Journal articles: 'Bacterial pigments'

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Nawaz, Ali, Rida Chaudhary, Zinnia Shah, Laurent Dufossé, Mireille Fouillaud, Hamid Mukhtar, and Ikram ul Haq. "An Overview on Industrial and Medical Applications of Bio-Pigments Synthesized by Marine Bacteria." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010011.

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Marine bacterial species contribute to a significant part of the oceanic population, which substantially produces biologically effectual moieties having various medical and industrial applications. The use of marine-derived bacterial pigments displays a snowballing effect in recent times, being natural, environmentally safe, and health beneficial compounds. Although isolating marine bacteria is a strenuous task, these are still a compelling subject for researchers, due to their promising avenues for numerous applications. Marine-derived bacterial pigments serve as valuable products in the food, pharmaceutical, textile, and cosmetic industries due to their beneficial attributes, including anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities. Biodegradability and higher environmental compatibility further strengthen the use of marine bio-pigments over artificially acquired colored molecules. Besides that, hazardous effects associated with the consumption of synthetic colors further substantiated the use of marine dyes as color additives in industries as well. This review sheds light on marine bacterial sources of pigmented compounds along with their industrial applicability and therapeutic insights based on the data available in the literature. It also encompasses the need for introducing bacterial bio-pigments in global pigment industry, highlighting their future potential, aiming to contribute to the worldwide economy.

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Sanchita Choubey, Sneha Vittal Chapade, and Supriya Ashok Garud. "Optimization of Pigment Production by Micrococcus and Arthrobacter species Isolated from Soil and Water." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 1902–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4791.

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A pigment is a substance that is substantially used in different industries that come in a wide range of coloration and few of which are soluble in water. Bacterial pigments have many applications in the modern day life. Some microorganisms have the characteristics feature to produce pigments which may additionally beneficial us in identification. Bacterial pigments have larger compatibility and greater biodegradability with the environment. Nontoxic nature of pigment produced with the aid of a huge range of microorganisms make them ecofriendly for use in foodstuff, dye, cosmetics, pharmacy and different industrial purposes. Pigments of bacteria provide various advantages compared to synthetic dyes. They are biodegradable in nature, easy to extract, easily available, cheaper substrates needed. The pigment produced by the bacteria can be used as anticancer agents, antibacterial agent and anti-proliferative agents. The object of the existing find out about was once to isolated pigment producing microorganism from water and soil samples and explores their properties. Based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics, they have been recognized as Micrococcus and Arthrobacter. The pigment isolated from bacterial spp. is used for the antimicrobial activity, anti-oxidant recreation and for optimization of pH, temperature and NaCl. It was once concluded that water and soil have various microorganisms and they have the capacity of producing pigments.

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Abfa, Iqna Kamila, Ocky Karna Radjasa, A. B. Susanto, Handung Nuryadi, and Ferry F. Karwur. "Exploration, Isolation, and Identification of Carotenoid from Bacterial Symbiont of Sponge Callyspongia vaginalis." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 22, no. 2 (June 6, 2017): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.22.2.49-58.

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During the past two decades research on marine bacteria has highlighted the tremendous potential of symbiotic-microorganisms as a source of bioactive secondary. One of the potential of the bacterial symbionts is producing a natural pigment, and these organisms can be used as a sustainable source of natural pigments. Carotenoid is one of the most important pigments that has important roles in physiological and molecular processes of microorganisms, as well as for human health. The objective of this study is to analyze carotenoid pigments from marine bacterial symbionts from sponge and to identify bacterial symbionts that produce carotenoid pigments. Pigment analysis was performed by a UV-VIS spectrophotometer and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Molecular bacterial identification was performed based on 16S rDNA sequence. The isolation of bacterial symbionts from C. vaginalison Zobell 2216E medium resulted in one bacterium, CB-SP5, positively synthesized carotenoids. By reverse phase HPLC analysis, the carotenoid pigments in the bacterial symbionts were identified as diadinoxanthin, fucoxanthin, neoxanthin, dinoxanthin, anddiadinochrome. CB-SP5 shared the highest level of 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity with Psychrobacter celer (99%). Keywords : carotenoid, sponge, bacterial symbiont, 16S rDNA.

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Murti, Damar Bayu, A. B. Susanto, Ocky Karna Radjasa, and Ferdy Semuel Rondonuwu. "Pigments Characterization and Molecular Identification of Bacterial Symbionts of Brown Algae Padinasp. Collected from Karimunjawa Island." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.21.2.58-64.

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The search for carotenoids in nature has been extensively studied because of their applications in foods. One treasure of the biopigment source is symbiotic-microorganisms with marine biota. The advantages of symbiont bacteria are easy to culture and sensitize pigments. The use of symbiont bacteria helps to conserve fish, coral reefs, seagrass, and seaweed. Therefore, the bacteria keeps their existence in their ecosystems. In this study, bacterial symbionts were successfully isolated from brown algae Padina sp. The bacterial symbionts had yellow pigment associated with carotenoids. The pigments were characterized using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a Photo Diode Array (PDA) detector. The carotenoid pigments in the bacterial symbionts were identified as dinoxanthin, lutein and neoxanthin. Molecular identification by using a 16S rRNA gene sequence method, reveals that the bacterial symbionts were closely related to Bacillus marisflavi with a homology of 99%. Keywords :carotenoid pigments, brown algae, Padina, bacterial symbionts, 16S rRNA

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Afifah Mursyida Zaujan, Nur, Mohamad Zohdi Othman, Fatin Najihah Mohd Lutfi, Kamarul Rahim Kamarudin, Hanina Mohd Noor, and Maryam Mohamed Rehan. "IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PIGMENTED BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM MALAYSIAN SEAWATER." International Journal of Students' Research in Technology & Management 7, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijsrtm.2019.741.

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Purpose of study: Bacteria can naturally produce pigments that can be useful for various applications as they possess antimicrobial metabolites among other numerous benefits towards the human health. This study was carried out to identify the species of marine bacterial isolates PMA, PM3C1 and PM5C1 exhibiting yellow, orange and green colors respectively. Methodology: The current study is using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification and sequence analysis of their 16S rRNA gene. The stability of pigments extracted from the bacterial samples was also analyzed against different temperature and light conditions. Main Findings: Sequence alignment using BLAST revealed that the yellow, orange, and green-pigmented bacteria have 84% similarity with Staphylococcus aureus, 85% similarity with Exiguobacterium profundum and 95% similarity with Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. The green pigment showed major changes in color following exposure to sunlight and fluorescent light, and when incubated at 24°C and 50°C. Exposure to direct sunlight also results in the reduction of color for the yellow and orange extracts, while no effect was observed for both pigments under fluorescent light. Incubation at 50°C results in the reduction of the orange color, while the yellow pigment was observed to be unaffected suggesting its stability at high temperature. Implications: Natural pigments production can provide many advantages including reduction of pollution generation, ease of disposal and other benefits to the human health.

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Kanade, Yogini, Waman Mohan, and Rajashree Patwardhan. "Violacein: A Promising Bacterial Secondary Metabolite." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2606rjce165177.

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Pigment is a secondary metabolite produced by microorganisms. As a natural product, bacterial pigments are being studied for their applications in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industry. Purple and blue bacterial pigments are less common. Violacein, a purple pigment is an indole derivative with molecular mass of 343.3. Some bacteria like Pseudoalteromonas sp. 520P1, Chromobacterium violaceum, Janthinobacterium lividum, Duganella violaceinigra, Collimonas and Iodobacter species are reported for violacein production. It is produced by vio operon comprising of vioABCDE genes. Violacein production is beneficial to the bacterial cell as it acts as a respiratory pigment involved in the regulation of tryptophan production, active in defensive mechanism and helps cell survival in stressed conditions. Carbon source, pH, temperature, incubation period and agitation rate are factors affecting violacein production. Violacein has shown antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer and antiparasitic activity. It also displayed immunostimulatory, gastroprotective and antioxidant properties. Violacein gained industrial importance as a coloring agent in cosmetic, food and textile industries. This review intended to describe the violacein production by bacteria, its advantages to bacteria producing it, factors affecting its production and its applications.

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Pringgenies, Delianis, and Riyada Idris. "The antioxidant activity of carotenoid pigments in the bacterial symbionts of seagrass Syringodium isoetifolium." Indonesian Journal of Natural Pigments 1, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33479/ijnp.2019.01.1.12.

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Carotenoids are pigments of red, yellow and orange which are found in plants, animals and bacteria, and are known to have antioxidant activity. This study aims to identify the carotenoid pigments detected in seagrass Syringodium isoetifolium bacterial symbionts. Isolation of bacteria was conducted using dispersive media Zobell 2116E. Bacterial isolates were cultured and then centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes and extracted using methanol. Identification of the pigment was done by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) reversed phase ODS / C18. The mobile phase was carried out using a mixture of methanol: acetonitrile (7: 3 v / v). Free radical reduction activities determined by the method of DPPH (diphenylpicrylhydrazil) and its absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 517 nm. Identification of the bacterial symbionts from the seagrass S. isoetifolium performed using 16S rDNA PCR method. The results showed that, of the 12 bacterial isolates obtained, isolate 7A was proven to contain caratenoid pigment. Pigment extracts of the bacterial isolates had free radical DPPH reduction activity of 40.4%. The results showed that the identification of bacteria isolates 7A had 100% level of kinship with the bacteria Bacillus amyloliquifaciens.

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Guo-Ping, Zhao, Li Ying-Qiu, Yang Jie, and Cui Kai-Yu. "Antibacterial characteristics of orange pigment extracted from Monascus pigments against Escherichia coli." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 34, No. 3 (June 17, 2016): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/430/2015-cjfs.

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The antibacterial characteristics of orange pigment, which is one of the Monascus pigments, against Escherichia coli were investigated. Orange pigment exhibited strong antibacterial activity against E. coli evidenced by an increase in the diameter of inhibition zone with orange pigment treatment. The concentration of 2.5 mg/ml was the minimum inhibitory concentration of orange pigment against E. coli. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that orange pigment could damage bacterial cells, eventually resulting in cell death. The increase in the electric conductivity of bacterial cell suspensions suggested that the cytoplasmic membrane was broken by treatment with orange pigment. The result of orange pigment incorporation into egg PC further demonstrated the interaction between orange pigment and the phospholipid led to the disruption of bacterial membrane.

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Mahadik, Chinmayee, Neha Manoti, Aafra Zuzar Mujawar, Meera Nambidas Konar, Peenal Arvind Mistry, and Sejal Rathod. "IDENTIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION OF CAROTENOID PIGMENT PRODUCING BACTERIA FROM VEGETABLE, FRUITS AND MINI-SURVEY ON PERCEPTION OF URBAN POPULATION TOWARDS BACTERIAL PIGMENTS." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 12, no. 11 (November 25, 2021): 538–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2021.11.04.

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Pigments are largely exploited compounds due to their chromophoric variations and enticing properties in several applications such as food, dairy, printing, textile and pharmaceutical industries etc. While synthetic pigments are widely used, toxic reactions and effects of the pigments has led to the prompt diversion of consumers towards natural pigment sources such as microbial pigments (MP). MP hold great promise against existent synthetic counterparts with additional properties such as biodegradability, non-toxicity, therapeutics (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer etc.

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Rashid, Md. "Anti-Bacterial Activity of Pigments Isolated From Pigment-Forming Soil Bacteria." British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4, no. 8 (January 10, 2014): 880–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjpr/2014/5148.

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Amorim, Lúcia F. A., Raul Fangueiro, and Isabel C. Gouveia. "Characterization of Bioactive Colored Materials Produced from Bacterial Cellulose and Bacterial Pigments." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062069.

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A Bacterial Cellulose (BC) film was developed and characterized as a potential functional bioactive material. BC films, obtained from a microbial consortium of bacteria and yeast species, were functionalized with the bacterial pigment prodigiosin, produced by Serratia plymuthica, and flexirubin-type pigment, from Chryseobacterium shigense, which exhibit a wide range of biological properties. BC was successfully functionalized at 15% over the weight of the fiber at 40 °C during 60 min, and a color strength of 1.00 ± 0.01 was obtained for BC_prodigiosin and 0.38 ± 0.02 for BC_flexirubin-type pigment. Moreover, the BC films showed moderate hydrophilic character following alkaline treatment, which was maintained after both pigments were incorporated. The porosity and mechanical performance of the functionalized BC samples also remained unaffected. Furthermore, the BC samples functionalized with prodigiosin presented antibacterial activity and were able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with inhibition rates of 97.89 ± 0.60% and 85.12 ± 0.17%, respectively, while BC samples functionalized with flexirubin-type pigment exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, at 38.96 ± 0.49%. This research provides an eco-friendly approach to grant BC film-based material with color and advantageous bioactive properties, which can find application in several fields, especially for medical purposes.

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Anzum, Nafisa, Farhana Islam Khan, Mohammad Zabed Hossain, Mohammad Nurul Islam, and Mihir Lal Saha. "Isolation and Identification of Pigment Producing Bacteria From the Ratargul Swamp Forest Soil." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 31, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v31i1.57911.

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Pigments are one of the most significant secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms. The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify pigmentproducing bacteria from the Ratargul Swamp Forest (RSF) soil, which is the one and only fresh water swamp forest of Bangladesh. Soil samples were randomly collected from 10 different quadrates (10 m x 10 m) of RSF. The pH values of the soil samples were found to be strongly acidic and ranged between 4.71 and 5.48. Bacterial load of the samples ranged from 1.33×105 to 1.93×108 cfu/g, 6.05×106 to 9.07×107 cfu/g and from 1.16×107 to 1.61×108 cfu/g on nutrient agar (NA), peptone yeast-extract glucose (PYG) agar and Luria-Bertani (LB) agar media, respectively. Interestingly, both the highest and lowest bacterial counts were observed on NA, which was 1.93×108 cfu/g and 1.33×105 cfu/g, respectively. The isolates were found to produce various pigments like yellow, red, dark orange and sweet pink during their colony developments. A total of 71 bacterial isolates were obtained of which 11 were subjected to further study. All the selected bacteria were found to be rod shaped. Out of the 11 isolates, 9 were Gram-positive and 2 were Gramnegative. Provisionally identified potential pigment producing eight bacterial isolates were identified by using molecular marker. Seven of them were matched with their conventional identification up to generic level but conventionally identified Erwinia stewartii was found to be as Aeromonas sobria. Among the 11 isolates, 8 could produce three different types of pigments namely red, yellow and dark orange during in vitro pigment production. The isolated pigment producing bacteria could be used for better biotechnological application. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 31(1): 1-8, 2022 (January)

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Masduqi, Ahmad Fuad, Yuvianto Dwi Franyoto, Lia Kusmita, Sakti Muchlisin, Prasetyo Abi Widyananto, Sulistyani Sulistyani, and Diah Permata Wijayanti. "Activity Antioxidant on Pigments of Bacterial Symbionts of Soft Coral From Jepara Sea." Indonesian Journal of Natural Pigments 2, no. 02 (August 31, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33479/ijnp.2020.02.02.43.

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Soft corals have been known to produce secondary metabolites, some of which may have anticancer, antifouling, antibacterial and antioxidants activity. It has been suggested that natural products from marine invertebrates have striking similarities to metabolites of their association microorganisms. Symbiont bacteria on soft coral can produce bioactive compounds that play an important role in chemical ecology and as a marine natural product. Marine bacteria associated with soft coral collected from Jepara were successfully isolated on medium ZoBell 2216E and screened to synthesize the pigment. This approach has allowed the use of this organism as an environmentally friendly alternative source of new natural pigment. This study found 25 bacterial isolates from 6 types of soft coral. Out of 25 bacterial isolates, only 3 bacterium, positively contains pigments. Four isolates, PCl 1, PS2 1, and PSa 2. Pigments analysis with UV spectrophotometric method showed the wavelength of pigments were in the range 300-600 nm. Genomic DNA was isolated from these colonies and nested PCR of the DNA was performed to amplify the 16S rDNA. Antioxidant activity was tested with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. From the results of molecular identification by 16S rDNA method, it was shown that bacterium PCl 1, PS2 1, and PSa 2 was closely related to Pseudomonas stutzeri, Ponticoccus gilvus, Bacillus marisflavi with 99%, 99and 98% homology value. Antioxidant activity is as follows: PCl 1>PS2 1>PSA 2.

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Amorim, Lúcia F. A., Ana P. Gomes, and Isabel C. Gouveia. "Design and Preparation of a Biobased Colorimetric pH Indicator from Cellulose and Pigments of Bacterial Origin, for Potential Application as Smart Food Packaging." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 3869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183869.

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Nowadays, worldwide challenges such as global warming, pollution, unsustainable consumption patterns, and scarcity of natural resources are key drivers toward future-oriented bioeconomy strategies, which rely on renewable biobased resources, such as bacterial pigments and bacterial cellulose (BC), for materials production. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to functionalize bacterial cellulose with violacein, flexirubin-type pigment, and prodigiosin and test their suitability as pH indicators, due to the pigments’ sensitivity to pH alterations. The screening of the most suitable conditions to obtain the BC-pigment indicators was achieved using a full factorial design, for a more sustainable functionalization process. Then, the pH response of functionalized BC to buffer solutions was assessed, with color changes at acidic pH (BC-violacein indicator) and at alkaline pH (BC-violacein, BC-prodigiosin, and BC-flexirubin-type pigment indicators). Moreover, the indicators also revealed sensitivity to acid and base vapors. Furthermore, leaching evaluation of the produced indicators showed higher suitability for aqueous foods. Additionally, color stability of the functionalized BC indicators was carried out, after light exposure and storage at 4 °C, to evaluate the indicators’ capacity to maintain color/sensitivity. Thus, BC membranes functionalized with bacterial pigments have the potential to be further developed and used as pH indicators.

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Shah, Mili Sandip. "Isolation of Pigment Producing Bacteria and Testing of Antimicrobial Activity of Bacterial Pigments." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.2025.

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Sidin, Rina Septriani, and Endah Retnaningrum. "Antibacterial Activity of Carotenoid Pigments Produced by Heterotrophic Bacteria from Seawater in Krakal Coastal Area, Yogyakarta, Indonesia." Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology 17, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/squalen.648.

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Investigating natural pigments resulting from marine bacterial secondary metabolites is important because of their broad benefits in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries. In this study, 52 isolates of pigmented bacteria were isolated from seawater in the Krakal coastal area, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Seven bacterial isolates showed high pigment stability. Profiling of pigment extracts using a mixture of acetone and methanol with UV–Vis spectrophotometric reading showed that the compounds produced were carotenoids. The highest total carotenoid content with UV–Vis spectrophotometric reading at 480 nm was produced by the Kral-3 isolate (1800 mg/g), followed by Kral-15 (1698.9 mg/g) and Kral-25 (797.2 mg/g) isolates. Analysis of the antibacterial activity of the carotenoid extracts of Kral-3, Kral-15, and Kral-25 isolates using the agar well diffusion method revealed a very strong inhibition score against Escherichia coli. In addition, the carotenoid extract of the Kral-3 isolate showed a strong inhibition score against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the Kral-15 and Kral-25 isolates showed moderate inhibition scores. Based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis, the Kral-3, Kral-15, and Kral-25 isolates were identified as Kocuria rhizophilla, Calidifontibacter sp., and Rhodococcus ruber, respectively. Based on the findings, the novel bacterial strains are a potential bioresource for the commercial production of natural carotenoids.

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Steinman, Alan D., Karl E. Havens, J. William Louda, Nancy M. Winfree, and Earl W. Baker. "Characterization of the photoautotrophic algal and bacterial communities in a large, shallow, subtropical lake using HPLC-PDA based pigment analysis." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-239.

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Pigment abundances of the oxygenic and anoxygenic photoautotrophic communities from sediments and the water column in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, were estimated using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) and photodiode array (PDA) UV/VIS (350-800 nm) spectrophotometric analyses. Thirty lipophilic pigments were identified and measured in the samples, with the most abundant overall (sediment and open-water samples combined) being chlorophyll a (38.1%), fucoxanthin (12.6%), pheophytin a (7.6%), zeaxanthin (6.6%), and pyropheophytin a (3.6%). Relative abundance of chlorophyll a was greater in the water column than in the sediments (58.3 versus 24.3% of all pigments) whereas pheophytin a comprised 9.1% of the total pigments in the sediments but only 3.7% of the total pigments in the water column. Principal component analysis (PCA) separated the sediment samples from those collected in the water column; this discrimination appears to be a function of pigment integrity in that sediment assemblages had much greater relative abundances of degraded pigments. Different regions of the lake were weakly separated by PCA based on pigments. The relatively weak degree of separation may reflect the overwhelming abundance of chlorophyll a at all sites. Overall, the pigment assemblage in Lake Okeechobee suggests cyanobacteria-diatom dominance. Out of 65 sampling events, pigments from anoxygenic photoautotrophs (e.g., bacteriochlorophylls) were detected 17 times but accounted for >20% of total chlorophyll only five times. Bacteriochlorophylls were observed only in the sediments and were most abundant during June and September, when winds were calm and temperatures warm, and at relatively shallow sites.

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Azman, Adzzie-Shazleen, Christina-Injan Mawang, and Sazaly Abubakar. "Bacterial Pigments: The Bioactivities and as an Alternative for Therapeutic Applications." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 12 (December 2018): 1934578X1801301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801301240.

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Synthetic pigments have been widely used in various applications since the 1980s. However, the hyperallergenicity or carcinogenicity effects of synthetic dyes have led to the increased research on natural pigments. Among the natural resources, bacterial pigments are a good alternative to synthetic pigments because of their significant properties. Bacterial pigments are also one of the emerging fields of research since it offers promising opportunities for different applications. Besides its use as safe coloring agents in the cosmetic and food industry, bacterial pigments also possess biological properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and anticancer activities. This review article highlights the various types of bacterial pigments, the latest studies on the discovery of bacterial pigments and the therapeutic insights of these bacterial pigments which hopefully provides useful information, guidance and improvement in future study.

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Indrawati, Ratih, Gervacia Jenny Ratnawati, and Sri Tumpuk. "Senggani Fruit Anthocyanins (Melastoma Malabathricum Auct, Non Linn) As Bacterial Dyes Differential Painting Techniques." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v9i1.2987.

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Bacteria are difficult to see with a light microscope, because they do not absorb or refract light. Dyes absorb and refract light so that the contrast of bacteria with their surroundings is enhanced. Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments that are naturally found in various types of plants. As the name implies, this pigment gives color to flowers, fruits, and leaves of green plants.This research is a type of descriptive research. The treatment consisted of painting bacterial preparations with anthocyanin pigment extract of senggani fruit with 70% ethanol solvent and control with gram staining. The treatments were: T1: staining of bacterial preparations with gram staining, T2: painting of bacterial preparations with anthocyanin extract of senggani fruit added with 14% citric acid as a substitute for safranin and NH4Cl as a substitute for crystal violet. The results of the study showed that anthocyanin pigment extract was proven to be used as a dye for Staphylococcus aureus, Escereria coli as a substitute for synthetic dyes Safranin and Crystal violet in Gram staining.

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Celedón, Rodrigo Salazar, and Leticia Barrientos Díaz. "Natural Pigments of Bacterial Origin and Their Possible Biomedical Applications." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040739.

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Microorganisms are considered one of the most promising niches for prospecting, production, and application of bioactive compounds of biotechnological interest. Among them, bacteria offer certain distinctive advantages due to their short life cycle, their low sensitivity to seasonal and climatic changes, their easy scaling as well as their ability to produce pigments of various colors and shades. Natural pigments have attracted the attention of industry due to an increasing interest in the generation of new products harmless to humans and nature. This is because pigments of artificial origin used in industry can have various deleterious effects. On this basis, bacterial pigments promise to be an attractive niche of new biotechnological applications, from functional food production to the generation of new drugs and biomedical therapies. This review endeavors to establish the beneficial properties of several relevant pigments of bacterial origin and their relation to applications in the biomedical area.

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Che, L. Mao, S. Andréfouët, V. Bothorel, M. Guezennec, H. Rougeaux, J. Guezennec, E. Deslandes, et al. "Physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of microbial mats (KOPARA) in the South Pacific atolls of French Polynesia." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 994–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w01-106.

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Microbial mats that develop in shallow brackish and hyposaline ponds in the rims of two French polynesian atolls (Rangiroa and Tetiaroa) were intensively investigated during the past three years. Comparative assessment of these mats (called kopara in polynesian language) showed remarkable similarities in their composition and structure. Due to the lack of iron, the color of the cyanobacterial pigments produced remained visible through the entire depth of the mats (2040 cm depth), with alternate green, purple, and pink layers. Profiles of oxygen, sulfide, pH, and redox showed the anoxia of all mats from a depth of 23 mm. Analyses of bacterial pigments and bacterial lipids showed that all mats consisted of stratified layers of cyanobacteria (mainly Phormidium, Schizothrix, Scytonema) and purple and green phototrophic bacteria. The purple and green phototrophic bacteria cohabit with sulfate reducers (Desulfovibrio and Desulfobacter) and other heterotrophic bacteria. The microscopic bacterial determination emphasized the influence of salinity on the bacterial diversity, with higher diversity at low salinity, mainly for purple nonsulfur bacteria. Analyses of organic material and of exopolymers were also undertaken. Difference and similarities between mats from geomorphological, microbiological, and chemical points of view are discussed to provide multicriteria of classification of mats.Key words: microbial mats, cyanobacteria, bacterial pigments, French Polynesia atolls, exopolymers.

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Venil, Chidambaram Kulandaisamy, Zainul Akmar Zakaria, and Wan Azlina Ahmad. "Bacterial pigments and their applications." Process Biochemistry 48, no. 7 (July 2013): 1065–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2013.06.006.

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Sairam Mantri, Mallika Dondapati, Krishnaveni Ramakrishna, Amrutha V. Audipudi, and Srinath B.S. "Production, characterization, and applications of bacterial pigments- a decade of review." Biomedicine 42, no. 3 (July 3, 2022): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v42i3.1449.

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Synthetic pigments have been employed universally for decades, resulting in environmental pollution and human health risks. So, it was critical to find out novel natural pigments, such as microbial pigments, that were safe and alternative to synthetic pigments. Bacterial pigments were getting the importance and attention of both researchers and industries for the mass production of various colored pigments. Bacterial pigments were not only used for industrial applications but also have several pharmacological activities like an antibiotic, antioxidant, anti-cancer properties. For the production of natural pigments, bacterial sources are cheap and have large economic potential when compared to plant sources. To make high-end goods, strain improvement, genetic engineering, fermentation conditions, simple extraction and characterization procedures are required. The importance of bacterial pigments is highlighted in this review, which covers their synthesis, characterization, and biological uses.

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Ramírez-Ortega, D. B., L. A. Soto, A. Estradas-Romero, and F. E. Hernández-Sandoval. "Photosynthetic Pigments Contained in Surface Sediments from the Hydrothermal System of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California." Journal of Marine Biology 2019 (July 1, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7484983.

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In the exploration of the hydrothermal system of the Guaymas Basin (GB) between 27° 00′ 35′′ and 27° 00′ 50′′ N and 111° 24′ 15′′ and 111° 24′ 40′′ W in the Gulf of California, carried out on the R/V Atlantis and of the DSRV/Alvin in October 2008, four cores of surface sediments were obtained to analyse photosynthetic pigments at two locations with contrasting extreme conditions: Oil Town and Great Pagoda. We identified nine pigments: Chlorophyll-a, Phaeophytin-a, Phaeophorbide-a, Pyropheophytin-a (degradation Chlorophyll-a products), β-Carotene, Alloxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Diadinoxanthin, and Prasinoxanthin (carotenoids). The maximum pigment concentration was registered in the Great Pagoda (10,309 ng/g) and the minimum in Oil Town (918 ng/g). It is demonstrated that photosynthetic pigment profiles in surface sediments depend on the heterogeneity of the extreme conditions of each site caused mainly by temperature and bacterial substrates. Therefore, there were significant differences (p <0.05) in the pigmentary profile of the four sedimentary cores analyzed. However, no statistical differences (p > 0.05) in the concentration of pigments have been detected. We conclude that the photosynthetic pigments contained in the surface sediments of the hydrothermal vents in the Guaymas Basin are primarily of chemoautotrophic bacterial origin.

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Kramar, Ana, and Mirjana M. Kostic. "Bacterial Secondary Metabolites as Biopigments for Textile Dyeing." Textiles 2, no. 2 (April 19, 2022): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles2020013.

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In the past two decades, a growing body of research regarding the utilization of natural bacterial pigments or dyes for textile dyeing has emerged. Bacterial pigments are bacterial secondary metabolites that usually have bright colors and some special properties (e.g., antimicrobial, antioxidative, UV protective etc.). In addition to their high production yield, these special properties led scientists to research and develop methods for utilizing bacterial pigments in textile dyeing. This study presents the current state this field of research, with a focus on the dyeing potential of bacterial pigments for different types of textile material. The potential future directions of research in this area are also highlighted. In addition to the durable dyeing of textiles, bacterial pigments with special properties, such as antimicrobial activity, can add multifunctionality to dyed materials, thus increasing the value of the final product. This emerging field of research will also have a great impact on sustainability and the environment, contributing to the decreased usage of synthetic dyes in the textile industry.

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Kazi, Zareenkousar, Basavaraj S. Hungund, Jayachandra S. Yaradoddi, N. R. Banapurmath, Abdulfatah Abdu Yusuf, Karedla Lakshmi Kishore, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, T. M. Yunus Khan, Ashraf Elfasakhany, and Kasumba Andrew Buyondo. "Production, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Pigment from Streptomyces Species." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (May 25, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3962301.

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Production of potential pigments using the bacterial source can be an important area of research to disclose its possible value in diverse industrial applications. Soil samples from various terrestrial, rhizosphere, and forest habitats were collected from Karnataka, and pigment-producing actinomycetes were recovered. In the present investigation, 25 strains were isolated using starch casein agar medium; further, phenotypic, biochemical, and morphological and the 16S rRNA gene sequence studies have suggested that the strain belonged to the Streptomyces species, strain BJZ10, an actinomycetes. With higher production of pigments, starch casein broth medium was used, and the extraction of actinobacterial pigments was done by exclusively using methanol solvent. The pigment was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy; absorption spectra range from 220 to 250 nm. The FTIR characterization was carried out, and the spectrum obtained for the strain BJZ10 indicated alkane, alkyls, alkynes, alcohols, esters, and sulfate functional groups. Antibacterial activity of the pigments was tested against Bacillus cereus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), and significant results were compared. The present study revealed the brown pigment synthesized by Streptomyces sp. strain BJZ10, known for its potential antimicrobial activity.

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Kaur, Surinder, M. Ines Chicarelli, and James R. Maxwell. "Naturally occurring benzoporphyrins: bacterial marker pigments?" Journal of the American Chemical Society 108, no. 6 (March 1986): 1347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00266a064.

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Shahin, Yahya H., Bassma H. Elwakil, Doaa A. Ghareeb, and Zakia A. Olama. "Micrococcus lylae MW407006 Pigment: Production, Optimization, Nano-Pigment Synthesis, and Biological Activities." Biology 11, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11081171.

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Bacterial pigments (e.g., melanin and carotenoids) are considered to be among the most important secondary metabolites due to their various pharmacological activities against cancer and microbial resistance. Different pigmented bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples from El Mahmoudiyah governance and screened for their antimicrobial activity. The most promising pigment producer was identified as Micrococcus lylae MW407006; furthermore, the produced pigment was identified as echinenone (β-carotene pigment). The pigment production was optimized through a central composite statistical design to maximize the biomass production, pigment concentration, and the antimicrobial activity. It was revealed that the most significant fermentation parameters were the glucose (as a carbon source) and asparagine (as a nitrogen source) concentrations. Nano-echinenone was synthesized using the ball milling technique, characterized, and finally assessed for potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities. The data revealed that the synthesized nano-echinenone had higher antimicrobial activity than the crude pigment. The cytotoxic potency of echinenone and nano-echinenone was investigated in different cell lines (normal and cancer cells). The inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell death was observed in Caco-2 and Hep-G2 cells. The data proved that nano-echinenone is a suitable candidate for use as a safe antimicrobial and anti-hepatocellular-carcinoma agent.

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Sutthiwong, Nuthathai, Piyada Sukdee, Supaporn Lekhavat, and Laurent Dufossé. "Identification of Red Pigments Produced by Cheese-Ripening Bacterial Strains of Glutamicibacter arilaitensis Using HPLC." Dairy 2, no. 3 (July 28, 2021): 396–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy2030031.

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Glutamicibacter arilaitensis is one of the predominant bacterial species involved in the coloration of cheese rinds, especially smear-ripened cheeses. Besides well-known yellow-pigmented carotenoids, this species exhibits an ability to produce red pigments, as the occurrence of pink/red formation was previously found when co-cultured with a fungal strain. In this work, the red pigments synthesized by G. arilaitensis strains grown on cheese-based (curd) solid medium deacidified using Debaryomyces hansenii were identified. The analyses using HPLC equipped with both fluorescence and diode array detectors were performed to characterize the pigments extracted from a dry matter of the medium inoculated with either G. arilaitensis Re117, Po102, or Stp101. Based on the UV–vis absorption spectra, the elution order, and fluorescent property, compared to those of the porphyrin standards, eight metal-free porphyrins, including UPI, UPIII, 7PI, 6PI, 5PI, CPI, CPIII, and MPIX, were indicated as components of the red pigments produced by these G. arilaitensis strains. However, following the chromatographic profiles, the degree of porphyrins formed by each strain was apparently different. Regardless of precise quantitative measurement, the type strains Re117 and Po102 manifested a potential to produce a high amount of CPIII, whereas MPIX was formed by the strains Po102 and Stp101, but exceptionally high by the strain Stp101. The variation in both yield and form of the red pigments synthesized by the cheese-related bacterial G. arilaitensis has not previously been reported; therefore, our results provide the first information on these aspects.

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Indrawati, Renny, Elok Zubaidah, Aji Sutrisno, Leenawaty Limantara, Melisa Megawati Yusuf, and Tatas Hardo Panintingjati Brotosudarmo. "Visible Light-Induced Antibacterial Activity of Pigments Extracted from Dregs of Green and Black Teas." Scientifica 2021 (June 12, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5524468.

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Chlorophyll and its derivatives are potential natural sensitizers frequently applied in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Chlorophyll derivatives are formed naturally during tea processing, but they do not contribute to the color of tea infusions and thus are presumably left in the tea dregs. The present study aimed to investigate (i) the chlorophyll remnants in the pigments recovered from dregs of green and black teas and (ii) the antibacterial activity of pigments extracted from the tea dregs upon illumination using a light-emitting diode (LED) as the light source. Pigment analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed the presence of main degradation products of chlorophylls, such as pheophytin and its epimers, pyropheophytin, and pheophorbides. In vitro assays demonstrated significant reductions in the number of viable bacteria in the presence of the pigments after 30 min of incubation with LED light irradiation. The descending order of bacterial susceptibility was Listeria monocytogenes > Staphylococcus aureus > Escherichia coli > Salmonella typhi. At an equivalent irradiation intensity, the blue and red LEDs could stimulate a comparable inactivation effect through photodynamic reactions. These findings demonstrated the valorization potential of tea dregs as a source of chlorophyll derivatives with visible light-induced antibacterial activity.

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Patel, Nikita, Mitesh Dwivedi, Shahnawaz Jadeja, and Rasheedunnisa Begum. "Antibacterial Activity of Marine Bacterial Pigments Obtained from Arabian Sea Water Samples." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.14.1.54.

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Burtt, Edward H., Max R. Schroeder, Lauren A. Smith, Jenna E. Sroka, and Kevin J. McGraw. "Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation." Biology Letters 7, no. 2 (October 6, 2010): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0716.

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The brilliant red, orange and yellow colours of parrot feathers are the product of psittacofulvins, which are synthetic pigments known only from parrots. Recent evidence suggests that some pigments in bird feathers function not just as colour generators, but also preserve plumage integrity by increasing the resistance of feather keratin to bacterial degradation. We exposed a variety of colourful parrot feathers to feather-degrading Bacillus licheniformis and found that feathers with red psittacofulvins degraded at about the same rate as those with melanin and more slowly than white feathers, which lack pigments. Blue feathers, in which colour is based on the microstructural arrangement of keratin, air and melanin granules, and green feathers, which combine structural blue with yellow psittacofulvins, degraded at a rate similar to that of red and black feathers. These differences in resistance to bacterial degradation of differently coloured feathers suggest that colour patterns within the Psittaciformes may have evolved to resist bacterial degradation, in addition to their role in communication and camouflage.

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Agha, Yusra Y., Shababa A. Bahjat, and Manar F. Thanoon. "Assessment of Bacterial Pigments as Textile Colorants." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/v10/i12/2019/ijphrd/192431.

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Naz, Tasbiah, Shomaila Sikandar, Fatima Sajjad, Alim-un-Nisa, Imran Afzal, Anum Fatima, Nayyar Rubab, and Rabia Sattar. "Screening of Natural Dyes from Selected Fungal Species." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences 58, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(58-4)684.

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Some fungi are observed as effective pigments. Its importance in the production of natural pigments has grown significantly. The pigment-producing fungi were developed and evaluated for application in dyeing cotton fabric. In the research, five fungal strains were identified as Aspergillus terreus S10, Talaromyces atroroseus WW5A3, Penicillium oxalicum WW3A4 (DG), WW5C2 and WW31DG. These strains were incubated for 21 days under static and non-static conditions using MSM and PDB media. Under liquid state fermentation conditions, the production of the pigments by the fungus was improved by altering temperatures (25-35°C) and pH (4.5-6.5). T. atroroseus WW5A3 showed pinkish color, A. terrreus S10 displayed yellow color, P. oxalicum WW3A4 (DG) presented yellowgreenish, WW5C2 exhibited light yellow color and WW31DG demonstrated greenish color. The results showed the maximum percentage absorbance of T. atroroteus WW5A3 showed 90.36 % at 600 nm, A. terrreus S10 showed 88 % at 500 nm, P. oxalicum WW35A4 showed 46.04 % at 550 nm, WW5C2 showed 59.60 % at 550 nm, and WW31DG showed 81.9 % at 550 nm. The natural fungal pigments were tested against bacterial pathogens to check the antibacterial activity. The results indicated that S. aureus and E. coli exhibited antibacterial activity in terms of maximum zone of inhibition. In conclusion, out of five pigments producing fungi, Aspergillus terreus S10 and Talaromyces atroroseus produced maximum pigment and highest percentage absorbance under liquid state fermentation conditions. Potential applications in the textile and leather industries have been discovered as a result of this research.

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Brotosudarmo, T. H. P. "Exploring bioactive pigments from marine bacterial isolate from the Indonesian seas." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 944, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/944/1/012016.

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Abstract Marine microbes offer a significant source for biodiscovery due to their rich biodiversity and genetic capacity. Particularly, microbial pigments of marine origin are getting more attention in current research due to their widely perceived application as natural food colorants, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and many more. In the past five years, our research group has successfully characterised various bioactive pigments isolated from marine bacteria, including Erythrobacter flavus strain KJ5 that produces unique sulphur-containing carotenoids, Pseudoalteromonas rubra strain PS1 and SB14 that contain antimicrobial prodiginine, and Seonamhaeicola algicola strain CCI for high content of zeaxanthin. This paper describes the challenges we encountered in conducting research in exploring bioactive pigments especially with focus on carotenoid research, reviewed critically on strategy we developed for isolation of isolate as well as identification and elucidation of the pigments, and consideration for future research.

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Styczynski, Michal, Agata Rogowska, Katarzyna Gieczewska, Maciej Garstka, Anna Szakiel, and Lukasz Dziewit. "Genome-Based Insights into the Production of Carotenoids by Antarctic Bacteria, Planococcus sp. ANT_H30 and Rhodococcus sp. ANT_H53B." Molecules 25, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 4357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194357.

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Antarctic regions are characterized by low temperatures and strong UV radiation. This harsh environment is inhabited by psychrophilic and psychrotolerant organisms, which have developed several adaptive features. In this study, we analyzed two Antarctic bacterial strains, Planococcus sp. ANT_H30 and Rhodococcus sp. ANT_H53B. The physiological analysis of these strains revealed their potential to produce various biotechnologically valuable secondary metabolites, including surfactants, siderophores, and orange pigments. The genomic characterization of ANT_H30 and ANT_H53B allowed the identification of genes responsible for the production of carotenoids and the in silico reconstruction of the pigment biosynthesis pathways. The complex manual annotation of the bacterial genomes revealed the metabolic potential to degrade a wide variety of compounds, including xenobiotics and waste materials. Carotenoids produced by these bacteria were analyzed chromatographically, and we proved their activity as scavengers of free radicals. The quantity of crude carotenoid extracts produced at two temperatures using various media was also determined. This was a step toward the optimization of carotenoid production by Antarctic bacteria on a larger scale.

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Moura-Alves, Pedro, Kellen Faé, Erica Houthuys, Anca Dorhoi, Annika Kreuchwig, Jens Furkert, Nicola Barison, et al. "AhR sensing of bacterial pigments regulates antibacterial defence." Nature 512, no. 7515 (August 2014): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13684.

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Syaifudin, Andang, and Sutrisno Sutrisno. "Antibacterial Activity and Potential Of Natural Textile Dyes From Sea Water Bacteria." Al-Hayat: Journal of Biology and Applied Biology 5, no. 1 (May 27, 2022): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ah.v5i1.13446.

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This research aims to determine the potential of bacterial isolates from Marina beach seawater to be used as natural textile dyes and to test their antibacterial ability. The media used for culturing bacteria is a zobel synthesis medium with a mixture of seawater. The results of the isolation and extraction of color pigments obtained a red color with a characteristic wavelength of 535 nm and has a variety of chemical content results. Pigment immersion trials using 3 types of fabric, namely cotton, primisima and dobby fabric. The results of immersion with ethanolic solvent obtained optimum results for 12 hours and with the addition of mordant (Fe.H2O4S.7H2O), the color of the fabric is strong enough to withstand washing with detergent and sunlight. From the results of the study, data showed that the dyed primisima fabric gave a reduction or inhibition of the growth of E. coli bacteria by 9% while the inhibition of S. aureus bacteria was 116%. The pigment has the potential to be used as a dye for batik cloth with the provisions of optimizing to find the right reinforcement or mordant. This study has implications for the discovery of red pigment-producing bacteria from the isolation of seawater at Marina Semarang beach.

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Majeed, Huda Z. "Antimicrobial activity of Micrococcus luteus Cartenoid pigment." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 1, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.2017.1.1.9.

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Cartenoids are group of pigments ,with enormous types different structurally and functionally, have colors range from red to yellow found in a wide variety of plants, fungi, algae and bacteria. The animals took from food because they cannot made it, on contrary, the plants and microbes produce them due to subjection to environment. The aim of the study is to isolate and characterize the cartenoid pigment from Micrococcus luteus. The pigment extraction was done by acetone, then was characterized with Ultra Violet –Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Then, it was tested for antibacterial activity against five different bacterial isolates and antifungal activity tests against six different fungal isolates by well diffusion method. The results found that, the extracted pigment having antibacterial activity and antifungal activity and having the ability to absorb UVA rays within the range of 300-500 nm. There were no significant difference in antimicrobial effect of pigment , even when the extraction and isolation were done by two culture medium (Nutrient Broth and Luria Bertani Broth). There were considerable inhibition percentages of adhesion after subjection to Cartenoid pigment ranged between (5.71, 23.84) % for Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively and all the 11 isolate changed from Biofilm producer to non-producer. The isolated compound can be used against different bacterial and fungal infections. So they had a great future in medicine, cosmetics and as a sun protecting agent.

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Majeed, Huda Z. "Antimicrobial activity of Micrococcus luteus Cartenoid pigment." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 28, no. 1 (November 19, 2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v28i1.314.

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Cartenoids are group of pigments, with enormous types different structurally and functionally, have colors range from red to yellow found in a wide variety of plants, fungi, algae and bacteria. The animals took from food because they cannot make it, on contrary, the plants and microbes produce them due to subjection to environment. The aim of the study is to isolate and characterize the cartenoid pigment from Micrococcus luteus. The pigment extraction was done by acetone, and then was characterized with UltraViolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Then, it was tested for antibacterial activity against five different bacterial isolates and antifungal activity tests against six different fungal isolates by well diffusion method. The results found that, the extracted pigment having antibacterial activity and antifungal activity and having the ability to absorb UVA rays within the range of 300-500 nm. There was no significant difference in antimicrobial effect of pigment, even when the extraction and isolation were done by two culture mediums (Nutrient Broth and Luria Bertani Broth). There were considerable inhibition percentages of adhesion after subjection to Cartenoid pigment ranged between (5.71, 23.84) % for Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively and all the 11 isolate changed from Biofilm producer to non-producer. The isolated compound can be used against different bacterial and fungal infections. So they had a great future in medicine, cosmetics and as a sun protecting agent.

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Ferraz, Ana Rita, Rita Pacheco, Pedro D. Vaz, Cristina S. Pintado, Lia Ascensão, and Maria Luisa Serralheiro. "Melanin: Production from Cheese Bacteria, Chemical Characterization, and Biological Activities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 10562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010562.

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Pigments are compounds of importance to several industries, for instance, the food industry, where they can be used as additives, color intensifiers, and antioxidants. As the current trend around the world is shifting to the use of eco-friendly commodities, demand for natural dyes is increasing. Melanins are pigments that are produced by several microorganisms. Pseudomonas putida ESACB 191, isolated from goat cheese rind, was described as a brown pigment producer. This strain produces a brown pigment via the synthetic Müeller-Hinton Broth. This brown compound was extracted, purified, analyzed by FTIR and mass spectrometry, and identified as eumelanin. The maximum productivity was 1.57 mg/L/h. The bioactivity of eumelanin was evaluated as the capacity for scavenging free radicals (antioxidant activity), EC50 74.0 ± 0.2 μg/mL, and as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, with IC50 575 ± 4 μg/mL. This bacterial eumelanin did not show cytotoxicity towards A375, HeLa Kyoto, HepG2, or Caco2 cell lines. The effect of melanin on cholesterol absorption and drug interaction was evaluated in order to understand the interaction of melanin present in the cheese rind when ingested by consumers. However, it had no effect either on cholesterol absorption through an intestinal simulated barrier formed by the Caco2 cell line or with the drug ezetimibe.

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Mölzer, Christine, Hedwig Huber, Andrea Steyrer, Gesa V. Ziesel, Marlies Wallner, Iryna Goncharova, Sergey Orlov, et al. "Interaction between TNFone and tetrapyrroles may account for their anti-genotoxic effects — a novel mechanism for DNA-protection." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 17, no. 12 (December 2013): 1157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424613500995.

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Bilirubin, the principal and biologically most relevant bile pigment was, until recently, considered a waste product of haem catabolism. However, current data suggest that bile pigments possess biological potential, related to their antioxidant and anti-mutagenic effects. In this context, it is now assumed that bile pigments and their derivatives exert these effects via multiple mechanisms, including discrete anti-oxidative and physico-chemical interactive effects. The major scientific focus so far has concentrated on the compounds' antioxidant action, and mechanistic investigations of possible mutagen-tetrapyrrole interaction are lacking. Therefore we tested structurally related bile pigments/derivatives (bilirubin/-ditaurate/-dimethyl ester, biliverdin/-dimethyl ester, urobilin, stercobilin and protoporphyrin) for anti-genotoxicity in the Salmonella reverse mutation assay (strains TA98, TA102), together with the synthetic mutagen 2,4,7-trinitro-9H-fluoren-9-one (TNFone). To explore possible structural interactions, molecular systems of chlorin e6 porphyrin/bilirubin/biliverdin with TNFone were assayed using circular dichroism. These data consistently revealed, at suprastoichiometric concentrations, that tetrapyrroles interact with TNFone. Addition of TNFone to chlorin e6 porphyrin, bilirubin-albumin and biliverdin-albumin led to a marked change in pigment spectra, providing evidence for tight tetrapyrrole-mutagen interaction. This conclusion was also supported by substantial, TNFone-induced decrease of bilirubin oxidation in the bilirubin-albumin system. This outcome was reflected in a bacterial model, in which most tetrapyrroles and especially protoporphyrin, significantly attenuated TNFone-induced mutagenesis. These data indicate that aromatic, tetrapyrrolic molecules interact with TNFone, providing a novel mechanism to suggest the anti-mutagenic effects of bile pigments in vivo are related to their physico-chemical interaction with genotoxins.

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Bonneau, A., F. Brock, T. Higham, D. G. Pearce, and A. M. Pollard. "An Improved Pretreatment Protocol for Radiocarbon Dating Black Pigments in San Rock Art." Radiocarbon 53, no. 3 (2011): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220003455x.

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The dating of South African rock art using radiocarbon is a considerable challenge and only 1 direct date has so far been obtained, on black pigments from Sonia's Cave Upper, Boontjieskloof. The main problem with direct dating these paintings is the presence of calcium oxalates behind, on, and within the pigment layers. Calcium oxalates are formed through lichen and bacterial action on the rock face. These reactions can sometimes take place over long periods and can incorporate carbon of a younger age into the pigments. This study aims to date black pigments from a rockshelter, RSA TYN2 (Eastern Cape, South Africa), by removing the calcium oxalate contamination. Two different protocols were tried: density separation and acidification. The latter successfully removed calcium oxalates and was therefore applied to 3 black pigment samples from the rockshelter. After acid pretreatment, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating was undertaken on the remaining residues. Three results were obtained (2072 ± 28 BP, 2100 ± 40 BP, and 2083 ± 32 BP), which constitute the oldest results so far obtained for direct dates on South African rock art. The most likely calibrated date range for the painting at this site is between 2120 and 1890 cal BP. The ages are in close agreement with each other and this consistency suggests that our preparation protocol has successfully removed the majority of the carbon contaminants.

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Zhang, Yujuan, Xiaoni Liu, Xiangyang Li, Liang Zhao, Hong Zhang, Qianying Jia, Bo Yao, and Zhenfen Zhang. "Physicochemical Properties and Antibiosis Activity of the Pink Pigment of Erwinia persicina Cp2." Agriculture 12, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101641.

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The control and management of fungal diseases is a worldwide problem. A variety of microbial pigments have excellent antibacterial effects, and naturally occurring bacterial pigments may help in tackling fungal diseases. In order to explore the basic properties and biological functions of the pink pigment produced by Erwinia persicina Cp2, we used organic solvents to extract the pink pigment, analyzed the physicochemical properties of the pigment, determined the chemical composition using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and selected five pathogenic fungi to study the inhibitory effects of the pink pigment. The results showed that the main component of the pink pigment was usambarensine, which had a good light stability and a good temperature stability at room temperature (<40 °C), but the influence of the oxidant on its activity was greater than that of the reductant; simultaneously, we found that strong acids, strong alkalis, Cu2+, and Zn2+ all greatly affect the stability of the pink pigment, while Fe2+ and Fe3+ made the pigment darker. Meanwhile, the pigment could exert a good inhibitory effect against four plant pathogenic fungi: Alternaria solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium proliferatum. However, the inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum. f. sp cucumerinum decreased significantly in the later stages. This study had detected the purification process and antifungal activity on five fungi of the pink pigment of Erwinia persicina Cp2. It lays a theoretical and practical foundation for the production of related biological agents.

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Hu, Kaiji, Jianxiong Li, Wenjie Wang, Houming Wu, Hai Lin, and John M. Webster. "Comparison of metabolites produced in vitro and in vivo by Photorhabdus luminescens, a bacterial symbiont of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 1072–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-098.

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The types of metabolites produced by Photorhabdus luminescens C9 when it is introduced by Heterorhabditis megidis 90 into Galleria mellonella larvae are different from those produced in tryptic soy broth. Only 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene 1 was identified from the organic extracts of P. luminescens culture broth, but both 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene 1 and 3,5-dihydroxy-4-ethylstilbene 3 were isolated from the organic extracts of nematode-bacterium infected G. mellonella larvae. In addition to two pigments, both of which had been previously reported from P. luminescens C9 culture broth, three pigments, 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9,10-anthraquinone 2, 1-hydroxy-2,6,8-trimethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone 6, and 1,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone 7 were isolated from the organic extracts of G. mellonella larvae infected by the nematode-bacterium complex. Among these, compounds 6 and 7 are novel and isolated from a natural source for the first time.Key words: Photorhabdus luminescens, Heterorhabditis megidis, 1-hydroxy-2,6,8-trimethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone, 1,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone, pigment.

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Lee, Jong Suk, Yong-Sook Kim, Sooyeon Park, Jihoon Kim, So-Jung Kang, Mi-Hwa Lee, Sangryeol Ryu, Jong Myoung Choi, Tae-Kwang Oh, and Jung-Hoon Yoon. "Exceptional Production of both Prodigiosin and Cycloprodigiosin as Major Metabolic Constituents by a Novel Marine Bacterium, Zooshikella rubidus S1-1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 14 (June 3, 2011): 4967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01986-10.

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ABSTRACTA Gram-negative, red-pigment-producing marine bacterial strain, designated S1-1, was isolated from the tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea, Korea. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic, and genetic data, strain S1-1 (KCTC 11448BP) represented a new species of the genusZooshikella. Thus, we propose the nameZooshikella rubidussp. nov. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of the red pigments produced by strain S1-1 revealed that the major metabolic compounds were prodigiosin and cycloprodigiosin. In addition, this organism produced six minor prodigiosin analogues, including two new structures that were previously unknown. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a microorganism that simultaneously produces prodigiosin and cycloprodigiosin as two major metabolites. Both prodigiosin and cycloprodigiosin showed antimicrobial activity against several microbial species. These bacteria were approximately 1.5-fold more sensitive to cycloprodigiosin than to prodigiosin. The metabolites also showed anticancer activity against human melanoma cells, which showed significantly more sensitivity to prodigiosin than to cycloprodigiosin. The secondary metabolite profiles of strain S1-1 and two reference bacterial strains were compared by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Multivariate statistical analyses based on secondary metabolite profiles by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated that the metabolite profile of strain S1-1 could clearly be distinguished from those of two phylogenetically related, prodigiosin-producing bacterial strains.

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Konkol, Nick, Chris McNamara, Joe Sembrat, Mark Rabinowitz, and Ralph Mitchell. "Enzymatic decolorization of bacterial pigments from culturally significant marble." Journal of Cultural Heritage 10, no. 3 (July 2009): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2008.10.006.

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He, Ya-Wen, Xue-Qiang Cao, and Alan R. Poplawsky. "Chemical Structure, Biological Roles, Biosynthesis and Regulation of the Yellow Xanthomonadin Pigments in the Phytopathogenic Genus Xanthomonas." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 5 (May 2020): 705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-11-19-0326-cr.

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Xanthomonadins are membrane-bound yellow pigments that are typically produced by phytopathogenic bacterial Xanthomonas spp., Xylella fastidiosa, and Pseudoxanthomonas spp. They are also produced by a diversity of environmental bacterial species. Considerable research has revealed that they are a unique group of halogenated, aryl-polyene, water-insoluble pigments. Xanthomonadins have been shown to play important roles in epiphytic survival and host-pathogen interactions in the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, which is the causal agent of black rot in crucifers. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of xanthomonadin chemical structures, physiological roles, biosynthetic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. The aim of the present review is to provide clues for further in-depth research on xanthomonadins from Xanthomonas and other related bacterial species.

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Le Bris, S., M. R. Plante-Cuny, and E. Vacelet. "Characterisation of bacterial and algal pigments and breakdown products by HPLC in mixed freshwater planktonic populations." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 143, no. 4 (November 10, 1998): 409–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/143/1998/409.

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Solano, F. "Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much More—Types, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes." New Journal of Science 2014 (March 18, 2014): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/498276.

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This review presents a general view of all types of melanin in all types of organisms. Melanin is frequently considered just an animal cutaneous pigment and is treated separately from similar fungal or bacterial pigments. Similarities concerning the phenol precursors and common patterns in the formation routes are discussed. All melanins are formed in a first enzymatically-controlled phase, generally a phenolase, and a second phase characterized by an uncontrolled polymerization of the oxidized intermediates. In that second phase, quinones derived from phenol oxidation play a crucial role. Concerning functions, all melanins show a common feature, a protective role, but they are not merely photoprotective pigments against UV sunlight. In pathogenic microorganisms, melanization becomes a virulence factor since melanin protects microbial cells from defense mechanisms in the infected host. In turn, some melanins are formed in tissues where sunlight radiation is not a potential threat. Then, their redox, metal chelating, or free radical scavenging properties are more important than light absorption capacity. These pigments sometimes behave as a double-edged sword, and inhibition of melanogenesis is desirable in different cells. Melanin biochemistry is an active field of research from dermatological, biomedical, cosmetical, and microbiological points of view, as well as fruit technology.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bacterial pigments'

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