Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bacterial virulence factors

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Bacterial virulence factors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 29 June 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Bacterial virulence factors"

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Kurmasheva, Naziia, Vyacheslav Vorobiev, Margarita Sharipova, Tatyana Efremova, and Ayslu Mardanova. "The Potential Virulence Factors ofProvidencia stuartii: Motility, Adherence, and Invasion." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3589135.

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Providencia stuartiiis the most commonProvidenciaspecies capable of causing human infections. CurrentlyP. stuartiiis involved in high incidence of urinary tract infections in catheterized patients. The ability of bacteria to swarm on semisolid (viscous) surfaces and adhere to and invade host cells determines the specificity of the disease pathogenesis and its therapy. In the present study we demonstrated morphological changes ofP. stuartiiNK cells during migration on the viscous medium and discussed adhesive and invasive properties utilizing the HeLa-M cell line as a host model. To visualize the interaction ofP. stuartiiNK bacterial cells with eukaryotic cellsin vitroscanning electron and confocal microscopy were performed. We found that bacteriaP. stuartiiNK are able to adhere to and invade HeLa-M epithelial cells and these properties depend on the age of bacterial culture. Also, to invade the host cells the infectious dose of the bacteria is essential. The microphotographs indicate that after incubation of bacterialP. stuartiiNK cells together with epithelial cells the bacterial cells both were adhered onto and invaded into the host cells.
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Goebel, W., T. Chakraborty, and J. Kreft. "Bacterial hemolysins as virulence factors." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 54, no. 5 (1988): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00461864.

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Chizhikov, Vladimir, Avraham Rasooly, Konstantin Chumakov, and Dan D. Levy. "Microarray Analysis of Microbial Virulence Factors." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 3258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.7.3258-3263.2001.

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ABSTRACT Hybridization with oligonucleotide microchips (microarrays) was used for discrimination among strains of Escherichia coli and other pathogenic enteric bacteria harboring various virulence factors. Oligonucleotide microchips are miniature arrays of gene-specific oligonucleotide probes immobilized on a glass surface. The combination of this technique with the amplification of genetic material by PCR is a powerful tool for the detection of and simultaneous discrimination among food-borne human pathogens. The presence of six genes (eaeA, slt-I,slt-II, fliC, rfbE, andipaH) encoding bacterial antigenic determinants and virulence factors of bacterial strains was monitored by multiplex PCR followed by hybridization of the denatured PCR product to the gene-specific oligonucleotides on the microchip. The assay was able to detect these virulence factors in 15 Salmonella,Shigella, and E. coli strains. The results of the chip analysis were confirmed by hybridization of radiolabeled gene-specific probes to genomic DNA from bacterial colonies. In contrast, gel electrophoretic analysis of the multiplex PCR products used for the microarray analysis produced ambiguous results due to the presence of unexpected and uncharacterized bands. Our results suggest that microarray analysis of microbial virulence factors might be very useful for automated identification and characterization of bacterial pathogens.
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Flores-Díaz, Marietta, Laura Monturiol-Gross, Claire Naylor, Alberto Alape-Girón, and Antje Flieger. "Bacterial Sphingomyelinases and Phospholipases as Virulence Factors." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 80, no. 3 (June 15, 2016): 597–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00082-15.

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SUMMARYBacterial sphingomyelinases and phospholipases are a heterogeneous group of esterases which are usually surface associated or secreted by a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These enzymes hydrolyze sphingomyelin and glycerophospholipids, respectively, generating products identical to the ones produced by eukaryotic enzymes which play crucial roles in distinct physiological processes, including membrane dynamics, cellular signaling, migration, growth, and death. Several bacterial sphingomyelinases and phospholipases are essential for virulence of extracellular, facultative, or obligate intracellular pathogens, as these enzymes contribute to phagosomal escape or phagosomal maturation avoidance, favoring tissue colonization, infection establishment and progression, or immune response evasion. This work presents a classification proposal for bacterial sphingomyelinases and phospholipases that considers not only their enzymatic activities but also their structural aspects. An overview of the main physiopathological activities is provided for each enzyme type, as are examples in which inactivation of a sphingomyelinase- or a phospholipase-encoding gene impairs the virulence of a pathogen. The identification of sphingomyelinases and phospholipases important for bacterial pathogenesis and the development of inhibitors for these enzymes could generate candidate vaccines and therapeutic agents, which will diminish the impacts of the associated human and animal diseases.
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Lantz, M. S. "Are bacterial proteases important virulence factors?" Journal of Periodontal Research 32, no. 1 (January 1997): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1997.tb01393.x.

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Sharma, Aditya Kumar, Neha Dhasmana, Neha Dubey, Nishant Kumar, Aakriti Gangwal, Meetu Gupta, and Yogendra Singh. "Bacterial Virulence Factors: Secreted for Survival." Indian Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 1 (November 5, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12088-016-0625-1.

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Cepas, Virginio, and Sara M. Soto. "Relationship between Virulence and Resistance among Gram-Negative Bacteria." Antibiotics 9, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9100719.

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Bacteria present in the human body are innocuous, providing beneficial functions, some of which are necessary for correct body function. However, other bacteria are able to colonize, invade, and cause damage to different tissues, and these are categorised as pathogens. These pathogenic bacteria possess several factors that enable them to be more virulent and cause infection. Bacteria have a great capacity to adapt to different niches and environmental conditions (presence of antibiotics, iron depletion, etc.). Antibiotic pressure has favoured the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria worldwide. Several studies have reported the presence of a relationship (both positive and negative, and both direct and indirect) between antimicrobial resistance and virulence among bacterial pathogens. This review studies the relationship among the most important Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) taking into account two points of view: (i) the effect the acquisition of resistance has on virulence, and (ii) co-selection of resistance and virulence. The relationship between resistance and virulence among bacteria depends on the bacterial species, the specific mechanisms of resistance and virulence, the ecological niche, and the host.
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Warrier, Anjali, Kapaettu Satyamoorthy, and Thokur Sreepathy Murali. "Quorum-sensing regulation of virulence factors in bacterial biofilm." Future Microbiology 16, no. 13 (September 2021): 1003–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2020-0301.

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Chronic polymicrobial wound infections are often characterized by the presence of bacterial biofilms. They show considerable structural and functional heterogeneity, which influences the choice of antimicrobial therapy and wound healing dynamics. The hallmarks of biofilm-associated bacterial infections include elevated antibiotic resistance and extreme pathogenicity. Biofilm helps bacteria to evade the host defense mechanisms and persist longer in the host. Quorum-sensing (QS)-mediated cell signaling primarily regulates biofilm formation in chronic infections and plays a major role in eliciting virulence. This review focuses on the QS mechanisms of two major bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and explains how they interact in the wound microenvironment to regulate biofilm development and virulence. The review also provides an insight into the treatment modalities aimed at eradicating polymicrobial biofilms. This information will help us develop better diagnostic modalities and devise effective treatment regimens to successfully manage and overcome severe life-threatening bacterial infections.
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Zúñiga-Bahamon, Andrés, Fabián Tobar, Juan Fernando Duque, and Pedro Moreno. "Acinetobacter baumannii: Resistance and Virulence mediated through bacterial type IV secretion system." Revista Estomatología 21, no. 2 (September 29, 2017): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/re.v21i2.5765.

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Introduction: Type IV Bacterial Secretion Systems (TFSS) have a variety of biological functions such as the exchange of genetic material with other bacteria and virulent translocation of DNA with its effector proteins into host cells. A. baumannii is a pathogen that causes infections in humans and exhibits high rates of multidrug resistance to drugs. Objective: To relate how type IV secretion systems is associated with patterns of resistance and virulence in A. baumannii. Materials and Methods: Exhaustive search in PMC (NCBI) using a set of keywords was performed. Results: The search yielded 133 articles. Fourteen articles were analysed to determine the bacterial secretion system and the resistant and virulence of AA. baumannii. Conclusions: Systems of bacterial type IV secretion present in A. baumannii are crucial in understanding the patterns of virulence and resistance. Key words: Pathogenicity, type four secretion system (T4SS), A. baumannii, virulence factors, multidrug bacterial resistance (MDR), horizontal gene transfer (HGT).
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Ansari, Shamshul, and Yoshio Yamaoka. "Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors Exploiting Gastric Colonization and its Pathogenicity." Toxins 11, no. 11 (November 19, 2019): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110677.

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Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric epithelial cells of at least half of the world’s population, and it is the strongest risk factor for developing gastric complications like chronic gastritis, ulcer diseases, and gastric cancer. To successfully colonize and establish a persistent infection, the bacteria must overcome harsh gastric conditions. H. pylori has a well-developed mechanism by which it can survive in a very acidic niche. Despite bacterial factors, gastric environmental factors and host genetic constituents together play a co-operative role for gastric pathogenicity. The virulence factors include bacterial colonization factors BabA, SabA, OipA, and HopQ, and the virulence factors necessary for gastric pathogenicity include the effector proteins like CagA, VacA, HtrA, and the outer membrane vesicles. Bacterial factors are considered more important. Here, we summarize the recent information to better understand several bacterial virulence factors and their role in the pathogenic mechanism.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bacterial virulence factors"

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Prasad, Joni M. "Hemostatic Factors in Bacterial Virulence and Host Defense." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1329495133.

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Johansson, Linda. "Host responses and bacterial virulence factors in Neisseria infections /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7140-017-6/.

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Tomenius, Henrik. "Bacterial virulence and adaptation mediated by two-component system signalling /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-792-8/.

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Luo, Wenyi. "Identification and characterization of virulence factors of mycoplasmas." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2010p/luo.pdf.

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Hällgren, Anita. "Enterococci in Swedish intensive care units : studies on epidemiology, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors /." Linköping : Linköping University, 2005. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2005/med880s.pdf.

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Elswaifi, Shaadi Fouad. "The Molecular Characterization of Phosphorylcholine (ChoP) on Histophilus somni Lipooligosaccharide: Contribution of ChoP to Bacterial Virulence and Pathogenesis." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30079.

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Histophilus somni virulence factors include expression and antigenic variation of lipooligosaccharide (LOS). Phosphorylcholine (ChoP) is often expressed on H. somni LOS and also undergoes antigenic variation. In this study, five genes that play a role in expression and antigenic variation of ChoP, lic1ABCD and glpQ, were identified in the genome sequence of H. somni through sequence homology with Haemophilus influenzae genes. The open reading frame (ORF) of lic1A contained a variable number of tandem repeats of the tetranucleotide unit 5'-AACC-3'. Slipped strand mispairing in the repeat region during replication leads to shifting the downstream reading frame in and out of frame with the start codon, thus controlling phase variation of lic1A expression. Removal of the repeats from lic1A, cloning the gene in E. coli, and performing a functional assay on the product indicated that lic1A encodes a choline kinase and that the repeats were not required for expression of a functional gene product. Variation in the number of repeats in lic1A correlated with the antigenic variation of ChoP expression in strain 124P, but not in strain 738. This result supported previous findings that antigenic variation of ChoP expression in strain 738 is controlled through extension/truncation of the LOS outer core. Therefore, these results indicated that the lic1ABCD and glpQ genes control expression and antigenic variation of ChoP on the LOS of H. somni and that there are two possible mechanisms for ChoP antigenic variation. The role of H. somni expression of ChoP in colonization of the host respiratory tract was also examined. Experimental infection in the natural host showed that the population of H. somni that expresses ChoP was enriched in the bacteria that colonized the respiratory tract. In addition, bacteria expressing ChoP were able to aggregate bovine platelets through binding to the platelet activating factor receptor (PAF-R), which is also present on epithelial and endothelial cells. These results indicated that ChoP may play a role in the process of colonization and subsequent systemic invasion of host tissues, which may occur through binding of ChoP to PAF-R. Bacteria that did not express ChoP were more prevalent in systemic sites, indicating that ChoP expression may be disadvantageous for the organism during systemic dissemination.
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Tubby, S. "The effect of light-activated antimicrobial agents on bacterial virulence factors and key modulators of inflammation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318137/.

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Photodynamic therapy is a promising new strategy for the treatment of superficial skin infections and periodontitis. A limitation of antibiotic treatment for these diseases is that even after successful killing of the infecting organism, secreted virulence factors may still be present and cause significant damage to host tissues. If light-activated antimicrobial agents can inactivate microbial virulence factors in addition to killing the pathogenic microorganisms, this would represent an advantage of photodynamic therapy over conventional treatment options. The light-activated antimicrobial agents methylene blue and tin chlorin e6 in combination with laser light of 665 and 633 nm respectively, were assessed for their antibacterial activity and ability to reduce the activity of selected virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus and Porphyromonas gingivalis. In addition to successfully reducing the microbial burden, it was demonstrated that photosensitisation was able to cause significant reductions in the activity of a number of secreted and cell wall-associated virulence factors produced by these species when irradiated with laser light of the appropriate wavelength. Photosensitisation was also shown to reduce the biological activities of the proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, which are produced in response to infecting bacteria and are associated with damage to host tissues. The results of these studies indicate that light-activated antimicrobial agents may be useful in reducing the pathology associated with bacterial virulence factors and host-mediated inflammation when used as part of an antimicrobial treatment regimen.
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Huish, Sian. "Mechanistic studies on Zymogen-Activator and Adhesion Proteins (ZAAPs) as thrombolytic drugs and bacterial virulence factors." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/33721.

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Streptokinase (SK), expressed by Lancefield Group A, C and G β-haemolytic Streptococci and Staphylocoagulase (SCG), expressed by S. aureus, are bacterial virulence factors which belong to a family of proteins known as Zymogen-activator and adhesion proteins (ZAAPs). SK and SCG are responsible for the non-proteolytic activation of plasminogen and prothrombin, respectively. Understanding of SK activity is exclusively based on the Group C (GCS) S. equisimilis H46a SK, a 'clot buster' or thrombolytic used in the treatment of Myocardial Infarction (MI), which exhibits no fibrin specificity. SK is the most used thrombolytic worldwide. Here, detailed kinetic studies in purified assay systems explored the mechanistic variation between a recombinant H46a SK (rSK H46a) and a Group A Streptococcal SK (M1GAS), most typically isolated in invasive human infection. This work demonstrates a fibrin specific mechanism for M1GAS SK and proposes a kinetic model for M1GAS SK plasminogen activation, to compliment the 'Trigger and Bullet' hypothesis for H46a SK by Bock and colleagues. This work has relevance to the use of SK variants, with enhanced fibrin specificity, for improvement of thrombolytic therapies. Cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infaraction and ischaemic stroke are significant casues of mortality, particularly in the developing world. Access to Alteplase, an expensive recombinant tPA and the only licensed treatment for stroke, is limited and there is interest in the use of SK for this purpose. Furthermore, microbial resistance is an increasing health burden, as demonstrated by programs such as the Longitude prize. Exploring the mechanisms of bacterial virulence factors at the molecular level such as this could provide rationale for the development of much-needed new antimicrobial technologies.
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Tano, Eva. "Survival of infectious agents and detection of their resistance and virulence factors." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-248786.

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In the first study, three different transport systems for bacteria were evaluated. The CLSI M40-A guideline was used to monitor the maintenance of both mono- and polymicrobial samples during a simulated transportation at room temperature that lasted 0-48 h. All systems were able to maintain the viability of all organisms for 24 h, but none of them could support all tested species after 48 h.  The most difficult species to recover was Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and in polymicrobial samples overgrowth was an observed problem. The aim of the second study was to study the presence of TSST-1 and three other important toxin genes in invasive isolates of Staphylococcus aureus collected during the years 2000-2012 at two tertiary hospitals. The genes encoding the staphylococcal toxins were detected by PCR, and whole-genome sequencing was used for analyzing the genetic relatedness between isolates. The results showed that the most common toxin was TSST-1, and isolates positive for this toxin exhibited a clear clonality independent of year and hospital. The typical patient was a male aged 55-74 years and with a bone or a joint infection. The third study was a clinical study of the effect of silver-based wound dressings on the bacterial flora in chronic leg ulcers. Phenotypic and genetic silver-resistance were investigated before and after topical silver treatment, by determining the silver nitrate MICs and by detecting sil genes with PCR. The silver-based dressings had a limited effect on primary wound pathogens, and the activity of silver nitrate on S. aureus was mainly bacteriostatic. A silver-resistant Enterobacter cloacae strain was identified after only three weeks of treatment, and cephalosporin-resistant members of the Enterobacteriaceae family were relatively prone to developed silver-resistance after silver exposure in vitro. The last study was undertaken in order to develop an easy-to-use method for simulating the laundering process of hospital textiles, and apply the method when evaluating the decontaminating efficacy of two different washing temperatures. The laundering process took place at professional laundries, and Enterococcus faecium was used as a bioindicator. The results showed that a lowering of the washing temperature from 70°C to 60°C did not affect the decontamination efficacy; the washing cycle alone reduced the number of bacteria with 3-5 log10 CFU, whereas the following tumble drying reduced the bacterial numbers with another 3-4 log10 CFU, yielding the same final result independent of the washing temperature. To ensure that sufficient textile hygiene is maintained, the whole laundering process needs to be monitored. The general conclusion is that all developmental work in the bacterial field requires time and a large strain collection.
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Kanth, Anna. "Studies on global regulators involved in virulence gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-494-1/.

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Books on the topic "Bacterial virulence factors"

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Johnson, Douglas I. Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67651-7.

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Boquet, Patrice, and Emmanuel Lemichez, eds. Bacterial Virulence Factors and Rho GTPases. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27511-8.

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Regulation of bacterial virulence. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2012.

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Bacterial pathogenesis: Molecular and cellular mechanisms. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press, 2012.

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Characterization of the maltose regulon of Vibrio cholerae: Involvement of maltose in production of outer membrane proteins and secretion of virulence factors. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Molecular Genetics, Uppsala Genetic Center, 1993.

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Patrick, S. Immunological and molecular aspects of bacterial virulence. Chichester: J. Wiley & Sons, 1995.

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Joel, Moss, ed. Bacterial toxins and virulence factors in disease. New York, N.Y: M. Dekker, 1995.

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various, Patrice Boquet, and E. Lemichez. Bacterial Virulence Factors and Rho GTPases. Springer, 2010.

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Johnson, Douglas I. Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors. Springer, 2017.

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Johnson, Douglas I. Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors. Springer, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bacterial virulence factors"

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Johnson, Douglas I. "Bacterial Virulence Factors." In Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors, 1–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67651-7_1.

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Tseng, Boo Shan, and Matthew R. Parsek. "Factors That Impact Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Structure and Function." In Regulation of Bacterial Virulence, 1–20. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818524.ch1.

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Johnson, Douglas I. "Anti-Virulence Factor Therapeutics." In Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors, 439–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67651-7_34.

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Tao, Xu, Nikolaus Schiering, Hui-Yan Zeng, Dagmar Ringe, and John R. Murphy. "Signal Transduction and Iron-Mediated Regulation of Virulence Factors." In Signal Transduction and Bacterial Virulence, 7–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22406-9_2.

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Johnson, Douglas I. "Streptococcus spp." In Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors, 151–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67651-7_10.

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Johnson, Douglas I. "Bacteroides spp." In Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors, 177–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67651-7_11.

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Johnson, Douglas I. "Bordetella spp." In Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors, 183–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67651-7_12.

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Johnson, Douglas I. "Borrelia spp." In Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors, 191–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67651-7_13.

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Johnson, Douglas I. "Campylobacter spp." In Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors, 199–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67651-7_14.

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Johnson, Douglas I. "Escherichia spp." In Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors, 209–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67651-7_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bacterial virulence factors"

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MOXON, RICHARD, and CHRISTOPH TANG. "CHALLENGE OF INVESTIGATING BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT FUNCTIONS OF VIRULENCE FACTORS IN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS." In The Activities of Bacterial Pathogens in Vivo - Based on Contributions to a Royal Society Discussion Meeting. IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781848161610_0009.

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MIHAI, Daniela-Cristina. "PHENOTYPIC PROFILE OF VIRULENCE FACTORS IN MULTIRESISTANT BACTERIAL STRAINS ISOLATED FROM HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/6.2/s25.055.

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Vychyk, P. V., and Y. A. Nikolaichik. "Identification of bacterial virulence factors based on an integration of experimental and in silico transcription factor target discovery." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.278.

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Goncharova, A. M., L. A. Lomovatskaya, and A. S. Romanenko. "Differences in signaling and activity of virulence factors of bacterial phytopathogens and mutualists when exposed to naringenin." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-127.

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Llinares, F., M. J. Pozuelo, S. Casado, C. de Blas, J. A. Pinilla, J. García de los Ríos, and P. A. Jiménez. "Syzygium aromaticum (clove) extract reduce virulence factors mediated by QS in Gram negative bacteria." In Proceedings of the III International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2009). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814322119_0115.

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Reports on the topic "Bacterial virulence factors"

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Liddington, Robert C. Structural Genomics of Bacterial Virulence Factors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada425660.

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DelVecchio, Vito G. Rapid Identification of Bacterial Virulence Factors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada625389.

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Manulis-Sasson, Shulamit, Christine D. Smart, Isaac Barash, Laura Chalupowicz, Guido Sessa, and Thomas J. Burr. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis-tomato interactions: expression and function of virulence factors, plant defense responses and pathogen movement. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594405.bard.

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Clavibactermichiganensissubsp. michiganensis(Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, is the most destructive bacterial disease of tomato causing substantial economic losses in Israel, the U.S.A. and worldwide. The goal of the project was to unravel the molecular strategies that allow Cmm, a Gram-positive bacterium, to develop a successful infection in tomato. The genome of Cmm contains numerous genes encoding for extracellular serine proteases and cell wall degrading enzymes. The first objective was to elucidate the role of secreted serine proteases in Cmm virulence. Mutants of nine genes encoding serine proteases of 3 different families were tested for their ability to induce wilting, when tomato stems were puncture-inoculated, as compared to blisters formation on leaves, when plants were spray-inoculated. All the mutants showed reduction in wilting and blister formation as compared to the wild type. The chpCmutant displayed the highest reduction, implicating its major role in symptom development. Five mutants of cell wall degrading enzymes and additional genes (i.e. perforin and sortase) caused wilting but were impaired in their ability to form blisters on leaves. These results suggest that Cmm differentially expressed virulence genes according to the site of penetration. Furthermore, we isolated and characterized two Cmmtranscriptional activators, Vatr1 and Vatr2 that regulate the expression of virulence factors, membrane and secreted proteins. The second objective was to determine the effect of bacterial virulence genes on movement of Cmm in tomato plants and identify the routes by which the pathogen contaminates seeds. Using a GFP-labeledCmm we could demonstrate that Cmm extensively colonizes the lumen of xylem vessels and preferentially attaches to spiral secondary wall thickening of the protoxylem and formed biofilm-like structures composed of large bacterial aggregates. Our findings suggest that virulence factors located on the chp/tomAPAI or the plasmids are required for effective movement of the pathogen in tomato and for the formation of cellular aggregates. We constructed a transposon plasmid that can be stably integrated into Cmm chromosome and express GFP, in order to follow movement to the seeds. Field strains from New York that were stably transformed with this construct, could not only access seeds systemically through the xylem, but also externally through tomato fruit lesions, which harbored high intra-and intercellular populations. Active movement and expansion of bacteria into the fruit mesocarp and nearby xylem vessels followed, once the fruit began to ripen. These results highlight the ability of Cmm to invade tomato fruit and seed through multiple entry routes. The third objective was to assess correlation between disease severity and expression levels of Cmm virulence genes and tomato defense genes. The effect of plant age on expression of tomato defense related proteins during Cmm infection was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Five genes out of eleven showed high induction at early stages of infection of plants with 19/20 leaves compared to young plants bearing 7/8 leaves. Previous results showed that Cmm virulence genes were expressed at early stages of infection in young plants compared to older plants. Results of this study suggest that Cmm virulence genes may suppress expression of tomato defense-related genes in young plants allowing effective disease development. The possibility that chpCis involved in suppression of tomato defense genes is currently under investigation by measuring the transcript level of several PR proteins, detected previously in our proteomics study. The fourth objective was to define genome location and stability of virulence genes in Cmm strains. New York isolates were compared to Israeli, Serbian, and NCPPB382 strains. The plasmid profiles of New York isolates were diverse and differed from both Israeli and Serbian strains. PCR analysis indicated that the presence of putative pathogenicity genes varied between isolates and highlighted the ephemeral nature of pathogenicity genes in field populations of Cmm. Results of this project significantly contributed to the understanding of Cmm virulence, its movement within tomato xylem or externally into the seeds, the role of serine proteases in disease development and initiated research on global regulation of Cmm virulence. These results form a basis for developing new strategies to combat wilt and canker disease of tomato.
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Tzfira, Tzvi, Michael Elbaum, and Sharon Wolf. DNA transfer by Agrobacterium: a cooperative interaction of ssDNA, virulence proteins, and plant host factors. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695881.bard.

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Agrobacteriumtumefaciensmediates genetic transformation of plants. The possibility of exchanging the natural genes for other DNA has led to Agrobacterium’s emergence as the primary vector for genetic modification of plants. The similarity among eukaryotic mechanisms of nuclear import also suggests use of its active elements as media for non-viral genetic therapy in animals. These considerations motivate the present study of the process that carries DNA of bacterial origin into the host nucleus. The infective pathway of Agrobacterium involves excision of a single-stranded DNA molecule (T-strand) from the bacterial tumor-inducing plasmid. This transferred DNA (T-DNA) travels to the host cell cytoplasm along with two virulence proteins, VirD2 and VirE2, through a specific bacteriumplant channel(s). Little is known about the precise structure and composition of the resulting complex within the host cell and even less is known about the mechanism of its nuclear import and integration into the host cell genome. In the present proposal we combined the expertise of the US and Israeli labs and revealed many of the biophysical and biological properties of the genetic transformation process, thus enhancing our understanding of the processes leading to nuclear import and integration of the Agrobacterium T-DNA. Specifically, we sought to: I. Elucidate the interaction of the T-strand with its chaperones. II. Analyzing the three-dimensional structure of the T-complex and its chaperones in vitro. III. Analyze kinetics of T-complex formation and T-complex nuclear import. During the past three years we accomplished our goals and made the following major discoveries: (1) Resolved the VirE2-ssDNA three-dimensional structure. (2) Characterized VirE2-ssDNA assembly and aggregation, along with regulation by VirE1. (3) Studied VirE2-ssDNA nuclear import by electron tomography. (4) Showed that T-DNA integrates via double-stranded (ds) intermediates. (5) Identified that Arabidopsis Ku80 interacts with dsT-DNA intermediates and is essential for T-DNA integration. (6) Found a role of targeted proteolysis in T-DNA uncoating. Our research provide significant physical, molecular, and structural insights into the Tcomplex structure and composition, the effect of host receptors on its nuclear import, the mechanism of T-DNA nuclear import, proteolysis and integration in host cells. Understanding the mechanical and molecular basis for T-DNA nuclear import and integration is an essential key for the development of new strategies for genetic transformation of recalcitrant plant species. Thus, the knowledge gained in this study can potentially be applied to enhance the transformation process by interfering with key steps of the transformation process (i.e. nuclear import, proteolysis and integration). Finally, in addition to the study of Agrobacterium-host interaction, our research also revealed some fundamental insights into basic cellular mechanisms of nuclear import, targeted proteolysis, protein-DNA interactions and DNA repair.
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Splitter, Gary A., Menachem Banai, and Jerome S. Harms. Brucella second messenger coordinates stages of infection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699864.bard.

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Aim 1: To determine levels of this second messenger in: a) B. melitensiscyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate-regulating mutants (BMEI1448, BMEI1453, and BMEI1520), and b) B. melitensis16M (wild type) and mutant infections of macrophages and immune competent mice. (US lab primary) Aim 2: To determine proteomic differences between Brucelladeletion mutants BMEI1453 (high cyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate, chronic persistent state) and BMEI1520 (low cyclicdimericguanosinemonophosphate, acute virulent state) compared to wild type B. melitensisto identify the role of this second messenger in establishing the two polar states of brucellosis. (US lab primary with synergistic assistance from the Israel lab Aim 3: Determine the level of Brucellacyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate and transcriptional expression from naturally infected placenta. (Israel lab primary with synergistic assistance from the US lab). B. Background Brucellaspecies are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause brucellosis, the most prevalent zoonosis worldwide. Brucellosis is characterized by increased abortion, weak offspring, and decreased milk production in animals. Humans are infected with Brucellaby consuming contaminated milk products or via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria from occupational hazards. Chronic human infections can result in complications such as liver damage, orchitis, endocarditis, and arthritis. Brucellaspp. have the ability to infect both professional and non-professional phagocytes. Because of this, Brucellaencounter varied environments both throughout the body and within a cell and must adapt accordingly. To date, few virulence factors have been identified in B. melitensisand even less is known about how these virulence factors are regulated. Subsequently, little is known about how Brucellaadapt to its rapidly changing environments, and how it alternates between acute and chronic virulence. Our studies suggest that decreased concentrations of cyclic dimericguanosinemonophosphate (c-di-GMP) lead to an acute virulent state and increased concentrations of c-di-GMP lead to persistent, chronic state of B. melitensisin a mouse model of infection. We hypothesize that B. melitensisuses c-di-GMP to transition from the chronic state of an infected host to the acute, virulent stage of infection in the placenta where the bacteria prepare to infect a new host. Studies on environmental pathogens such as Vibrio choleraeand Pseudomonas aeruginosasupport a mechanism where changes in c-di-GMP levels cause the bacterium to alternate between virulent and chronic states. Little work exists on understanding the role of c-di-GMP in dangerous intracellular pathogens, like Brucellathat is a frequent pathogen in Israeli domestic animals and U.S. elk and bison. Brucellamust carefully regulate virulence factors during infection of a host to ensure proper expression at appropriate times in response to host cues. Recently, the novel secondary signaling molecule c-di-GMP has been identified as a major component of bacterial regulation and we have identified c-di-GMP as an important signaling factor in B. melitensishost adaptation. C. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. The B. melitensis1453 deletion mutant has increased c-di-GMP, while the 1520 deletion mutant has decreased c-di-GMP. 2. Both mutants grow similarly in in vitro cultures; however, the 1453 mutant has a microcolony phenotype both in vitro and in vivo 3. The 1453 mutant has increased crystal violet staining suggesting biofilm formation. 4. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an abnormal coccus appearance with in increased cell area. 5. Proteomic analysis revealed the 1453 mutant possessed increased production of proteins involved in cell wall processes, cell division, and the Type IV secretion system, and a decrease in proteins involved in amino acid transport/metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid production, and iron acquisition suggesting less preparedness for intracellular survival. 6. RNAseq analysis of bone marrow derived macrophages infected with the mutants revealed the host immune response is greatly reduced with the 1453 mutant infection. These findings support that microlocalization of proteins involved in c-di-GMP homeostasis serve a second messenger to B. melitensisregulating functions of the bacteria during infection of the host.
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Zhao, Bingyu, Saul Burdman, Ronald Walcott, Tal Pupko, and Gregory Welbaum. Identifying pathogenic determinants of Acidovorax citrulli toward the control of bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598168.bard.

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The specific objectives of this BARD proposal were: Use a comparative genomics approach to identify T3Es in group I, II and III strains of A. citrulli. Determine the bacterial genes contributing to host preference. Develop mutant strains that can be used for biological control of BFB. Background to the topic: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits, caused by Acidovoraxcitrulli, is a devastating disease that affects watermelon (Citrulluslanatus) and melon (Cucumismelo) production worldwide, including both Israel and USA. Three major groups of A. citrullistrains have been classified based on their virulence on host plants, genetics and biochemical properties. The host selection could be one of the major factors that shape A. citrullivirulence. The differences in the repertoire of type III‐ secreted effectors (T3Es) among the three A. citrulligroups could play a major role in determining host preferential association. Currently, there are only 11 A. citrulliT3Es predicted by the annotation of the genome of the group II strain, AAC00‐1. We expect that new A. citrulliT3Es can be identified by a combination of bioinformatics and experimental approaches, which may help us to further define the relationship of T3Es and host preference of A. citrulli. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: Enriching the information on virulence and avirulence functions of T3Es will contribute to the understanding of basic aspects of A. citrulli‐cucurbit interactions. In the long term, it will contribute to the development of durable BFB resistance in commercial varieties. In the short term, identifying bacterial genes that contribute to virulence and host preference will allow the engineering of A. citrullimutants that can trigger SAR in a given host. If applied as seed treatments, these should significantly improve the effectiveness and efficacy of BFB management in melon and atermelon production.
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7

Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. A functional genomics approach to dissect resistance of tomato to bacterial spot disease. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695876.bard.

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The research problem. Bacterial spot disease in tomato is of great economic importance worldwide and it is particularly severe in warm and moist areas affecting yield and quality of tomato fruits. Causal agent of spot disease is the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), which can be a contaminant on tomato seeds, or survive in plant debris and in association with certain weeds. Despite the economic significance of spot disease, plant protection against Xcvby cultural practices and chemical control have so far proven unsuccessful. In addition, breeding for resistance to bacterial spot in tomato has been undermined by the genetic complexity of the available sources of resistance and by the multiple races of the pathogen. Genetic resistance to specific Xcvraces have been identified in tomato lines that develop a hypersensitive response and additional defense responses upon bacterial challenge. Central goals of this research were: 1. To identify plant genes involved in signaling and defense responses that result in the onset of resistance. 2. To characterize molecular properties and mode of action of bacterial proteins, which function as avirulence or virulence factors during the interaction between Xcvand resistant or susceptible tomato plants, respectively. Our main achievements during this research program are in three major areas: 1. Identification of differentially expressed genes during the resistance response of tomato to Xcvrace T3. A combination of suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray analysis identified a large set of tomato genes that are induced or repressed during the response of resistant plants to avirulent XcvT3 bacteria. These genes were grouped in clusters based on coordinate expression kinetics, and classified into over 20 functional classes. Among them we identified genes that are directly modulated by expression of the type III effector protein AvrXv3 and genes that are induced also during the tomato resistance response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. 2. Characterization of molecular and biochemical properties of the tomato LeMPK3MAP kinase. A detailed molecular and biochemical analysis was performed for LeMPK3 MAP kinase, which was among the genes induced by XcvT3 in resistant tomato plants. LeMPK3 was induced at the mRNA level by different pathogens, elicitors, and wounding, but not by defense-related plant hormones. Moreover, an induction of LeMPK3 kinase activity was observed in resistant tomato plants upon Xcvinfection. LeMPK3 was biochemically defined as a dual-specificity MAP kinase, and extensively characterized in vitro in terms of kinase activity, sites and mechanism of autophosphorylation, divalent cation preference, Kₘand Vₘₐₓ values for ATP. 3. Characteriztion of molecular properties of the Xcveffector protein AvrRxv. The avirulence gene avrRxvis involved in the genetic interaction that determines tomato resistance to Xcvrace T1. We found that AvrRxv functions inside the plant cell, localizes to the cytoplasm, and is sufficient to confer avirulence to virulent Xcvstrains. In addition, we showed that the AvrRxv cysteine protease catalytic core is essential for host recognition. Finally, insights into cellular processes activated by AvrRxv expression in resistant plants were obtained by microarray analysis of 8,600 tomato genes. Scientific and agricultural significance: The findings of these activities depict a comprehensive and detailed picture of cellular processes taking place during the onset of tomato resistance to Xcv. In this research, a large pool of genes, which may be involved in the control and execution of plant defense responses, was identified and the stage is set for the dissection of signaling pathways specifically triggered by Xcv.
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8

Omattage, N., M. Frank, A. Rasley, and B. Segelke. Study of the structure and function of a novel bacterial virulence factor isolated from Francisella tularensis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1079665.

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9

Gafni, Yedidya, Steven Lindow, Dan Zutra, and Isaac Barash. Molecular and Ecological Basis for Virulence Factors in Plant Tumorigenic Bacteria and their Possible Manipulations for Disease Control. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7599673.bard.

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10

Ron, Eliora, and Eugene Eugene Nester. Global functional genomics of plant cell transformation by agrobacterium. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695860.bard.

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The aim of this study was to carry out a global functional genomics analysis of plant cell transformation by Agrobacterium in order to define and characterize the physiology of Agrobacterium in the acidic environment of a wounded plant. We planed to study the proteome and transcriptome of Agrobacterium in response to a change in pH, from 7.2 to 5.5 and identify genes and circuits directly involved in this change. Bacteria-plant interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for protection against new stressful conditions. The interaction of bacteria with their hosts has been previously studied by genetic-physiological methods. We wanted to make use of the new capabilities to study these interactions on a global scale, using transcription analysis (transcriptomics, microarrays) and proteomics (2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). The results provided extensive data on the functional genomics under conditions that partially mimic plant infection and – in addition - revealed some surprising and significant data. Thus, we identified the genes whose expression is modulated when Agrobacterium is grown under the acidic conditions found in the rhizosphere (pH 5.5), an essential environmental factor in Agrobacterium – plant interactions essential for induction of the virulence program by plant signal molecules. Among the 45 genes whose expression was significantly elevated, of special interest is the two-component chromosomally encoded system, ChvG/I which is involved in regulating acid inducible genes. A second exciting system under acid and ChvG/Icontrol is a secretion system for proteins, T6SS, encoded by 14 genes which appears to be important for Rhizobium leguminosarum nodule formation and nitrogen fixation and for virulence of Agrobacterium. The proteome analysis revealed that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite secreted by wounded plants, induces the synthesis of an Agrobacterium lactonase which degrades the quorum sensing signal, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), resulting in attenuation of virulence. In addition, through a transcriptomic analysis of Agrobacterium growing at the pH of the rhizosphere (pH=5.5), we demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) a well-studied plant signal molecule important in plant defense, attenuates Agrobacterium virulence in two distinct ways - by down regulating the synthesis of the virulence (vir) genes required for the processing and transfer of the T-DNA and by inducing the same lactonase, which in turn degrades the AHL. Thus, GABA and SA with different molecular structures, induce the expression of these same genes. The identification of genes whose expression is modulated by conditions that mimic plant infection, as well as the identification of regulatory molecules that help control the early stages of infection, advance our understanding of this complex bacterial-plant interaction and has immediate potential applications to modify it. We expect that the data generated by our research will be used to develop novel strategies for the control of crown gall disease. Moreover, these results will also provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches that will use genetic manipulations to improve bacterial-plant interactions, leading to more efficient DNA transfer to recalcitrant plants and robust symbiosis. These advances will, in turn, contribute to plant protection by introducing genes for resistance against other bacteria, pests and environmental stress.
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