Journal articles on the topic 'Bacterial antibiotics'
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1
Abedon, Stephen T. "Phage-Antibiotic Combination Treatments: Antagonistic Impacts of Antibiotics on the Pharmacodynamics of Phage Therapy?" Antibiotics 8, no. 4 (October 11, 2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040182.
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Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics. Even without changing genetically, bacteria also can display tolerance to antibiotic treatments. Many antibiotics are also broadly acting, as can result in excessive modifications of body microbiomes. Particularly for antibiotics of last resort or in treating extremely ill patients, antibiotics furthermore can display excessive toxicities. Antibiotics nevertheless remain the standard of care for bacterial infections, and rightly so given their long track records of both antibacterial efficacy and infrequency of severe side effects. Antibiotics do not successfully cure all treated bacterial infections, however, thereby providing a utility to alternative antibacterial approaches. One such approach is the use of bacteriophages, the viruses of bacteria. This nearly 100-year-old bactericidal, anti-infection technology can be effective against antibiotic-resistant or -tolerant bacteria, including bacterial biofilms and persister cells. Ideally phages could be used in combination with standard antibiotics while retaining their anti-bacterial pharmacodynamic activity, this despite antibiotics interfering with aspects of bacterial metabolism that are also required for full phage infection activity. Here I examine the literature of pre-clinical phage-antibiotic combination treatments, with emphasis on antibiotic-susceptible bacterial targets. I review evidence of antibiotic interference with phage infection activity along with its converse: phage antibacterial functioning despite antibiotic presence.
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Hochvaldová, Lucie, Renata Večeřová, Milan Kolář, Robert Prucek, Libor Kvítek, Lubomír Lapčík, and Aleš Panáček. "Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0059.
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Abstract When combined with nanomaterials, antibiotics show antibacterial activity against susceptible and resistant bacterial strains at significantly lower concentrations. Unfortunately, to date, no research study has examined the effect of the antibiotic mode of action and mechanism of bacterial resistance on the effectiveness of combined antibacterial treatment with nanomaterials. Therefore, in this review, we performed a thorough analysis and critical evaluation of previously published data related to the combined antibacterial effect of antibiotics with nanostructured materials with a targeted focus on relationships between antibiotic’s modes of action and bacterial resistance mechanisms for relevant nanomaterials and their impact on the resulting synergistic effects. Following thorough data analysis and critical discussion, we have discovered and are the first who present that antibiotic’s mode of action and bacterial resistance mechanism determine the final effectiveness of combined antibacterial treatment with nanomaterials. We therefore conclude that only certain combinations of nanomaterials with antibiotics can lead to the enhancement and restoration of the antibacterial effectiveness of antibiotics against certain resistant bacteria. Moreover, the recently occurring development of bacterial resistance towards nanomaterials is also discussed together with a possibility of how to prevent it. All discovered findings provide a new view and perspective on this issue helping to navigate further approaches to combat the antibiotic crisis.
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Chen, Qingquan, Tejas Dharmaraj, Pamela C. Cai, Elizabeth B. Burgener, Naomi L. Haddock, Andy J. Spakowitz, and Paul L. Bollyky. "Bacteriophage and Bacterial Susceptibility, Resistance, and Tolerance to Antibiotics." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071425.
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Bacteriophages, viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria, impact bacterial responses to antibiotics in complex ways. Recent studies using lytic bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections (phage therapy) demonstrate that phages can promote susceptibility to chemical antibiotics and that phage/antibiotic synergy is possible. However, both lytic and lysogenic bacteriophages can contribute to antimicrobial resistance. In particular, some phages mediate the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria via transduction and other mechanisms. In addition, chronic infection filamentous phages can promote antimicrobial tolerance, the ability of bacteria to persist in the face of antibiotics. In particular, filamentous phages serve as structural elements in bacterial biofilms and prevent the penetration of antibiotics. Over time, these contributions to antibiotic tolerance favor the selection of resistance clones. Here, we review recent insights into bacteriophage contributions to antibiotic susceptibility, resistance, and tolerance. We discuss the mechanisms involved in these effects and address their impact on bacterial fitness.
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Shifa Begum, Tofa Begum, Naziza Rahman, and Ruhul A. Khan. "A review on antibiotic resistance and way of combating antimicrobial resistance." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 14, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 087–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.2.0037.
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Antibiotics are widely used most effective medication since the twentieth century against bacterial infections (Tetanus, Strep Throat, Urinary Tract Infections, etc.) and thus save one’s life. Before 20th-century infectious disease played the main role in the death. Thus, antibiotics opened a revolutionary era in the field of medication. These cannot fight against viral infections. Antibiotics are also known as an antibacterial that kill or slow down bacterial growth and prohibit the bacteria to harm. Resistance comes as a curse with antibiotics that occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals or other agents designed to cure or prevent infections. It is now a significant threat to public health that is affecting humans worldwide outside the environment of the hospital. When a bacterium once become resistant to antibiotic then the bacterial infections cannot be cured with that antibiotic. Thus, the emergence of antibiotic-resistance among the most important bacterial pathogens causing more harm. In this context, the classification of antibiotics, mode of action of antibiotics, and mechanism of resistance and the process of overcoming antibiotic resistance are discussed broadly.
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Ghai, Ishan. "A Barrier to Entry: Examining the Bacterial Outer Membrane and Antibiotic Resistance." Applied Sciences 13, no. 7 (March 27, 2023): 4238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074238.
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Gram-negative bacteria can resist antibiotics by changing the permeability via their outer membrane. These bacteria have a complex cell envelope that incorporates an outer membrane separating the periplasm from the external environment. This outer membrane contains many protein channels, also known as porins or nanopores, which mainly allow the influx of hydrophilic compounds, including antibiotics. One probable way bacteria may possibly develop antibiotic resistance is by reworking to reduce the inflow through these outer membrane porins or nanopores. The challenge now is to recognize and potentially comprehend the molecular basis of permeability via the bacterial outer membrane. To address this challenge, this assessment builds upon the author’s previous work to develop a comprehensive understanding of membrane porins and their crucial role in the influx of antibiotics and solutes. Furthermore, the work aspires to investigate the bacterial response to antibiotic membrane permeability and nurture discussion toward further exploration of the physicochemical parameters governing the translocation/transport of antibiotics through bacterial membrane porins. By augmenting our understanding of these mechanisms, we may devise novel approaches to mitigate antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.
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Harpaz, Dorin, Robert S. Marks, Ariel Kushmaro, and Evgeni Eltzov. "Environmental pollutants induce noninherited antibiotic resistance to polymyxin B in Escherichia coli." Future Microbiology 15, no. 17 (November 2020): 1631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2020-0172.
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Aim: The mechanisms behind antibiotic resistance by bacteria are important to create alternative molecules. Objective: This study focuses on the impact of environmental pollutants on bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Materials & methods: The effect of various environmental pollutants on noninherited bacterial resistance to antibiotics was examined. Results: The tolerance to the polymyxin-B antibiotic was shown to be conferred to Escherichia coli, by pretreatment with subinhibitory concentrations of environmental toxicants. The cell survival to a sublethal dosage of antibiotics was tested. Exposure to low concentrations of toxic compounds (500 ppb copper, 2% [v/v] ethanol or 0.5 μg/ml trimethoprim) stimulated the bacterial heat shock systems and led to increased tolerance to polymyxin B. Conclusion: Environmental pollutants induce a temporary bacterial noninheritable resistance to antibiotic.
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Syahputra, Ryan Ravi Is, Dini Agustina, and Septa Surya Wahyudi. "The Sensitivity Pattern of Bacteria Against Antibiotics in Urinary Tract Infection Patients at RSD DR. Soebandi Jember." Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences 4, no. 3 (October 11, 2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ams.v4i3.6786.
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Urinary tract infection (UTI) was infection by microorganisms in the urinary tract. Treatment of UTI required supportive therapy and adequate antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance was the solution in the treatment of UTI, so it is important to assess the factors of bacterial resistance and strategies to control the incidence of resistance by choosing antibiotics in accordance with the pattern of sensitivity of germs obtained. This study aimed to determine the pattern of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics in patients with UTI in RSD dr. Soebandi Jember. This research used descriptive research design by taking secondary data that was medical record data of urine culture examination and sensitivity test to antibiotics in UTI patients who have been diagnosed in inpatient and outpatient room RSD dr. Soebandi Jember between the period January 1, 2014 until November 30, 2017. The results of this study obtained 57 samples of urine positive bacteria, which found 18 types of bacteria that caused UTI. Of the 18 types of bacteria, there were 16 Gram negative bacteria and 2 Gram positive bacteria. Five bacteria divided among others E. coli on 24 samples, K. ornithinolytica on 5 samples, K. pneumoniae on 4 samples, B. cepacia on 4 samples, and E. cloacae on 3 samples. The results of bacterial sensitivity to antibiotic pattern showed the highest sensitivity level ie amikacin, fosfomicin, netilmicin, gentamicin, and nitrofurantoin. While the results of patterns of bacterial resistance to antibiotics based on hormonal levels of cephalotin, cephazolin, ampicillin, sulphametoxazole, and trimetoprim.
Keywords: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Bacterial sensitivity, Antibiotics
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J, Prarthana. "Biological and Computational Approach to Modify Bacterial Size and Reduce its Antibiotic Consumption Targeting Mreb Bacterial Cytoskeletal Protein." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 15, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/15.1.11.
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Amongst the cytoskeletal proteins of bacteria, MreB is known to have very crucial role in modulating shape of the bacteria. Present study involves the use of biocide (A-22) which minimizes the bacterial size augmenting with minimal antibiotic consumption. Intended experiment is designed to be carried out on selected pure strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria namely Lactobacillus rhamnosous ATCC 7469 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 respectively. The pure strains are exposed to biocide and changes in the shape is recorded by means of Foldscope (Origami based paper microscope, Prakash Labs) and in-vivo assessment done using antibiotic sensitivity assays with different antibiotics.The novel biocide specifically targeting bacterial cytoskeletal protein, that determines rod shape among bacterial population. The said compound is also experimented as combinational drug along with conventional antibiotics to reduce antibiotic dose needed to kill and to overcome antibiotic resistance. The A-22has reduced nearly 60-70% antibiotic usage. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 when tested for MIC using A-22 and different antibiotics, it was found that 0.5 µg/ml of ampicillin, 1 µg/ml of streptomycin and 5 µg/ml erythromycin were effective in curtailing bacteria against conventional antibiotic concentrations ampicillin 128 µg/ml streptomycin 32 µg/ml, erythromycin 64 µg/ml. Compared to doses of antibiotics required to kill bacteria, the combinational drug of biocide and antibiotic have shown promising effects in killing bacteria at very less concentration, this can useful for treating most diseases caused by antimicrobial resistance bacterial populations.
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Diallo, Kevin, and Alain Dublanchet. "Benefits of Combined Phage–Antibiotic Therapy for the Control of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Literature Review." Antibiotics 11, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070839.
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With the increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics, more and more therapeutic failures are being reported worldwide. The market for antibiotics is now broken due to the high cost of developing new molecules. A promising solution to bacterial resistance is combined phage–antibiotic therapy, a century-old method that can potentiate existing antibiotics by prolonging or even restoring their activity against specific bacteria. The aim of this literature review was to provide an overview of different phage–antibiotic combinations and to describe the possible mechanisms of phage–antibiotic synergy.
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Liu, Yuan, Ruichao Li, Xia Xiao, and Zhiqiang Wang. "Molecules that Inhibit Bacterial Resistance Enzymes." Molecules 24, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010043.
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Antibiotic resistance mediated by bacterial enzymes constitutes an unmet clinical challenge for public health, particularly for those currently used antibiotics that are recognized as “last-resort” defense against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Inhibitors of resistance enzymes offer an alternative strategy to counter this threat. The combination of inhibitors and antibiotics could effectively prolong the lifespan of clinically relevant antibiotics and minimize the impact and emergence of resistance. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of antibiotic resistance mechanism by bacterial secreted enzymes. Furthermore, we summarize the potential inhibitors that sabotage these resistance pathways and restore the bactericidal activity of inactive antibiotics. Finally, the faced challenges and an outlook for the development of more effective and safer resistance enzyme inhibitors are discussed.
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Tsakou, Foteini, Rosa Jersie-Christensen, Håvard Jenssen, and Biljana Mojsoska. "The Role of Proteomics in Bacterial Response to Antibiotics." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13090214.
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For many years, we have tried to use antibiotics to eliminate the persistence of pathogenic bacteria. However, these infectious agents can recover from antibiotic challenges through various mechanisms, including drug resistance and antibiotic tolerance, and continue to pose a global threat to human health. To design more efficient treatments against bacterial infections, detailed knowledge about the bacterial response to the commonly used antibiotics is required. Proteomics is a well-suited and powerful tool to study molecular response to antimicrobial compounds. Bacterial response profiling from system-level investigations could increase our understanding of bacterial adaptation, the mechanisms behind antibiotic resistance and tolerance development. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of bacterial response to the most common antibiotics with a focus on the identification of dynamic proteome responses, and through published studies, to elucidate the formation mechanism of resistant and tolerant bacterial phenotypes.
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Haque, Hania, Syed Irtiza Imam, Hareer Fatima, Syeda Dua E. Zehra Zaidi, Burhanuddin Sohail Rangwala, and Hussain Sohail Rangwala. "The Growing Threat of Antibiotic Resistance: Addressing the Urgency." Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 25, no. 2 (April 4, 2023): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i2600.
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Antibiotic resistance has become a critical public health issue due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Despite ongoing efforts to develop stronger antibiotics, bacterial resistance continues to evolve, leading to a global crisis. Effective antibiotics are becoming scarce, and diseases that were once treatable are now becoming uncontrollable. There is a need for new solutions to preserve the current antibiotic arsenal and combat bacterial resistance. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics which do not contribute to multidrug resistance could be a solution instead of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
One potential solution is phage therapy, which uses bacteriophages to target specific bacteria without harming healthy cells. Plants are another potential solution because they contain natural antibacterial compounds like polyphenols and alkaloids. Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) from eukaryotes can also be a good substitute for antibiotics because they do not require a receptor and minimize the chance of bacterial resistance. A clinical trial on women with recurrent UTI was performed. The results of which revealed that overall methenamine hippurate is effective in reducing the intake of antibiotics. Whole genome sequencing is a rapidly evolving method through which resistance pathways are identified to tackle resistance. Developing metallophores is an area of great potential and metal complexes are more likely to advance towards becoming a clinically approved replacement to antibiotics. The development of new solutions is critical to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and ensure that bacterial infections remain treatable.
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Shrestha, Sachet Prabhat, Jagat Khadka, Amod K. Pokhrel, and Brijesh Sathian. "Acute bacterial conjunctivitis – antibiotic susceptibility and resistance to commercially available topical antibiotics in Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 8, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v8i1.16153.
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Introduction: There is a shifting trend in susceptibility and resistance of the bacteria towards available antibiotics in the last decade. Therefore, periodic studies to monitor the emerging trends in antibiotic susceptibility and resistance are crucial in guiding antibiotic selection. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the most common pathogens causing bacterial conjunctivitis, and to find the in vitro susceptibility and resistance of these pathogens to commercially available topical antibiotic eye drops in Nepal. Subjects and methods: Conjunctival smears and antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for 308 patients presenting to the Eye Care Center, Padma Nursing Home, Pokhara, Nepal from 11th December 1012 to 4th October 2013 with clinical signs and symptoms of acute infective conjunctivitisin in a hospital based cross-sectional study. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for thirteen commercially available topical antibiotics- Chloroamphenicol, Moxifloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Neomycin, Bacitracin, Polymyxin-B, Methicillin, Cephazoline, Amikacin and Vancomycin. Results: Acute infective conjunctivitis and viral conjunctivitis was more common in adults and in males. Bacterial conjunctivitis was present in about one third (32.47% to 36.04%) of the patients with acute infective conjunctivitis, and it was more common in children. Bacteria were highly sensitive (93-98%) to most commercially available antibiotics but significant resistance was found against three antibiotics-Bacitracin (9.0%), Neomycin (16.0%) and Polymyxin-B (24.0%). MRSA infection was found in 7.0% of the bacterial isolates. Rest of antibiotics, showed variable resistance (14.3% to 100.0%). All cases of Ophthalmia neonatorum were bacterial. Conclusion: The best commercially available antibiotic for bacterial conjunctivitis was Moxifloxacin. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 23-35
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Martínez, José L., and Fernando Baquero. "Interactions among Strategies Associated with Bacterial Infection: Pathogenicity, Epidemicity, and Antibiotic Resistance." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15, no. 4 (October 2002): 647–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.15.4.647-679.2002.
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SUMMARY Infections have been the major cause of disease throughout the history of human populations. With the introduction of antibiotics, it was thought that this problem should disappear. However, bacteria have been able to evolve to become antibiotic resistant. Nowadays, a proficient pathogen must be virulent, epidemic, and resistant to antibiotics. Analysis of the interplay among these features of bacterial populations is needed to predict the future of infectious diseases. In this regard, we have reviewed the genetic linkage of antibiotic resistance and bacterial virulence in the same genetic determinants as well as the cross talk between antibiotic resistance and virulence regulatory circuits with the aim of understanding the effect of acquisition of resistance on bacterial virulence. We also discuss the possibility that antibiotic resistance and bacterial virulence might prevail as linked phenotypes in the future. The novel situation brought about by the worldwide use of antibiotics is undoubtedly changing bacterial populations. These changes might alter the properties of not only bacterial pathogens, but also the normal host microbiota. The evolutionary consequences of the release of antibiotics into the environment are largely unknown, but most probably restoration of the microbiota from the preantibiotic era is beyond our current abilities.
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Hotinger, Julia A., Seth T. Morris, and Aaron E. May. "The Case against Antibiotics and for Anti-Virulence Therapeutics." Microorganisms 9, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102049.
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Although antibiotics have been indispensable in the advancement of modern medicine, there are downsides to their use. Growing resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics is leading to an epidemic of infections untreatable by first-line therapies. Resistance is exacerbated by antibiotics used as growth factors in livestock, over-prescribing by doctors, and poor treatment adherence by patients. This generates populations of resistant bacteria that can then spread resistance genes horizontally to other bacterial species, including commensals. Furthermore, even when antibiotics are used appropriately, they harm commensal bacteria leading to increased secondary infection risk. Effective antibiotic treatment can induce bacterial survival tactics, such as toxin release and increasing resistance gene transfer. These problems highlight the need for new approaches to treating bacterial infection. Current solutions include combination therapies, narrow-spectrum therapeutics, and antibiotic stewardship programs. These mediate the issues but do not address their root cause. One emerging solution to these problems is anti-virulence treatment: preventing bacterial pathogenesis instead of using bactericidal agents. In this review, we discuss select examples of potential anti-virulence targets and strategies that could be developed into bacterial infection treatments: the bacterial type III secretion system, quorum sensing, and liposomes.
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Nazarov, Pavel A. "MDR Pumps as Crossroads of Resistance: Antibiotics and Bacteriophages." Antibiotics 11, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11060734.
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At present, antibiotic resistance represents a global problem in modern medicine. In the near future, humanity may face a situation where medicine will be powerless against resistant bacteria and a post-antibiotic era will come. The development of new antibiotics is either very expensive or ineffective due to rapidly developing bacterial resistance. The need to develop alternative approaches to the treatment of bacterial infections, such as phage therapy, is beyond doubt. The cornerstone of bacterial defense against antibiotics are multidrug resistance (MDR) pumps, which are involved in antibiotic resistance, toxin export, biofilm, and persister cell formation. MDR pumps are the primary non-specific defense of bacteria against antibiotics, while drug target modification, drug inactivation, target switching, and target sequestration are the second, specific line of their defense. All bacteria have MDR pumps, and bacteriophages have evolved along with them and use the bacteria’s need for MDR pumps to bind and penetrate into bacterial cells. The study and understanding of the mechanisms of the pumps and their contribution to the overall resistance and to the sensitivity to bacteriophages will allow us to either seriously delay the onset of the post-antibiotic era or even prevent it altogether due to phage-antibiotic synergy.
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Ahmed Azeem, Muhammad. "Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Pseudomonas Species Isolated from Cloacal Swab of Domestic Pigeons." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 5, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2021.0503173.
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Antibiotics are used to treat a number of bacterial infections. However, overuse or misuse of antibiotics has raised serious concerns against antibioticresistance amongst bacteria. Hence, antibiotics are becoming inefficient in treating bacterial infections leading to an increase in mortality rate worldwide. The domestic animals especially birds are a major source of transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria in human through excrement and cause bacterial diseases in human. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of different antibiotics prior to their prescription as a measure to prevent antibiotic resistance in bacteria. For this 120 cloacal swab samples were collected from the domestic pigeons of District Narowal to isolate Pseudomonas sp. and assess the efficacy of different antibiotics prior to their prescription as a measure to prevent antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Antibacterial activities were evaluated by performing antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas isolates against 18 commercially available antibiotic discs [Trimethoprime (TMP), Clarithromycin (CLR), Gentamicin (GEN), Chloramphenicol (C), Ampicillin (AM), Streptomycin (S), Kanamycin (K), Nitrofurantoin (F), Amoxicillin (AX), Tazobactam (TPZ), Imipenem (IPM), Meropenem (MEM), Levofloxacin (LEV), Nalidixic acid (NA), Ceftriaxone (CRO), Amikacin (AK), Tetracycline (TE) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP)] by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Amongst these antibiotics, notably Pseudomonas sp. showed highest sensitivity to Clarithromycin (93.94%), Ampicillin (100%), Amikacin (93%) and Nalidixic (100%). This study established a general antibiotic resistance pattern of commercially used different antibiotics for commonly encountered clinical isolates. Moreover, antibiotics susceptibility tests (AST) should be carried out prior to prescribing antibiotics to the patient. Additionally, the antibacterial activities of local clinical isolates and change in bacteriological profile due to indiscriminate use of antibiotics associated with appearance of multiple drug resistant strains should be evaluated. It was concluded that preventive measure and their implementation is quite necessary to control antibiotic resistance and domestic pigeons can be a carrier of Pseudomonas species and can transmit through their fecal material to humans and other animals.
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Iswara, Arya, and Sri Sinto Dewi. "Bacterial Plasmids Profile from Escherichia coli Resistant to Metronidazole and Nalidixic Acid." El-Hayah 6, no. 1 (September 19, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/elha.v6i1.4079.
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bacteria that cause an illness. Antibiotic treatments to a patient have a purpose to eliminate the pathogen bacteria. Bacteria resistance to antibiotic was influenced by the intensity of antibiotic treatment in a region, the uncontrolled antibiotics treatments would increase the antibiotic resistance of bacteria. Plasmids was an extrachromosomal DNA that encodes a functional protein that would eliminate the antibiotic activity. Plasmid is the determinant of bacteria sensitivity to antibiotics. In this case it would be important to find out the bacterial plasmid profile on the E.coli resistant to metronidazole and nalidixic acid antibiotics. This research was using four different sample from faces of diarrhea, ice block, waters from well, and ketchup to cultivate the E. coli. lasmid isolation method was carried out by lyses alkali method. Plasmid profile of the E. coli that resistant to metronidazole and nalidixic acid antibiotics and analyzed using electrophoresis on 1% agarose. E. coli plasmid DNA profile was observed as a fluorescent DNA band in ultraviolet rays. In result, isolated plasmids from bacteria that resistant to antibiotics metronidazole and nalidixic acid having similar size approximately 500 bp, different from bacteria that sensitive to antibiotics metronidazole and nalidixic acid has a smaller size in region of 100 bp.
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Lobritz, Michael A., Peter Belenky, Caroline B. M. Porter, Arnaud Gutierrez, Jason H. Yang, Eric G. Schwarz, Daniel J. Dwyer, Ahmad S. Khalil, and James J. Collins. "Antibiotic efficacy is linked to bacterial cellular respiration." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 27 (June 22, 2015): 8173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509743112.
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Bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotic treatments result in two fundamentally different phenotypic outcomes—the inhibition of bacterial growth or, alternatively, cell death. Most antibiotics inhibit processes that are major consumers of cellular energy output, suggesting that antibiotic treatment may have important downstream consequences on bacterial metabolism. We hypothesized that the specific metabolic effects of bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics contribute to their overall efficacy. We leveraged the opposing phenotypes of bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs in combination to investigate their activity. Growth inhibition from bacteriostatic antibiotics was associated with suppressed cellular respiration whereas cell death from most bactericidal antibiotics was associated with accelerated respiration. In combination, suppression of cellular respiration by the bacteriostatic antibiotic was the dominant effect, blocking bactericidal killing. Global metabolic profiling of bacteriostatic antibiotic treatment revealed that accumulation of metabolites involved in specific drug target activity was linked to the buildup of energy metabolites that feed the electron transport chain. Inhibition of cellular respiration by knockout of the cytochrome oxidases was sufficient to attenuate bactericidal lethality whereas acceleration of basal respiration by genetically uncoupling ATP synthesis from electron transport resulted in potentiation of the killing effect of bactericidal antibiotics. This work identifies a link between antibiotic-induced cellular respiration and bactericidal lethality and demonstrates that bactericidal activity can be arrested by attenuated respiration and potentiated by accelerated respiration. Our data collectively show that antibiotics perturb the metabolic state of bacteria and that the metabolic state of bacteria impacts antibiotic efficacy.
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Croswell, Amy, Elad Amir, Paul Teggatz, Melissa Barman, and Nita H. Salzman. "Prolonged Impact of Antibiotics on Intestinal Microbial Ecology and Susceptibility to Enteric Salmonella Infection." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 7 (April 20, 2009): 2741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00006-09.
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ABSTRACT The impact of antibiotics on the host's protective microbiota and the resulting increased susceptibility to mucosal infection are poorly understood. In this study, antibiotic regimens commonly applied to murine enteritis models are used to examine the impact of antibiotics on the intestinal microbiota, the time course of recovery of the biota, and the resulting susceptibility to enteric Salmonella infection. Molecular analysis of the microbiota showed that antibiotic treatment has an impact on the colonization of the murine gut that is site and antibiotic dependent. While combinations of antibiotics were able to eliminate culturable bacteria, none of the antibiotic treatments were effective at sterilizing the intestinal tract. Recovery of total bacterial numbers occurs within 1 week after antibiotic withdrawal, but alterations in specific bacterial groups persist for several weeks. Increased Salmonella translocation associated with antibiotic pretreatment corrects rapidly in association with the recovery of the most dominant bacterial group, which parallels the recovery of total bacterial numbers. However, susceptibility to intestinal colonization and mucosal inflammation persists when mice are infected several weeks after withdrawal of antibiotics, correlating with subtle alterations in the intestinal microbiome involving alterations of specific bacterial groups. These results show that the colonizing microbiotas are integral to mucosal host protection, that specific features of the microbiome impact different aspects of enteric Salmonella pathogenesis, and that antibiotics can have prolonged deleterious effects on intestinal colonization resistance.
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Khazi-Syed, Afeefah, Md Tanvir Hasan, Elizabeth Campbell, Roberto Gonzalez-Rodriguez, and Anton V. Naumov. "Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Assisted Antibiotic Delivery and Imaging in S. epidermidis Strains Addressing Antibiotic Resistance." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 1685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121685.
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Although conventional antibiotics have evolved as a staple of modern medicine, increasing antibiotic resistance and the lack of antibiotic efficacy against new bacterial threats is becoming a major medical threat. In this work, we employ single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) known to deliver and track therapeutics in mammalian cells via intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence as carriers enhancing antibacterial delivery of doxycycline and methicillin. SWCNTs dispersed in water by antibiotics without the use of toxic bile salt surfactants facilitate efficacy enhancement for both antibiotics against Staphylococcus epidermidis strain showing minimal sensitivity to methicillin. Doxycycline to which the strain did not show resistance in complex with SWCNTs provides only minor increase in efficacy, whereas the SWCNTs/methicillin complex yields up to 40-fold efficacy enhancement over antibiotics alone, suggesting that SWCNT-assisted delivery may circumvent antibiotic resistance in that bacterial strain. At the same time SWCNT/antibiotic formulations appear to be less toxic to mammalian cells than antibiotics alone suggesting that nanomaterial platforms may not restrict potential biomedical applications. The improvement in antibacterial performance with SWCNT delivery is tested via 3 independent assays—colony count, MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) turbidity and disk diffusion, with the statistical significance of the latter verified by ANOVA and Dunnett’s method. The potential mechanism of action is attributed to SWCNT interactions with bacterial cell wall and adherence to the membrane, as substantial association of SWCNT with bacteria is observed—the near-infrared fluorescence microscopy of treated bacteria shows localization of SWCNT fluorescence in bacterial clusters, scanning electron microscopy verifies SWCNT association with bacterial surface, whereas transmission electron microscopy shows individual SWCNT penetration into bacterial cell wall. This work characterizes SWCNTs as novel advantageous antibiotic delivery/imaging agents having the potential to address antibiotic resistance.
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Schlomann, Brandon H., Travis J. Wiles, Elena S. Wall, Karen Guillemin, and Raghuveer Parthasarathy. "Sublethal antibiotics collapse gut bacterial populations by enhancing aggregation and expulsion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 43 (October 7, 2019): 21392–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907567116.
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Antibiotics induce large and highly variable changes in the intestinal microbiome even at sublethal concentrations, through mechanisms that remain elusive. Using gnotobiotic zebrafish, which allow high-resolution examination of microbial dynamics, we found that sublethal doses of the common antibiotic ciprofloxacin cause severe drops in bacterial abundance. Contrary to conventional views of antimicrobial tolerance, disruption was more pronounced for slow-growing, aggregated bacteria than for fast-growing, planktonic species. Live imaging revealed that antibiotic treatment promoted bacterial aggregation and increased susceptibility to intestinal expulsion. Intestinal mechanics therefore amplify the effects of antibiotics on resident bacteria. Microbial dynamics are captured by a biophysical model that connects antibiotic-induced collapses to gelation phase transitions in soft materials, providing a framework for predicting the impact of antibiotics on the intestinal microbiome.
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Singh, Partapbir, and Tejinder Kaur. "Prevalence of Bacterial Species in Traumatic, Burns and Post-Surgical Wounds: Focus on Emerging Drug Resistance." Microbiology Research Journal International 33, no. 5 (July 31, 2023): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i51383.
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Introduction: Resistance of bacteria to antibiotics poses a serious challenge in managing and treating wound-related complications. Determining the antibiotic resistance patterns is crucial for guiding appropriate antibiotic therapy to avoid their overuse and emergence of deadly superbugs.
Aim: The study was aimed to isolate and detect bacterial species responsible for causing infection in different types of traumatic, burns and post-surgical wounds and antibiotic resistance profile of isolated microorganisms.
Methodology: The bacterial load and isolation of microbes was determined by plating of samples onto duplicate blood and MacConkey agar plates. The morphologically distinct bacterial isolates were identified by biochemical tests and susceptibility of bacteria against selected antibiotics was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.
Results: The major bacterial strains isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most prominent bacterial strain found was Staphylococcus aureus, present in more than 54% of collected samples, followed by E. coli, Klebsiella sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, present in 17%, 11%, and 10% of collected samples, respectively. The study further explored that Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. showed resistance against various non-identical antibiotics such as Amikacin (aminoglycosides), Azithromycin (macrolides), Levofloxacin & ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolones) and Cefazolin (cephalosporins). However, Doxycycline (tetracycline) was the only antibiotic that inhibited the growth of all the bacterial species isolated from the infected wounds. levofloxacin was also one of the effective antibiotics in restricting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Klebsiella spp.
Consequently, the study suggests that Doxycycline followed by levofloxacin may be the most suitable antibiotics for controlling wound infection in this specific geographic region.
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Nikolic, Philip, and Poonam Mudgil. "The Cell Wall, Cell Membrane and Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus aureus and Their Role in Antibiotic Resistance." Microorganisms 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020259.
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Antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are a serious threat to human health. With increasing antibiotic resistance in common human pathogens, fewer antibiotics remain effective against infectious diseases. Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium of particular concern to human health as it has developed resistance to many of the currently used antibiotics leaving very few remaining as effective treatment. Alternatives to conventional antibiotics are needed for treating resistant bacterial infections. A deeper understanding of the cellular characteristics of resistant bacteria beyond well characterized resistance mechanisms can allow for increased ability to properly treat them and to potentially identify targetable changes. This review looks at antibiotic resistance in S aureus in relation to its cellular components, the cell wall, cell membrane and virulence factors. Methicillin resistant S aureus bacteria are resistant to most antibiotics and some strains have even developed resistance to the last resort antibiotics vancomycin and daptomycin. Modifications in cell wall peptidoglycan and teichoic acids are noted in antibiotic resistant bacteria. Alterations in cell membrane lipids affect susceptibility to antibiotics through surface charge, permeability, fluidity, and stability of the bacterial membrane. Virulence factors such as adhesins, toxins and immunomodulators serve versatile pathogenic functions in S aureus. New antimicrobial strategies can target cell membrane lipids and virulence factors including anti-virulence treatment as an adjuvant to traditional antibiotic therapy.
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Khaliq, Tayyaba, and Muhammad Imran Qadir. "Phage Therapy as an alternative to Antibiotic Therapy against Urinary Tract Infections to Combat Antibiotic Resistance." JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v2i2.30.
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Urinary tract infection is the global health problem being 2nd most common bacterial infection. The abuse of antibiotics without bacterial characterization during its treatment results in emergence of highly antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Some biofilm forming bacterial strains are hard to treat using antibiotics. So, an alternative therapy is urgently needed. Phage therapy offers promising results for treatment of these infections in which virulent or lytic phages are used to lyse infection-causing bacterial cells. This review emphasizes several ways in which phage therapy can be carried out against uropathogenic bacteria. Clinical trials provide many positive results for phage therapy as compared to antibiotic therapy but a lot of in-vivo studies are still to be done to use this as potential treatment against UTIs.
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Hudecová, Patrícia, Jana Koščová, and Vanda Hajdučková. "Phytobiotics and Their Antibacterial Activity Against Major Fish Pathogens. A Review." Folia Veterinaria 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2023-0017.
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Abstract This review focuses on the characteristic of major fish bacteria, antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic substitution in aquaculture. Nowadays aquaculture represents the fastest growing industry leading to the use of intensive and semi-intensive methods resulting in outbreaks of bacterial diseases. Antibiotics are used to treat and prevent these bacterial diseases, which can cause an increase in resistance. Many antibiotics applied in aquaculture were originally used in human medicine and many countries do not have strict limits for their application. Annually, more than 700 000 people worldwide die from bacterial infections caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics and even though European countries have strict rules for the use of antibiotics, the death rate resulting from resistance represents more than 33 000 people per year. One of the options how to resolve this problem is the replacement of antibiotics with bioactive compounds of plant origin that exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria.
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Abed, Alaa H., Elaf Nori Ma'atook, Kawther Kamil Aziz, and Mohammed Jasim Abd-Al-zahra. "Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Wound Infection: A Cross Sectional Study." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE AND CLINICAL RESEARCH STUDIES 03, no. 07 (July 11, 2023): 1305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijmscrs/v3-i7-14.
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Background: Wound infections are one of the most prevalent hospital acquired illnesses and a significant contributor to morbidity. Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections worsen the condition in developed, developing, and underdeveloped countries. Aim: The purpose of this research was to identify the frequency of various bacterial pathogens and their sensitivity to various kinds of antibiotics in various categories of wound infections in randomly selected Basra City hospitals. Method: Fifty-seven patients with wound infection were involved in this cross sectional study, which was conducted by extracting data from the records of hospital laboratories, where information about bacterial examination of swabs taken by hospital staff from infected wounds and cultured with antibiotic sensitivity test by laboratory staff for treatment purposes. Results and Conclusions: The median age of patients was 38 years, 59.65% of them were males. The most frequent bacteria encountered was Klebsiella pneumonia (24.56%). Single bacterial growth was dominant (86% of cultured bacteria). In antibiotic sensitivity test Gentamycin (7.19%), Ciprofloxacin (5.92%), Amikacin (5.50%), and Tobramycin (5.36%) were the most frequent antibiotics tested, while Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Clarithromycin, and Nalidixic acid were the least used. The highest sensitivity shown by the cultured bacteria was to Tigecycline (92.86%), Lenizoild (90.91%), and Teicoplanin, (80.00%), although they had not been tested widely. While, the antibiotics to which the cultured bacteria did not show any sensitivity were Lomefloxacin (0.00), Ceftriaxone (0.00), and Nalidixic Acid (0.00). Also, the antibiotics to which there had been high resistance were Piperacillin (17.14%) and Minocycline (13.64%).
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Dawan, Jirapat, and Juhee Ahn. "Bacterial Stress Responses as Potential Targets in Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2022): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071385.
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Bacteria can be adapted to adverse and detrimental conditions that induce general and specific responses to DNA damage as well as acid, heat, cold, starvation, oxidative, envelope, and osmotic stresses. The stress-triggered regulatory systems are involved in bacterial survival processes, such as adaptation, physiological changes, virulence potential, and antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility to several antibiotics is reduced due to the activation of stress responses in cellular physiology by the stimulation of resistance mechanisms, the promotion of a resistant lifestyle (biofilm or persistence), and/or the induction of resistance mutations. Hence, the activation of bacterial stress responses poses a serious threat to the efficacy and clinical success of antibiotic therapy. Bacterial stress responses can be potential targets for therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics. An understanding of the regulation of stress response in association with antibiotic resistance provides useful information for the discovery of novel antimicrobial adjuvants and the development of effective therapeutic strategies to control antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Therefore, this review discusses bacterial stress responses linked to antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria and also provides information on novel therapies targeting bacterial stress responses that have been identified as potential candidates for the effective control of Gram-negative antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Sheard, Dean E., Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson, John D. Wade, and Frances Separovic. "Combating bacterial resistance by combination of antibiotics with antimicrobial peptides." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0707.
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Abstract The overuse of antibiotics in the healthcare and agricultural industries has led to the worldwide spread of bacterial resistance. The recent emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria has resulted in a call for the development of novel strategies to address this global issue. Research on a diverse range of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has shown promising activity against several resistant strains. Increased understanding of the mode of action of AMPs has shown similarity and complementarity to conventional antibiotics and the combination of both has led to synergistic effects in some cases. Combination therapy has been widely used to combat MDR bacterial infections and the recent focus on their application with AMPs may allow antibiotics to be effective against resistant bacterial strains. By conjugation of an antibiotic onto an AMP, a compound may be produced with possibly greater activity and with reduced side-effects and toxicity. The AMP in these conjugates may also act as a unique adjuvant for the antibiotic by disrupting the resistance mechanisms used by bacteria thus allowing the antibiotic to once again be effective. This mini-review outlines some of the current and past work in combining AMPs with conventional antibiotics as strategies to address bacterial resistance.
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Jiang, S., J. Zeng, X. Zhou, and Y. Li. "Drug Resistance and Gene Transfer Mechanisms in Respiratory/Oral Bacteria." Journal of Dental Research 97, no. 10 (June 21, 2018): 1092–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034518782659.
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Growing evidence suggests the existence of new antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that quorum-quenching enzymes, such as MacQ, are involved in both antibiotic resistance and cell-cell communication. Furthermore, some small bacterial regulatory RNAs, classified into RNA attenuators and small RNAs, modulate the expression of resistance genes. For example, small RNA sprX, can shape bacterial resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics via specific downregulation of protein SpoVG. Moreover, some bacterial lipocalins capture antibiotics in the extracellular space, contributing to severe multidrug resistance. But this defense mechanism may be influenced by Agr-regulated toxins and liposoluble vitamins. Outer membrane porin proteins and efflux pumps can influence intracellular concentrations of antibiotics. Alterations in target enzymes or antibiotics prevent binding to targets, which act to confer high levels of resistance in respiratory/oral bacteria. As described recently, horizontal gene transfer, including conjugation, transduction and transformation, is common in respiratory/oral microflora. Many conjugative transposons and plasmids discovered to date encode antibiotic resistance proteins and can be transferred from donor bacteria to transient recipient bacteria. New classes of mobile genetic elements are also being identified. For example, nucleic acids that circulate in the bloodstream (circulating nucleic acids) can integrate into the host cell genome by up-regulation of DNA damage and repair pathways. With multidrug resistant bacteria on the rise, new drugs have been developed to combate bacterial antibiotic resistance, such as innate defense regulators, reactive oxygen species and microbial volatile compounds. This review summaries various aspects and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in the respiratory/oral microbiota. A better understanding of these mechanisms will facilitate minimization of the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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Juncar, Mihai, Florin Onișor-Gligor, Simion Bran, Raluca-Iulia Juncar, Mihaela-Felicia Băciuț, Dinu-Iuliu Dumitrașcu, Grigore Băciuț, and Iuliu Moldovan. "Efficiency of empirically administered antibiotics in patients with cervical infections of odontogenic origin." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 88, no. 1 (January 28, 2015): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-399.
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Background and aims. Odontogenic infections are among the main types of disorders located in the cephalic extremity. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of empirically administered antibiotics on the bacterial strains identified at the infection sites. Patients and method. The study included 10 randomly selected patients with odontogenic cervical soft tissue infections, who received antibiotic treatment prescribed by the family doctor or the dentist. The bacterial flora involved in the development of the septic process, the type of antibiotic administered to the patient and the sensitivity of the identified bacterial flora to the administered antibiotic were determined. Results. In the 10 selected patients, 14 bacterial strains were detected; 7 patients had a single bacterial strain, and 3 patients had two or three types of bacteria. Of the administered antibiotics, amoxicillin was the most widely used (33.3% of the cases), followed by amoxicillin with beta-lactamase inhibitors (25% of the cases). In half of the patients, there was no sensitivity of the bacteria detected in the septic focus to the empirically administered antibiotic, and in 10% of the cases, partial sensitivity was evidenced. Conclusions. Empirical administration of antibiotics without the association of surgery did not prove to be effective in the treatment of cervical infections of odontogenic origin.
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Ren, Xiaoyuan, Lili Zou, and Arne Holmgren. "Targeting Bacterial Antioxidant Systems for Antibiotics Development." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 12 (April 23, 2020): 1922–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666191007163654.
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: The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has become an urgent issue in modern medicine which requires novel strategies to develop antibiotics. Recent studies have supported the hypothesis that antibiotic-induced bacterial cell death is mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The hypothesis also highlighted the importance of antioxidant systems, the defense mechanism which contributes to antibiotic resistance. Thioredoxin and glutathione systems are the two major thiol-dependent systems which not only provide antioxidant capacity but also participate in various biological events in bacteria, such as DNA synthesis and protein folding. The biological importance makes them promising targets for novel antibiotics development. Based on the idea, ebselen and auranofin, two bacterial thioredoxin reductase inhibitors, have been found to inhibit the growth of bacteria lacking the GSH efficiently. A recent study combining ebselen and silver exhibited a strong synergistic effect against Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria which possess both thioredoxin and glutathione systems. These drug-repurposing studies are promising for quick clinical usage due to their well-known profile.
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Chen, Kang, Guang Wen Sun, Kim Lee Chua, and Yunn-Hwen Gan. "Modified Virulence of Antibiotic-Induced Burkholderia pseudomallei Filaments." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 3 (March 2005): 1002–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.3.1002-1009.2005.
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ABSTRACT Melioidosis is a life-threatening bacterial infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Some antibiotics used to treat melioidosis can induce filamentation in B. pseudomallei. Despite studies on the mechanism of virulence of the bacteria, the properties of B. pseudomallei filaments and their impact on virulence have not been investigated before. To understand the characteristics of antibiotic-induced filaments, we performed in vitro assays to compare several aspects of virulence between normal, nonfilamentous and filamentous B. pseudomallei. Normal, nonfilamentous B. pseudomallei could cause the lysis of monocytic cells, while filaments induced by sublethal concentrations of ceftazidime, ofloxacin, or trimethoprim show decreased lysis of monocytic cells, especially after prolonged antibiotic exposure. The motility of the filamentous bacteria was reduced compared to that of nonfilamentous bacteria. However, the filamentation was reversible when the antibiotics were removed, and the revertant bacteria recovered their motility and ability to lyse monocytic cells. Meanwhile, antibiotic resistance developed in revertant bacteria exposed to ceftazidime at the MIC. Our study highlights the danger of letting antibiotic concentration drop to the MIC or sub-MICs during antibiotic treatment of melioidosis. This could potentially give rise to a temporary reduction of bacterial virulence, only to result in bacteria that are equally virulent but more resistant to antibiotics, should the antibiotics be reduced or removed.
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Sambursky, Robert, and Annie Bell. "409. Using the Host Response to Reduce Unnecessary Antibiotic Use in Outpatient Acute Respiratory Infections." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S207—S208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.482.
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Abstract Background Acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) often resolve without antibiotics. Yet, antibiotics are prescribed in 60–98% of cases despite lack of confirmed bacterial etiology. Antigen, culture and molecular testing identify pathogens; however, do not differentiate colonization from invasive infection. Since antibiotics are often prescribed despite the low prevalence of confirmed bacterial infection in patients with ARI, we analyzed the impact of adding host response biomarkers to the clinical and microbiological evaluation of outpatients with ARI. Methods A secondary analysis was performed using data from su suspected ARI cohorts derived from two clinical studies. A clinical reference algorithm, which included bacterial culture, respiratory PCR panels for viral and atypical pathogens, procalcitonin, CBC, serology, and Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA), was used to define invasive infection based on pathogen detection plus host response and classify infections that may benefit from antibiotics. Antibiotics were considered “warranted” if patients exhibited a bacterial-specific host response, with or without bacterial pathogen detection, and a detected bacterial pathogen without a host response was deemed to be colonization and “at risk for antibiotics.” The percentage requiring antibiotics was calculated by dividing the number of patients with a host response for bacteria by the total number of patients at risk for receiving antibiotics (warranted + at risk). A Chi-square test was performed to determine the difference between patients likely to be treated with antibiotics, bacteria detected with or without host response and bacteria detected with a host response. Results Each dataset (Self, n = 205) and (Shapiro, n = 220) was analyzed separately and pooled (n = 445). Upon enrollment, 15% (Self) and 55% (Shapiro) were febrile. A pathogen was detected in 67% (Self) vs. 82% (Shapiro) subjects. Reduction in antibiotic prescription was calculated to be 35–44%, (P < 0.001–0.004), when host response was evaluated in addition to bacterial pathogen detection. Results presented in Table 1. Conclusion Host response may aid in differentiating viral infection and bacterial colonization from invasive bacterial infections requiring antibiotics. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Biyela, P. T., J. Lin, and C. C. Bezuidenhout. "The role of aquatic ecosystems as reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0014.
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The widespread and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic, as well as commensal, microorganisms. Resistance genes may be horizontally or vertically transferred between bacterial communities in the environment. The recipient bacterial communities may then act as a reservoir of these resistance genes. In this study, we report the incidence of antibiotic resistance in enteric bacteria isolated from the Mhlathuze River and the distribution of genetic elements that may be responsible for the observed antibiotic resistance. The resistance of the enteric bacteria isolated over a period of one year showed that resistance to the older classes of antibiotics was high (94.7% resistance to one antibiotic and 80.8% resistance to two antibiotics). Furthermore, antibiotic resistance data of the environmental isolates showed a strong correlation (r = 0.97) with data obtained from diarrhoea patients. PCR based methods demonstrated that class 1 integrons were present in >50% of the environmental bacterial isolates that were resistant to multiple antibiotics. This class of integrons is capable of transferring genes responsible for resistance to b-lactam, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide and quaternary ammonium antimicrobial agents. Conjugate plasmids were also isolated, but from a small percentage of isolates. This study showed that the Mhlathuze River (a) is a medium for the spread of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes, (b) acts as a reservoir for these genes and (c) due to socio-economic pressures, may play a role in the development and evolution of these genes along this river system.
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Houndt, Tara, and Howard Ochman. "Long-Term Shifts in Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance in Enteric Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 5406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.12.5406-5409.2000.
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ABSTRACT Several mechanisms are responsible for the ability of microorganisms to tolerate antibiotics, and the incidence of resistance to these compounds within bacterial species has increased since the commercial use of antibiotics became widespread. To establish the extent of and changes in the diversity of antibiotic resistance patterns in natural populations, we determined the MICs of five antibiotics for collections of enteric bacteria isolated from diverse hosts and geographic locations and during periods before and after commercial application of antibiotics began. All of the pre-antibiotic era strains were susceptible to high levels of these antibiotics, whereas 20% of strains from contemporary populations ofEscherichia coli and Salmonella entericadisplayed high-level resistance to at least one of the antibiotics. In addition to the increase in the frequency of high-level resistance, background levels, conferred by genes providing nonspecific low-level resistance to multiple antibiotics, were significantly higher among contemporary strains. Changes in the incidence and levels of antibiotic resistance are not confined to particular segments of the bacterial population and reflect responses to the increased exposure of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds over the past several decades.
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Ouyang, Yanfang, Jing Li, Yi Peng, Zhijun Huang, Qiao Ren, and Jun Lu. "The Role and Mechanism of Thiol-Dependent Antioxidant System in Bacterial Drug Susceptibility and Resistance." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 12 (April 23, 2020): 1940–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666190524125232.
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Antibiotics play an irreplaceable role in the prevention and treatment of bacterial infection diseases. However, because of the improper use of antibiotics, bacterial resistance emerges as a major challenge of public health all over the world. The small thiol molecules such as glutathione can directly react and conjugate with some antibiotics, which thus contribute to drug susceptibility and resistance. Recently, accumulating evidence shows that there is a close link between the antibacterial activities of some antibiotics and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Thioredoxin and glutathione systems are two main cellular disulfide reductase systems maintaining cellular ROS level. Therefore, these two thioldependent antioxidant systems may affect the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance. Microorganisms are equipped with different thiol-dependent antioxidant systems, which make the role of thioldependent antioxidant systems in antibiotic susceptibility and resistance is different in various bacteria. Here we will focus on the review on the advances of the effects of thiol-dependent antioxidant system in the bacterial antibiotic susceptibility and resistance.
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Friman, Ville-Petri, Laura Melissa Guzman, Daniel C. Reuman, and Thomas Bell. "Bacterial adaptation to sublethal antibiotic gradients can change the ecological properties of multitrophic microbial communities." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1806 (May 7, 2015): 20142920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2920.
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Antibiotics leak constantly into environments due to widespread use in agriculture and human therapy. Although sublethal concentrations are well known to select for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, little is known about how bacterial evolution cascades through food webs, having indirect effect on species not directly affected by antibiotics (e.g. via population dynamics or pleiotropic effects). Here, we used an experimental evolution approach to test how temporal patterns of antibiotic stress, as well as migration within metapopulations, affect the evolution and ecology of microcosms containing one prey bacterium, one phage and two protist predators. We found that environmental variability, autocorrelation and migration had only subtle effects for population and evolutionary dynamics. However, unexpectedly, bacteria evolved greatest fitness increases to both antibiotics and enemies when the sublethal levels of antibiotics were highest, indicating positive pleiotropy. Crucially, bacterial adaptation cascaded through the food web leading to reduced predator-to-prey abundance ratio, lowered predator community diversity and increased instability of populations. Our results show that the presence of natural enemies can modify and even reverse the effects of antibiotics on bacteria, and that antibiotic selection can change the ecological properties of multitrophic microbial communities by having indirect effects on species not directly affected by antibiotics.
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Boren, Karen, AliceAnn Crown, and Richard Carlson. "Multidrug and Pan-Antibiotic Resistance—The Role of Antimicrobial and Synergistic Essential Oils: A Review." Natural Product Communications 15, no. 10 (October 2020): 1934578X2096259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20962595.
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Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn’t wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwide spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. The authors conducted a 4-year search of the US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) for relevant EO studies against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli, EO combinations/synergy with antibiotics, against MDR fungal infections, showing the ability to permeate bacterial membranes, and against the bacterial defenses listed above. EOs are readily available and are a needed addition to the arsenal against resistant pathogens.
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Sionov, Ronit Vogt, and Doron Steinberg. "Targeting the Holy Triangle of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria." Microorganisms 10, no. 6 (June 16, 2022): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061239.
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Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono- or multi-species cultures of bacteria/fungi embedded in an extracellular matrix produced by the microorganisms. Biofilm formation is, among others, regulated by quorum sensing (QS) which is an interbacterial communication system usually composed of two-component systems (TCSs) of secreted autoinducer compounds that activate signal transduction pathways through interaction with their respective receptors. Embedded in the biofilms, the bacteria are protected from environmental stress stimuli, and they often show reduced responses to antibiotics, making it difficult to eradicate the bacterial infection. Besides reduced penetration of antibiotics through the intricate structure of the biofilms, the sessile biofilm-embedded bacteria show reduced metabolic activity making them intrinsically less sensitive to antibiotics. Moreover, they frequently express elevated levels of efflux pumps that extrude antibiotics, thereby reducing their intracellular levels. Some efflux pumps are involved in the secretion of QS compounds and biofilm-related materials, besides being important for removing toxic substances from the bacteria. Some efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) have been shown to both prevent biofilm formation and sensitize the bacteria to antibiotics, suggesting a relationship between these processes. Additionally, QS inhibitors or quenchers may affect antibiotic susceptibility. Thus, targeting elements that regulate QS and biofilm formation might be a promising approach to combat antibiotic-resistant biofilm-related bacterial infections.
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Chen, Chen, and Weili Hong. "Recent Development of Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Methods through Metabolic Profiling of Bacteria." Antibiotics 10, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030311.
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Due to the inappropriate use and overuse of antibiotics, the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasing and have become a major threat to human health. A key factor in the treatment of bacterial infections and slowing down the emergence of antibiotic resistance is to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of infecting bacteria rapidly to prescribe appropriate drugs and reduce the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Current phenotypic AST methods based on the detection of bacterial growth are generally reliable but are too slow. There is an urgent need for new methods that can perform AST rapidly. Bacterial metabolism is a fast process, as bacterial cells double about every 20 to 30 min for fast-growing species. Moreover, bacterial metabolism has shown to be related to drug resistance, so a comparison of differences in microbial metabolic processes in the presence or absence of antimicrobials provides an alternative approach to traditional culture for faster AST. In this review, we summarize recent developments in rapid AST methods through metabolic profiling of bacteria under antibiotic treatment.
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Linggarjati, Shiwi, Dita Diana Parti, and Elly Nurus Sakinah. "Antibiotic sensitivity on pathogenic bacteria causing bacterial vaginosis." Majalah Obstetri & Ginekologi 29, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mog.v29i12021.18-22.
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Objectives: To identify the sensitivity of antibiotics to pathogenic bacteria that cause Bacterial Vaginosis (BV).Materials and Methods: This type of research was an observational study with a sample of six specimens. The data were taken using primary data from patients who were swabbed in the vagina and then diagnosed BV with amsel criteria on vaginal secretion specimens carried out at Tanggul health center on January 23-February 23, 2020. The specimens were sent to Parahita Clinical Laboratory for bacterial identification and adjusted for sensitivity with CLSI using vitek 2 compact tool.Results: The results of this study identified the bacteria that caused bacterial vaginosis, the E. coli and K. pneumoniae with one sample of suspected ESBL. ESBL is a beta lactamase enzyme produced by bacteria and can induce bacterial resistance to penicillin, cephalosporin generation 1, 2, and 3. The types of bacteria found were E. coli and K. pneumoniae with high sensitivity antibiotics tested including piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime, ertapenem, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, tigecycline, and nitrofurantoin. Antibiotics with high levels of resistance tested against these bacteria included: ampicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin/sulbactam due to the mechanism of beta-lactam antibiotic resistance in the production of beta lactamase from bacteria.Conclusion: The type of bacteria found was E. coli and K. pneumoniae with high resistance levels in beta lactam antibiotics.
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Duceac, Letitia Doina, Elena Ariela Banu, Ginel Baciu, Vasile Valeriu Lupu, Irina Mihaela Ciomaga, Elena Tarca, Geta Mitrea, et al. "Assessment of Bacteria Resistance According to Antibiotic Chemical Structure." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 3 (April 15, 2019): 906–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.3.7028.
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Modern medicine has a vast set of antibiotics frequently prescribed in therapeutic practice. Beta-lactam antibiotics are often indicated in prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. This work concerned on analysis of antibiotic structure influence on antibiotic resistance knowing that a wide variety of bacteria developed different mechanism that make bacteria resistant to some or to nearly all antibiotics. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is a relevant area of study in medical practice. Furthermore, multi-drug resistance is a worldwide healthcare issue tightly connected to hospital acquired infections.
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Utami, Mahrumi Dewi Tri, Manik Retno Wahyunitisari, Nunuk Mardiana, and Rebekah Juniati Setiabudi. "Bacterial and Antibiogram Profile of Urinary Tract Infection Patients in Tertiary Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia." Folia Medica Indonesiana 58, no. 3 (September 5, 2022): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v58i3.33186.
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Highlights: Most urinary tract infections are caused by Gram-negative bacteria with E. coli being the most common bacteria. Antibiotics with the highest susceptibility for Gram-negative bacteria were ertapenem, meropenem, amikacin, and imipenem. Antibiotics with the highest susceptibility for Gram-positive bacteria mainly were susceptible to chloramphenicol,streptomycin, vancomycin, rifampin, tigecycline, teicoplanin, and ampicillin. Abstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections. Inappropriate antibiotic use for UTI treatment may lead to antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to provide an updated bacterial and antibiogram profile from urine specimens of patients diagnosed with UTI. This study was a retrospective study using urine culture and antibiotic susceptibility test results obtained from Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in a tertiary general hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia for a two-month period patients. Most aged more than and/or equal to 59 years, in both sexes. Gram-negative bacteria, particularly , was being the most between June to July 2019. There were 215 patients with significant urine culture results of 54.4% from Escherichia coli female bacteria were carbapenem antibiotics and amikacin, while teicoplanin and vancomycin were some antibiotics susceptible to gramcommon bacteria that caused UTI, followed by K. pneumoniae. Some antibiotics with the highest susceptibility to gram-negative positive bacteria. This study result indicated that there was an urge to conduct local antibiogram profile investigation due to the low susceptibilities shown in recent empirical therapy recommendations, such as trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, fluoroquinolone, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin.
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Hassan Zaidi, Syed Zahoor Ul, Arshad Mahmood, Syed Muhammad Qasim Khan, Malook Khan, Kiran Irshad, Roohul Islam, Muhammad Junaid Irshad Awan, Syed Saoud Zaidi, Uroosa Naseem, and Asmat Ullah Khan. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Selected Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from High Vaginal Swab." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 1016–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221621016.
Full textAbstract:
The study determines the prevalence and resistance among pathogenic bacteria against used antibiotics. The isolates were identified biochemically and subjected to antibiotic sensitivity using disk-diffusion method. A total of 210 bacterial isolates were tested, 175 (83.3%) were reported positive whereas 35 (16.6%) were found negative for HVS. The isolates were initially identified on colonies morphology and later via biochemical tests. The gram positive bacteria isolates i,e Staphylococcus aureus was found 48 (23.3%), followed by lactobacillus and least value belonged to Staphylococcus epidermidis i.e, 7 (3.3%). While gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli were 56 (26.6%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 36 (17.14%) and least value was of Proteus vulgaris. i.e, 7 (3.3%). All the isolates were subjected to antibiotics susceptibility testing. At least six antibiotics were shown to be resistant in bacterial isolates. Antibiotic resistance was found in considerable abundance in the clinical isolates, according to the findings. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and surveillance are essential on a regular basis to avoid treatment failure and the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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Ruest, Marta K., and Jonathan J. Dennis. "The Exploration of Complement-Resistance Mechanisms of Pathogenic Gram-Negative Bacteria to Support the Development of Novel Therapeutics." Pathogens 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080931.
Full textAbstract:
Resistance to antibiotics in Bacteria is one of the biggest threats to human health. After decades of attempting to isolate or design antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action against bacterial pathogens, few approaches have been successful. Antibacterial drug discovery is now moving towards targeting bacterial virulence factors, especially immune evasion factors. Gram-negative bacteria present some of the most significant challenges in terms of antibiotic resistance. However, they are also able to be eliminated by the component of the innate immune system known as the complement system. In response, Gram-negative bacteria have evolved a variety of mechanisms by which they are able to evade complement and cause infection. Complement resistance mechanisms present some of the best novel therapeutic targets for defending against highly antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacterial infections.
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Kroiča, Juta, Ingus Skadiņš, Ilze Salma, Aigars Reinis, Marina Sokolova, Dagnija Rostoka, and Natālija Bērza. "Antibacterial Efficiency of Hydroxyapatite Biomaterials with Biodegradable Polylactic Acid and Polycaprolactone Polymers Saturated with Antibiotics / Bionoārdāmu Polimēru Saturošu Un Ar Antibiotiskajām Vielām Piesūcinātu Biomateriālu Antibakteriālās Efektivitātes Noteikšana." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 70, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2016-0035.
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Abstract Infections continue to spread in all fields of medicine, and especially in the field of implant biomaterial surgery, and not only during the surgery, but also after surgery. Reducing the adhesion of bacteria could decrease the possibility of biomaterial-associated infections. Bacterial adhesion could be reduced by local antibiotic release from the biomaterial. In this in vitro study, hydroxyapatite biomaterials with antibiotics and biodegradable polymers were tested for their ability to reduce bacteria adhesion and biofilm development. This study examined the antibacterial efficiency of hydroxyapatite biomaterials with antibiotics and biodegradable polymers against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study found that hydroxyapatite biomaterials with antibiotics and biodegradable polymers show longer antibacterial properties than hydroxyapatite biomaterials with antibiotics against both bacterial cultures. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrated that biomaterials that are coated with biodegradable polymers release antibiotics from biomaterial samples for a longer period of time and may be useful for reducing bacterial adhesion on orthopedic implants.
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Diniarti, Fuji Ayu, Ahsanal Kasasiah, and Indah Laily Hilmi. "UJI RESISTENSI BAKTERI Escherichia coli DARI SUMBER AIR BAKU DI KARAWANG TERHADAP ANTIBIOTIK SIPROFLOKSASIN." Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 414–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v4i3.281.
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Infectious diseases are included in the ten most common diseases in Indonesia. The disease can be overcome by the use of antimicrobials, one of which is antibiotics. Antibiotics are drugs used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Excessive use of antibiotics without clear indications can have an impact on the occurrence of bacterial resistance to these antibiotics. One of the bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics is Escherichia coli. This study aims to determine the sensitivity of Escherichia coli isolated from raw water sources in Karawang to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Samples were obtained from irrigation water which is the source of raw water for one branch of Perumdam in Karawang. The samples were tested using Lactose Broth (LB) media, then confirmed using Eosin Methylene Blue (EMBA) media to confirm the presence of Escherichia coli bacteria equipped with Gram stain. Bacterial resistance test was carried out using Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media with disc diffusion method. The results showed that the average diameter of the clear zone formed around the paper disc was 30.16 mm. The isolates showed intermediate results against the antibiotic ciprofloxacin.
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Shatalin, Konstantin, Ashok Nuthanakanti, Abhishek Kaushik, Dmitry Shishov, Alla Peselis, Ilya Shamovsky, Bibhusita Pani, et al. "Inhibitors of bacterial H2S biogenesis targeting antibiotic resistance and tolerance." Science 372, no. 6547 (June 10, 2021): 1169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd8377.
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Emergent resistance to all clinical antibiotics calls for the next generation of therapeutics. Here we report an effective antimicrobial strategy targeting the bacterial hydrogen sulfide (H2S)–mediated defense system. We identified cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) as the primary generator of H2S in two major human pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and discovered small molecules that inhibit bacterial CSE. These inhibitors potentiate bactericidal antibiotics against both pathogens in vitro and in mouse models of infection. CSE inhibitors also suppress bacterial tolerance, disrupting biofilm formation and substantially reducing the number of persister bacteria that survive antibiotic treatment. Our results establish bacterial H2S as a multifunctional defense factor and CSE as a drug target for versatile antibiotic enhancers.
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Hansford, Karl A. "Nontraditional Antibiotics—Challenges and Triumphs." Antibiotics 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9040169.
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The pursuit of nontraditional antibiotics is becoming an increasingly important means to tackle seemingly insurmountable challenges faced by contemporary antibiotic researchers as they overcome the shifting landscape of bacterial pathogenesis, particularly for Gram-negative bacteria [...]