial pathogens of Musa spp." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325011.

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Akiew, E. B. "Potato diseases in South Australia : studies in leafroll, early blight and bacterial wilt /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha315.pdf.

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Wimer, Adam Francis. "The Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Management of Tomato Bacterial Wilt on Virginia's Eastern Shore." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46419.

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In 2007 and 2008 more than 100 million dollars of fresh market tomatoes were grown in Virginia, with the majority of production occurring on the Eastern Shore of Virginia (ESV), according to the National Agricultural Statistics Service. Bacterial wilt of tomato, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) and Yabucchi et al., is the most devastating disease of tomato on the ESV. Four â observational trials' were conducted on the ESV over three growing seasons to determine the temporal and spatial distribution of this disease in commercial tomato fields. Plants were assessed at approximately one-week intervals throughout the growing seasons and the incidence of bacterial wilt for each individual plant was recorded. A steady increase in both disease incidence and clustered distribution of the disease within rows was observed as the growing season progressed. Positive correlations between disease incidence and percentage of rows exhibiting a significant clustered distribution occurred in all trials, which indicated an increase in clustered distribution as disease incidence increased. Research trials were conducted over three years, beginning in the summer of 2007, to investigate the effects of tomato bacterial wilt resistant cultivars on the ESV. In 2008 and 2009, the selective, systemic compound which induces host plant resistance, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) was incorporated into resistant cultivar trials. Results from the 2007 trial revealed significant resistance in some of the breeding lines, CRA 66 and PI 126408. The 2008 and 2009 trials revealed that ASM was not effective at reducing levels of bacterial wilt. Grafted transplants in the spring trials of 2008 and 2009 had varied results in resistance and yield. Results revealed the tomato cultivar BHN 669 was an excellent resistant cultivar with promising yield potential and fruit quality.
Master of Science
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ROLLEMBERG, Christtianno de Lima. "Uso do silício na micropropagação visando o manejo da murcha-de-fusário e do moko da bananeira." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6490.

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Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-21T13:35:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Christtianno de Lima Rollemberg.pdf: 2445206 bytes, checksum: 4da0aaed00880d13a23b17cdb6cae239 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T13:35:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Christtianno de Lima Rollemberg.pdf: 2445206 bytes, checksum: 4da0aaed00880d13a23b17cdb6cae239 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-30
This study evaluated the use of silicon (Si) in micropropagation of banana 'Silk' and 'Pacovan Ken' aiming to reduce the severity of fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and moko disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum race 2. The banana plantlets were produced in vitro by adding calcium silicate and potassium silicate (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 g L-1) to MS medium in the phases of multiplication and rooting. After in vitro culture, the plants were transferred to plastic tubes containing substrate plus the same sources of Si, and maintained in a greenhouse for 45 days, when they were inoculated with the pathogens. With respect to fusarium wilt in cultivars Silk and Pacovan Ken, the elevation of Si increased the incubation period (IP) and reduced the disease index (DI) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). In cultivar Silk but not in Pacovan Ken calcium silicate was significantly more effective than potassium silicate. In shoots and roots of both cultivars in both sources, before and after acclimatization Si concentration was greater at a dose of 1.0 g L-1 compared to the control without Si. Before acclimatization, calcium silicate provided higher Si concentration in the shoots than potassium silicate. The opposite happened with the Si concentration in the roots. After acclimatization, there was no difference between the calcium silicate and potassium silicate, for both cultivars. In general, for both cultivars and sources of Si there were positive correlations with the concentration of Si and IP, and negative correlations with DI and AUDPC. Before and after acclimatization, the anatomical variable of roots: thickness of the root epidermis, cortex, endodermis and central cylinder of banana 'Silk' and 'Ken Pacovan' were influenced by Si sources. Calcium silicate was more efficient in increasing the thickness of the root epidermis, cortex and central cylinder, while potassium silicate was more efficient in thickening of the endodermis. In general, there were positive correlations among anatomical variable of roots with PI and negative correlations with DI and AUDPC, except for potassium silicate in cultivar Silk. The research conducted with moko disease showed that increase of Si in Silk and Pacovan Ken cultivars caused increase in IP and decreases the DI and AUDPC. At the dosage of 1.0 g L-1 AUCPD was reduced by 27.3%. In cultivar Silk, calcium silicate was more effective than potassium silicate (P≤0.05), while in „Pacovan Ken‟ there was no difference. In both cultivars, plants treated with Si showed, in general, concentrations of chlorophylls a, b and total higher than plants Si- up to six days after inoculation, which may have influenced the disease IP. In general, both the enzymes related to oxidative stress (CAT, SOD and APX), as the plant defense (POX, PPO, CHI and GLU), had increased its activities in plants treated with Si, especially those with calcium silicate, indicating a possible role in reducing the severity of the disease. The supply of Si in micropropagation of banana 'Silk' and 'Pacovan Ken' promoted reduction of Fusarium wilt and moko disease, and therefore can be used as a new technology in the management of these diseases.
Este estudo avaliou o uso do silício (Si) na micropropagação de bananeira „Maçã‟ e „Pacovan Ken‟ visando a redução da severidade da murcha-de-fusário, causada pelo Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense e do moko da bananeira causado por Ralstonia solanacearum raça 2. As mudas de bananeira foram produzidas in vitro com adição de silicato de cálcio e silicato de potássio (0; 0,25; 0,5; 0,75 e 1 g L-1) ao meio de cultivo MS nas fases de multiplicação e enraizamento. Após o cultivo in vitro, as plantas foram transferidas para tubetes contendo substrato acrescido das mesmas fontes de Si, e mantidas em casa de vegetação por 45 dias, quando foram inoculadas com os patógenos. Com relação à murcha-de-fusário, nas cultivares Maçã e Pacovan Ken, a elevação das doses de Si aumentou o período de incubação (PI) e reduziu o índice de doença (IDO) e a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD). Em „Maçã‟ o silicato de cálcio foi significativamente mais eficiente que o silicato de potássio, o que não ocorreu na „Pacovan Ken‟. A concentração de Si na parte aérea e raízes das cultivares, em ambas as fontes, antes e após a aclimatização foi maior na dose de 1,0 g L-1 em relação à testemunha sem Si. Antes da aclimatização, o silicato de cálcio proporcionou maior concentração de Si na parte aérea que o silicato de potássio. O contrário aconteceu com a concentração de Si nas raízes. Após aclimatização, não houve diferença entre o silicato de cálcio e o silicato de potássio, para as duas cultivares. Em geral, para ambas as cultivares e fontes de Si foram observadas correlações positivas da concentração de Si com PI e correlações negativas com IDO e AACPD. Antes e após a aclimatização das plantas, as espessuras da epiderme radicular, córtex, endoderme e cilindro central das bananeiras „Maçã‟ e „Pacovan Ken‟ foram influenciadas pelas fontes de Si. O silicato de cálcio foi mais eficiente no aumento da espessura da epiderme radicular, córtex e cilindro central, enquanto o silicato de potássio foi mais eficiente no aumento da espessura da endoderme. Em geral, foram observadas correlações positivas das variáveis anatômicas das raízes com PI e correlações negativas com IDO e AACPD, exceto para silicato de potássio em bananeira „Maçã‟. Na pesquisa desenvolvida com o moko da bananeira, a elevação das doses de Si nas cultivares Maçã e Pacovan Ken causou aumento no PI e reduções do IDO e AACPD. Na dosagem de 1,0 g L-1, a AACPD foi reduzida em até 27,3%. Em bananeira „Maçã‟ o silicato de cálcio foi mais eficiente que o silicato de potássio (P≤0,05), enquanto na „Pacovan Ken‟ não houve diferença. Nas duas cultivares, plantas tratadas com Si apresentaram, de maneira geral, concentrações de clorofilas a, b e total maiores que as plantas Si- até os seis dias após inoculação, o que pode ter influenciado o PI da doença. Em geral, tanto as enzimas relacionadas ao estresse oxidativo (CAT, SOD e APX), quanto as de defesa da planta (POX, PFO, GLU e QUI), tiveram suas atividades aumentadas nos tratamentos com silício, especialmente naqueles com silicato de cálcio, indicando uma possível participação na redução da severidade da doença. O fornecimento de Si na micropropagação de bananeiras „Maçã‟ e „Pacovan Ken‟ promoveu redução da murcha-de-fusário e moko da bananeira, podendo ser utilizado como uma nova tecnologia no manejo dessas doenças.
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Morales, Nicolàs Gerard. "Integrated management of bacterial spot disease of stone fruits caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni: development of a disease forecasting system." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/523516.

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Bacterial spot disease of stone fruits, caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, is of high economic importance in the major stone-fruit-producing areas worldwide. Disease control is mainly based on preventive measures, such as quarantine regulation, breeding for resistance or preventive copper spray applications, since no effective chemical control is available. Therefore, a better understanding of disease epidemiology can be valuable in developing disease management strategies. This thesis was aimed at developing a mechanistic forecasting system for bacterial spot disease of stone fruits, which is based on three components: i) epiphytic inoculum potential, ii) weather conditions conducive to infections, and iii) disease symptom appearance. The effects of environmental parameters and inoculum populations on different steps of the disease cycle were quantified and modeled. The results contributed with new knowledge on the epidemiology of bacterial spot disease of stone fruits and offer new possibilities in its management
La taca bacteriana dels fruiters de pinyol, causada per Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, té un gran impacte econòmic a les principals zones productores de tot el món. El control de la malaltia es basa principalment en mesures preventives, com ara una regulació de quarantena, la selecció de varietats d’hostes resistents o aplicacions preventives de coure, ja que no es disposa de cap mètode de control químic curatiu i efectiu. Per tant, l’estudi de l'epidemiologia de la malaltia pot ser un factor valuós en el desenvolupament d'estratègies per al seu maneig. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi va ser el desenvolupament d'un sistema de predicció del desenvolupament de la taca bacteriana dels fruiters de pinyol, el qual es basa en tres components: i) el potencial d'inòcul epífit, ii) les condicions meteorològiques favorables en el procés d’infecció, i iii) l’aparició dels símptomes de la malaltia. Els efectes dels paràmetres ambientals i del potencial d'inòcul es van quantificar i modelar en diferents processos clau del cicle de la malaltia. Els resultats obtinguts aporten nous coneixements sobre l'epidemiologia de la taca bacteriana dels fruiters de pinyol que ofereixen noves possibilitats en el seu maneig
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Wilkinson, Kendle. "Comparative studies of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Fusarium oxysporum in relation to developing disease management strategies for fusarium wilt in banana /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17346.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Bacterial wilt disease management"

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Prior, Philippe, Caitilyn Allen, and John Elphinstone, eds. Bacterial Wilt Disease. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4.

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1957-, Prior Ph, Allen C. 1957-, Elphinstone John G, and International Bacterial Wilt Symposium (2nd : 1997 : Gosier, Guadeloupe), eds. Bacterial wilt disease: Molecular and ecological aspects. Berlin: Springer, 1998.

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Thomas, George V. Coconut root (wilt) disease management. Kasaragod: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2010.

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C, Hayward A., Hartman Glen Lee 1955-, and Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center., eds. Bacterial wilt: The disease and its causative agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum. Wallingford, UK: CAB International in association with the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, 1994.

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International, Verticillium Symposium (7th 1997 Athens Greece). Advances in verticillium: Research and disease management. St. Paul, Minn: APS Press, 2000.

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J, Persley G., Batugal Ponciano A, and Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development., eds. Bacterial wilt disease in Asia and the South Pacific: Proceedings of an international workshop held at PCARRD, Los Baños, Philippines, 8-10 October 1985. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 1986.

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A, Griesbach John, and Oregon. State Dept. of Agriculture., eds. The Tomato spotted wilt virus: Information and disease management guidelines. [Salem, Or.?: Oregon State Dept. of Agriculture, 1991.

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Mbwika, J. M. Feasibility study on technologies for improving banana for resistance against bacterial wilt in sub-Saharan Africa. Nairobi: African Agricultural Technology Foundation, 2009.

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Gurung, T. B. Baseline study report of a community participatory bacterial wilt management programme in Ulleri and Jhilibarang villages of Western Nepal. Pokhara: Lumle Regional Agricultural Research Centre, 1997.

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Zwet, Tom Van Der. Fire blight--its nature, prevention, and control: A practice guide to integrated disease management. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bacterial wilt disease management"

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French, E. R. "Disease Management Session Commentary." In Bacterial Wilt Disease, 379–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_57.

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Fortnum, B. A., and S. B. Martin. "Disease Management Strategies for Control of Bacterial Wilt of Tobacco in the Southeastern USA." In Bacterial Wilt Disease, 394–402. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_60.

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Kikulwe, Enoch, Marsy Asindu, Walter Ocimati, Susan Ajambo, William Tinzaara, Francois Iradukunda, and Guy Blomme. "Scaling Banana Bacterial Wilt Management Through Single Diseased Stem Removal in the Great Lakes Region." In Root, Tuber and Banana Food System Innovations, 289–317. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92022-7_10.

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AbstractXanthomonas wilt (XW) of banana caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (Xvm) is an important emerging and non-curable infectious disease which can cause up to 100% yield loss. At the start of the XW epidemic, complete uprooting of diseased mats (CMU) was recommended. There was little adoption of CMU, especially by women farmers, because it was labor-intensive and it sacrificed banana production for up to 2 years. CMU assumed that infection on a single plant would systemically spread to all plants in a mat. However, field experiments showed that Xvm did not spread systemically in a mat and that latent infections occurred. As a result, not all shoots on an infected plant show symptoms. This led to the idea of removing only the visibly infected banana plants, referred to as single diseased stem removal (SDSR). The SDSR package comprises three innovations: (1) regularly cutting symptomatic stems at ground level, (2) sterilizing cutting tools with fire, and (3) early male bud removal using a forked stick. The SDSR package was promoted jointly with a set of complementary practices: (i) avoiding infections by browsing animals, (ii) using clean planting materials, (iii) bending leaves at the petiole level when intercropping in infected fields, (iv) training on disease recognition and epidemiology, and (v) demand-specific extension and knowledge sharing. Several approaches that have been used for scaling out XW management technologies are documented in this chapter. This review looks at the process, practices, challenges, lessons learned, and future policy implications associated with scaling of XW management practices.
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Kelman, A. "One Hundred and One Years of Research on Bacterial Wilt." In Bacterial Wilt Disease, 1–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_1.

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Horita, M., and K. Tsuchiya. "Diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum in Tomato Rhizosphere Soil." In Bacterial Wilt Disease, 74–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_10.

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Jaunet, T., and J. F. Wang. "Population Structure of Ralstonia solanacearum From a Disease Nursery and Tomato Production Fields in Taiwan." In Bacterial Wilt Disease, 82–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_11.

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Darrasse, A., A. Trigalet, and P. Prior. "Correlation of Aggressiveness with Genomic Variation in Ralstonia solanacearum Race 1." In Bacterial Wilt Disease, 89–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_12.

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Seal, S. "Chair’s Perspective: Diagnosis." In Bacterial Wilt Disease, 101–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_13.

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Seal, S. "Molecular Methods for Detection and Discrimination of Ralstonia solanacearum." In Bacterial Wilt Disease, 103–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_14.

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Black, R., Zakia Abubakar, S. Seal, and N. Phiri. "Adaptation of Technology for Diagnosis and Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in Malawi and Tanzania." In Bacterial Wilt Disease, 110–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bacterial wilt disease management"

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Tanwar, Vishesh, Bhanu Sharma, and Vatsala Anand. "Leveraging the CNN Approach for Predicting Severity Levels of Bacterial Wilt Disease in Potato Leaves." In 2023 International Conference on Research Methodologies in Knowledge Management, Artificial Intelligence and Telecommunication Engineering (RMKMATE). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rmkmate59243.2023.10368806.

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Elhenawy, H. M., N. Y. Abd El-Gafar, and F. G. Fawzi. "Utilization of organic and mineral amendments to control potato bacterial wilt disease." In Proceedings of the II International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2007). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812837554_0023.

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"Potential of Endophytic Fusarium sp. Against Bacterial Wilt Disease in Tomato Plants." In Seminar Nasional Agroteknologi 2023. Galaxy Science, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/nstp.2024.4008.

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Fulle, Bete Aberra, Chao Ma, Xiaochuan Shi, Weiping Zhu, Zerihun Yemataw, and Ephrem Assefa. "Efficient Early Warning System in Identifying Enset Bacterial Wilt Disease using Transfer Learning." In 2023 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn54540.2023.10191617.

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Jackson, Tamra A., and Kevin A. Korus. "Reemergence of Goss's bacterial wilt and blight of corn in the Midwest states." In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-15.

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Ivanova, E. S., and I. S. Barashkova. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST TOMATO BACTERIAL WILT IN PROTECTED SOIL CONDITIONS." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-64.

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The article presents the results of production experience on evaluating the effectiveness of chemical and biological protective measures against tomato bacterial wilt in protected soil. During the research, the influence of biological agents and pesticides on the diseased plants growth rate in greenhouses, the disease manifestation intensity, and crop yield was revealed.
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Hadi, Mohammad F., Edward A. Sander, Jeffrey W. Ruberti, and Victor H. Barocas. "A Microstructural Data Driven Multiscale Model for the Enzymatic Degradation and Remodeling of Collagen Networks." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53623.

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Collagen proteases actively participate in remodeling soft tissues. Recent work has demonstrated that metalloproteinases (MMP) and bacterial collagenases (BC) exhibit strain-dependent degradation kinetics [2]. Ascertaining how such nanoscale degradation shapes collagenous tissues at the macroscale is vital to our understanding of collagen management within tissues. As a first step towards this goal, we have developed a multiscale model for the enzymatic degradation and remodeling of collagen networks. Such a model will be useful in understanding the etiology of diseases related to collagen management (such as arthritis and fibrotic disorders), in simulating soft tissue development, and in helping engineer improved biomimetic tissues.
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Myers, Eric R., and Jay Lehr. "Implementing and Managing a Practical Corporate Wide Legionella Risk Reduction Strategy for Industrial Water Systems." In 15th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec15-3217.

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Experts believe that Legionella may be present in 25% of cooling towers at any time, even with normal water treatment programs in place. This could pose a risk to employees and others working near cooling towers, and it could pose a risk to neighboring facilities such as schools, hospitals, public facilities, other businesses, or residential communities. The goal is to reduce the risk of Legionella, more specifically Legionella pnuemophila, which is the bacterium that causes a potentially fatal pneumonia known as Legionenaires’ Disease or legionellosis. Reducing the risk of Legionella requires more than water treatment alone, it requires a strategic plan based on recommended industry best practices that considers the mechanical, operational, and chemical control of cooling water systems. Implementing a corporate wide policy for Legionella risk reduction is challenging for waste-to-energy facility cooling towers. While a corporate policy for managing the risk due to Legionella is prudent, application of such a policy should not be wholly applied across all facilities or plant locations because not all water systems are equal or operated the same. Implementation starts with a plan that involves a multidisciplinary team including third party consultation and expertise. The first step of the Legionella risk reduction strategy is to evaluate current equipment and practices at each plant through a risk assessment process. The second step is to prepare a written Management Plan based on the risk assessment that clearly details risk reduction practices. The third step is to implement the management plan and monitor the system to ensure practices remain effective. And finally, all documentation should be periodically reviewed and adjustments made as necessary. This presentation will describe a process for implementing a corporate Legionella risk reduction policy, and it will highlight some of the major experiences learned.
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Arora, Rahul D. "Definition, etiopathogenesis, management and role of flouroquinolone prophylaxis in prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis complicating malignant ascites." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685345.

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Background: Malignancy related ascites encompasses multiple etiologies which include peritoneal carcinomatosis, hepatic synthetic dysfunction due to parenchymal involvement by the tumour, transcoeloemic metastasis and chylous ascites due to lymphatic obstruction. Primary Cancer type, liver metastasis and serum albumin have been listed as independent prognostic markers in malignant ascites. Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis is usually seen as a complication of decompensated chronic liver disease due to translocation of bacteria or haematogenous dissemination from a distant focus of infection. The combination of a positive peritoneal fluid culture and an ascitic fluid neutrophil count >250 cells/mm3 and no evidence of intra-abdominal source of infection; or 2) culture negative neutrocytic ascites: the combination of negative peritoneal fluid bacterial culture and neutrophil count >500 cells/mm3, without antibiotics within 7 days with no obvious source of infection are used to define spontaneous bacterialperitonitis. Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis has been proposed as a prophylaxis to reduce the incidence and prevent the recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Materials and Methods: A web search of indexed literature was carried out articles containing information on spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in the setting of malignancy or malignancy related ascites or malignant ascites. Articles that carried relevant information about etiopathogenesis, management and translational research in the context of malignant ascites were also included. Results: A total of 32 articles were analysed and about half of them included in the discussion to answer the research question. Discussion: Inflammatory cytokines released by tumor and immune cells compromise the mesothelial cell layer that lines the peritoneal cavity, exposing the underlying extracellular matrix to which cancer cells readily attach leading to formation of spheroids which imparts resistance to anoikis, apoptosis and chemotherapeutics leading to efficient feed forward progressive cycle of seeding and growth of peritoneal metastasis. Intraperitoneal metastasis can cause peritoneal dysfunction, adhesions and malignant ascites. Epithelial mesenchymal transistion and myofibroblastic transformation occur in the mesothelial cells in response to pathological stimuli. Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important mitogen for endothelial cells and plays an important role in increasing capillary vascular permeability. In preclinical studies systemic administration of VEGF Trap which acts as a decoy receptor for VEGF has shown to decrease the formation of ascites fluid and prevent tumour dissemination. Epithelial ovarian cancer cells have developed various mechanisms to evade immune surveillance like development of surface microvesicles which contain CD 95 ligand leading to apoptosis of immune cells. Higher levels of osteoproteogerin, IL 10 and leptin in the ascitic fluid have been associated with a poor prognosis in malignant ascites. Tethered bowel sign and presence of fluid in the omental bursa on CT have been shown to distinguish between malignant ascites and Cirrhotic ascites with accuracy. Immunological approaches to management of malignant ascites include use of intraperitoneal triamcinolone, interferon, long acting synthetic corticosteroids and the trifoliate antibody catumaxomab. VEGF Inhihibitors like octreotide and long acting depot preparations of lanreotide have also been shown to be feasible therapeutic options. Anti androgenic agents and PARP inhibitors have also been proposed as management options. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in the setting of malignancy in the absence of hepatic dysfunction has been reported to have a poorer prognosis than SBP in the setting of decompensated liver disease. Monomicrobial and polymicrobial bacterascites have been proposed in the absence of an elevated neutrophil ascitic fluid count that does not meet the diagnostic criteria. Extensive liver metastasis where the diseased liver can be expected to behave like a cirrhotic liver and gastrointestinal bleeding (on the basis of an isolated case report) have been considered as risk factors for the development of SBP in malignant ascites. In a case series of 8 patients with malignancy related ascites Patients with total ascitic fluid concentration of less than 1 gm per litre were found to be at risk for Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and warrant flouroquinolone prophylaxis. Conclusion: Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis complicating malignant ascites is questionable entity. Good quality Audits and Randomised control trials are warranted to in this domain to enable the definition of incidence, antecedent complications, management and prophylaxis to ensure applicability of translational research to the clinical domain.
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Siriwardhana, S. W. P., S. M. N. Subasinghe, and C. D. K. Dasanayake. "Necrotizing Fasciitis: Following Uncontrolled Blood Glucose Level: A case report." In SLIIT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCEMENTS IN SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES [SICASH]. Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, SLIIT, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/qpdf6712.

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Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare bacterial infection that primarily involves the fascia and subcutaneous tissues. Diabetes mellitus, advanced age, and immune suppression are some of the predisposing causes of necrotizing fasciitis. A 56-year-old lady presented with fever, diarrhea, and left lower limb knee joint pain, swelling, and high random blood glucose level, which was 564mg/dl on admission. She was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus twenty-five years ago and regular treatments were taken for twenty years then defaulted for three years. Two years back again she started to take the treatments from a local hospital. Pain over the left knee joint gradually increased within two days and suddenly she got a septic shock while her blood investigations were showing changes of sepsis while blood pressure became lower. Knee joint exploration was done on the fifth day of hospital admission and altogether three wound toilets were completed within 10 days and treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Hence the patient clinically improved, and blood investigations became normal. Necrotizing fasciitis spreads rapidly in the body if not diagnosed and treated immediately. Early diagnosis is a golden fact for optimizing the disease condition as necrotizing fasciitis is a fatal disease condition. Strong antibiotics coverage, surgical interventions, proper wound care, and controlling blood glucose level lead to successful recovery from necrotizing fasciitis while reducing mortality and morbidity. In nursing management, nurses can collaborate with wound management, nutritional support, and psychosocial support, as well as encourage mobilizing and educating the patient regarding diabetes mellitus and its complications. Keywords: Signs and symptoms, Diagnosis, antibiotics, surgical intervention, wound care, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
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Reports on the topic "Bacterial wilt disease management"

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Malvick, Dean, Tamra Jackson-Ziems, and Alison Robertson. Corn Disease Management: Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Blight. United States: Crop Protection Netework, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20190620-003.

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Nelson, Hayley, and Mark Gleason. Bacterial Wilt Management in Muskmelonusing Perimeter Trap Cropping. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-31.

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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.

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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.
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Zhao, Bingyu, Saul Burdman, Ronald Walcott, Tal Pupko, and Gregory Welbaum. Identifying pathogenic determinants of Acidovorax citrulli toward the control of bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598168.bard.

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The specific objectives of this BARD proposal were: Use a comparative genomics approach to identify T3Es in group I, II and III strains of A. citrulli. Determine the bacterial genes contributing to host preference. Develop mutant strains that can be used for biological control of BFB. Background to the topic: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits, caused by Acidovoraxcitrulli, is a devastating disease that affects watermelon (Citrulluslanatus) and melon (Cucumismelo) production worldwide, including both Israel and USA. Three major groups of A. citrullistrains have been classified based on their virulence on host plants, genetics and biochemical properties. The host selection could be one of the major factors that shape A. citrullivirulence. The differences in the repertoire of type III‐ secreted effectors (T3Es) among the three A. citrulligroups could play a major role in determining host preferential association. Currently, there are only 11 A. citrulliT3Es predicted by the annotation of the genome of the group II strain, AAC00‐1. We expect that new A. citrulliT3Es can be identified by a combination of bioinformatics and experimental approaches, which may help us to further define the relationship of T3Es and host preference of A. citrulli. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: Enriching the information on virulence and avirulence functions of T3Es will contribute to the understanding of basic aspects of A. citrulli‐cucurbit interactions. In the long term, it will contribute to the development of durable BFB resistance in commercial varieties. In the short term, identifying bacterial genes that contribute to virulence and host preference will allow the engineering of A. citrullimutants that can trigger SAR in a given host. If applied as seed treatments, these should significantly improve the effectiveness and efficacy of BFB management in melon and atermelon production.
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Torres, Zachary, Jean C. Batzer, and Mark L. Gleason. Scaling-up Row Covers for Management of Bacterial Wilt of Muskmelon. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-777.

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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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Burdman, S., E. Welbaum, R. Walcott, and B. Zhao. erial fruit blotch, elucidating the mechanisms of fruit infection by Acidovorax citrulli. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134162.bard.

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Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits is caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Acidovorax citrulli. BFB affects cucurbit production worldwide, and mainly watermelon and melon. Most A. citrulli strains are divided into two genetically differentiated groups: while group I strains have been mainly associated with melon and other non-watermelon cucurbits, group II strains are more aggressive on watermelon. Like many Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria, A. citrulli relies on a functional type III secretion system (T3SS) for pathogenicity. The T3SS is responsible for direct secretion of bacterial protein effectors to the host cell. Type III-secreted effectors (T3Es) contribute to virulence through manipulation of the host cell metabolism and suppression of plant defense. Our previous collaboration showed that group I and II strains significantly differ in their T3E arsenal (Eckshtain-Levi et al., Phytopathology 2014, 104:1152-1162). Using comparative genomics, we also showed that group I and II strains of A. citrulli have substantial differences in their genome content (Eckshtain-Levi et al., Front. Microbiol. 2016, 7:430). Our long-term goals are to identify the genetic determinants that contribute to virulence and host preferential association of the two major groups of A. citrulli, and to exploit these insights to develop effective BFB management strategies. We hypothesize that differences in the arsenal of T3Es, are greatly responsible for the differences in host preferential association between strains belonging to the two groups. The specific objectives of this project were: (1) to investigate the susceptibility of cucurbit species to group I and II strains under field conditions; (2) to assess the contribution of T3Es and other virulence factors to A. citrulli virulence and host preference; and (3) to characterize the mechanisms of action of selected T3Es of A. citrulli. In the frame of objective 1, we carried out three field experiments involving inoculation of several cucurbit crops (watermelon, melon, pumpkin and squash) with group I and II strains. Findings from these experiments confirmed that A. citrulli strains exhibit a preference for watermelon and melon. Moreover, we demonstrated, for the first time under field conditions, host-preferential association of group I and II strains to melon and watermelon, respectively. While host-preferential association was observed in leaves and in fruit tissues, it was more pronounced in the latter. In this part of the project we also developed a duplex PCR assay to differentiate between group I and II strains. In the frame of objective 2, we employed a multifaceted approach combining bioinformatics and experimental methods to elucidate the T3E arsenal of A. citrulli. These experiments led to discovery that A. citrulli strains possess large arsenals with more than 60 T3E genes. Remarkably, we found that ~15% of the T3E genes are group-specific. Advances were achieved on the contribution of selected T3E genes and other virulence determinants to the ability of A. citrulli to colonize the fruit and other tissues of melon and watermelon. Last, in the frame of objective 3, we advanced our understanding on the mode of action of few key T3Es of A. citrulli. We also optimized a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system for functional genomics in melon and watermelon. This system will allow us to test melon and watermelon genes that may have defense or susceptibility roles related to BFB disease. Overall, this collaboration substantially enriched our knowledge on basic aspects of BFB disease. We believe that the fruits of this collaboration will greatly contribute to our ultimate goal, which is generation of durable resistance of melon and watermelon to A. citrulli.
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Nelson, Hayley, and Mark Gleason. Improving Row Cover Systems for Organic Management of Bacterial Wilt in Muskmelon and Squash—Year 1. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1609.

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Nelson, Hayley, and Mark Gleason. Improving Row Cover Systems for Organic Management of Bacterial Wilt in Muskmelon and Squash – Year 2. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1945.

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Manulis, Shulamit, Christine D. Smart, Isaac Barash, Guido Sessa, and Harvey C. Hoch. Molecular Interactions of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis with Tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697113.bard.

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Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, is the most destructive bacterial disease of tomato causing substantial economic losses in Israel, the U.S.A. and worldwide. The molecular strategies that allow Cmm, a Gram-positive bacterium, to develop a successful infection in tomato plants are largely unknown. The goal of the project was to elucidate the molecular interactions between Cmmand tomato. The first objective was to analyze gene expression profiles of susceptible tomato plants infected with pathogenic and endophytic Cmmstrains. Microarray analysis identified 122 genes that were differentially expressed during early stages of infection. Cmm activated typical basal defense responses in the host including induction of defense-related genes, production of scavenging of free oxygen radicals, enhanced protein turnover and hormone synthesis. Proteomic investigation of the Cmm-tomato interaction was performed with Multi-Dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) and mass spectroscopy. A wide range of enzymes secreted by Cmm382, including cell-wall degrading enzymes and a large group of serine proteases from different families were identified in the xylem sap of infected tomato. Based on proteomic results, the expression pattern of selected bacterial virulence genes and plant defense genes were examined by qRT-PCR. Expression of the plasmid-borne cellulase (celA), serine protease (pat-1) and serine proteases residing on the chp/tomA pathogenicity island (chpCandppaA), were significantly induced within 96 hr after inoculation. Transcription of chromosomal genes involved in cell wall degradation (i.e., pelA1, celB, xysA and xysB) was also induced in early infection stages. The second objective was to identify by VIGS technology host genes affecting Cmm multiplication and appearance of disease symptoms in plant. VIGS screening showed that out of 160 tomato genes, which could be involved in defense-related signaling, suppression of 14 genes led to increase host susceptibility. Noteworthy are the genes Snakin-2 (inhibitor of Cmm growth) and extensin-like protein (ELP) involved in cell wall fortification. To further test the significance of Snakin -2 and ELP in resistance towards Cmm, transgenic tomato plants over-expressing the two genes were generated. These plants showed partial resistance to Cmm resulting in a significant delay of the wilt symptoms and reduction in size of canker lesion compared to control. Furthermore, colonization of the transgenic plants was significantly lower. The third objective was to assess the involvement of ethylene (ET), jasmonate (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in Cmm infection. Microarray and proteomic studies showed the induction of enzymes involved in ET and JA biosynthesis. Cmm promoted ET production 8 days after inoculation and SIACO, a key enzyme of ET biosynthesis, was upregulated. Inoculation of the tomato mutants Never ripe (Nr) impaired in ET perception and transgenic plants with reduced ET synthesis significantly delayed wilt symptoms as compared to the wild-type plants. The retarded wilting in Nr plants was shown to be a specific effect of ET insensitivity and was not due to altered expression of defense related genes, reduced bacterial population or decrease in ethylene biosynthesis . In contrast, infection of various tomato mutants impaired in JA biosynthesis (e.g., def1, acx1) and JA insensitive mutant (jai1) yielded unequivocal results. The fourth objective was to determine the role of cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Cmm in xylem colonization and symptoms development. A significance increase (2 to 7 fold) in expression of cellulases (CelA, CelB), pectate lyases (PelA1, PelA2), polygalacturonase and xylanases (XylA, XylB) was detected by qRT-PCR and by proteomic analysis of the xylem sap. However, with the exception of CelA, whose inactivation led to reduced wilt symptoms, inactivation of any of the other cell wall degrading enzymes did not lead to reduced virulence. Results achieved emphasized the complexity involved in Cmm-tomato interactions. Nevertheless they provide the basis for additional research which will unravel the mechanism of Cmm pathogenicity and formulating disease control measures.
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