Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bacterial resistence'
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Veldamonová, Aneta. "Studium výskytu kolistinu v půdě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442871.
Full textQuerino, Gislaine Aparecida [UNESP]. "Produção de anticorpos monoclonal murino dirigido contra a PBP2a do S. aureus resistente a meticilina." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108579.
Full textS. aureus é, sem duvida, o patógeno humano mais importante entre os estafilococos. O surgimento e a disseminação progressiva da resistência a meticilina tiveram grande impacto na terapia das infecções estafilocócicas. O mecanismo de resistência a meticilina desenvolvido por S. aureus está relacionado com a alteração das proteínas ligadoras de penicilinas, as PBPs. Os Staphylococcus. aureus produzem 5 tipos de PBPs: 1,2,3,3´, e 4. As cepas de S. aureus resistentes a meticilina produzem uma nova PBP, a PBP2a, adquirida de outras cepas de estafilococos. Diversos métodos são utilizados para detecção da resistência a meticilina no S. aureus. Dentre eles, a detecção da PBP2a por meio de métodos de aglutinação em látex utilizando anticorpo monoclonal específico dirigido para o antígeno PBP2a. Na presente pesquisa, anticorpos monoclonais murinos dirigidos contra a PP2a do S. aureus resistente a meticilina foram produzidos através de fusão celular utilizando-se células de baço de camundongos BALB/c imunizados.Cinco fusões MRSA foram realizadas e os sobrenadantes de cultura foram triados por testes Elisa indireto . Foram construídos e testados 1236 híbridos e nove híbridos se mostraram reativos após o 4º. teste de Elisa indireto. Os nove híbridos foram testados frente a diferentes bactérias para observar inibição do crescimento. Este trabalho teve como foco, a produção de anticorpo monoclonal murino para uso em testes de detecção rápida
S. aureus is, without doubt, the most important human pathogen among staphylococci. The emergence and dissemination of progressive resistance to methicillin had great impact on therapy of staphylococcal infections. The mechanism of resistance to methicillin developed by S. aureus is related to the alteration of penicillin binding proteins, the PBPs. Staphylococcus. aureus produces five types of PBPs: 1,2,3,3 ', and 4. Strains of S. aureus resistant to methicillin produce a new PBP, PBP2a the acquired from other strains of staphylococci. Several methods are used for detection of methicillin resistance in S. aureus. Among them, the detection of PBP2a by latex agglutination methods using monoclonal antibody specific for the antigen directed PBP2a. In the present study, murine monoclonal antibodies directed against the PP2A methicillin resistant S. aureus were produced by cell fusion using spleen cells from immunized BALB / c mice. Five MRSA fusions were performed and the culture supernatants were screened by testing indirect ELISA. Were built and tested in 1236 hybrids and nine of them were reactive after the 4th indirect ELISA test. The nine hybrids were tested against different bacteria to observe inhibition of growth. This work focused on the production of murine monoclonal antibody for use in rapid detection tests
Campos, Aguirre Lorenzo Arturo. "Utilización de bacterias indicadoras para el estudio de la resistencia bacteriana en aves de consumo humano." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2005. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/130992.
Full textDurante muchos años, los antimicrobianos han sido un componente crucial en la terapia de enfermedades infecciosas bacterianas tanto en medicina humana como veterinaria. Sin embargo, con el paso del tiempo se ha observado la aparición de mecanismos de resistencia, pudiendo llevar al surgimiento de cepas bacterianas multiresistentes, lo que ha provocado una creciente preocupación a nivel mundial y la adopción de medidas que permitan disminuir el alarmante aumento de la resistencia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una vigilancia de la resistencia bacteriana frente a los antimicrobianos de uso más frecuente en aves de consumo humano, utilizando para ello a Escherichia coli y Enterococcus spp. como bacterias indicadoras y definir los niveles de resistencia y los perfiles de multiresistencia de las cepas aisladas, además de buscar la posible aparición de cepas resistentes a vancomicina en cepas de Enterococcus, el cual es un antimicrobiano de uso exclusivo en medicina humana. Para la evaluación de los niveles de resistencia, se utilizó el Método de Dilución en Placa para definir la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (MIC) de cada cepa bacteriana aislada. Se recolectaron un total de 110 muestras de heces de pollos broiler, gallinas de postura y pavos de engorda provenientes de la zona central de Chile, de las cuales se aislaron e identificaron 98 cepas de E. coli y 96 de Enterococcus spp. Los mayores niveles de resistencia se observaron frente a oxitetraciclina, alcanzando alrededor del 80% en ambos grupos de bacterias indicadoras y frente a fluoroquinolonas (enrofloxacino y ciprofloxacino) con alrededor de 77% de cepas de Enterococcus spp. No se encontraron cepas de Enterococcus resistentes a vancomicina. Sobre el 75% de las cepas de E. coli y sobre el 85% de las de Enterococcus spp. presentaron resistencia a 2 o más antimicrobianos. En el caso de E. coli, el perfil más frecuente (10%) fue enrofloxacino / ciprofloxacino / oxitetraciclina / estreptomicina / flumequina / ácido oxolínico / ácido nalidíxico. Para Enterococcus spp. el perfil más frecuente (25%) fue enrofloxacino / ciprofloxacino / oxitetraciclina / eritromicina. De estos resultados se concluye que los sistemas de producción de aves de consumo presentan elevados niveles de resistencia y multiresistencia, por lo que nuestro país no 7 queda exento del problema de resistencia bacteriana que se presenta también a nivel internacional. Se hace necesaria entonces la instauración de programas permanentes de vigilancia nacional de la resistencia bacteriana que permitan conocer los niveles de resistencia, siendo recomendable que la venta de antimicrobianos se realice a través de receta médica veterinaria para disminuir el uso masivo de estos fármacos
Carrilho, Cláudia Maria Dantas de Maio. "Caracterização clínica, microbiológica e molecular e tratamento de infecções por enterobactérias resistentes aos carbapenêmicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-09062015-155745/.
Full textIntroduction: Infections due to Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase type KPC, have been endemic in several regions around the world. Their treatment remains a major challenge, particularly for isolates resistant to polymyxin. Objectives: To describe the clinical, microbiological and molecular characteristics of infections by CRE. Methods: Prospective cohort conducted at the University Hospital of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, from March 2011 to December 2012. All hospitalized patients >= 18 years old who developed infection by CRE were followed until death or discharge. We collected and analyzed the following clinical data: age, sex, diagnosis at admission, presence of comorbidities according to the Charlson criteria, admission in Intensive Care Unit, APACHE and SOFA scores, previous colonization by CRE, previous surgery, dialysis, prior antibiotic use and infection site; furthermore, we also evaluated the time between the blood culture collect and the first antimicrobial dose administration (start time - smaller or longer than 12 hours) as well as whether the treatment was monotherapy or combine therapy for more than 48 hours. The microbiological identification was performed by automated method (Vitek II - bioMerieuxR) and the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics by broth microdilution technique, research blaKPC gene by the technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction and synergism between the drugs used in the combination therapy by Time Kill method. The clonality was carried out by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and analyzed by dendrogram by BioNumerics. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression with forward stepwise technique were performed to detect risk factors for resistance to polymyxin and mortality. The level of significance was 5%, using Epi Info 7.0 and SPSS programs. Results: During the study period, 127 patients developed infections by CRE, mean age 55.7 (± 18) years and 88 (69.3%) were male. Respiratory tract infections 52 (42%) and urinary tract 51 (40.2%) were the most frequent. Twenty seven (21.3%) agents were resistant to polymyxin; 113 (89%) were K. pneumoniae and 96 (75.6%) had blaKPC gene. Fifty-five (43.3%) were polymicrobial, the majority (28.3%) co-infection by Acinetobacter baumannii. The hospital mortality rate was 61.4% and 34.6% of the death were related to infection. There was no difference in mortality rate between sensitive (34%) versus resistant (37%)(p = 0.46) to polymyxin. The independent risk factors for death were shock (OR 27.40; 95% CI 1.68-446.82; p = 0.02) and dialysis (OR 13:26; 95% CI 1.17-149.98; p = 0.03); and for resistance to polymyxin were previous use of carbapenem (OR 2.95; 95% CI 1.12-7.78; p = 0.02). The risk factor for death in our study was dialysis (OR 7.58; 95% CI 1.30 to 43.92; p = 0.02). Combine therapy, start time and sensitive and antibiotic synergy in vitro had no significant impact on mortality. Conclusion: In our study, previous carbapenem use was the only factor associated with resistance to polymyxin. Furthermore, dialysis and shock were the only factors associated with death among patients with infections caused by CRE resistant to polymyxin. No therapeutic option, especially the combination of drugs and the start time decreased the higher mortality rates in this group of patients
Correa, Adriana Aparecida Feltrin. "Fatores preditores e prognóstico da aquisição nosocomial de enterobactérias resistentes aos carbapenêmicos." Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/155866.
Full textResumo: Atualmente, estamos diante de uma notável presença de isolados de enterobactérias resistentes aos carbapenêmicos em um hospital público do município de Bauru-SP desde outubro de 2012. No entanto, não estão disponíveis estudos relacionando a epidemiologia e os fatores associados à aquisição de tais isolados. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar fatores de risco para aquisição de Enterobactérias Resistentes aos Carbapenêmicos (CRE) em pacientes internados no Hospital Estadual Bauru, os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de quadro infeccioso em uma coorte de pacientes colonizados por CRE e os fatores preditores de óbito. Foram incluídos pacientes do local de estudo que apresentaram colonização do trato digestório por CRE, de outubro de 2012 a dezembro de 2016, dos quais foram levantados dados clínicos e demográficos. Os isolados foram identificados por métodos fenotípicos e foram testadas as suscetibilidades por concentração inibitória mínima (MIC). Realizamos um estudo de caso-controle que incluiu 427 casos e igual número de controles. Os fatores de risco observados foram queimadura (HR 3,91; IC95% 2,36-6,46; p=<0,001), índice de Charlson (HR 1,12; IC95% 1,05-1,20; p=<0,001), uso prévio de esteróides (HR 2,79; IC95% 1,94-4,02; p=<0,001) e antimicrobianos como as penicilinas/inibidores de beta-lactamases (HR 2,01; IC95% 1,43-2,82; p=<0,001), cefalosporinas de 3ª. e 4ª. gerações (HR 2,45; IC95% 1,75-3,44; p=<0,001), quinolonas (HR 1,70; IC95% 1,75-2,45; p=0,003) e anaero... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Currently, we are facing a remarkable presence of isolates of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriacea in Bauru city public hospital, São Paulo state, Brazil, since october 2012. However no studies are available relating the epidemiology and the factors associated with acquisition of such isolates. The purpose this study was to identify risk factors for acquisition of Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in patients hospitalized at the Bauru State Hospital, factors associated with the development of infectious disease in a cohort of patients colonized by CLP and factors predicting death. We included patients from the study site who presented colonization of the digestive tract by CRE, from October 2012 to December 2016, from which clinical and demographic data were collected. Isolates were identified by phenotypic methods and susceptibilities were tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). We performed a case-control study that included 427 cases and an equal number of controls. The risk factors observed were burn (HR 3.91, 95% CI 2.36-6.46, p = 0.001), Charlson index (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.05-1.20, p = <0.001), previous use of steroids (HR 2.79, 95% CI 1.94-4.02, p = <0.001) and antimicrobials such as penicillins / beta-lactamase inhibitors (HR 2.01, 95% CI, 43-2.82, p = <0.001), cephalosporins of 3rd. and 4ª. (HR 2.45, IC 95% 1.75-3.44, p = 0.001), quinolones (HR 1.70, IC 95% 1.75-2.45, p = 0.003) and anaerobicides (HR 1, 63, 95% CI 1.04-2.56, p = 0.03). The cohort stud... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Guerra, Bieberach Gregory. "Evaluación de la expresión de genes de resistencia al frío y metabolismo en condiciones de baja temperatura de la cepa psicrotolerante Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans PQ33 aislada de ambientes mineros altoandinos peruanos." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/7376.
Full textTesis
Pacheco, Aline de Barros Nobrega Dias. "Avaliação da resistencia dos microrganismos colhidos no ambiente de clinica odontologica a diferentes antibioticos." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290188.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T02:18:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pacheco_AlinedeBarrosNobregaDias_M.pdf: 5192338 bytes, checksum: 27b1c8a32fe10fca65e1b9c5c96f03b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000
Resumo: Deter a contaminação nos consultórios dentários tem sido uma tarefa muito difícil. Na maioria das vezes os microrganismos tem vencido as medidas de segurança adotadas, expondo profissionais e pacientes à situações de risco. Em escolas de Odontologia, esse risco é ainda maior, pois há dificuldades na implementação de procedimentos de controle de infecção. Para identificar os microrganismos do ambiente clínico de uma Faculdade de Odontologia e avaliar a resistência antimicrobiana desses, foi desenvolvida esta pesquisa. Para isso utilizou se 60 placas de petri (15 cm de diâmetro), contendo ágar-soja-triptecaseína, dispostas em diversos locais da clínica (box, corredor, sala de esterilização e plantão de urgência) e em três situações: antes, durante e após a atividade. As placas foram abertas (120 segundos) e então fechadas e levadas à estufa (pressão de CO2 a 10% à 37ºC), durante 48 horas, e então transferidas para uma estufa em aerobiose (37ºC), por mais 24 horas. As unidades formadoras de colônias que cresceram foram contadas e fotografadas, e para a identificação utilizou-se a técnica de coloração de Gram. A resistência foi avaliada em placas de petri contendo ágar Muller Hinton, acrescido de 1,5°/0 de sangue de carneiro estéril previamente inoculadas com 100 µL dos microrganismos, onde foram inseridos discos de papel de 6,35mm contendo antibióticos, e os halos de inibição, que se desenvolveram após incubação, foram medidos. A análise estatística (KrusKall Wallis, 5%) mostrou diferença significante durante as diversas situações clínicas. Observou-se ainda que, de todos os microrganismos, 26% foram resistentes à penicilina G 10UI, 18% à ampicilina 10g, 19% à amoxicilina 10µg, 6% à amoxicilina 10µg + ácido clavulânico 20µg, 7% ao cefadroxil 30µg, 27% à eritromicina 15µg, 25% à daritromicina 15µg, 27% à azitromicina 15µg, 14% à clindamicina 2µg e 3% ao cloranfenicol 30µg. Condui-se que: 1) Durante atividade clínica há um maior crescimento de microrganismos, prevalecendo cocos, bacilos e fungos respectivamente; 2) A resistência encontrada foi maior para os antibióticos do 9rupo dos macrolídeos (26,4%), seguida pelo grupo das penicilinas (21,1%), sendo que a amoxicilina associada ao ácido clavulânico e o doranfenicol apresentaram as menores resistências, 6,47% e 2,8%, respectivamente
Abstract: It has been a very hard task to stop contamination in dental clínies. Most of the times, microorganisms have beaten the preventive measures used exposing health practitioners and patients to risk situations. ln Dental Schools this risk becomes even higher, for three are difficulties implementing procedures of infection control. This research was carried out in order to identify the microorganisms in the dental clínica I environment of a Faculty of Dentistry, and also to evaluate their resistance. For this purpose, 60 petri dishes (15 cm of diameter) with tripticasein soy agar were placed on different places in the clinic environment (between the dental clínies, on the corridors, sterilization room and emergency room) in three different situations: before, during and after the clinical work. The dishes were opened during 120 seconds, and then closed and incubated (at 10% CO2 pression) at 37°C, during 48 hours, and after moved to a stove at 37°C for 24 hours. The colony formation units (du) that grew on the dishes were counted and photographed. The Gram coloring technique for identification was applied. The resistance was evaluated on petri dishes with Muller Hinton agar plus 1.5% sheep blood sterile, previously inoculated with 100µg of microorganisms, there paper disks of 6.35 mm with antibiotics were placed. After incubation, the halos, which developed, were measured. The statistical analysis (KrusKaIl-Wallis 5%) showed significant difference during the various clinical situations. It was observed that 26% of the microorganisms were resistant to penicillin G [10Ul], 18% to ampicillin [10µg], 6% to amoxycillin [10µg] associated with clavulanic acid [20µg], 7% to cefadroxil [30µg], 27% to erythromycin [15µg], 27% to azithromycin [15µg], 250% to clarithromycin [15µg], 14% to clyndamicin [2µg] and 3% to cloranphenicol [30µg]. Therefore, it was concluded that: a) During clinical work there is a higher growth of microorganisms, being the most predominant cocci, bacillus and fungus, respectively; b) The higher resistance found was to the antibiotics from the macrolides group (26%), followed by the penicillin group (21%), having amoxycillin associated with clavulanic acid and doranphenicol, showed the lowest resistance
Mestrado
Mestre em Odontologia
Pons, Maria J., Susan Mosquito, Theresa J. Ochoa, Martha Vargas, Margarita Molina, Angela Lluque, Ana I. Gil, et al. "Niveles de resistencia a quinolonas y otros antimicrobianos en cepas de Escherichia coli comensales en niños de la zona periurbana de Lima, Perú." Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/324673.
Full textThe main aim of this study was to establish the resistance levels to antimicrobial agents, in 222 non-pathogenic E. Coli strains of fecal origin in Peru. The proportion of resistance found to the evaluated antimicrobials was ampicillin (62.6%), cotrimoxazole (48,6%), tetracycline (43,0%) and chloramphenicol (15,8%). We emphasize the high resistance levels found for quinolones: 32% for nalidixic acid (NAL) and 12% for ciprofloxacin (CIP). These high levels of quinoloneresistance in non-pathogenic strains isolated from children in this age group highlight the extensive use and the impact of the intake of this kind of antimicrobials in the community, showing the potential risk of the loss of their utility in the area.
Resende, Aline Cristina Batista. "DETECÇÃO DE MICRORGANISMOS PRESENTES NO EFLUENTE HOSPITALAR E NA ESTAÇÃO DE TRATAMENTO DE ESGOTO DE GOIÂNIA: PRESENÇA DE BACTÉRIAS GRAM-NEGATIVAS RESISTENTES AOS ANTIMICROBIANOS." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2009. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/3095.
Full textIntroduction: The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant genes is becoming an increasingly important ecological issue. The selective pressure of antimicrobials is a significant factor in the selection and dissemination of resistance genes in the environment. Objective: The objective of this present study was to detect, isolate and identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in the sewage effluents of 10 hospitals located in Goiânia and to assess the susceptibility profile of the isolated microorganisms. Methodology: The samples collected in the hospital effluents and from the Goiânia sewage treatment station were identified using biochemical tests, Gram-staining, microscopy, motility-indole-ornithine (MIO) medium, urea, catalase, oxidase, TAF, API 20E, API STAPH (Bio Merieux) and bile-esculin agar. Following identification, the profile of susceptibility to the antimicrobials was evaluated using the agar diffusion disk susceptibility test, later classified according to the NCCLS (2002). Next, the E. coli strains were analyzed regards the possibility extended spectrum β-lactamase production (ESBL), using phenotypic tests. Results: A total of 73 microorganisms gram-negative were identified including 10 strains of E. coli (14,92 por cent), 10 strains of K. pneumoniae (14,92 por cent), 3 of P. aeruginosa (4.47 ´por cent) and 1 of A. baumannii (1.49 por cent). The E. coli strains presented 100 por cent total resistance to aztreonam, 40 por cent to ampicillin, 30 por cent to piperacillin, 20% to ciprofloxacin and 10 por cent to gentamicin. None of the aztreonam-resistant E. coli strains were identified as being extended spectrum Beta-lactamase producers. P. aeruginosa presented 100 por cent resistance to ampicillin-sulbactam and 100 por cent intermediary resistance to gentamicin. Strains of K. pneumoniae were resistant to ampicillin (70 por cent) and to piperacillin (20 por cent). Additionally, 50 por cent showed intermediate resistance to piperacillin. No cases of total resistance were detected in the sample of A. baumannii, which presented only intermediary resistance to aztreonam and ceftriaxone. Conclusion: The E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii isolates showed low resistance rates. None of the bacterial strains produced ESBL or carbapenems. The samples of A. baumannii had the highest susceptibility profile of all the microorganisms isolated.
INTRODUÇÃO: A emergência de genes de resistência antimicrobiana está cada vez mais se tornando um problema ecológico. A pressão seletiva dos antimicrobianos é um importante fator de seleção e disseminação dos genes de resistência no meio ambiente. OBJETIVO: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a detecção, o isolamento e identificação de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., klebsiella pneumoniae e Escherichia coli de efluentes de esgoto de 10 hospitais localizados em Goiânia e a caracterização do perfil de susceptibilidade dos microrganismos isolados. METODOLOGIA: As amostras coletadas nos efluentes hospitalares e da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Goiânia (ETE) foram identificadas e analisadas quanto ao perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, por provas bioquimicas, com a coloração de Gram, bacterioscopia, teste de motilidade (MIO), uréia, catalase, oxidase, TAF, API 20E, API STAPH (Bio Merieux) e teste de bilesculina. Após a identificação, a avaliação do perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos foi realizada através do método de antibiograma em placa, e depois classificada de acordo com o NCCLS (2002). Posteriormente, as cepas de E.coli foram analisadas quanto a possível produção de Beta-lactamase de amplo espectro (ESBL), utilizando-se testes fenotípicos. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 73 microrganismos gramnegativos, dentre estes 10(14,92 por cento) E.coli, 10(14,92 por cento) K.pneumoniae, 3(4,47 por cento) P.aeruginosa e 1(1,49 por cento) A.baumannii. As cepas de E.coli apresentaram 100 por cento de resistência total ao aztreonam, 40 por cento à ampicilina, 30 por cento à piperacilina, 20 por cento à ciprofloxacina, 10 por cento à gentamicina. Nenhuma cepa de E.coli resistente ao aztreonam foi identificada como produtora de β-lactamase de espectro ampliado (ESBL). P.aeruginosa apresentou 100% de resistência à ampicilina-sulbactam e 100 por cento apresentaram resistência intermediária à gentamicina. 70 por cento das cepas de K.pneumoniae apresentaram resitência à ampicilina e 50 por cento apresentaram resistência intermediária a este mesmo antimicrobiano. Nenhuma resistência total foi detectada na amostra de A.baumannii apresentando apenas resistência intermediária ao aztreonam e a ceftriaxona. CONCLUSÃO: As amostras de E.coli, P.aeruginosa, K.pneumoniae e A.baumannii apresentaram baixas taxas de resistência aos antimicrobianos, em nenhum dos isolados foi detectada a produção de Beta-lactamase de espectro ampliado e carbapenemase e as amostras de A.baumannii apresentaram o maior perfil de susceptibilidade entre todos os microrganismos isolados.
Yañez, Muñoz Diego Alberto. "Detección del gen de resistencia blaTEM en bacterias descritas como nosocomiales." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/131507.
Full textDurante el año 1928 Alexander Fleming descubre la penicilina, capaz de inhibir el crecimiento bacteriano. Sin embargo, poco tiempo después se descubren bacterias capaces de resistir a la penicilina y a los nuevos antimicrobianos. Esto último, hasta hoy suscita gran preocupación entre la comunidad científica, especialmente en el ámbito de la Salud Pública, pues el uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos, subdosificación, errores en el ritmo horario y el consumo de pequeñas cantidades de antimicrobianos desde alimentos producidos por animales de abasto, son algunos de los factores que influencian la aparición de cepas resistentes, debido al aumento en la presión de selección sobre estas poblaciones bacterianas. Esta capacidad de resistencia a la acción de un antimicrobiano está determinada por genes presentes en el genoma bacteriano, los cuales pueden ser constitutivos o hábilmente incorporados mediante diferentes mecanismos. Así, en esta Memoria de Título se detectó -mediante PCR convencional- y secuenció un fragmento del gen de resistencia a β-lactámicos denominado blaTEM, en tres cepas bacterianas resistentes, encontrándose altos valores de identidad nucleotídica con las secuencias de la base de datos de GenBank®, lo cual permitió obtener 3 controles positivos nativos de origen veterinario para futuras investigaciones
Programa AUCAI, Universidad de Chile
Neves, Patricia Regina. "Alterações da permeabilidade e expressão de bombas de efluxo em isolados clínicos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente ao imipenem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-09022012-162542/.
Full textIntroduction: Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are associated with high mortality rates. Resistance to imipenem is a global concern, since it is a drug of choice for the treatment of infections produced by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Thus, research on resistance mechanisms is crucial to carry out an effective program for infection control and epidemiology of imipenem-resistant strains. Objective: to characterize the major mechanisms of imipenem resistance in 76 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa recovered from clinical samples collected, from 2004 to 2007, in four hospitals in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Material and methods: Isolates were screened for: i) resistance profile to antibacterial agents, determining the MIC of imipenem; ii) the detection of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) by phenotypic and genotypic methods, iii) MBL detection by using a double-disk diffusion test (D-test), determining the sensitivity and specificity of the assay; iv) the presence of genes encoding 16S rRNA methylases and their association with aminoglycoside-resistant phenotypes, v) changes in the bacterial permeability due to porin (OprD) loss; vi) the presence or absence of the oprD gene by using PCR; vii) phenotypic expression of efflux pumps by determining the MIC of quinolones, cephalosporins and carbapenems in the presence/absence of specific inhibitors, performing a comparative analysis with a combined-disk method, viii) genes encoding efflux pumps proteins (mexC and mexX) by PCR; ix) MexAB-OprM and MexEF efflux pumps expression; x) clonal relatedness, by ERIC-PCR genotyping, regarding the predominance of major resistance genotypes. Results: Among imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa strains (n=76, MIC50 e MIC90 = 32 µg/mL e > 512 µg/mL, respectively) 82% showed a multidrug-resistant phenotype. The main mechanism of imipenem resistance was the MBL production detected in 74% strains, of which 62% harbored the blaSPM-1 gene, and 12% harbored the blaVIM-like gene. The D-test identified MBL production in 61% strains. In this regard, CAZ/MAA was the most sensitive combination for MBL detection associated to SPM-1 enzyme (89%), exhibiting 86% specificity. The presence of the rmtD 16S rRNA methylase gene was confirmed in 66% aminoglycoside-resistant strains. Moreover, presence of both rmtD and blaSPM-1 genes was identified in 61% strains. Loss of OprD porins was observed in 71% strains. In this regard, 66% MBL positive strains and 85% MBL negative strains showed OprD loss. Thus, MBL production and OprD loss contributed to imipenem resistance in P. aeruginosa. Most likely, in 13% (10/76) strains the porin loss was associated to insertion sequences (SI) inserted upstream of the oprD gene. On the other hand, in 11% (9/76) strains the absence of a PCR product targeting the 736/1394 region of the oprD gene, suggested the presence of polymorphisms. The mexA gene was identified in 92% strains, whereas the mexE gene was identified in 82% strains. Results obtained from efflux pump screening by using a combined-disk assay and MIC determination in the presence of reserpine, CCCP e PABN (using levofloxacin, meropenem, aztreonam or imipenem) was not correlated with results obtained from MexAB-OprM and MexEF-OprN overexpression analysis by RT-PCR. In this regard, both combined-disk and MIC assay showed lack of specificity and sensitivity in comparison to RT-PCR. Overexpression of mexA and mexE genes was confirmed in 35% (7/20) MBL-negative and 11% (6/56) MBL-positive strains, respectively, being 7% (4/56) MBL-positive strains overexpressed both genes. The overexpression of MexAB-OprM and MexEF-OprN efflux pumps, as only mechanism of resistance to meropenem and imipenem was observed in 10% (2/20) MBL-negative strains. ERICPCR typing revealed the presence of 24 clusters among 76 imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa strains (≥ 90% similarity). Conclusion: The convergence of multiple mechanisms of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa seems to be a favorable event for the selection of multiresistant clones endemic in the southeastern region of Brazil.
Pons, Maria J., Susan Mosquito, Ochoa Theresa J, Martha Vargas, Margarita Molina, Angela Lluque, Ana I. Gil, et al. "Niveles de resistencia a quinolonas y otros antimicrobianos en cepas de Escherichia coli comensales en niños de la zona periurbana de Lima, Perú." Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/314435.
Full textThe main aim of this study was to establish the resistance levels to antimicrobial agents, in 222 non-pathogenic E. Coli strains of fecal origin in Peru. The proportion of resistance found to the evaluated antimicrobials was ampicillin (62.6%), cotrimoxazole (48,6%), tetracycline (43,0%) and chloramphenicol (15,8%). We emphasize the high resistance levels found for quinolones: 32% for nalidixic acid (NAL) and 12% for ciprofloxacin (CIP). These high levels of quinoloneresistance in non-pathogenic strains isolated from children in this age group highlight the extensive use and the impact of the intake of this kind of antimicrobials in the community, showing the potential risk of the loss of their utility in the area.
Este trabajo fue parcialmente financiado por Agència Catalana de Cooperació al Desenvolupament proyecto U2006 (LJdV), Centre de Cooperació per al Desenvolupament - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LJdV), Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo proyectos numero A/4892/06 (LJdV), D/019499/08 y D/024648/09 (JR), Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, USA, proyecto 1K01TW007405 (TJO) Sanofi Pasteur y fondos de investigación del Dr. Lanata, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Perú. La investigación de JR es financiado por el proyecto CP05/0130 del FIS (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, España).
Revisión por pares.
Arredondo, Campaña Alexandre. "Prevalencia y caracterización de genes de resistencia a antibióticos en bacterias orales." Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670379.
Full textEn esta tesis se estudió la resistencia de la microbiota oral a 3 de las clases de antibióticos más utilizadas en la práctica dental: las tetraciclinas, los macrólidos y los β-lactámicos. En primer lugar, se analizó la resistencia a tetraciclina de la microbiota subgingival de individuos sin periodontitis para conocer cual era el alcance de la resistencia a un antibiótico de muy baja exposición actualmente. A este estudio le siguió una réplica en la que se trabajó con la microbiota subgingival de individuos con periodontitis. En ambos tipos de muestras se hizo un screening de genes de resistencia a tetraciclina y a otros genes que podían indicar la presencia de elementos genéticos móviles. Ambos estudios mostraron altos niveles de microorganismos resistentes a tetraciclina en las muestras obtenidas, y fueron comparados entre sí en el tercer estudio, donde se observaron diferencias en la microbiota obtenida y la prevalencia de los genes de resistencia en una y otra población. La transferencia genética horizontal en el ambiente oral fue estudiada en el cuarto estudio, en el que se demostró que el gen de resistencia a tetraciclina tet(B), nunca antes descrito en grampositivas, se había integrado en el genoma de dos aislados de la especie Streptococcus oralis. La resistencia a macrólidos fue analizada en el quinto estudio, en el que se investigó la susceptibilidad de bacterias del género Prevotella a eritromicina y azitromicina, siendo el segundo un macrólido cuyo uso ha ido creciendo debido a su eficacia demostrada y sus efectos beneficiosos. Para conocer si la resistencia a macrólidos en aislados de Prevotella estaba asociada a la presencia de genes de resistencia a macrólidos, se hizo un screening para dichos genes, así como un análisis estadístico que confirmó el incremento de resistencia a macrólidos en presencia del gen erm(F). Por último, en el sexto estudio se analizó la resistencia a β-lactámicos, la clase de antibióticos más utilizada en la práctica dental, en muestras obtenidas de pacientes con periodontitis. La resistencia a amoxicilina y a cefotaxima, los dos β-lactámicos estudiados, fue encontrada en la mayoría de las muestras analizadas junto con genes que codifican para β-lactamasas y β-lactamasas de espectro extendido.
The oral environment is widely colonised by bacteria, which grow in a multispecies biofilm structure that confers many benefitial properties to the microorganisms, including better resistance to mechanical and chemical stress and a greater comunication and genetic exchange among them. The undisturbed growth of the oral biofilm can lead to certain pathologies such as caries, gingivitis or periodontitis. Antibiotics can be necessary as adjuvants in the treatment of these pathologies. However, antimicrobials treatments could fail in the presence of genetic determinants that confer resistance to the antimicrobial given. Resistance to antibiotics is a growing problem of modern medicine. The use of antibiotics is widespread and they are essential for the treatment of many infectious diseases. International organizations, such as the World Health Organization and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, have underlined the importance of surveillance of antibiotic resistance and their causes as an essential mesure to avoid its propagation and to design strategies to fight them. In this thesis, we studied the resistance of the oral microbiota to the 3 main classes of antibiotics used in the dental practice: tetracyclines, macrolides and β-lactams. In the first place, we analised tetracycline resistance in the subgingival microbiota of healthy individuals without periodontitis in order to know which was the extent of the resistance to an antibiotic with a low level of exposition among the current population. A replica to this study followed, in which subgingival microbiota of patients with periodontitis was used. Screening of tetracycline resistance genes and other genes, that could indicate the presence of mobile genetic elements, was performed in both types of samples. Both studies showed high numbers of microorganisms resistant to tetracycline, and both were compared between them in a third study, where differences were observed in the microbiota obtained and the prevalence of the resistance genes. Horizontal genetic transfer in the oral environment was investigated in the fourth study, in which the integration of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(B), that has never before been described in grampositive bacteria, in the genome of two Streptococcus oralis isolates was proven. Resistance to macrolides was analised in the fifth study, in which the susceptibility of bacteria of the Prevotella genus against erythromycin and azythromycin, being the latter a macrolide which use has been growing due to its proven effectiveness and its interesting beneficial effects, was also tested. In order to know if resistance to macrolides in Prevotella isolates could be related to the presence of macrolide resistance genes, an screening for such genes was performed, together with a statistical analysis which confirmed the increase of macrolide resistance in the presence of the gen erm(F). Finally, resistance to β-lactams, the most used class of antibiotics in the dental practice, was analised in the sixth study in samples obtained from patients with periodontitis. Resistance to amoxicilin and cefotaxime, the two β-lactams studied, was found in most of the analised samples together with genes that code for β-lactamases and Extended Spectrum β-lactamases.
Nowakonski, Angela Von. "Vigilancia laboratorial de bacteriemias por microrganismos gram negativos em pacientes adultos internados no hospital das clinicas, UNICAMP no periodo de 2000-2004: implicação do uso de antimicrobianos selecionados no perfil de resistencia destes mic." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308184.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Bacteriemias são ocorrências relacionadas a diferentes processos patológicos e em grande parte associadas a infecções hospitalares. Podem ser causadas por diferentes tipos de microrganismos, sendo os Gram negativos, em especial, os bacilos, responsáveis por grande número destas. O diagnóstico laboratorial envolve coleta de hemoculturas, isolamento e identificação do agente e avaliação de sua sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Com o aumento da sobrevida de pacientes com doenças de base muito graves e o uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos de amplo espectro, são crescentes os relatos de desenvolvimento de resistência dos microrganismos aos antimicrobianos em uso. Trata-se este de estudo retrospectivo que buscou avaliar a prevalência e o perfil de resistência dos principais bacilos Gram negativos isolados a partir de hemoculturas de pacientes adultos, internados no HC-UNICAMP frente a antimicrobianos selecionados e correlação da tendência da resistência aos antimicrobianos com a estimativa de utilização destes antibióticos durante o período de 2000 a 2004. Neste período, os bacilos Gram negativos mais prevalentes foram Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Acinetobacter baumanii. Foi possível observar ao longo do período estudado uma alteração no perfil de freqüência dos bacilos Gram negativos encontrados nas hemoculturas, havendo permuta de Enterobacter cloacae por cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae ao longo do tempo. O consumo aumentado de cefalosporinas de terceira e quarta geração no HC-UNICAMP pôde ser correlacionado de forma significativa a uma maior taxa de resistência de Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente. O aumento no consumo de quinolonas pôde ser correlacionado de forma significativa com aumento de resistência dos bacilos Gram negativos até o ano de 2002, excetuando a Klebsiella pneumoniae que manteve os níveis de resistência até 2004
Abstract: Bacteriemias are events related to different diseases, mostly hospital infections. They can be caused by many different microorganisms, but the Gram negative bacilli are often responsible for them. The laboratory diagnosis includes blood sampling, isolation and identification of the microorganism, and evaluation of its susceptibility to the available antibiotics. Increases in prevalence of these resistant pathogens in hospitals are frequently related to high selective pressure commonly used in hospitalized patients, almost always represented by older and debilitated individuals. This is a retrospective study of the prevalence and resistance of pathogens isolated from the blood of patients in the Hospital das Clínicas UNICAMP, during the years 2000-2004, and the correlation of the intensive use of some proposed antibiotics. During this period the most commonly isolated microorganisms were: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii. We observed an alteration of this profile during the study, having Klebsiella pneumoniae replaced the Enterobacter cloacae 's score. The increasing utilization of broad expect rum cephalosporin's in HC UNICAMP was related to the highest resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae to these drugs. The ever increasing use of quinolones could be related in a very considerable way to the increasing resistance of all Gram negative bacilli until the year of 2002, when it declined but not for Klebsiella pneumoniae which was prolonged during all the time of the study
Mestrado
Patologia Clinica
Mestre em Ciências Médicas
Zúñiga, Astudillo Brisa Stefanía. "Detección del gen de resistencia mecA en bacterias Gram positivas descritas como nosocomiales." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/131729.
Full textPoco tiempo después de la introducción de un antimicrobiano al mercado ha sido posible encontrar bacterias que se muestran resistentes a su acción. Esta resistencia es de tipo natural en algunas bacterias, mientras que en otras es una condición adquirida mediante la incorporación de genes que codifican diversos mecanismos de resistencia. Estas cepas resistentes representan un gran problema en hospitales humanos al ocasionar infecciones nosocomiales, ya que las opciones terapéuticas se ven limitadas. En medicina veterinaria, aunque las infecciones nosocomiales están en aumento, siguen siendo menos estudiadas que las adquiridas por personas. Sin embargo, estas infecciones –tanto en pacientes humanos como veterinarios– tienen en común ser ocasionadas, principalmente, por estafilococos resistentes a meticilina. Por este hecho, sumado a que Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente se transmite entre diferentes especies animales, incluyendo al hombre, es que el propósito de esta Memoria de Título fue el de detectar el gen de resistencia mecA en bacterias descritas como nosocomiales. Para ello, se utilizaron tres cepas bacterianas ambientales aisladas de Hospitales Veterinarios de la Universidad de Chile y que mostraron resistencia a oxacilina: Staphylococcus kloosii, Micrococcus sedentarius y Enterococcus faecium. Luego de realizada la extracción del ADN, la técnica de la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa y la electroforesis correspondientes, se obtuvieron bandas fluorescentes de aproximadamente 500 pb. Estos amplicones se enviaron a secuenciar y las secuencias obtenidas se compararon con las descritas en el GenBank® para el gen mecA. Los porcentajes de identidad nucleotídica de 97%, 97% y 98% respectivamente, permiten confirmar la presencia de cepas que poseen el gen mecA y sugiere su pronta incorporación como cepas controles positivos en futuras investigaciones
Teixeira, Jane de Oliveira Gonzaga [UNIFESP]. "Infecção da corrente sanguínea causada por Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente aos carbapenêmicos: fatores associados a mortalidade e influência da terapia combinada com polimixina B e imipenem." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2011. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/9742.
Full textP. aeruginosa é um importante microorganismo em infecções de corrente sanguínea. O tratamento da P. aeruginosa resistente aos carbapenêmicos é um desafio, já que as drogas mais utilizadas para este fim, as polimixinas, tem uma ação inferior aos carbapenêmicos. No entanto, o uso combinado de polimixinas com carbapenêmicos tem demonstrado sinergismo em estudos in vitro. Objetivos: Avaliar a resposta ao tratamento com polimixina B versus polimixina B e imipenem em pacientes com infecção da corrente sanguínea associada a assistência à saúde, primária ou secundária, causada por Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente aos carbapenêmicos e identificar os fatores associados à mortalidade. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo tipo coorte retrospectivo, com pacientes internados no Hospital São Paulo - UNIFESP, no período de 01 de janeiro de 2000 à 31 de dezembro de 2009. A identificação dos pacientes foi realizada através de levantamento de dados da ficha de notificação de hemoculturas com posterior revisão dos prontuários. Os pacientes foram inicialmente divididos em óbitos e sobreviventes e avaliados quanto a exposição a diversos fatores associados à letalidade hospitalar e relacionada a infecção. Foi realizada pesquisa de metalobetalactamase nas amostras de P. aeruginosa que puderam ser recuperadas, por técnica de biologia molecular. Resultados: Foram estudadas 69 infecções de corrente sanguínea por P. aeruginosa resistente aos carbapenêmicos, das quais 35 foram tratadas com monoterapia com polimixina B e 34 com terapia combinada. O óbito relacionado a infecção, definido como aquele que ocorreu nos primeiros 14 dias do diagnóstico da infecção da corrente sanguínea, foi de 42,8% nos pacientes que utilizaram monoterapia e 44,1% naqueles que utilizaram terapia combinada (p=0,917). Foram fatores associados à mortalidade durante a internação hospitalar, o uso prévio de glicopeptídeos (OR 10,71, IC 1,20-95,34, p=0,033) e o escore de Charlson no momento da internação (OR 1,9, IC 1,22-2,94, p=0,004). Foram variáveis associadas à mortalidade relacionada à infecção, a presença de choque séptico (OR 9,99, IC 1,81- 55,22, p=0,006) e uso de nutrição parenteral (OR 7,45, IC 1,23-45,24, p=0,029). Foi encontrada uma alta taxa de mortalidade. A terapia combinada não modificou a evolução dos pacientes. A mortalidade hospitalar no grupo com monoterapia foi de 77,1% entre os pacientes que receberam monoterapia e 79,4% nos que receberam terapia combinada (p=0,819). Em pacientes tratados com terapia combinada, quando analisada a presença ou não de metalobetalactamase, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto aos desfechos. Conclusões: Nesta população, foram fatores independentes para o óbito durante a internação o uso prévio de glicopeptídeos e a pontuação no score de Charlson e, para o óbito relacionado à infecção, a presença de choque séptico e o uso de nutrição parenteral. A presença de metalo-beta-lactamase não influiu no desfecho.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important pathogen causing nosocomial bloodstream infections. The treatment of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa is a challenge as the drugs used for this purpose, the polymyxins, have lower activity compared with carbapenems. However, it has been suggested that polymyxins have the ability to make gram-negative bacteria more susceptible to other antibiotics. As carbapenems are considered the main drugs against P. aeruginosa, it would be interesting to demonstrate the efficacy of this combination in vivo, targeting a more effective therapy. Objectives: To evaluate the response of the treatment with polymyxin B versus polymyxin B and carbapenem in patients with nosocomial bloodstream infection caused by carbapenenresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and identify factors associated with mortality among those patients Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed at Hospital São Paulo - UNIFESP, from January 1st, 2000 to December 31, 2009. The identification of patients was done through data collection from the blood cultures report. Patients were initially divided into deaths and survivors, and assessed for exposure to various factors potentially associated with in-hospital mortality and infection-related mortality. Presence of metalobetalactamase was tested trough PCR technique. Results: We studied 69 bloodstream infections caused by carbapenems-resistant P. aeruginosa. Thirthy-five were treated with polymyxin B monotherapy and 34 with combined therapy. In- hospital mortality was 77.1% and 79.4% in the monotherapy group and combined therapy group, respectively (p = 0.819). The infection-related mortality was 42.8% among patients who received monotherapy, and 44.1% in those receiving combined therapy (p = 0.917). Factors associated with mortality were previous use of glycopeptides (OR 10.71, CI95% 1.20 to 95.34, p = 0.033) and Charlson score (OR 1.9, CI95% 1, 22 to 2.94, p = 0.004). Infection-related mortality was associated with the presence of septic shock (OR 9.99, CI95% 1.81 to 55.22, p = 0.006) and parenteral nutrition (OR 7.45, CI95% 1.23 - 45.24, p = 0.029). No statistically significant difference was found between patients with MBLharboring and non-MBL-harboring strains treated with combined therapy. Conclusions: No difference was found between the monotherapy and combined therapy group regarding mortality. Independent factors related to in- hospital mortality were prior use of glycopeptides and the Charlson score. Presence of septic shock and use of parenteral nutrition were independently associated with infection-related mortality.
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
Querino, Gislaine Aparecida. "Produção de anticorpos monoclonal murino dirigido contra a PBP2a do S. aureus resistente a meticilina /." Botucatu, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108579.
Full textBanca: Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro da Cunha
Banca: Fábio Bernardi Dalpino
Resumo: S. aureus é, sem duvida, o patógeno humano mais importante entre os estafilococos. O surgimento e a disseminação progressiva da resistência a meticilina tiveram grande impacto na terapia das infecções estafilocócicas. O mecanismo de resistência a meticilina desenvolvido por S. aureus está relacionado com a alteração das proteínas ligadoras de penicilinas, as PBPs. Os Staphylococcus. aureus produzem 5 tipos de PBPs: 1,2,3,3', e 4. As cepas de S. aureus resistentes a meticilina produzem uma nova PBP, a PBP2a, adquirida de outras cepas de estafilococos. Diversos métodos são utilizados para detecção da resistência a meticilina no S. aureus. Dentre eles, a detecção da PBP2a por meio de métodos de aglutinação em látex utilizando anticorpo monoclonal específico dirigido para o antígeno PBP2a. Na presente pesquisa, anticorpos monoclonais murinos dirigidos contra a PP2a do S. aureus resistente a meticilina foram produzidos através de fusão celular utilizando-se células de baço de camundongos BALB/c imunizados.Cinco fusões MRSA foram realizadas e os sobrenadantes de cultura foram triados por testes Elisa indireto . Foram construídos e testados 1236 híbridos e nove híbridos se mostraram reativos após o 4º. teste de Elisa indireto. Os nove híbridos foram testados frente a diferentes bactérias para observar inibição do crescimento. Este trabalho teve como foco, a produção de anticorpo monoclonal murino para uso em testes de detecção rápida
Abstract: S. aureus is, without doubt, the most important human pathogen among staphylococci. The emergence and dissemination of progressive resistance to methicillin had great impact on therapy of staphylococcal infections. The mechanism of resistance to methicillin developed by S. aureus is related to the alteration of penicillin binding proteins, the PBPs. Staphylococcus. aureus produces five types of PBPs: 1,2,3,3 ', and 4. Strains of S. aureus resistant to methicillin produce a new PBP, PBP2a the acquired from other strains of staphylococci. Several methods are used for detection of methicillin resistance in S. aureus. Among them, the detection of PBP2a by latex agglutination methods using monoclonal antibody specific for the antigen directed PBP2a. In the present study, murine monoclonal antibodies directed against the PP2A methicillin resistant S. aureus were produced by cell fusion using spleen cells from immunized BALB / c mice. Five MRSA fusions were performed and the culture supernatants were screened by testing indirect ELISA. Were built and tested in 1236 hybrids and nine of them were reactive after the 4th indirect ELISA test. The nine hybrids were tested against different bacteria to observe inhibition of growth. This work focused on the production of murine monoclonal antibody for use in rapid detection tests
Mestre
Azevedo, Ramos Georgia de Barros e. "Caracterização da resistencia ao cobre em Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria." [s.n.], 1994. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317419.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biologia
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Mestrado
Genetica
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas
BOJORQUEZ, AGUILAR ROCIO 266025, and AGUILAR ROCIO BOJORQUEZ. "Aislamiento e identificación de bacterias resistentes a sustancias tóxicas en sedimentos del río Lerma." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado d México, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/80080.
Full textSecretaría de Educación Pública
Conceição, Daniele Priscila da. "Isolamento de bactérias resistentes a cromo hexavalente e purificação parcial da enzima redutora de cromo do Bacillus sp. ES29." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/7476.
Full textPérez, Moreno Mª del Mar. "Resistencia antibiótica asociada a integrones de clase 1 en aislados humanos de enterobacterias de dos contextos epidemiológicos: zoonosis por "Salmonella enterica" e infección por "Klebsiella pneumoniae" adquirida en un centro sociosanitario." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83496.
Full textThe aim of this work was to assess the contribution of class 1 integrons to antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae of human origin from two epidemiological settings: zoonosis caused by Salmonella enterica and infection due to amoxicillin-clavulanate(ACL)-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae acquired in a chronic care center. RESULTS: (a) S. Typhimurium: 71 of the 92 isolates recovered from 2004 to 2006 at the microbiology laboratory of Hospital Verge de la Cinta (Tortosa. Catalonia. Spain) were multidrug-resistant (MDR), of which 56 carried class 1 integrons. Isolates bearing the blaOXA-1-aadA1 variable region integron were the commonest among this serovar, showing a higher frequency than that reported in other areas of Spain, followed by isolates exhibiting the integron profile typical of SGI1 (aadA2 + blaPSE-1); most isolates displaying any of these two integron profiles shared identical genotype. Five isolates possessed a sul3-associated class 1 integron whose structure was 5’CS–dfrA12–orfF–aadA2–cmlA1–aadA1–qacH–IS440–sul3. (b) Non-Typhimurium S. enterica: 16.5% of the 382 isolates recovered in 2001 and from 2004-2009 at the same laboratory were MDR and 35 carried class 1 integrons. Overall, 11 different class 1 integrons were identified in 15 distinct serotypes (including S. Kapemba, S. Mikawasima and S. ser [9,12:Iv:i:-], where they had not been previously described), being those with dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA17-aadA5 and dfrA12-orf-aadA2 variable regions the most widely distributed. Two isolates (one qnrA1 positive S. Grumpensis and one S. Virchow) bore a complex class 1 integron linked to blaCTX-M-9 and 4 S. Enteritidis and 2 S. Rissen carried atypical sul3-type integrons (5’CS–dfrA12–orfF–aadA2–cmlA1–aadA1–qacH–IS440–sul3 and 5’CS–estX-psp-IS440–sul3, respectively). The former integron and the aadA13-sat one, detected in S. Grumpensis, had never been reported before in S. enterica. (c) Klebsiella pneumoniae: 47 ACL-resistant (45 cefazolin-susceptible and 2 broad-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant) isolates, recovered between 2006 and 2008 from patients attending a chronic care center, were investigated. All cefazolin-susceptible isolates produced an inhibitor-resistant penicillinase, IRT 11 (n= 19) or OXA-1 (n=26); 23 OXA-1-producing isolates harboured a class 1 integron, associated with qnrS2, with the aac(6’)- Ib-cr, blaOXA-1, catB3, arr3 cassette arrangement (in 3 cases the integron was defective in 3’ end). An integron with identical structure, linked to blaDHA-1 and qnrB4 within an In37-like complex class 1 integron of novel structure (Genbank GU906294), was found in two epidemiologically closely related qnrS2 positive isolates.
TALAVERA, GONZALEZ JUAN MARTIN 658050, and GONZALEZ JUAN MARTIN TALAVERA. "Detección de genes de resistencia a antibióticos en bacteriófagos." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/67950.
Full textVila, Farrés Xavier. "Development of new antimicrobial peptides and peptidomimetics and mechanism of resistance to peptide antibiotics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285375.
Full textActualment al mon hi ha un greu problema derivat de dos factors relacionats, el primer factor es el increment de la resistència, especialment del bacteris del grup ESKAPE. El segon factor es la disminució dràstica en el nombre d’antibiòtics aprovats per la FDA. Aquests dos problemes fan que hi hagi una urgència per trobar nous antimicrobians efectius en front d’aquestes soques resistents. En aquesta tesi hem abordat dos temes diferents però que estan relacionats a la hora de trobar nous antibiòtics. El primer tema abordat es el de conèixer a fons els mecanismes de resistència de certs antibiòtics, en aquest cas peptídics, en front diferents tipus de soques tant Gram-positives (S. mitis) com Gram-negatives (A. nosocomialis). Els dos antibiòtics peptídics pels que s’ha estudiat la resistència son daptomicina i colistina, en front de S. mitis i A. nosocomialis respectivament. Ambdós pèptids actuen a nivell de membrana, per tant ens centrarem en veure les modificacions produïdes en els soques resistents. Per part de S. mitis resistent a daptomicina, es pot veure una sobreexpressió de dues proteïnes que tenen dominis homòlegs amb altres proteïnes involucrades en la resistència a daptomicina en altres bacteris. En la resistència a colistina es pot apreciar com les soques resistents d’A. nosocomialis presenten una deficiència del LPS. També hem proposat diferents alternatives com a nous antibiòtics, en aquest cas en front de soques A. baumannii. Dos tipus d’aproximacions van ser utilitzades, la primera, i mes clàssica es la de trobar nous antimicrobians, vàrem trobar mastoparan i va diferents paràmetres van ser optimitzat però sense obtindré bons resultats in vivo. També es van provar diferents pèptids provinents de les secrecions de les granotes, presentant bona activitat en front soques d’Acinetobacter, i per últim, les ceragenines, anàlegs del àcid cólic, que tenen bona activitat en front de totes les soques tant colistina sensibles com colistina resistents en Gram-negatius. La segona aproximació es buscant pèptids capaços d’inhibir l’adherència entre el bacteri i la cèl•lula del hoste bloquejant l’acció de la proteïna OmpA. S’ha trobat un pèptid amb bona activitat fins i tot in vivo.
FLORES, GONZALEZ MARISA 650252, and GONZALEZ MARISA FLORES. "Efecto bactericida de nanopartículas de plata y desinfectantes sobre bacterias multirresistentes." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/67954.
Full textHåkansson, Emelie. "Smitthantering av resistenta bakterier : En fallstudie av ett svenskt universitetssjukhus." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-93668.
Full textInfectious diseases are a major cost item for the Swedish society. The treatment of infected patients has previously been estimated to 5-10 billion SEK annually and preventive actions cost the Swedish society around one billion SEK every year. Therefore, there are strong economic incentives to reduce the number of infected patients in care, particularly cases caused by resistant bacteria. There is an ongoing debate in both media and research about bacterial resistance and antibiotic consumption. Resistant bacteria can be a threat to our future if we do not reduce the consumption of antibiotics and take measure against infection spreading. If it is possible to reduce the number of resistant bacteria infected patients in the future it enables a decline in antibiotic consumption. This in turn leads to a decreased quantity of bacteria that is able to develop a resistance pattern to antibiotic. Thus, it is highly motivated to study and streamline the process of infection control. Preventive measures must be taken and the source of the infection must be identified in order to reduce the number of infected patients. The Swedish health care sector is currently working actively with infection control. The concept of infection control encloses the detection, the control and the tracing of the infection. The requestor of this master thesis, Cambio Healthcare Systems AB, does not have a complete picture of the process of the infection control. Their goal is to develop an IT system to facilitate the process of infection control. This study aims to map the information flow of the process and to identify the involved actors’ field of responsibility and obligations according to the law. Further, this thesis aims to present action proposals that can reduce the identified risks and streamline the infection control of resistant bacteria. A case study of a Swedish university hospital was performed in the spring of 2013 in order to map the process of infection control. The investigated actors were the microbiological laboratory, the local health protection unit (Vårdhygien), the unit of infection control at a regional level (Smittskyddsenheten), the Swedish Institute of Infectious Disease Control (Smittskyddsinstitutet) and physicians and nurses at two hospital departments. The data collection consists of interviews, observations and documents. The result of this case study shows that the process of infection control is a complex system with an extensive flow of information. The main actors are the local health protection unit, the microbiological laboratory and the medical staff. Their practical actions are essential for the process of infection control. The unit of infection control at a regional level is involved to some extent, but does not belong to the main actors. Furthermore, the study showed that the Swedish Institute of Infectious Disease Control does not have a prominent role in the process at the hospital. The division of responsibilities is to some extent controlled by the law. According to the law, the physician in charge has a central role in the process of infection control. However, the physician’s role in reality is less prominent. Usually, the physician delegates the tasks to the other actors such as nurses or to the local health protection unit. The communication between the actors is mainly oral and this can cause risks. Most of the identified risks occurred due to human error, often in combination with use of an insufficient IT-system. Therefore, the proposed actions to streamline the process focus on minimizing the identified risks with help of future IT solutions. The conclusion of this study is that there is a strong demand for IT solutions to streamline the process of infection control of resistant bacteria. My recommendation is that Cambio Healthcare Systems AB should focus on developing a system to digitalize the archiving of the occupancy lists, which also enables tracing the flow of patients back in time. This is a request from several health care professionals. Another important proposed action is to develop a checklist that is specific for every infection disease. Simultaneously as the physician receives the positive test results, this checklist will appear on the physician’s screen. Finally, I recommend Cambio Healthcare Systems AB to develop an alarm to infection diseases that can be integrated with their existing whiteboards that were recently introduced to the market.
AVENDAÑO, FLORES YESICA SUJEIL 368898, and FLORES YESICA SUJEIL AVENDAÑO. "Biorreducción de cr(vi) a cr(iii) por bacterias resistentes a cromo aisladas del río lerma." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado d México, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/80076.
Full textSecretaría de Educación Pública
Briones, Reyes Carlos Javier. "Utilización de bacterias indicadoras para el estudio de la resistencia bacteriana en bovinos provenientes de las provincias de Valdivia, Osorno, Llanquihue y Coyhaique de las Regiones X y XI de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/133286.
Full textActualmente, los antimicrobianos son la principal herramienta terapéutica para tratar las infecciones bacterianas tanto en el ser humano como en los animales. No obstante, pocos años después de su utilización comercial, se comenzó a observar que éstos inducían la aparición de mecanismos de resistencia en las bacterias susceptibles. Este tema es actualmente una gran preocupación mundial en Medicina Humana y Veterinaria y dentro de las medidas utilizadas para enfrentar este riesgo, están el uso de antimicrobianos bajo receta médica y la instauración de programas permanentes de monitoreo de la resistencia bacteriana. El objetivo de este estudio, es evaluar los niveles de resistencia en bacterias indicadoras aisladas de bovinos de carne de la X y XI región frente a diferentes antimicrobianos, con el fin de entregar información que permita al médico veterinario utilizar adecuadamente estos agentes quimioterápeuticos, como también aportar a los futuros programas de monitoreo de la resistencia antimicrobiana que se puedan realizar a nivel nacional. Para evaluar la resistencia bacteriana, se utilizó el Método de Dilución en Placa con el fin de determinar la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (MIC) de cada cepa bacteriana. Se trabajó con 168 cepas previamente aisladas de materia fecal de bovinos de las provincias de Valdivia, Osorno, Llanquihue y Coyhaique de Chile, 77 correspondientes a E.coli y 91 a Enterococcus spp. Estas fueron, aisladas y tipificadas en el laboratorio de Microbiología de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Austral de Chile. En un 9% de las cepas de E.coli se detectó resistencia a oxitetraciclina; todas las cepas resultaron sensibles a cefotaxima, cefazolina, gentamicina, estreptomicina, flumequina, enrofloxacino, ciprofloxacino, sulfametoxazol + trimetoprim, ácido nalidíxico y ácido oxolínico. En el caso de Enterococcus spp. se encontró un bajo porcentaje de resistencia: fue de un 3% a oxitetraciclina y todas las cepas fueron sensibles a penicilina, amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico, enrofloxacino, ciprofloxacino, eritromicina, gentamicina, estreptomicina, cloramfenicol y vancomicina
Levy, Blitchtein Saul. "Emergence and spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii international clones II and III in Lima, Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624828.
Full textBackground: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is the top-ranked pathogen in the World Health Organisation priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It emerged as a global pathogen due to the successful expansion of a few epidemic lineages, or international clones (IC), producing acquired class-D carbapenemases (OXA-type). During the last decade, however, reports regarding IC-I isolates in Latin America are scarce and non-existent for IC-II and IC-III isolates. Objective: This study evaluates the phenotypic resistance patterns, the presence of carbapenem-resistance mechanisms and the clonal relatedness of 80 non-duplicate clinical samples of A. baumannii collected from February 2014 through April 2016 at two tertiary care hospitals in Lima. Methods and materials: Species identification was performed by MALDI-TOF MS, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was analysed by disk diffusion and E-test for all antibiotics but colistin, which was determined by broth microdilution, and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines for Acinetobacter spp. Tigecycline results were interpreted following EUCAST guidelines for Enterobacteriaceae. Carbapenemase genes were detected by PCR and Sanger DNA sequencing. The clonal relatedness was examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and MLST with the Pasteur scheme. Results: Almost all isolates were carbapenem-resistant (97.5%), and susceptibility only remained high for colistin (95%). PFGE showed two main clusters spread between both hospitals: cluster D containing 51 isolates (63.8%) associated with sequence type 2 (ST2) and carrying OXA-72, and cluster F containing 13 isolates (16.3%) associated with ST79 and also carrying OXA-72. ST2 and ST79 were endemic in at least one of the hospitals. International clone I (IC-I) ST1 and IC-III (ST3) OXA-23-producing isolates were also identified. They accounted for sporadic hospital isolates. Interestingly, two isolates carried the novel OXA-253 variant of OXA-143 together with an upstream novel insertion sequence (ISAba47). Conclusion: While the predominant A. baumannii lineages in Latin America are linked to ST79, ST25, ST15, and ST1 producing OXA-23 enzymes, we report the emergence of highly-resistant ST2 (IC-II) isolates in Peru producing OXA-72 and the first identification of ST3 isolates (IC-III) in Latin America, both considered a serious threat to public health worldwide.
Tesis
Obreque, Rojas Beatriz Eliana. "Obtención de controles positivos en la detección de dos genes de resistencia a tetraciclinas en bacterias de interés veterinario." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/131390.
Full textEl tratamiento de las infecciones nosocomiales se complica más cada día, debido a que los agentes etiológicos que las causan son principalmente bacterias multiresistentes. Dado que la resistencia está codificada por genes, es necesario conocer y actualizar sus frecuencias, lo que permitiría guiar el control de la resistencia antimicrobiana en recintos hospitalarios. Actualmente, para la detección de estos genes se utiliza principalmente la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR), la que requiere de controles positivos para la adecuada interpretación de sus resultados. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue obtener controles positivos para dos genes de resistencia a tetraciclinas: tet(A) y tet(B) a partir dos cepas bacterianas resistentes a tetraciclinas: Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Pantoea agglomerans, detectando estos genes mediante PCR, secuenciándolos y comparando su identidad nucleotídica con datos del GenBank®. Los resultados obtenidos, mediante el programa Clustal W indican para tet(B) porcentajes de identidad nucleotídica mayores al 90%, mientras que para tet(A) fueron inferiores (78,79 y 83%). En consecuencia, se confirmó la presencia del gen tet(B) en las cepas estudiadas siendo factible su utilización como controles positivos, no siendo posible la obtención de cepas controles para tet(A)
Ferreira, João Cairo. "Bactérias potencialmente resistentes a antibióticos, desinfetantes e radiação ultravioleta, isoladas de esgoto hospitalar e esgoto sanitário." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1387.
Full textO uso da água e seu posterior lançamento em corpos hídricos, pode ser um possível fator de disseminação de microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos e/ou resistentes. A presença destes microrganismos em águas tratadas ou não, pode representar considerável risco a saúde da população em geral e ao meio ambiente. No Brasil, segundo a legislação atual, os estabelecimentos assistenciais de saúde podem direcionar seus efluentes para a rede coletora e de tratamento de esgoto, juntamente com o esgoto doméstico. Considerando a sobrevivência dos microrganismos patogênicos lançados no esgoto hospitalar e sua permanência após os processos de tratamento, buscou-se realizar a quantificação, isolamento, identificação de bactérias ambientais oportunistas e/ou feco-orais (Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus), presentes em esgoto hospitalar, entrada e saída de uma estação tratamento de esgoto - ETE, além de estudar a sensibilidade destes isolados a antimicrobianos (antibióticos e desinfetantes) e exposição à radiação Ultravioleta (UV). Amostras de esgoto foram coletadas durante um período de oito meses (Maio a Dezembro de 2013), sendo realizadas analises quanto a seus parâmetros físico-químicos (DQO, Série de Sólidos, pH, Nitrogênio Amoniacal, Turbidez) e análises microbiológicas (Isolamento, quantificação e identificação), e testes de sensibilidade a antibióticos e desinfetantes mais utilizados nos hospitais brasileiros e de contatado com radiação ultravioleta. Foi constatado a existência de todos os gêneros/espécies foco deste estudo, em todos os pontos de coleta, além de resistência das bactérias aos antibióticos testados e tratamentos propostos. Um dos fatores de baixa eficiência para os tratamentos pode ser atribuída a quantidade elevada de sólidos suspensos dispersos no efluente e a crescente emergência de multirresistência para os testes de antibiograma. Estes fatores suscitam a necessidade de um maior controle pela comunidade científica e pela população em geral no que diz respeito ao impacto da presença dessas bactérias nos esgotos e posteriormente nos corpos hídricos, em seu ecossistema e a saúde pública.
The use of water and its posterior release into hydric bodies can be a possible factor of dissemination of microorganisms potentially pathogenic and/or resistant. The presence of these organisms in treated or untreated water may represent considerable threat to the general population’s health and the environment. In Brazil, according to current legislation, health assistance establishments can direct its effluents to the sewage treatment and collection network together with domestic sewage. Taking into consideration the survival of pathogenic microorganisms released in hospital sewage as well as its permanence after treatment processes, this study realized the quantification, isolation and identification of opportunistic environmental and/or fecal-oral bacteria (Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus), present in hospital sewage and in sewage treatment station entry and exit –ETE, and studied the sensibility of these isolated towards antimicrobials (antibiotics and disinfectants) and exposure to UV (Ultraviolet Radiation). Sewage samples were collected during a period of 8 months (from May to December 2013) to analyze their chemical-physical parameters (COD, Series of Solids, pH, Nitrogen Ammonia, Turbidity) and to carry out microbiological analyses (Isolation, quantification and identification) and sensibility tests to the most used antibiotics and disinfectants by Brazilian hospitals and in contact with UV radiation. The presence of all the species/ genus, which were the focus of this study, was detected in all collection points plus their resistance to tested antibiotics and proposed treatments. One of the low efficiency factors for the treatments were the high amount of suspended solids dispersed in the effluent and the increasing multi-resistance emergency to antibiogram tests. These factors have created the need for greater control by the scientific community and the general population in regards to the impact of the presence of these bacteria in sewages and later in hydric bodies, its ecosystem and public health.
Vargas, Mogollón María Elena. "Búsqueda de altos niveles de resistencia a la marchitez bacteriana en especies silvestres de papa." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/905.
Full text--- The Bacterial Wilt of the Potato(BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith, 1896) (Yabuuchi et al., 1995), is one of the most devastating illnesses that affect the potato’s cultivation in the developing countries. At the present time an effective chemical control does not exist. Of all the control measures of BW, the use of genetically resistant varieties is the best handling strategy of the illness and the one that offer better perspectives. The main objective of this study was to identify genotypes of wild potato species that show high levels of resistance to bacterial wilt with emphasis in the resistance to the latent infection in tubers. For that reason, 4461 different genotypes from the Germoplasm Bank at the International Potato Center (CIP) Lima-Perú,were evaluated. Ten plants per genotype were inoculated with a suspension of the strain CIP204 of R. solanacearum to a concentration of 108 ufc/g soil. To ensure the durability of resistance, resistant genotypes were tested against seven strains of R. solanacearum with various levels of aggressiveness. The genotypes resistant to at least 5 strains of R. solanacearum were re-exposed to the pathogen in less severe conditions to assess the presence of latent infection in tubers. 178 genotypes (4%) of all screened were found to be resistant to CIP204 strain. From162 resistant genotypes analyzed, resistance could be confirmed in only 52 in subsequent screenings with several strains of the pathogen. From these, 9 genotypes are also resistant lo Late Blight. From 28 genotypes tested for tuber infection, seven (6 of S. acaule and 1 of S. chacoense) were found resistant to plant wilt and did not harbour any stem or tuber latent infection. S. acaule and S. chacoense are the most promising species for future breeding programs.This is the first evidence that high resistance levels of resistance to Bacterial Wilt exist in the nature. Keywords: BW, potato, resistance, wild, latent infection
Tesis
Zavascki, Alexandre Prehn. "Fatores de risco para aquisição de pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente a imipenem em paccientes hospitalizados." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/5438.
Full textRosin, Ana Paula Marchi. "Avaliação do perfil clonal, resistência e virulência de isolados de Enterococci resistente à vancomicina em pacientes com doenças hematológicas ou submetidos a transplante de medula óssea." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-29012018-130636/.
Full textIntroduction: Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) is a important cause of health care-associated infection with high morbidity and mortality, mainly in immunocompromised patients, being the second most common cause of hospital infections in this population of patients in some centers. Prolonged use of antimicrobial therapy with vancomycin and other drugs are risk factors associated with the spread of this pathogen. In addition, enterococcal species may present virulence factors such as: aggregation substance (asa1), gelatinase (gelE), cytolysin (cylA), enterococcal surface protein (esp) and glycosyl hydrolase (hylefm). However, the role of virulence on VRE colonization and infection is controversial. Objectives: To evaluate the clonal profile, virulence and resistance of 86 isolates of VRE (80 E. faecium and 06 E. faecalis) from infection and colonization of 76 patients with hematological diseases and / or submitted to bone marrow transplantation (BMT) at Hospital das Clinics of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP) in the period of 10 years (2005-2014). Material and Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration to vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, gentamicin and streptomycin in high concentration (HLAR) was performed; Clonality of isolates by pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE) was evaluated; Detection of resistance (vanA and vanB) and virulence (esp, asa1, gelE, cylA and hylefm) genes by PCR technique and whole genome sequencing of eighteen isolates selected based on clonality. Results: All isolates were resistant to vancomycin and 87.3% to teicoplanin. Resistance to gentamicin and streptomycin in high concentration (HLAR) was observed in 08 and 59 isolates respectively. One isolate presented resistance to linezolid observed for the first time in the unit. The vanA gene was detected in all isolates. Regarding virulence genes, 96.5% of isolates were positive for the esp gene and 69.8% for the gelE and asa1 genes. Isolates of E. faecium infection carried more virulence genes: esp (100%), gelE (80.0%) and asa1 (75.5%) and gelE gene was significantly more frequent among infection isolates than colonization (p = 0.008). Infections caused by E. faecium isolates carrying the asa1 gene were significantly associated with higher mortality (p < 0.05). Fifteen different Pulsed field type (PFT) were observed among the isolates of E. faecium and 06 among E. faecalis isolates. Seventeen E. faecium were sequenced and the following sequences type (ST) were observed (ST412, ST478, ST78 and ST896) all of them already described in Brazil. The linezolid-resistant isolate showed the 23S gene Vdomain mutation with a different allelic profile, characterizing a new ST (ST987) described for the first time in our study. All STs observed in E. faecium isolates belong to clonal complex 17. Two other STs (ST963, ST792) were identified for the first time in the country. The E. faecalis isolate belong to ST9 and clonal complex 9 already described by other authors in Brazil. Conclusion: Our study observed that E. faecium was predominant in our hospital and the circulating STs belonged to CC17 a virulent lineage. E. faecium infection isolates were more virulent than colonization isolates and harbored significantly more gelE gene. It appears that infections caused by E. faecium isolates carrying asa1 gene evolved more frequently to death. This finding may be useful to control the spread of E. faecium in the hospital environment and in haematological patients
López, Sánchez Robin Edinson. "Determinación de la resistencia microbiana de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus aisladas de quesos frescos provenientes de mercados de Lima Metropolitana." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/5194.
Full textTesis
Lillo, Lobos Pilar Fernanda. "Resistencia a antibióticos en cepas de Salmonella enterica y su asociación con distintos hospederos en Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/131756.
Full textLa aparición de la resistencia antimicrobiana por parte de bacterias zoonóticas es una preocupación actual en la salud pública. Salmonella enterica es un patógeno emergente que ha cobrado mayor importancia en este último tiempo y se desconoce su impacto en especies acuáticas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar fenotipos de resistencia a antibióticos en cepas de Salmonella enterica y su asociación con distintos hospederos en Chile. Se analizaron 111 cepas correspondientes 49 de aves acuáticas, 30 de aves comerciales y 32 humanas. Se utilizó el método de difusión en placa Kirby Bauer según las normas recomendadas por el Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (2007) para determinar los fenotipos de resistencia. Los antibióticos utilizados fueron 10: enrofloxacino, amoxicilina - ácido clavulánico, cefotaxima, gentamicina, tetraciclina, sulfametazol - trimetoprim, ceftofiur, cefradina, ampicilina y cefradroxilo. Para analizar la asociación de los fenotipos de resistencia con su hospedero de origen se utilizó el programa Infostat versión 2010. Del total de cepas de S. enterica analizadas se encontraron 42 cepas resistentes en aves acuáticas, 16 en aves comerciales y 10 en humanos. Dentro de las cepas de aves acuáticas 33 demostraron resistencia al antimicrobiano tetraciclina. En el caso de aves comerciales y humanos los valores absolutos de resistencia no fueron significativos. En relación a la asociación de los fenotipos de resistencia con su hospedero de origen, se demostró en aves acuáticas en relación a 4 agentes antimicrobianos: Tetraciclina, amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico, ampicilina y gentamicina. De acuerdo al estudio realizado, se demuestra el efecto del uso de antimicrobianos en la fauna silvestre como es el caso de las aves acuáticas y de qué manera se ve desfavorecido el medio ambiente con los altos niveles de resistencia. Los resultados sugieren que las infecciones con Salmonella en aves acuáticas podría tener un gran impacto en la salud pública y animal.
Proyecto Fondecyt 11110398
Santos, Neusa de Queiroz. "O uso indiscriminado de antibióticos e a ecologia das bactérias - antibiótico - resistentes associadas à problemática da infecção hospitalar." Florianópolis, SC, 2002. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/83700.
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A Tese revela a pesquisa feita sobre os significados dos conhecimentos teóricos / práticos de profissionais de saúde em relação ao uso indiscriminado de antibióticos na ecologia das bactérias-antibiótico-resistentes associadas à problemática da infecção hospitalar à luz da Ética da Responsabilidade, de Hans Jonas. Assim, para poder interpretar tão complexo problema, este trabalho adotou a metodologia da Pesquisa Qualitativa-Hermenêutica-Dialética usando como instrumento a entrevista dialogada semi-estruturada. Os 29 Atores Sociais que participaram deste estudo são médicos, enfermeiros, farmacêuticos, bioquímicos e cirurgiões dentistas que trabalham no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, na cidade de Florianópolis. Após a análise e discussão das "falas" dos Atores Sociais, do levantamento dos conhecimentos emergidos, das contradições observadas, estabeleceram-se princípios orientadores e um novo referencial teórico /filosófico sobre o uso indiscriminado de antibióticos. Conclui-se que os conhecimentos e práticas em relação ao uso de antibióticos, a ecologia das bactérias, a infecção hospitalar e a ética da responsabilidade são a chave para o desempenho prudente da prática de profissionais de saúde no Hospital Universitário
Oyarce, Vargas David Alejandro. "Detección de cuatro genes de resistencia a tetraciclinas en bacterias nosocomiales Gram negativas, aisladas en recintos hospitalarios veterinarios." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/131394.
Full textLas infecciones nosocomiales de origen bacteriano constituyen una preocupación constante y creciente tanto en el ámbito de la salud pública como en el de la salud animal, debido a que condicionan altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. Entre los factores que explican esta condición, está el aumento de la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos, siendo cada vez más frecuente el fenómeno de multiresistencia en las cepas involucradas. Entre los antimicrobianos que han visto reducida su efectividad se encuentra el grupo de las tetraciclinas, fármacos de amplio espectro utilizados con diferentes fines terapéuticos. Las bacterias resistentes a estos antimicrobianos presentan genes denominados tet, describiéndose en la actualidad 43 de ellos que codifican, principalmente, proteínas de eflujo activo y proteínas de protección ribosomal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue la detección de cuatro genes de resistencia a tetraciclinas- tet(A) y tet(B), involucrados en la codificación de proteínas de eflujo y tet(M) y tet(O), involucrados en la codificación de proteínas de protección ribosomal- mediante la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR), en cepas bacterianas Gram negativas ambientales descritas como nosocomiales, previamente aisladas y caracterizadas en los años 2007 y 2008. La aplicación de esta técnica de biología molecular permitió detectar en cepas fenotípicamente resistentes mediante antibiograma por difusión en agar, al menos uno de los cuatro genes de resistencia a tetraciclinas. En un alto porcentaje de cepas con sensibilidad intermedia también se detectó al menos un gen de resistencia y en algunas cepas sensibles a tetraciclinas se obtuvo este mismo resultado. Los resultados de este trabajo señalan que la detección de genes tet complementaría la técnica del antibiograma de la Microbiología clásica en el estudio de la resistencia bacteriana a tetraciclinas
Céspedes, Donoso Pablo Francisco. "Detección de genes de resistencia a biocidas en bacterias nosocomiales mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/131438.
Full textLas cepas bacterianas adaptadas al medio ambiente hospitalario representan una amenaza importante de la medicina moderna, y por tanto, requieren de una constante evaluación e intervención de las medidas de bioseguridad adoptadas en la práctica clínica. Estos microorganismos se caracterizan por tomar ventaja de pacientes inmunosuprimidos, en los que pueden generar infecciones agresivas y comprometer el bienestar y recuperación de estos. De manera importante, que estas bacterias muestran fenotipos de multiresistencia a antibióticos y agentes quimioterapéuticos, representando una preocupación mayor, debido a la capacidad de transmitir estas capacidades, codificados en elementos genéticos, a otras poblaciones bacterianas bajo presión selectiva ambiental. Esto último, ha conducido al diseño de estrategias de prevención, en la que el uso de biocidas (antisépticos y desinfectantes) es un pilar fundamental para combatir estos patógenos. La transmisión de genes de resistencia a biocidas entre bacterias propias de animales domésticos y humanos ha sido recientemente demostrada. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar, mediante Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR), los genes de resistencia a biocidas más frecuentemente descritos en el mundo (qacA, qacB, qacC y qacD), en 80 aislados ambientales obtenidos y caracterizados previamente, entre los años 2007 y 2008, desde unidades clínico veterinarias de la Universidad. Todas las especies utilizadas han sido descritas previamente como patógenas nosocomiales en la literatura. Luego de la implementación de la presencia de estos genes mediante la técnica PCR, se encontró que ninguna de las 80 muestras obtenidas resultó ser positiva a los cuatro genes evaluados. En visitas ulteriores al Hospital Veterinario Bilbao se obtuvieron muestras desde lugares claves, considerados reservorios de concentraciones sub-letales de biocidas (aspersores, dispensadores, cepillos de manos y lavamanos). Sin embargo, en ninguno se observó crecimiento bacteriano a las 24, 48 y 72 horas de cultivo a 37 grados C en caldo tripticasa-soya, sugiriendo que las concentraciones remanentes son suficientes para inhibir el crecimiento in situ.
Proyecto FIV 4602016
GUGLIELMETTI, ELENA. "Antibiotico resistenza in batteri lattici: basi molecolari e trasferibilità." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/404.
Full textThe discovery and subsequent widespread use of antibiotics have rendered many bacterial species of human and animal origin resistant to some antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance gene may be transferred via food chain, from animals into fermented and other food or in the human gastrointestinal tract. The transferability of some plasmids that harbor the tetracycline or erythromycin resistance genes to animal and human pathogens was assessed using electrotrasformation and conjugation. The present study describes the proprieties of some new plasmids, originally isolated from fish intestinal Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and from fermented sausage Lactobacillus brevis, Lb. plantarum and Lb. reuteri. In particular, here I report the potentially of transferable antibiotic resistance determinants to human pathogenic bacterial like Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus spp. and to an etiologic agent of Lactococcus infection like Lc. garvieae. The possibility of transferring natural Lactococcus and Lactobacillus plasmids into pathogenic bacterial strains involved the characterization of these elements, like comobilization and plasmid stability. These data suggest that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) might be reservoir organism for acquired resistance genes that can be spread both to fish and human pathogens, posing a risk to aquaculture and human health.
Fusté, i. Domínguez Ester. "Epigenetics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/97096.
Full textEs van explorar els mecanismes no convencionals de resistència als agents antimicrobians que contribueixen a l’aparició de fenotips multiresistents en els bacteris Gram-negatius Serratia marcescens i Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Es van examinar també els canvis en la susceptibilitat als agents antimicrobians en S. marcescens durant els darrers 50 anys, comparant soques aïllades entre els anys 1945-1950 y soques actuals. ¬Les principals conclusions obtingudes d’aquest estudi són les següents: 1. El resistoma de Serratia marcescens no ha canviat significativament des de l’era pre-antibiòtica fins l’actualitat. 2. La retirada dels antibiòtics tendeix a recuperar els fenotips de susceptibilitat originals, independentment del mecanisme molecular implicat en la resistència. 3. Cap de las soques de Serratia estudiades va presentar integrons ni tampoc ß-lactamases d’espectre estès. 4. La determinació fenotípica de les susceptibilitats de las soques “antigues” de Serratia inactives durant 60 anys ha confirmat els resultats obtinguts mitjançant metagenòmica, és a dir, els gens de resistència als antibiòtics ja existien amb anterioritat al descobriment i ús dels antibiòtics. 5. En les soques clíniques de P. aeruginosa multiresistents es va detectar un integró de classe 1 que contenia el cassette gènic aadB, que codifica l’enzim aminoglicòsid 2’-O- adeniltransferasa, que confereix resistència a gentamicina, tobramicina i kanamicina. 6. Les soques multiresistents de P. aeruginosa van sobreexpressar els sistemes de reflux MexAB-OprM i MexXY-OprM. 7. L’ús de l’inhibidor de bombes de reflux CCCP s’hauria d’evitar als experiments realitzats amb P. aeruginosa i probablement amb altres bacteris de metabolisme aeròbic. 8. El meropenem indueix la formació de llargs bacils aberrants capaços de sobreviure en presència de l’antibiòtic. Aquests bacils acumulen menys antibiòtic que els bacteris normals, i poden revertir a la forma normal quan s’elimina la pressió selectiva. 9. La colistina, la última alternativa terapèutica per lluitar contra P. aeruginosa en pacients amb fibrosis quística, és normalment efectiva, encara que recentment han sorgit casos de resistència a aquest agent antimicrobià. 10. La resistència a colistina sembla estar causada per propietats singulars del lipopolisacàrid. 11. La colistina produeix danys en les membranes lipídiques que poden ser estudiats mitjançant tècniques de Black lipid bilayer. Estudis preliminars van mostrar la capacitat de la colistina para induir canals transitoris en les bicapes lipídiques, amb certa dependència de voltatge. 12. La recuperació de la susceptibilitat a l’imipenem en P. aeruginosa és més lenta que l’adquisició de resistència, donat que l’avantatge selectiva conferida per la resistència a l’imipenem en presència de l’agent antimicrobià és forta, mentre que l’expressió d’ OprD és probablement avantatjosa solament sota certes i desconegudes condicions ambientals.
Se exploraron los mecanismos no convencionales de resistencia a agentes antimicrobianos que contribuyen a la aparición de fenotipos multiresistentes en las bacterias Gram-negativas Serratia marcescens y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Se examinaron también los cambios en la susceptibilidad a los agentes antimicrobianos en S. marcescens en los últimos 50 años, comparando cepas aisladas entre los años 1945-1950 y cepas actuales. ¬Las principales conclusiones obtenidas de este estudio son las siguientes: 1. El resistoma de Serratia marcescens no ha cambiado significativamente desde la era pre-antibiótica hasta la actualidad. 2. La retirada de los antibióticos tiende a recuperar los fenotipos de susceptibilidad originales, independientemente del mecanismo molecular implicado en la resistencia. 3. Ninguna de las cepas de Serratia estudiadas presentó integrones ni tampoco ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido. 4. La determinación fenotípica de las susceptibilidades de las cepas “antiguas” de Serratia inactivas durante 60 años ha confirmado los resultados obtenidos mediante metagenómica, es decir, los genes de resistencia a los antibióticos ya existían con anterioridad al descubrimiento y uso de los antibióticos. 5. En las cepas clínicas de P. aeruginosa multiresistentes se detectó un integrón de clase 1 que contenía el cassette génico aadB, que codifica la enzima aminoglicósido 2’-O- adeniltransferasa, que confiere resistencia a gentamicina, tobramicina y kanamicina. 6. Las cepas multiresistentes de P. aeruginosa sobreexpresaron los sistemas de reflujo MexAB-OprM y MexXY-OprM. 7. El uso del inhibidor de bombas de reflujo CCCP se debería evitar en los experimentos realizados con P. aeruginosa y probablemente con otras bacterias de metabolismo aeróbico. 8. El meropenem induce la formación de largos bacilos aberrantes capaces de sobrevivir en presencia del antibiótico. Estos bacilos acumulan menos antibiótico que las bacterias normales, y pueden revertir a la forma normal cuando se elimina la presión selectiva. 9. La colistina, la última alternativa terapéutica para luchar contra P. aeruginosa en pacientes con fibrosis quística, es normalmente efectiva, aunque recientemente han surgido casos de resistencia a este agente antimicrobiano. 10. La resistencia a colistina parece estar mediada por propiedades singulares del lipopolisacárido. 11. La colistina produce daños en las membranas lipídicas que pueden ser estudiados mediante técnicas de Black lipid bilayer. Estudios preliminares mostraron la capacidad de la colistina para inducir canales transitorios en las bicapas lipídicas, con cierta dependencia de voltaje. 12. La recuperación de la susceptibilidad al imipenem en P. aeruginosa es más lenta que la adquisición de resistencia, dado que la ventaja selectiva conferida por la resistencia al imipenem en presencia del agente antimicrobiano es fuerte, mientras que la expresión de OprD es probablemente ventajosa sólo bajo ciertas y desconocidas condiciones ambientales.
Silva, Ewerton Gasparetto da [UNESP]. "Resposta enzimática, fisiológica e produtiva do tomateiro e desempenho de porta enxertos resistentes à murcha bacteriana." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/133999.
Full textA murcha bacteriana causada por Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs) é uma das principais doenças do tomateiro. Não existe no mercado brasileiro cultivares/híbridos com nível de resistência satisfatório ao patógeno. Os porta-enxertos com resistência são utilizados com finalidade de controlar a murcha bacteriana. O patógeno tem a capacidade de permanecer no solo por muitos anos e com isso, inviabilizar o cultivo. Também influenciam nas trocas gasosas, na atividade das enzimas envolvidas em mecanismos de defesa e na produtividade das plantas afetadas. Diante do exposto, os objetivos do trabalho foram: avaliar a atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polifenoloxidase (PPO) e fenilalanina amônia liase (PAL) como respostas bioquímicas ao estresse relacionado à defesa contra murcha bacteriana em tomateiro; avaliar a eficiência da enxertia no controle da murcha bacteriana; comparar as trocas gasosas das plantas enxertadas e não enxertadas com a doença, e avaliar a produtividade dessas plantas em ambiente protegido infestado com o patógeno. Para isso, conduziram-se três experimentos, sendo dois em casa de vegetação, na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP - Câmpus de Botucatu, Botucatu - SP e o terceiro em ambiente protegido, na Fazenda Ituaú, no município de Salto - SP. No primeiro experimento, foram avaliadas as atividades enzimáticas (SOD, CAT, POD, PPO e PAL) nas folhas e caule das plantas enxertadas e não enxertadas, inoculadas com Rs em nove coletas que foram realizadas às 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 e 288 horas após a inoculação. No segundo, avaliou-se a incidência da murcha bacteriana com 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 dias após inoculação (DAI) e trocas gasosas com 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 DAI em plantas enxertadas e não enxertadas inoculadas com Rs. No terceiro experimento, foi avaliada a incidência da murcha bacteriana aos 10, 20, 30, 40, ...
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs) is one of major disease on tomato. There is no market cultivars / commercial hybrids resistant to the pathogen. Rootstocks with resistance are used in order to control bacterial wilt (BW). The pathogen can survive in the soil for many years. Also, to influence gas exchange, in the activity of enzymes involved in defense mechanisms and productivity of the affected plants. The above, the objectives of the study were to evaluate the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) as biochemical stress responses related to defense against bacterial wilt in tomato; evaluate the efficiency of grafting to control bacterial wilt; compare gas exchange of grafted and not grafted plants inoculated with BW and also check the productivity of these plants in plastic house with the pathogen. Three trial were conducted, two in a plastic house at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Botucatu UNESP, and the third in a protected environment in Ituaú Farm in the Salto city. In the first trial, we evaluated the enzymatic activities (SOD, CAT, POD, PPO and PAL) in the leaves and stems of grafted and not grafted plants, inoculated with Rs in nine samples that were performed at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 288 hours after inoculation. In the second, we evaluated the incidence of bacterial wilt with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after inoculation (DAI) and gas exchange with 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 DAI on grafted and not grafted plants inoculated with Rs . The third trial it was evaluated the incidence of bacterial wilt at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 days after transplantat in grafted plants on three different rootstocks and non grafted plants at soil naturally infested with Rs. Based on the results were concluded: The enzymes SOD, CAT and PAL, to the leaves, and SOD, ...
Silva, Ewerton Gasparetto da 1985. "Resposta enzimática, fisiológica e produtiva do tomateiro e desempenho de porta enxertos resistentes à murcha bacteriana /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/133999.
Full textBanca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima
Banca: Romulo Fujito Kobori
Banca: Roberto Botelho Ferraz Branco
Banca: Igor Otavio Minatel
Resumo: A murcha bacteriana causada por Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs) é uma das principais doenças do tomateiro. Não existe no mercado brasileiro cultivares/híbridos com nível de resistência satisfatório ao patógeno. Os porta-enxertos com resistência são utilizados com finalidade de controlar a murcha bacteriana. O patógeno tem a capacidade de permanecer no solo por muitos anos e com isso, inviabilizar o cultivo. Também influenciam nas trocas gasosas, na atividade das enzimas envolvidas em mecanismos de defesa e na produtividade das plantas afetadas. Diante do exposto, os objetivos do trabalho foram: avaliar a atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polifenoloxidase (PPO) e fenilalanina amônia liase (PAL) como respostas bioquímicas ao estresse relacionado à defesa contra murcha bacteriana em tomateiro; avaliar a eficiência da enxertia no controle da murcha bacteriana; comparar as trocas gasosas das plantas enxertadas e não enxertadas com a doença, e avaliar a produtividade dessas plantas em ambiente protegido infestado com o patógeno. Para isso, conduziram-se três experimentos, sendo dois em casa de vegetação, na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP - Câmpus de Botucatu, Botucatu - SP e o terceiro em ambiente protegido, na Fazenda Ituaú, no município de Salto - SP. No primeiro experimento, foram avaliadas as atividades enzimáticas (SOD, CAT, POD, PPO e PAL) nas folhas e caule das plantas enxertadas e não enxertadas, inoculadas com Rs em nove coletas que foram realizadas às 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 e 288 horas após a inoculação. No segundo, avaliou-se a incidência da murcha bacteriana com 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 dias após inoculação (DAI) e trocas gasosas com 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 DAI em plantas enxertadas e não enxertadas inoculadas com Rs. No terceiro experimento, foi avaliada a incidência da murcha bacteriana aos 10, 20, 30, 40, ...
Abstract: Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs) is one of major disease on tomato. There is no market cultivars / commercial hybrids resistant to the pathogen. Rootstocks with resistance are used in order to control bacterial wilt (BW). The pathogen can survive in the soil for many years. Also, to influence gas exchange, in the activity of enzymes involved in defense mechanisms and productivity of the affected plants. The above, the objectives of the study were to evaluate the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) as biochemical stress responses related to defense against bacterial wilt in tomato; evaluate the efficiency of grafting to control bacterial wilt; compare gas exchange of grafted and not grafted plants inoculated with BW and also check the productivity of these plants in plastic house with the pathogen. Three trial were conducted, two in a plastic house at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Botucatu UNESP, and the third in a protected environment in Ituaú Farm in the Salto city. In the first trial, we evaluated the enzymatic activities (SOD, CAT, POD, PPO and PAL) in the leaves and stems of grafted and not grafted plants, inoculated with Rs in nine samples that were performed at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 288 hours after inoculation. In the second, we evaluated the incidence of bacterial wilt with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after inoculation (DAI) and gas exchange with 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 DAI on grafted and not grafted plants inoculated with Rs . The third trial it was evaluated the incidence of bacterial wilt at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 days after transplantat in grafted plants on three different rootstocks and non grafted plants at soil naturally infested with Rs. Based on the results were concluded: The enzymes SOD, CAT and PAL, to the leaves, and SOD, ...
Doutor
Figueroa, Mery Macarena Andrea. "Escherichia coli como bacteria indicadora en el monitoreo de la resistencia a antimicrobianos de uso en ganado bovino." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2004. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/130803.
Full textLa terapia antimicrobiana en medicina humana y veterinaria es la principal herramienta terapéutica frente a los microorganismos patógenos causantes de enfermedades infecciosas, sin embargo, con el paso de los años se ha visto que estos inducen mecanismos de resistencia con la consecuente aparición de cepas multirresistentes. A nivel mundial, dentro de las medidas utilizadas para enfrentar este riesgo, están el uso de antimicrobianos bajo receta médico veterinaria y la instauración de programas permanentes de monitoreo de la resistencia bacteriana. El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo fue realizar un monitoreo de la resistencia bacteriana frente a los antimicrobianos de mayor uso en el ganado bovino nacional, utilizando Escherichia coli como bacteria indicadora y lograr definir perfiles de resistencia de las cepas aisladas tanto de ganado lechero y ganado destinado a carne. Para evaluar la resistencia bacteriana, se utilizó el Método de Dilución en Placa con el fin de determinar la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (MIC) de cada cepa bacteriana. Se trabajó con dos tipos de animales, bovinos destinados a carne faenados en el Frigorífico Lo Valledor S.A. y bovinos de lecherías de la Región Metropolitana. A partir de las 200 muestras obtenidas de ambos grupos, se aislaron y tipificaron 50 y 72 cepas de E. coli en ganado lechero y en ganado destinado a carne respectivamente. Las cepas de E. coli presentaron un comportamiento diferente en ambos grupos, observando una fuerte resistencia en ganado lechero, situación que difiere con ganado destinado a carne el cual mostró que la mayoría de sus cepas fueron sensibles al menos a un antimicrobiano del total que se utilizó para el estudio, no observándose resistencias superiores al 11%. Los comportamientos de las cepas frente a cada antimicrobiano en estudio sigue el mismo patrón anterior, siendo la mayor resistencia en ganado lechero para oxitetraciclina (84%) y la asociación sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim (10%) en ganado destinado a carne. De estos resultados se concluye, que el ganado bovino nacional, sobretodo el lechero presenta elevados niveles de resistencia para determinados antimicrobianos, no estando ajeno de la problemática mundial de la resistencia, junto a esto se hace necesario la instauración de programas permanentes de monitoreo nacional y sería recomendable que la adquisición de fármacos se realice a través de receta médico veterinaria, exigiendo a los profesionales que sea obligatorio su uso
Molina, Carvajal Yasna. "Evaluación de la expresión del gen rpoS en Piscirickettsia salmonis en individuos susceptibles infectados experimentalmente." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/136266.
Full textLa Piscirickettsiosis (también conocida como síndrome rickettsial del salmón), producida por la bacteria Pisciricketsia salmonis, es hoy en día una de las enfermedades que mayores pérdidas causa a la economía, en la industria acuícola del país. Dada su aparición en 1989, en el sur de Chile, la información sobre la infección y sus estrategias de sobrevivencia en el hospedero, son aún todavía escasas. Recientemente, se ha logrado secuenciar el genoma de P. salmonis, pero la anotación y transcriptoma de la bacteria es aún desconocido. Con el fin de conocer un poco más acerca de la estrategia utilizada por P. salmonis para sobrevivir y producir la enfermedad en los peces, en este ensayo se identificó y evaluó, a través de qPCR, la expresión del gen rpoS factor sigma alternativo implicado en la respuesta al estrés en varias Gammaproteobacterias
Fondecyt 1120608
Reinert, Cristina. "Genes de virulência agr-dependentes em cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a oxacilina isoladas no Brasil (OU) Genes de virulência agr-dependentes em cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a oxacilina SCCmec tipo IV isoladas no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-16082017-154145/.
Full textStaphylococcus aureus is an extremely successful pathogen for it is both highly resistant to antibiotics in addition to being virulent. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) acquires resistance to the beta-Iactam antibiotics through the acquisition of a chromosomal cassette (SCCmec) which carries the mecA gene, and can carry other resistance genes. The presence of these genes in S. aureus makes it a serious problem in hospitaIs worldwide. In spite of usually being restricted to the nosocomial environment, over the last few years MRSA has been spreading throughout the community. Fifty nosocomial MRSA strains were studied, including 15 belonging to the Brazilian endemic clone (BEC), 3 type IV SCCmec strains isolated between 1995-1999, and 32 type N SCCmec isolates from the \"Hospital de Clínicas (HC) de São Paulo\". The isolates were analyzed as to their susceptibility profile, SCCmec type, virulence and expression profile (toxins and adhesins), agr group classification and functionality, PFGE and MLST profiles. BEC isolates proved to be multiresistant to antibiotics. Type IV SCCmec strains presented a susceptibility profile to a number of drugs of different antimicrobial classes. BEC and type N SCCmec strains did not present significant differences in their virulence profiles. Only the type IV SCCmec strains isolated in 1995-1999 presented a greater virulence profile than those isolated in the HC. Type IV SCCmec strains isolated in Brazil were not highly virulent as described in other countries. Brazilian isolates usually do not possess virulence factors such as the Panton-Valentine leukocidin, exfoliative toxins and enterotoxins. On the other hand, they usually possess alpha-hemolysin and the LukED leukocidin, which is still very poorly studied that have been presented in papers like cause of serious ocular lesions and post-antimicrobial therapy diarrhea. A relation between the agr type and the virulence profile was not established, for virulence profiles were very similar even between isolates belonging to different agr groups.
Pinhati, Henrique Marconi Sampaio. "Surto de candidemia por candida parapsilosis resistente ao fluconazol, em um hospital em Brasília : Caracterização clínica, molecular e avaliação dos fatores associados." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/2015.10.T.19942.
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Introdução. Candidíase hematogênica é um problema cada vez mais relevante em hospitais terciários em todo o mundo, onde há uma grande variação nas taxas de incidência, mortalidade e as espécies de candida envolvidas. Candida parapsilosis é a Candida não albicans mais comumente isolada nos hospitais da América Latina. Tradicionalmente, apresenta baixo nível de resistência aos antifúngicos comumente empregados na prática clínica e também está associada às menores taxas de letalidade entre as candidemias de diferentes espécies, entre elas a Candida albicans. Este é o primeiro relato de um surto de candidemia por C. parapsilosis resistente ao fluconazol (CPRF), onde os pacientes tiveram uma mortalidade além do esperado. Material e Métodos. Este é um estudo transversal e observacional. Coletamos dados clínicos e microbiológicos de todos os episódios de candidemia diagnosticados de julho de 2011 a fevereiro de 2012 em um hospital terciário de 200 leitos em Brasília. A identificação inicial e os testes de susceptibilidade foram feitos pelo aparelho VITEK 2 - Bio-Mérieux. Os isolados de C. parapsilosis resistente ao fluconazol foram enviados para o laboratório de referência (LEMI-UNIFESP), para confirmação da identificação por tipagem molecular, perfil de resistência pelo teste de microdiluição padronizado pelo CLSI. Análise univariada (testes de qui ao quadrado e Fisher) e multivariada foram empregados para identificar fatores associados com a infecção por CPRF. Resultados. Foi identificado 42 episódios de candidemia no período, e 15 foram em mulheres. A mediana de idade foi 72 anos. A incidência de candidemia no período foi 4,05 episódios por 1,000 admissões, 30 casos (71,4%) por C. parapsilosis, 23 dos quais (54,8%) eram por CPFR (CIM 50% = 16mcg/ml). Encontravam-se na UTI 95,2% dos pacientes no momento do diagnóstico da candidemia. O único fator associado à CPRF foi diabete melito. A letalidade global por candidemia foi 45,2% e 43, 5% no grupo CPRF. Discussão: Este é o primeiro relato de um surto por Candida parapsilosis fluconazol resistente na América Latina. A concentração de casos na UTI e a baixa prévia à exposição ao fluconazol sugerem transmissão horizontal. Os pacientes tiveram alta taxa de letalidade a despeito do tratamento com anfotericina lipossomal.
Introduction: Hematogenous candidiasis is an increasing problem in tertiary hospitals around the world, where there are large variations in incidence rates, mortality and agents involved. C. parapsilosis is the main species of non-albicans candida in many hospitals in Latin America, with a low resistance to various antifungal agents and lower mortality rates than C albicans. This is a report of the first outbreak of candidemia by fluconazole resistant C parapsilosis whose patients had mortality beyond the expected. Material and Methods: It is cross-sectional, observational study. We collect clinical and microbiological data of all candidemia episodes diagnosed from July/2011 to february/2012 in a tertiary hospital of 200 beds in Brasília. Initial identification and susceptibility testing were performed by the VITEK 2 - Bio-Mérieux system. Isolates of Candida parapsilosis Fluco-R were sent to reference laboratory (LEMI-UNIFESP) for confirmation of the identification by molecular typing and to antifungal resistance profile by CLSI microdilution test. Univariate (Chi Square and Fisher) and Multivariate analysis was performed to identify associated factors related to C parapsilosis fluconazole resistant (CPFR) infection. Results: We identified a total of 42 episodes of candidemia in the period, 15 in women. The median age was 72 years. The incidence of candidemia in the period was 4.05 per 1000 admissions, 30 cases (71.4%) by Candida parapsilosis, 23 of which (54.8%) were resistant to fluconazole (MIC50% = 16mcg/ml). 95.2% of patients were in the ICU at the time of diagnosis of CPRF. Previous use of fluconazole occurred in only 21.7% of cases of candidemia CPFR . The only risk factor for infection founded for CPRF was diabetes. Overall mortality of candidemia was 45.2% and 43.5% for CPFR infection . Discussion: This is the first report of an outbreak of Candida parapsilosis fluconazole resistant in Latin America. The concentration of cases in the ICU and low prior exposure to fluconazole suggest horizontal transmission. Patients had high mortality despite treated with Liposomal Amphotericin.
Heijden, Inneke Marie van der. "Caracterização molecular de isolados de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à meticilina (MRSA) obtidos de colonização e infecção de pacientes hepatopatas e transplantados hepáticos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-13012015-104124/.
Full textMRSA is an important agent of colonization and infection in patients with liver disease and liver transplant. This study aims to evaluate clonality and virulence of MRSA isolates from liver diseases patients treated at Hospital of Clinics Faculty of Medicine from University of Sao Paulo. From August 2010 to January 2012, we collected nasal and groin swabs from 190 patients (126 pre-liver and 64 post-liver). MRSA isolates were identified phenotypically and the detection of virulence genes, characterization of SCCmec type, microarray and genomic polymorphism analysis by PFGE were done. In addition, it was determined the MIC for ten antibiotics by broth microdillution method. MRSA was detected in 20% patients by culture method and 82% by PCR. Only three patients colonized developed infection post-transplantation. Among the 69 MRSA isolates, 42.0% (29/69) had type II SCCmec, 20.3% (14/69) SCCmec type I, 20.3% (14/69) SCCmec type III, 13.0% (9/69) SCCmec type IVa, 2.9% (2/69) SCCmec type IV and 1.5% (1/69) SCCmec type V. The tst gene was detected in 5.8% (4/69) of MRSA isolates and all of them were defined as SCCmec type I. Other genes were identified by PCR: lukD (89.9%; 62/69), lukE (89.9%; 62/69), clf (91.3%; 63/69) and fnbA (89.9%; 62/69). The PFGE analysis of 69 isolates showed the presence of a predominant cluster named cluster A in 36.2% (25/69) and this cluster had 84.6% similarity with New York/Japan clone (BK2464). Dendrogram also demonstrated presence of one cluster related with BEC (Brazilian Endemic Clone) HSJ216. Currently the most prevalent SCCmec type in our hospital is type II. In this study, we observed virulent isolates in pre and post-transplantation patients. Our results showed that the predominant clone (cluster A) had different virulence genes (genes fnbA, clf and lukD-lukE) and was resistant to at least six different drugs, in addition to being characterized as HA-MRSA SCCmec type II. In conclusion, microarray profiling allows genotyping and detection of clinically relevant staphylococcal genes, and can, in most cases, be used as an important tool to screening virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in MRSA isolates
Silveira, José Ricardo Pfeifer. "Aspectos epidemiológicos e de resistência à Ralstonia solanacearum na cultura da batata no Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/2563.
Full textZampieri, Bruna Del Busso [UNESP]. "Ocorrências e distribuição de bactérias resistentes a metais pesados em sedimentos da Baía do Araça, São Sebastião (SP)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134059.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Uma das grandes preocupações ecológicas atuais refere-se ao impacto ambiental causado pela liberação antrópica de metais pesados em ambientes naturais, uma vez que esses poluentes são extremamente ubíquos e persistentes. Em altas concentrações metais pesados são extremamente tóxicos a bactérias, sendo capazes de influenciar na sua densidade e atividade metabólica. Por sua vez, bactérias são capazes de desenvolver mecanismos de resistência a metais pesados sendo importantes em estudos de biorremediação de áreas contaminadas por metais pesados. Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a ocorrência e distribuição de bactérias resistentes a metais pesados na Baía do Araça em São Sebastião, SP. Do total de cepas isoladas, 12% foram sensíveis a todos os metais. Foi possível observar que a maior porcentagem de cepas resistentes se encontravam na região de sublitoral que é mais próxima ao canal de São Sebastião onde se concentra a atividade portuária. As cepas isoladas foram mais resistentes ao Cr, seguido de Zn, Cd e Cu. Em relação a concentração mínima inibitória, para o Cd foram poucas as cepas que resistiram a concentrações maiores que 200 μg mL-1. Já para o Cr, 36% das cepas cresceram mesmo na concentração de 3200 μg mL-1. Para Zn e Cu, poucas cepas (4% e 2%, respectivamente) cresceram na concentração 1600 μg mL-1 e nenhuma conseguiu resistir à maior concentração (3200 μg mL-1). Bacillus sp foi o genero com maior frequência de isolados, o que pode sugerir dominância em áreas contaminadas por metais pesados, especialmente as espécias Bacillus cereus e Bacillus pumilus. Staphyloccus sp, Planococcus maritmus e Vibrio alginoticus também foram isolados sugerindo potencial para utilização em processos de biorremediação
One of the major ecological concerns, nowadays, refers to anthropogenic environmental impact caused by heavy metals release in diverses natural environments, since these pollutants are extremely persistent and pervasive. At high concentration heavy metals are extremely toxic to bacteria, being able to influence the density and metabolic activity. However, bacteria are capable to develop heavy metal resistance mechanisms in the environment, being important in bioremediation of contaminated areas. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess the occurrence and distribution of heavy metal resistance bacteria in Araça Bay, São Sebastião - SP. 12% of the isolated bacteria were sensitive to all metals. It was observed that the highest percentage of resistant strains were in the subtidal region that is closest to the São Sebastião channel, where port activity are concentrated. Bacterial isolates were more resistant to Cr, followed by Zn, Cd and Cu. Regarding the minimum inhibitory concentration, a lower number of strains resisted levels greater than 200 mg L-1 for Cd. While for Cr, 36% of the strains grew even at a concentration of 3200 mg L-1. For Zn, Cu, few strains (4% and 2%, respectively) grew in higher concentrations like 1600 mg L-1 and none could withstand the highest concentration (3200 mg L-1). Bacillus sp was the most isolated genera and may be a dominant genre in heavy metal contaminated areas, especially species Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus cereus. Staphylococcus sp, Planococcus maritmus and Vibrio aginoliticus were also isolated and have potential for use in bioremediation of contaminated sites
Zampieri, Bruna Del Busso. "Ocorrências e distribuição de bactérias resistentes a metais pesados em sedimentos da Baía do Araça, São Sebastião (SP) /." Rio Claro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134059.
Full textBanca: Dejanira de Franceschi de Angelis
Banca: Edison Barbieri
Resumo: Uma das grandes preocupações ecológicas atuais refere-se ao impacto ambiental causado pela liberação antrópica de metais pesados em ambientes naturais, uma vez que esses poluentes são extremamente ubíquos e persistentes. Em altas concentrações metais pesados são extremamente tóxicos a bactérias, sendo capazes de influenciar na sua densidade e atividade metabólica. Por sua vez, bactérias são capazes de desenvolver mecanismos de resistência a metais pesados sendo importantes em estudos de biorremediação de áreas contaminadas por metais pesados. Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a ocorrência e distribuição de bactérias resistentes a metais pesados na Baía do Araça em São Sebastião, SP. Do total de cepas isoladas, 12% foram sensíveis a todos os metais. Foi possível observar que a maior porcentagem de cepas resistentes se encontravam na região de sublitoral que é mais próxima ao canal de São Sebastião onde se concentra a atividade portuária. As cepas isoladas foram mais resistentes ao Cr, seguido de Zn, Cd e Cu. Em relação a concentração mínima inibitória, para o Cd foram poucas as cepas que resistiram a concentrações maiores que 200 μg mL-1. Já para o Cr, 36% das cepas cresceram mesmo na concentração de 3200 μg mL-1. Para Zn e Cu, poucas cepas (4% e 2%, respectivamente) cresceram na concentração 1600 μg mL-1 e nenhuma conseguiu resistir à maior concentração (3200 μg mL-1). Bacillus sp foi o genero com maior frequência de isolados, o que pode sugerir dominância em áreas contaminadas por metais pesados, especialmente as espécias Bacillus cereus e Bacillus pumilus. Staphyloccus sp, Planococcus maritmus e Vibrio alginoticus também foram isolados sugerindo potencial para utilização em processos de biorremediação
Abstract: One of the major ecological concerns, nowadays, refers to anthropogenic environmental impact caused by heavy metals release in diverses natural environments, since these pollutants are extremely persistent and pervasive. At high concentration heavy metals are extremely toxic to bacteria, being able to influence the density and metabolic activity. However, bacteria are capable to develop heavy metal resistance mechanisms in the environment, being important in bioremediation of contaminated areas. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess the occurrence and distribution of heavy metal resistance bacteria in Araça Bay, São Sebastião - SP. 12% of the isolated bacteria were sensitive to all metals. It was observed that the highest percentage of resistant strains were in the subtidal region that is closest to the São Sebastião channel, where port activity are concentrated. Bacterial isolates were more resistant to Cr, followed by Zn, Cd and Cu. Regarding the minimum inhibitory concentration, a lower number of strains resisted levels greater than 200 mg L-1 for Cd. While for Cr, 36% of the strains grew even at a concentration of 3200 mg L-1. For Zn, Cu, few strains (4% and 2%, respectively) grew in higher concentrations like 1600 mg L-1 and none could withstand the highest concentration (3200 mg L-1). Bacillus sp was the most isolated genera and may be a dominant genre in heavy metal contaminated areas, especially species Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus cereus. Staphylococcus sp, Planococcus maritmus and Vibrio aginoliticus were also isolated and have potential for use in bioremediation of contaminated sites
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