Journal articles: 'Bacterial cell walls'

1

Singh, Adya P., Yoon Soo Kim, and Ramesh R. Chavan. "Relationship of wood cell wall ultrastructure to bacterial degradation of wood." IAWA Journal 40, no. 4 (November 16, 2019): 845–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-40190250.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT This review presents information on the relationship of ultrastructure and composition of wood cell walls, in order to understand how wood degrading bacteria utilise cell wall components for their nutrition. A brief outline of the structure and composition of plant cell walls and the degradation patterns associated with bacterial degradation of wood cell walls precedes the description of the relationship of cell wall micro- and ultrastructure to bacterial degradation of the cell wall. The main topics covered are cell wall structure and composition, patterns of cell wall degradation by erosion and tunnelling bacteria, and the relationship of cell wall ultrastructure and composition to wood degradation by erosion and tunnelling bacteria. Finally, pertinent information from select recent studies employing molecular approaches to identify bacteria which can degrade lignin and other wood cell wall components is presented, and prospects for future investigations on wood degrading bacteria are explored.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Beveridge, T. J., and W. S. Fyfe. "Metal fixation by bacterial cell walls." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 1893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-204.

Full text

Abstract:

All biomass contains a significant quantity of metallic constituents, and mineralization in living and dead biodebris may contribute to element transport from the hydrosphere into sediments. The anionic cell walls of bacteria are remarkable in their ability to fix metals and provide sites for nucleation and growth of minerals. Results presented show the types of cell wall polymers that are responsible for metal binding in walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Beveridge, Terry J. "Visualizing Bacterial Cell Walls and Biofilms." Microbe Magazine 1, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.1.279.1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Egelman, Edward H. "Cell Walls, Cell Shape, and Bacterial Actin Homologs." Developmental Cell 5, no. 1 (July 2003): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1534-5807(03)00203-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Errington, Jeff. "L-form bacteria, cell walls and the origins of life." Open Biology 3, no. 1 (January 2013): 120143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.120143.

Full text

Abstract:

The peptidoglycan wall is a defining feature of bacterial cells and was probably already present in their last common ancestor. L-forms are bacterial variants that lack a cell wall and divide by a variety of processes involving membrane blebbing, tubulation, vesiculation and fission. Their unusual mode of proliferation provides a model for primitive cells and is reminiscent of recently developed in vitro vesicle reproduction processes. Invention of the cell wall may have underpinned the explosion of bacterial life on the Earth. Later innovations in cell envelope structure, particularly the emergence of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, possibly in an early endospore former, seem to have spurned further major evolutionary radiations. Comparative studies of bacterial cell envelope structure may help to resolve the early key steps in evolutionary development of the bacterial domain of life.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Leclerc, Denis, and Alain Asselin. "Detection of bacterial cell wall hydrolases after denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-125.

Full text

Abstract:

Cell walls from various Gram-positive bacteria were incorporated at a concentration of 0.2% (w/v) into polyacrylamide gels as a substrate for detection of cell wall hydrolases. Bacterial extracts from crude cell wall preparations were denatured with sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol and subjected to denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in gels containing bacterial cell walls. After renaturation in the presence of purified and buffered 1% (v/v) Triton X-100, cell wall hydrolases were visualized as clear lytic zones against the opaque cell wall background. One to fifteen bands with lytic activity could be detected, depending on bacterial extracts and on the nature of the cell walls incorporated into gels. Crude cell wall extracts were the best source of cell wall hydrolases from various Gram-positive bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens (15 bands), Micrococcus luteus (1 band), Bacillus megaterium (4 bands), Bacillus sp. (6 bands), B. cereus (3 bands), B. subtilis (7 bands), Staphylococcus aureus (13 bands), Streptococcus faecalis (3 bands), and Strep. pyogenes (5 bands). Molecular masses of cell wall hydrolases ranged from 17 to 114.6 kDa. Lytic activities against cell walls of Corynebacterium sepedonicum (Clavibacter michiganense pv. sepedonicum) could be shown with the cell wall extracts of Strep. pyogenes (45.7 kDa), Strep. faecalis (67 kDa), B. megaterium (67 kDa), and Staph. aureus (67 kDa).Key words: autolysins, electrophoresis, hydrolases, muramidases, peptidoglycan.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Strominger, Jack L. "Bacterial cell walls, innate immunity and immunoadjuvants." Nature Immunology 8, no. 12 (December 2007): 1269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1207-1269.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Amir, A., and D. R. Nelson. "Dislocation-mediated growth of bacterial cell walls." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 25 (June 1, 2012): 9833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207105109.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

BUSH, K. "Antimicrobial agents targeting bacterial cell walls and cell membranes." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 31, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.31.1.2096.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Singh, Adya P., Shruti Singh, and Ehsan Bari. "Bacterial Degradation of Wood by Tunnel Formation: Role of TEM in Understanding the Intricate Architecture of Tunnels and the Cell Wall Degradation Process." Microscopy Today 30, no. 5 (September 2022): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929522001080.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract:Certain bacteria degrade wood by creating tunnels in cell walls. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has played a key role in understanding the intricate architecture of the tunnels produced within the cell wall and the process of cell wall degradation. The most prominent feature of tunnels is the presence of periodic crescent-shaped slime bands, which is the single most important diagnostic characteristic of bacterial tunneling-type cell wall degradation. The review presented covers the aspects relevant to understanding bacterial tunneling of wood cell walls, emphasizing the importance of the application of TEM in this area of research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Chen, Wenxue, Lan Zou, Weijun Chen, Yueying Hu, and Haiming Chen. "Effects of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Chloroform Extract on the Enzymatic Activity and Metabolism of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9635184.

Full text

Abstract:

The chemical composition and antimicrobial mechanism of action of black pepper chloroform extract (BPCE) were investigated, as well as the potential antibacterial activities of BPCE against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that 1H-Cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol, decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-, [1ar-(1aα,4aα,7β,7a,β,7bα.)]- (8.39%) and 2-methylene-4,8,8-trimethyl-4-vinyl-bicyclo[5.2.0]nonane (6.92%) were identified as the two primary components of BPCE. The release of intracellular transaminases from bacteria after being incubated with BPCE revealed that the bacterial cell walls and membranes were degraded and that protein synthesis was inhibited to some extent. The inhibition of bacterial Na+/K+-ATPase activity upon the addition of BPCE also indicated an enhanced permeability of bacterial cell membranes. Moreover, an analysis of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities showed that BPCE affected the metabolic rate of glycolysis and disrupted the normal metabolism of bacteria. This phenomenon was supported by an observed accumulation of lactic acid (LA) in the treated bacterial cells. Overall, our results indicated that BPCE damaged bacterial cell walls and membranes, which was followed by a disruption of bacterial cell respiration.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Wehner, N. G., and G. R. Gray. "In vitro stimulation of immune functions by lipids derived from macrophages exposed to bacterial peptidoglycan." Journal of Immunology 147, no. 10 (November 15, 1991): 3595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.147.10.3595.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract It has previously been established that the processing of Bacillus subtilis cell walls by the macrophage-like cell line RAW264 leads to the formation of peptidoglycolipids containing glycopeptides of bacterial origin. In view of the immunologic activities associated with lipophilic muramyl peptide derivatives, lipid extracts derived from macrophages exposed to bacterial cell walls were assayed for mitogenicity. The crude lipid extract derived from RAW264 cells exposed to bacterial cell walls gave a strong mitogenic response when delivered as liposomes to murine splenocytes, whereas lipids derived from macrophages not exposed to bacterial cell walls did not give a mitogenic response. Fractionation of the RAW264 lipids into neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids demonstrated that mitogenicity was associated primarily with the phospholipid fraction and thus correlated with the presence of the aforementioned peptidoglycolipids. Mitogenicity was specific to the lipids derived from macrophages exposed to bacterial cell walls and was not observed in lipids derived from macrophages that had either been nonspecifically activated by exposure to Con A or had been allowed to phagocytize latex beads. The mitogenic response was found to be dependent on the presence of macrophages in the splenocyte population and to, at least in part, involve macrophage activation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Amir, A., F. Babaeipour, D. B. McIntosh, D. R. Nelson, and S. Jun. "Bending forces plastically deform growing bacterial cell walls." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 16 (April 7, 2014): 5778–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1317497111.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Moser, I., P. Dworsky, and F. Pittner. "Degradation of bacterial cell walls by immobilized lysozyme." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 19, no. 3 (December 1988): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02921496.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Wightman, Peter G., and Jeremy B. Fein. "Iron adsorption by Bacillus subtilis bacterial cell walls." Chemical Geology 216, no. 3-4 (March 2005): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.11.008.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Williams, A. C., and H. G. M. Edwards. "Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of bacterial cell walls." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 25, no. 7-8 (July 1994): 673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250250730.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Johannsen, L., J. Wecke, F. Obal, and J. M. Krueger. "Macrophages produce somnogenic and pyrogenic muramyl peptides during digestion of staphylococci." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 260, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): R126—R133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.1.r126.

Full text

Abstract:

Muramyl peptides have a variety of biological effects in mammals, including enhancement of the immune response, sleep, and body temperature. Although mammals lack biosynthetic pathways for muramyl peptides, they are found in mammals and are well known as components of bacterial cell walls. This suggests that phagocytic mammalian cells digest bacterial cell walls and produce biologically active muramyl peptides. Staphylococcal cell walls were radioactively labeled during growth of the bacteria. During the digestion of these radiolabeled bacteria, murine bone marrow macrophages produced low-molecular-weight substances that coeluted chromatographically with the radioactive cell wall marker. Further separation of these substances using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography resulted in the isolation of substances with high specific biological activity. Intracerebroventricular injection of rabbits with these substances induced an increase in slow-wave sleep and body temperature and a suppression of rapid-eye-movement sleep. The characteristics of the biological responses and the chromatographic behavior of the active components are consistent with those of muramyl peptides. The ability of macrophages to tailor muramyl peptides from peptidoglycan may provide an amplification step for the immune response. Muramyl peptides released by macrophages may also act as mediators for various facets of the acute phase response elicited by bacterial infections such as fever and sleep.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Murínová, Slavomíra, and Katarína Dercová. "Response Mechanisms of Bacterial Degraders to Environmental Contaminants on the Level of Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membrane." International Journal of Microbiology 2014 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/873081.

Full text

Abstract:

Bacterial strains living in the environment must cope with the toxic compounds originating from humans production. Surface bacterial structures, cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, surround each bacterial cell and create selective barriers between the cell interior and the outside world. They are a first site of contact between the cell and toxic compounds. Organic pollutants are able to penetrate into cytoplasmic membrane and affect membrane physiological functions. Bacteria had to evolve adaptation mechanisms to counteract the damage originated from toxic contaminants and to prevent their accumulation in cell. This review deals with various adaptation mechanisms of bacterial cell concerning primarily the changes in cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall. Cell adaptation maintains the membrane fluidity status and ratio between bilayer/nonbilayer phospholipids as well as the efflux of toxic compounds, protein repair mechanisms, and degradation of contaminants. Low energy consumption of cell adaptation is required to provide other physiological functions. Bacteria able to survive in toxic environment could help us to clean contaminated areas when they are used in bioremediation technologies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Urdaneta, A. Barrios, M. Fondevila, J. Balcells, C. Dapoza, and C. Castrillo. "In vitro microbial digestion of straw cell wall polysaccharides in response to supplementation with different sources of carbohydrates." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 3 (2000): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99079.

Full text

Abstract:

The effect of carbohydrate supplementation on microbial fibre digestion was studied in vitro, by measuring the disappearance of cell wall monosaccharides, bacterial adhesion (mmol purine bases per g residue), and total (per g residue) and bacterial (per mmol purine bases) polysaccharidase activity. Straw cell walls (CW, 0.5% w/v) were cultured in medium supplemented with (0.275% w/v) or without starch, a sugar mixture, or pectin. Supplementation with these constituents did not cause a drop in pH below 6.1, and increased all parameters investigated with the exception of bacterial polysaccharidase activity, which was higher for CW cultures, suggesting a higher proportion of fibrolytic bacteria in the adherent population. By comparison with starch and sugar, pectin supplementation resulted in a lower proportion of residual sugars remaining from cell walls after 60 and 72 h (P < 0.05), which resulted in greater bacterial adhesion after 8 and 12 h (P < 0.05) and higher total cellulase activity after 8 h (P < 0.01). This was perhaps because pectin may cover particle surfaces, protecting the digestive area from external factors, or may act as a substrate for cellulolytic bacteria. The lack of differences in bacterial enzymatic activities suggests the absence of qualitative or quantitative differences in the adherent fibrolytic population.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Mayers, I. Trent, and Terry J. Beveridge. "The sorption of metals to Bacillus subtilis walls from dilute solutions and simulated Hamilton Harbour (Lake Ontario) water." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 764–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-128.

Full text

Abstract:

Purified cell walls of Bacillus subtilis were reacted with various metals in dilute solutions and a simulated Hamilton Harbour (Lake Ontario) water. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry revealed that iron was sorbed to the walls preferentially and caused the walls to adhere together to form macroscopic floes, which were easily sedimented by gravity. Electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the floes showed that the bacterial walls were embedded in an iron matrix presumed to be iron oxyhydroxide. The sorption of iron to the walls was also found to enhance the uptake of other metals such as chromium and aluminum. This sorption suggests that bacteria may play a role in the initial formation of metal rich sediments. It may also have important implications for the general transport of metals to the sediments from the water column in fresh water environments like Hamilton Harbour by all types of particulate biological debris.Key words: metal sorption to bacterial walls.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Sangiorgio, Giuseppe, Emanuele Nicitra, Dalida Bivona, Carmelo Bonomo, Paolo Bonacci, Maria Santagati, Nicolò Musso, Dafne Bongiorno, and Stefania Stefani. "Interactions of Gram-Positive Bacterial Membrane Vesicles and Hosts: Updates and Future Directions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 5 (March 1, 2024): 2904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052904.

Full text

Abstract:

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayers derived from cell membranes, released by both eukaryotic cells and bacteria into the extracellular environment. During production, EVs carry proteins, nucleic acids, and various compounds, which are then released. While Gram-positive bacteria were traditionally thought incapable of producing EVs due to their thick peptidoglycan cell walls, recent studies on membrane vesicles (MVs) in Gram-positive bacteria have revealed their significant role in bacterial physiology and disease progression. This review explores the current understanding of MVs in Gram-positive bacteria, including the characterization of their content and functions, as well as their interactions with host and bacterial cells. It offers a fresh perspective to enhance our comprehension of Gram-positive bacterial EVs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Johannsen, L., L. A. Toth, R. S. Rosenthal, M. R. Opp, F. Obal, A. B. Cady, and J. M. Krueger. "Somnogenic, pyrogenic, and hematologic effects of bacterial peptidoglycan." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 258, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): R182—R186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.1.r182.

Full text

Abstract:

Bacterial infections and certain muramyl peptides elicit a variety of pathophysiological effects including increases in body temperature and slow-wave sleep. Bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is composed of muramyl peptides. To investigate the ability of isolated bacterial cell walls to enhance slow-wave sleep, rabbits were injected intravenously with cell walls isolated from Staphylococcus aureus or with soluble peptidoglycan prepared from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. These injections increased slow-wave sleep, electroencephalographic delta-wave amplitudes, and body temperature, reduced rapid-eye-movement sleep, and induced neutrophilia and lymphopenia. The somnogenic and pyrogenic effects of S. aureus cell walls developed within 1 h and persisted throughout the recording period. Injections of N. gonorrhoeae peptidoglycan induced similar effects but of larger magnitude and shorter duration. We conclude that peptidoglycan is a bacterial component that mediates the increased sleep observed during infectious disease.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Li, Jia, Xiaomin Hu, Jianpin Yan, and Zhiming Yuan. "Species-Specific Cell Wall Binding Affinity of the S-Layer Proteins of Mosquitocidal Bacterium Bacillus sphaericus C3-41." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 12 (April 24, 2009): 3891–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00356-09.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT The binding affinities and specificities of six truncated S-layer homology domain (SLH) polypeptides of mosquitocidal Bacillus sphaericus strain C3-41 with the purified cell wall sacculi have been assayed. The results indicated that the SLH polypeptide comprised of amino acids 31 to 210 was responsible for anchoring the S-layer subunits to the rigid cell wall layer via a distinct type of secondary cell wall polymer and that a motif of the recombinant SLH polypeptide comprising amino acids 152 to 210 (rSLH152-210) was essential for the stable binding of the S-layer with the bacterial cell walls. The quantitative assays revealed that the KD (equilibrium dissociation constant) values of rSLH152-210 and rSLH31-210 with purified cell wall sacculi were 1.11 × 10−6 M and 1.40 × 10−6 M, respectively. The qualitative assays demonstrated that the SLH domain of strain C3-41 could bind only to the cell walls or the cells treated with 5 M guanidinium hydrochloride of both toxic and nontoxic B. sphaericus strains but not to those from other bacteria, indicating the species-specific binding of the SLH polypeptide of B. sphaericus with bacterial cell walls.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Parvin, Farhana, Md Arifur Rahman, Anand K. Deva, Karen Vickery, and Honghua Hu. "Staphylococcus aureus Cell Wall Phenotypic Changes Associated with Biofilm Maturation and Water Availability: A Key Contributing Factor for Chlorine Resistance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5 (March 5, 2023): 4983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054983.

Full text

Abstract:

Staphylococcus aureus biofilms are resistant to both antibiotics and disinfectants. As Staphylococci cell walls are an important defence mechanism, we sought to examine changes to the bacterial cell wall under different growth conditions. Cell walls of S. aureus grown as 3-day hydrated biofilm, 12-day hydrated biofilm, and 12-day dry surface biofilm (DSB) were compared to cell walls of planktonic organisms. Additionally, proteomic analysis using high-throughput tandem mass tag-based mass spectrometry was performed. Proteins involved in cell wall synthesis in biofilms were upregulated in comparison to planktonic growth. Bacterial cell wall width (measured by transmission electron microscopy) and peptidoglycan production (detected using a silkworm larva plasma system) increased with biofilm culture duration (p < 0.001) and dehydration (p = 0.002). Similarly, disinfectant tolerance was greatest in DSB, followed by 12-day hydrated biofilm and then 3-day biofilm, and it was least in the planktonic bacteria––suggesting that changes to the cell wall may be a key factor for S. aureus biofilm biocide resistance. Our findings shed light on possible new targets to combat biofilm-related infections and hospital dry surface biofilms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Đordić, A., T. Pavkov, E. M. Egelseer, U. B. Sleytr, and W. Keller. "How do S-layers bind to bacterial cell walls?" Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 66, a1 (August 29, 2010): s128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767310097205.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Ferguson, Lynnette R., Isabel Fong Lim, Amira E. Pearson, John Ralph, and Philip J. Harris. "Bacterial antimutagenesis by hydroxycinnamic acids from plant cell walls." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 542, no. 1-2 (December 2003): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.08.005.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Tuomanen, E., B. Hengstler, O. Zak, and A. Tomasz. "Induction of meningeal inflammation by diverse bacterial cell walls." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology 5, no. 6 (December 1986): 682–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02013304.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Šimelyte, Egle, Marja Rimpiläinen, Leena Lehtonen, Xiang Zhang, and Paavo Toivanen. "Bacterial Cell Wall-Induced Arthritis: Chemical Composition and Tissue Distribution of Four Lactobacillus Strains." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 3535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.6.3535-3540.2000.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT To study what determines the arthritogenicity of bacterial cell walls, cell wall-induced arthritis in the rat was applied, using four strains of Lactobacillus. Three of the strains used proved to induce chronic arthritis in the rat; all were Lactobacillus casei. The cell wall of Lactobacillus fermentum did not induce chronic arthritis. All arthritogenic bacterial cell walls had the same peptidoglycan structure, whereas that of L. fermentum was different. Likewise, all arthritogenic cell walls were resistant to lysozyme degradation, whereas the L. fermentum cell wall was lysozyme sensitive. Muramic acid was observed in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes in considerably larger amounts after injection of an arthritogenicL. casei cell wall than following injection of a nonarthritogenic L. fermentum cell wall. The L. casei cell wall also persisted in the tissues longer than theL. fermentum cell wall. The present results, taken together with those published previously, underline the possibility that the chemical structure of peptidoglycan is important in determining the arthritogenicity of the bacterial cell wall.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Kuo, J. "Root anatomy and rhizosphere ultrastructure in tropical seagrasses." Marine and Freshwater Research 44, no. 1 (1993): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9930075.

Full text

Abstract:

Root morphology and histology and rhizosphere ultrastructure differ slightly among four species of tropical seagrasses: Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers. (Hydrocharitaceae) and Cymodocea serrulata (R. Br.) Aschers. & Magnus, Halodule uninervis (Forsk.) Aschers. and Syringodium isoetlfolium (Aschers.) Dandy (Cymodoceaceae). Bacterial colonies have been observed in the rhizospheres of these four seagrass species. Bacteria penetrate the epidermal cell and lyse the thick polysaccharide materials in the walls of both epidermal and exodermal cells. Suberized lamellae in the walls of the epidermal and exodermal cells are more resistant, but bacterial colonies eventually occur in both types of cells. It is suggested that these rhizosphere bacterial colonies are probably not pathogenic but are mutualistic and may be involved in nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake by seagrass roots.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Huang, Yurou, Weijie Chen, Jeewon Chung, Jun Yin, and Juyoung Yoon. "Recent progress in fluorescent probes for bacteria." Chemical Society Reviews 50, no. 13 (2021): 7725–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cs01340d.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Schäffer, Christina, and Paul Messner. "The structure of secondary cell wall polymers: how Gram-positive bacteria stick their cell walls together." Microbiology 151, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27749-0.

Full text

Abstract:

The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria has been a subject of detailed chemical study over the past five decades. Outside the cytoplasmic membrane of these organisms the fundamental polymer is peptidoglycan (PG), which is responsible for the maintenance of cell shape and osmotic stability. In addition, typical essential cell wall polymers such as teichoic or teichuronic acids are linked to some of the peptidoglycan chains. In this review these compounds are considered as ‘classical’ cell wall polymers. In the course of recent investigations of bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers) a different class of ‘non-classical’ secondary cell wall polymers (SCWPs) has been identified, which is involved in anchoring of S-layers to the bacterial cell surface. Comparative analyses have shown considerable differences in chemical composition, overall structure and charge behaviour of these SCWPs. This review discusses the progress that has been made in understanding the structural principles of SCWPs, which may have useful applications in S-layer-based ‘supramolecular construction kits' in nanobiotechnology.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Korobov, V. P., B. Ts Shagdarova, V. P. Varlamov, A. L. Esaev, and T. V. Polyudova. "Inhibitory Action of Low-Molecular Chitosan on Growth of Bacteria with Different Tinctorial Properties." Микробиология 92, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0026365622600754.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract—Inhibitory effect of chitosan (molecular mass 28 kDa, deacetylation 94%) and of its quaternized derivative with 60% substitution on bacteria of various taxonomic groups was investigated. Bacteria differing in the cell wall surface characteristics and affinity to dyes were found to differ in theri sensitivity to chitosan. Correlation dependencies between antibacterial activity of quaternized chitosan and the surface characteristics of bacterial cell walls were revealed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Sharma, Shashi, Sabine Pellett, and Stephen A. Morse. "Special Issue: Gram-Positive Bacterial Toxins." Microorganisms 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2023): 2054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11082054.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Tan, Michelle S. F., Sadequr Rahman, and Gary A. Dykes. "Pectin and Xyloglucan Influence the Attachment of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes to Bacterial Cellulose-Derived Plant Cell Wall Models." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 2 (November 13, 2015): 680–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02609-15.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTMinimally processed fresh produce has been implicated as a major source of foodborne microbial pathogens globally. These pathogens must attach to the produce in order to be transmitted. Cut surfaces of produce that expose cell walls are particularly vulnerable. Little is known about the roles that different structural components (cellulose, pectin, and xyloglucan) of plant cell walls play in the attachment of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Using bacterial cellulose-derived plant cell wall models, we showed that the presence of pectin alone or xyloglucan alone affected the attachment of threeSalmonella entericastrains (Salmonella entericasubsp.entericaserovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076,Salmonella entericasubsp.entericaserovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028, andSalmonella entericasubsp.indicaM4) andListeria monocytogenesATCC 7644. In addition, we showed that this effect was modulated in the presence of both polysaccharides. Assays using pairwise combinations ofS.Typhimurium ATCC 14028 andL. monocytogenesATCC 7644 showed that bacterial attachment to all plant cell wall models was dependent on the characteristics of the individual bacterial strains and was not directly proportional to the initial concentration of the bacterial inoculum. This work showed that bacterial attachment was not determined directly by the plant cell wall model or bacterial physicochemical properties. We suggest that attachment of theSalmonellastrains may be influenced by the effects of these polysaccharides on physical and structural properties of the plant cell wall model. Our findings improve the understanding of howSalmonella entericaandListeria monocytogenesattach to plant cell walls, which may facilitate the development of better ways to prevent the attachment of these pathogens to such surfaces.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Ježek, Jan, Radovan Straka, Viktor Krchňák, Miloš Ryba, Jiří Rotta, Peter Mayer, and Milan Zaoral. "Synthesis of peptide and glycopeptide fragments of bacterial cell walls." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 6 (1987): 1609–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19871609.

Full text

Abstract:

Peptides, ranging from tetrapeptide I, II to octadecapeptide XXI and from N-acetylmuramyl-hexapeptide XXIII to tris(N-acetylmuramyl)-octadecapeptide XXVII, were prepared using synthesis in solution as well as solid-phase synthesis. H-L-Ala-D-iGln-L-Lys-D-Ala-(L-Ala)2-OMe (VIII) and its lysine-acetylated analogue X were pyrogenic and the former (VIII) exhibited weak immunoadjuvant activity. The immunoadjuvant activity of tris(N-acetylmuramyl)-octadecapeptide XXVII was comparable with that of MDP and the compound was not pyrogenic.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Lee, Mijoon, Dusan Hesek, Elena Lastochkin, David A. Dik, Bill Boggess, and Shahriar Mobashery. "Deciphering the Nature of Enzymatic Modifications of Bacterial Cell Walls." ChemBioChem 18, no. 17 (July 25, 2017): 1696–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201700293.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Baddiley, James. "Bacterial cell walls and membranes. Discovery of the teichoic acids." BioEssays 10, no. 6 (June 1989): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950100607.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Jones, Beth A., Ronald D. Hatfield, and Richard E. Muck. "Effect of fermentation and bacterial inoculation on lucerne cell walls." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 60, no. 2 (1992): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740600203.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Boher, B., M. Nicole, M. Potin, and J. P. Geiger. "Extracellular Polysaccharides from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis Interact with Cassava Cell Walls During Pathogenesis." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 10, no. 7 (September 1997): 803–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1997.10.7.803.

Full text

Abstract:

The location of lipopolysaccharides produced by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis during pathogenesis on cassava (Manihot esculenta) was determined by fluorescence and electron microscopy immunolabeling with monoclonal antibodies. During the early stages of infection, pathogen lipopolysaccharides were detected on the outer surface of the bacterial envelope and in areas of the plant middle lamellae in the vicinity of the pathogen. Later in the infection process, lipopolysaccharide-specific antibodies bound to areas where the plant cell wall was heavily degraded. Lipopolysaccharides were not detected in the fibrillar matrix filling intercellular spaces of infected cassava leaves. Monoclonal antibodies specific for the exopolysaccharide xanthan side chain labeled the bacteria, the fibrillar matrix, and portions of the host cell wall. The association of Xanthomonas lipopolysaccharides with host cell walls during plant infection is consistent with a role of these bacterial extracellular polysaccharides in the infection process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Iwai, Takayoshi, H. Kaku, R. Honkura, S. Nakamura, H. Ochiai, T. Sasaki, and Y. Ohashi. "Enhanced Resistance to Seed-Transmitted Bacterial Diseases in Transgenic Rice Plants Overproducing an Oat Cell-Wall-Bound Thionin." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, no. 6 (June 2002): 515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.6.515.

Full text

Abstract:

Bacterial attack is a serious agricultural problem for growth of rice seedlings in the nursery and field. The thionins purified from seed and etiolated seedlings of barley are known to have antimicrobial activity against necrotrophic pathogens; however, we found that no endogenous rice thionin genes alone are enough for resistance to two major seed-transmitted phytopathogenic bacteria, Burkholderia plantarii and B. glumae, although rice thionin genes constitutively expressed in coleoptile, the target organ of the bacteria. Thus, we isolated thionin genes from oat, one of which was overexpressed in rice. When wild-type rice seed were germinated with these bacteria, all seedlings were wilted with severe blight. In the seedling infected with B. plantarii, bacterial staining was intensively marked around stomata and intercellular spaces. However, transgenic rice seedlings accumulating a high level of oat thionin in cell walls grew almost normally with bacterial staining only on the surface of stomata. These results indicate that the oat thionin effectively works in rice plants against bacterial attack.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

de AMBROSINI, V. MORATA, S. GONZALEZ, A. PESCE de RUIZ HOLGADO, and G. OLIVER. "Study of the Morphology of the Cell Walls of Some Strains of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Related Species." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.5.557.

Full text

Abstract:

The objective of the present study was to find an explanation for the biological effect of the bacteria present in a biotherapeutic milk (Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 and Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 730). The ability of bacterial cell walls to induce an immune response when introduced into an organism is well known. In this paper we specifically analyzed the morphology of these cell walls. Besides the two bacterial strains used in the fermented milk, two other lactic acid bacteria, belonging to another genus and unable to induce an immune system response, as well as a strain of Propionibacterium, of which the immune modulating capacity is known, were used in this work. We found a structural particularity in strains with immunostimulating capacity (L. casei CRL 431 and P. acidopropionici CRL 1198): molecules which protrude from the cell surface. In L. casei CRL 431 these molecules were identified as lectins because they are able to agglutinate yeast cells treated with glutaraldehyde and glycine. The structures protruding from P. acidipropionici CRL 1198 cells were teichoic acids. Teichoic acid and lectin-like structures can participate in adhesion to intestinal cells. The immunostimulation observed can be induced by the adhesion phenomenon.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Yoshimura, Atsutoshi, Egil Lien, Robin R. Ingalls, Elaine Tuomanen, Roman Dziarski, and Douglas Golenbock. "Cutting Edge: Recognition of Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall Components by the Innate Immune System Occurs Via Toll-Like Receptor 2." Journal of Immunology 163, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Invasive infection with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria often results in septic shock and death. The basis for the earliest steps in innate immune response to Gram-positive bacterial infection is poorly understood. The LPS component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall appears to activate cells via CD14 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. We hypothesized that Gram-positive bacteria might also be recognized by TLRs. Heterologous expression of human TLR2, but not TLR4, in fibroblasts conferred responsiveness to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae as evidenced by inducible translocation of NF-κB. CD14 coexpression synergistically enhanced TLR2-mediated activation. To determine which components of Gram-positive cell walls activate Toll proteins, we tested a soluble preparation of peptidoglycan prepared from S. aureus. Soluble peptidoglycan substituted for whole organisms. These data suggest that the similarity of clinical response to invasive infection by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is due to bacterial recognition via similar TLRs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Minardi, P. "Histochemistry of Tobacco Mesophyll Cell Walls Pretreated with Bacterial Protein-lipopolysaccharides." Journal of Phytopathology 131, no. 4 (April 1991): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1991.tb01201.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Jung, H. G., F. M. Engels, and P. J. Weimer. "Degradation of lucerne stem cell walls by five rumen bacterial species." NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 52, no. 1 (2004): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1573-5214(04)80027-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Tesser, G. I., and R. J. F. Nivard. "Synthesis of a completely protected pentapeptide found in bacterial cell walls." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 83, no. 1 (September 2, 2010): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19640830107.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Tsuneda, A., and R. G. Thorn. "Interactions of wood decay fungi with other microorganisms, with emphasis on the degradation of cell walls." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-394.

Full text

Abstract:

Interactions of two wood decay fungi, Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus, with other wood inhabiting microorganisms were investigated on agar and in fagaceous wood, primarily by scanning electron microscopy. Micromorphologically, there were two principal modes of cell wall degradation: (i) selective removal of amorphous wall components, followed by the degradation of skeletal microfibrils, and (ii) simultaneous degradation of all wall components. These two modes were observed in three different degradation systems: (i) sapwood wall degradation by the wood decay fungi, (ii) hyphal wall degradation by mycoparasitic Trichoderma, and (iii) hyphal wall degradation by pathogenic bacteria. The simultaneous-type wall degradation in the systems i and ii was usually caused by hyphal tips. In addition to the three systems, bacteriolysis by the wood decay fungi was also studied. The bacterial cell walls, as well as microfibril bundles of wood cellulose and fungal chitin, were all fragmented into minute granules at later stages of microbial degradation and the granules were further degraded into smaller units. Frequency of occurrence and strength of mycoparasitic activity of Trichoderma harzianum were influenced by the degree of wood decay where the interaction occurred. Presence of both cellulose and chitin microfibrils apparently enhanced the mycoparasitic activity. In Quercus wood, P. ostreatus showed a unidirectional growth toward bacterial colonies, which formed as the result of decomposition of dead nematodes, and consumed the unidentified bacteria. In nitrogen-deficient wood, fungal and bacterial cell walls may serve as an important reservoir of nitrogen for wood inhabiting microorganisms. Key words: wood decay, mycoparasitism, bacteriolysis, cellulose, chitin.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Gimenez-Ibanez, Selena, Dagmar R. Hann, and John P. Rathjen. "Deciphering the mode of action and host recognition of bacterial type III effectors." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 10 (2010): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10085.

Full text

Abstract:

Plant pathogenic bacteria adhere to cell walls and remain external to the cell throughout the pathogenic lifecycle, where they elicit host immunity through host plasma membrane localised receptors. To be successful pathogens, bacteria must suppress these defence responses, which they do by secreting a suite of virulence effector molecules into the host cytoplasm. However, effectors themselves can act as elicitors after perception by intracellular host immune receptors, thus, re-activating plant immunity. Bacterial effectors generally target host molecules through specific molecular activities to defeat plant defence responses. Although effectors can be used as tools to elucidate components of plant immunity, only a handful of these molecular targets are known and much remains to be learnt about effector strategies for bacterial pathogenicity. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the mode of action of bacterial effectors, which in the future will lead to improvements in agriculture.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Callegan, Michelle C., Mary C. Booth, Bradley D. Jett, and Michael S. Gilmore. "Pathogenesis of Gram-Positive Bacterial Endophthalmitis." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 3348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.7.3348-3356.1999.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT The severity of endophthalmitis has been associated generally with the virulence of the offending pathogen. However, precisely what constitutes the virulence in intraocular infections remains ill defined. We therefore sought to identify the basis for virulence for three common ocular pathogens (Bacillus cereus,Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus) in terms of intraocular growth rates, bacterial localization patterns, and the contribution of cell walls and secreted products to the pathogenesis of endophthalmitis. Rabbit eyes were injected intravitreally with (i) viable B. cereus, E. faecalis, or S. aureus, (ii) metabolically inactiveB. cereus, E. faecalis, or S. aureus, (iii) sacculus preparations from each strain, or (iv) culture fluid containing products secreted by each strain. Eyes were assessed at various times following injection by slit lamp biomicroscopy, electroretinography (ERG), bacterial and inflammatory cell enumeration, and histology. B. cereus endophthalmitis followed a more rapid and virulent course than E. faecalisor S. aureus endophthalmitis, eliminating retinal responsiveness, as measured by ERG, by 12 h. Analysis of bacterial localization revealed that B. cereus uniquely migrated rapidly from posterior to anterior segment during infection. Although injection of neither metabolically inactive bacteria nor cell wall sacculi greatly affected ERG, significant intraocular inflammation was observed. Injection of B. cereus or S. aureusculture fluids caused both significant reductions in retinal responsiveness and significant intraocular inflammation, paralleling that seen in natural infections. The results demonstrate that toxins, intraocular localization, and, to a lesser extent, the intraocular host response to cell walls all contribute to the pathogenesis of B. cereus, S. aureus, and E. faecalisendophthalmitis in a pathogen-specific manner. The key pathophysiologic differences in these intraocular diseases highlight opportunities for optimizing conventional therapies and deriving new ones.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

van den Berg, Bert. "Bacterial cleanup: lateral diffusion of hydrophobic molecules through protein channel walls." BioMolecular Concepts 1, no. 3-4 (October 1, 2010): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc.2010.024.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria forms a very efficient barrier against the permeation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds, owing to the presence of lipopolysaccharides on the outside of the cell. Although much is known about the OM passage of hydrophilic molecules, it is much less clear how hydrophobic molecules cross this barrier. Members of the FadL channel family, which are widespread in Gram-negative bacteria, are so far the only proteins with an established role in the uptake of hydrophobic molecules across the OM. Recent structural and biochemical research has shown that these channels operate according to a unique lateral diffusion mechanism, in which the substrate moves from the lumen of the barrel into the OM via an unusual opening in the wall of the barrel. Understanding how hydrophobic molecules cross the OM is not only of fundamental importance but could also have applications in the design of novel, hydrophobic drugs, biofuel production and the generation of more efficient bacterial biodegrader strains.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Polanski, M., and G. R. Gray. "Incorporation of bacterial peptidoglycan constituents into macrophage lipids during phagocytosis." Journal of Immunology 143, no. 8 (October 15, 1989): 2706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.143.8.2706.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract It has previously been established that several glycopeptides of peptidoglycan origin are formed as a result of processing of Bacillus subtilis cell walls by the macrophage-like cell line RAW264. Although the formation of these glycopeptides could account for the humoral immune responses characteristic of bacterial peptidoglycans, their formation does not account for the cellular-mediated immune responses observed for water-in-oil emulsions of peptidoglycan or for lipophilic derivatives of glycopeptide fragments thereof. Therefore, the processing of peptidoglycan by macrophages was reexamined to establish whether the lipophilic derivative of any peptidoglycan-derived glycopeptide was formed. The experiments were performed by incubating B. subtilis cell walls radiolabeled in muramic acid, glucosamine, alanine, glutamic acid, and diaminopimelic acid residues in the presence of the macrophage-like cell line RAW264. The crude lipid fraction derived from the macrophages was further fractionated and analyzed, revealing the presence of two lipophilic glycopeptides that contained glucosamine, muramic acid, and alanine of bacterial origin.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Bacterial cell walls'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles