Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bacteria colony

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Academic literature on the topic 'Bacteria colony'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Bacteria colony"

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Mulyani, Putri Dwi, Muhammad Rizky Ulil Albab, and Yekti Asih Purwestri. "Characterization of Lignocellulolytic Bacteria from Gut of Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae)." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 21, no. 2 (July 17, 2021): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i2.2737.

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A total of 10 bacterial isolates have been isolated from the gut of termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae) and are known to have the ability to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes consisting of cellulase, laccase, and lignin peroxidase. The enzymatic ability allows these bacteria to be used as a source of new enzymes in the industrial world. However, further research on the character of bacteria to support identification has not been carried out. This study aims to characterize lignocellulolytic bacteria in the gut of termites morphologically and biochemically. Morphological observations were carried out including colony shape, colony edge, colony color, growth type, bacterial cell shape, and gram staining. Meanwhile, the biochemical characterization carried out included glucose fermentation test, indole formation, starch hydrolysis, catalase test, and nitrate reduction. The results showed that ten isolates of lignocellulolytic bacteria from the gut of termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae) grew facultatively anaerobic, had almost similar morphological characters, with colony shapes including irregular and filamentous, colony edges in the form of lobate, undulate, and filamentous, and coloration. Colonies are white to yellowish white. The result of gram staining showed that most of the bacteria were gram positive bacteria with coccus and bacillus shaped bacterial cells. Biochemical analysis showed that these bacteria have the ability to ferment glucose, hydrolyze starch, reduce hydrogen peroxide (Hâ‚‚Oâ‚‚ 30%) and reduce nitrate.ÂÂ
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Rahayu, Yuni Sri. "Isolation and Identification of Hydrocarbon Degradation Bacteria and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria in Oil Contaminated Soil in Bojonegoro, East Java, Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.14923.

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Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbon complexes with organic compounds from sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and metal-containing compounds. These organic compounds can be used as substrate for bacterial growth. This study aimed to isolate and identify hydrocarbon degrading bacteria and phosphate solubilizing bacteria in oil-contaminated soil in Bojonegoro. This study used an exploration method to find each of the two types of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria and phosphate solubilizing bacteria from soil samples in Bojonegoro that contaminated by oil. Identification of isolates bacterial included macroscopic observations of bacteria, gram staining on bacterial cells and physiological tests. Macroscopic observations include the form of colonies, colony diameter, colony color, colony edge, and elevation. The physiological test using Microbact Identification System to determine the physiological characteristics of bacteria so that genera and types of bacteria can be known. The identification of organisms was based on changes in pH and use of the substrate. The results of data analysis were obtained from five types of bacteria from soil samples that contaminated by oil which were successfully isolated. After identification of species was done, four species of bacteria were obtained, namely Pseudomonas pseudomallei, Pseudomonas fluorescens-25, Flavobacterium odoratum, and Enterococcus sp.
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Agustina, Ninik, Eka Nurrahema Ning Asih, and Ary Giri Dwi Kartika. "Jenis Gram dan Morfologi Koloni Bakteri Air Baku Garam." Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan Lesser Sunda 2, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jikls.v2i1.44.

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Halophilic bacteria are bacteria that can survive in environments with high salt levels, one of which is in salt ponds. Therefore, it is necessary to research to determine the morphology of halophilic bacteria for further use in the identification of bacterial species. This study aimed to determine the colony morphology and types of gram halophilic bacteria. Isolation of halophilic bacteria was carried out using the scatter method. Bacterial purification was carried out by streak method, then morphology identification and bacterial staining were carried out to determine the cell shape and gram of bacteria. The isolation results obtained 4 isolates from raw water (B.AB.1) and reservoir (B.B.1, B.B.2, and B.B.3). The results of the identification of the colony morphology of each bacterial isolate had different colors, shapes, colony edges, elevations, and surfaces. The results of the gram staining test showed that 2 isolates (B.B.1 and B.B.2) were gram-positive and 2 bacterial isolates (B.AB.1 and B.B.3) were gram-negative. The isolates of B.AB.1, B.B.2 and B.B.3 were in the form of bacilli, while the isolates of B.B1 were in the form of cocci.
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Azzahra, Shania Corolla, Yunus Effendy, and Sudono Slamet. "Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Pemacu Pertumbuhan Tanaman (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) Asal Tanah Desa Akar-Akar, Lombok Utara." JURNAL Al-AZHAR INDONESIA SERI SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 6, no. 2 (September 27, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36722/sst.v6i2.662.

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<p><strong>Plant Root Growth Promoting Bacteria or PGPR are bacteria that colonize plant rooting areas or the rhizosphere to increase the quality or quantity of plant growth. PGPR can provide dissolved phosphate for plants to be absorbed by the plant root system since 95-99% of phosphate in nature is present in insoluble form. Soil samples from different irrigation systems from Akar-akar village were isolated through serial dilution techniques and grown on NA media shown that the higher the dilution, the fewer colonies that grew on the media. Macroscopic and microscopic observations were made to see the criteria for bacteria, shown that the bacteria in the three soil samples were gram negative and was known that bacillus and cocobacillus bacteria present in the three soil samples. Coccus bacteria was found in soil without irrigation and drip-surface irrigated soil, while streptococcus bacteria was found in drip-surface and drip-subsurface irrigated soil. As many as 22 bacterial isolates were isolated and grown on Pikovskaya media, only one bacterial colony was phosphate solvent through a clear zone that grew around the bacterial colony. The bacterial colony has a phosphate dissolving index (IPF) of 250, the ratio between colony diameter and clear zone diameter was 1: 1.5.</strong></p><p><strong>Keywords – </strong><em>PGPR, Drip-surface irrigated soil, Drip-subsurface irrigated soil</em></p>
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Simu, Karin, Karin Holmfeldt, Ulla Li Zweifel, and Åke Hagström. "Culturability and Coexistence of Colony-Forming and Single-Cell Marine Bacterioplankton." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 8 (August 2005): 4793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.8.4793-4800.2005.

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ABSTRACT Culturability and coexistence of bacterioplankton exhibiting different life strategies were investigated in the Baltic Sea and Skagerrak Sea. Bacterial numbers were estimated using a dilution-to-extinction culturing assay (DCA) and calculated as the most probable number, based on six different methods to detect bacterial growth in the DCA. Irrespective of the method used to detect growth, the fraction of multiplying cells never exceeded 10%, using the total count of 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-stainable cells as a reference. Furthermore, the data also showed that non-colony-forming bacteria made up the majority of the viable cells, confirming molecular results showing dominance of non-colony-forming bacteria in clone libraries. The results obtained are in agreement with previous observations, indicating that bacterial assemblages in seawater are dominated by small, active subpopulations coexisting with a large group of inactive cells. The ratio of colony-forming to non-colony-forming bacteria was approximately 10 to 20 times higher in the brackish Baltic Sea than in the Skagerrak Sea. These two sea areas differ in (for example) their levels of bacterial production, dissolved organic carbon, and salinity. We suggest that the relative importance of colony-forming versus non-colony-forming bacterioplankton may be linked to environmental characteristics.
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Hengkengbala, Sabrina I., Rosita AJ Lintang, Deiske A. Sumilat, Remy EP Mangindaan, Elvy Like Ginting, and Sipriana Tumembouw. "KARAKTERISTIK MORFOLOGI DAN AKTIVITAS ENZIM PROTEASE BAKTERI SIMBION NUDIBRANCH." JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 9, no. 3 (October 4, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.9.3.2021.36672.

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One type of enzyme whose application is very widespread is protease enzymes. Microorganisms that have not been widely explored as a source of protease enzymes are bacteria that are in conjunction with Nudibranch. The study aims to identify the morphological characteristics of bacteria, then determine the hydrolysis ability of protease enzymes from bacteria symbiont Nudibranch. Identification of morphological characteristics is done macroscopic, and microscopic with gram staining. Proteolytic activity tests are performed qualitatively by measuring the proteolytic index of bacteria grown on Skim Milk Agar medium. The results of macroscopic identification of symbiotic bacteria with Nudibranch are dominated by irregular colony shapes, undulated edges, growth of the entire colony has a flat height, milky white colony color, buttery texture and opaque bacterial colonies. Based on microscopic identification, two gram-negative isolates are obtained, namely RL.S14, S1.1.1, and gram positive isolates, namely AK.S00, AK.S01, AK.S02, AK.S03, S.PP1, RL.S6, S2.1.5, S2.2.1, S3.3.1, S3.3.4, RL.S10. Nudibranch symbiont Bacterial has colony cells were dominated by the diplobacillus form. The results of the protease activity test of Nudibranch symbiont bacteria showed that 12 positive isolates had proteolytic activity with the highest proteolytic index produced by isolate AK.S00, which was 2.5 mm. Keywords: Nudibranch, symbiotic bacteria, characteristics, protease
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P., Yendania Grevitara, Badriyatur Rahma F., Hellen Septirangga P., Irma Dahlia Y., and Endang Suarsini. "Isolation and Identification of Cellulose Degrading Bacteria from Banana Peel Compost." El-Hayah 7, no. 1 (May 3, 2019): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/elha.v7i1.7241.

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Cellulolytic bacteria are bacteria that have the ability to hydrolyze cellulose complexes into smaller oligosaccharides and eventually become glucose. Glucose is used as a carbon and energy source for bacterial growth. This study was conducted to isolate the cellulose degrading bacteria from banana peel compost that produce cellulose enzymes based on the clear zone that visible around the colony. The cellulolytic activity was determined by the ability of bacteria to hydrolyze the Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) substrate. Determination of cellulolytic activity is known based on cellulolytic index calculation, the diameter total minus the diameter of the colony and divided by the diameter of the colony. The result of five bacterial isolates was found but only one bacterium had the potential to be a cellulose degradation. Based on the Microbact Gram-Negative Identification System, the bacterium is Burkholderia cepacia. These bacteria have an important role in nature as decomposers of various complex compounds, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin.
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Klimaszyk, Piotr, and Piotr Rzymski. "Impact of cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis L.) colonies on microbial pollution in lakes." Limnological Review 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2013-0015.

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AbstractDuring 2009-2011 we investigated the effect of perennial and roosting cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) colonies on microbial pollution in 3 lakes: Góreckie (Greater Poland National Park), Chrzypsko (Greater Poland Province) and Ostrowiec (Drawa National Park). On Lake Góreckie cormorants formed a roosting colony (<200 individuals) that inhabited part of the lake shore. On Lake Chrzypsko a new breeding colony was formed (3 nests) while the breeding colony on Lake Ostrowiec, established over 40 years ago, consisted of over 170 breeding pairs. In the case of Lake Ostrowiec, high pollution with coliform bacteria (including Escherichia coli) was observed. Compared to the control station the significantly higher Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliform bacteria was found in groundwater under the colony. It was found that bacterial counts decreased in the direction of the centre of the water body with the highest numbers noted in the lake samples collected within the colony boundaries. Furthermore, seasonal variations in coliform bacteria were also observed with maximum densities during the breeding season. Similar trends were observed for the roosting colony on Lake Góreckie while for the newly forming colony on Lake Chrzypsko increased density of investigated bacteria was noted only in groundwater.
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Songtanin, Busara, Christopher J. Peterson, Adebayo J. Molehin, and Kenneth Nugent. "Biofilms and Benign Colonic Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 14259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214259.

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The colon has a very large surface area that is covered by a dense mucus layer. The biomass in the colon includes 500–1000 bacterial species at concentrations of ~1012 colony-forming units per gram of feces. The intestinal epithelial cells and the commensal bacteria in the colon have a symbiotic relationship that results in nutritional support for the epithelial cells by the bacteria and maintenance of the optimal commensal bacterial population by colonic host defenses. Bacteria can form biofilms in the colon, but the exact frequency is uncertain because routine methods to undertake colonoscopy (i.e., bowel preparation) may dislodge these biofilms. Bacteria in biofilms represent a complex community that includes living and dead bacteria and an extracellular matrix composed of polysaccharides, proteins, DNA, and exogenous debris in the colon. The formation of biofilms occurs in benign colonic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. The development of a biofilm might serve as a marker for ongoing colonic inflammation. Alternatively, the development of biofilms could contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders by providing sanctuaries for pathogenic bacteria and reducing the commensal bacterial population. Therapeutic approaches to patients with benign colonic diseases could include the elimination of biofilms and restoration of normal commensal bacteria populations. However, these studies will be extremely difficult unless investigators can develop noninvasive methods for measuring and identifying biofilms. These methods that might include the measurement of quorum sensing molecules, measurement of bile acids, and identification of bacteria uniquely associated with biofilms in the colon.
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Rizqoh, Debie, Wulan Okta Kumala, Sipriyadi Sipriyadi, Besly Sinuhaji, and Oktoviani Oktoviani. "Potensi Bakteri Endofit Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC.) Menghambat Bakteri Penyebab Infeksi pada Manusia." JUMANTIK (Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian Kesehatan) 6, no. 3 (August 15, 2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/jumantik.v6i3.8866.

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<em>Endophytic bacteria are a beneficial bacteria that live in plant tissue. Several studies have shown that certain endophytic bacteria can produce secondary metabolites that have health effects. The andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) have several properties, one of which is as antibacterial against pathogenic bacteria. The most common bacterial infections in humans are caused by commensal bacteria in the body such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This study used a qualitative data collection method with the type of experimental laboratory research to isolate the endophytic bacteria andaliman which had been tested against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The initial stage were isolation of endophytic bacteria and observation of colony characteristics, after obtaining isolates with different colony characteristics, a Gram stain test and a antagonist test for pathogenic bacteria were carried out. In this study, 252 colonies grew and there were 85 isolates with different colony characteristics. From all the isolates, there were two isolates that could inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and seventeen isolates that could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.</em>
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bacteria colony"

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Maraha, Ninwe. "Physiological status of bacteria used for environmental applications /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/91-7357-063-X/.

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Jernberg, Cecilia. "Use of microbiomics to study human impacts on complex microbial communities /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-960-2/.

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Duvernoy, Marie-Cécilia. "Mécanique de croissance d'une micro-colonie bactérienne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY074/document.

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Ce travail nous a permis de proposer un cadre pour sonder la morphogenèse d'une micro-colonie bidimensionnelle. Plus particulièrement, nous avons exploré la manière dont les effets individuels de croissance et d'adhésion se combinaient au cours de la croissance de la micro-colonie. Nous avons montré (i) que l'adhésion de cellules isolées est asymétrique du fait d'un vieux pôle plus ancré et (ii) que l'allongement des bactéries peut induire des forces de poussée à l'intérieur des colonies. Dans la mesure où ces deux effets, combinés à l'échelle d'une micro-colonie, sont susceptibles de générer des contraintes mécaniques, nous avons développé une technique pour mesurer les forces d'adhésion résultantes à l'aide de substrats déformables. Nous avons ainsi démontré que des adhésions focales sont créées et rompues dynamiquement, avec un biais au vieux pôle des cellules. Nous avons aussi examiné le rôle de l'adhésion sur la forme des colonies. Nous avons montré que l'adhésion polaire était responsable de la transition d'un régime de croissance linéaire à un régime bidimensionnel qui est observée après la première division. Pour des colonies de taille plus importante, le niveau d'adhésion était aussi corrélé avec la forme globale des colonies. Enfin, l'adhésion est aussi impliquée dans la transition d'une colonie bidimensionnelle à une colonie tridimensionnelle. L'ensemble de ces résultats suggère que l'expression des adhésines ainsi que leur localisation à la surface des cellules pourraient permettre aux bactéries de moduler activement la forme du groupe dans lequel elles vivent
In this work, we propose a framework to understand the morphogenesis of two-dimensional microcolonies. In particular, we have explored how growth and adhesion of individual cells compete during microcolony extension. We have shown (i) that isolated cells display an asymmetry in their adhesion, which is higher at the old pole, (ii) that bacterial elongation can result in pushing forces inside the colony. Since the combination of these two effects is expected to produce mechanical stress at the scale of the microcolony, we have developed a method to measure the resulting adhesion forces using deformable substrates. We have demonstrated that focal adhesions are dynamically established and ruptured, with a bias towards the old poles. We have also probed the role of adhesion in the shape of the colony. We have shown that polar adhesion drives the transition from a linear to a two-dimensional growth after the first division. At larger colony sizes, the level of adhesion continues to correlate with the global shape of the colony. Finally, adhesion is involved in the transition from a two-dimensional to a three-dimensional colony. Taken together, our results suggest that the expression of adhesins and their location at the surface of the cells could be levers by which bacteria actively modulate the shape of the group in which they reside
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Frühauf, Patrik. "Zařízení vzduchotechniky a kvalita vzduchu v budovách." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227751.

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This thesis deals with the relationship between HVAC systems and internal microclimate of buildings. The work discusses briefly about different components which are formulating internal microclimate. More details are then focused on the issue of microbial microclimate.
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Alfiniyah, Cicik. "The role of quorum sensing in bacterial colony dynamics." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19542/.

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The quorum sensing (QS) signalling system allows colonies of bacteria to coordinate gene expression to optimise behaviour at low and high cell densities, giving rise to individual and group responses, respectively. The main aim of this thesis is to understand better the important roles of QS in bacterial colony dynamics. Thus a mathematical description was developed to thoroughly explore key mechanisms and parameter sensitivity. The nature of the QS system depends very much on the species. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was chosen as a model species for this study. P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium that is responsible for a wide range of chronic infections in humans. Its QS signalling system is known to involve the las, rhl and pqs systems; this thesis focuses on the first two. The las system includes the LasR regulator and LasI synthase, which direct the synthesis of autoinducer 3O-C12-HSL. Similarly, the rhl system consists of the RhlR regulator and RhlI synthase, directing the synthesis of autoinducer C4-HSL. The mathematical model of the las system displays hysteresis phenomena and excitable dynamics. In essence, the system can have two stable steady states reflecting low and high signal molecule production, separated by one unstable steady state. This feature of the las system can give rise to excitable pulse generation with important downstream impact on the rhl system. The las system is coupled to the rhl system in two ways. First, LasR and 3O-C12-HSL activate the expression of their counterpart in the rhl system. Second, 3O-C12-HSL blocks activation of RhlR by C4-HSL. Furthermore, the las-rhl interaction provides a `quorum memory' that allows cells to trigger rhamnolipid production when they are at the edge of colony. It was demonstrated how the dynamical QS system in individual cells and with coupling between cells can affect the dynamics of the bacterial colony.
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Maroto, Fernández Enric. "Image analysis of bacterial colonies in classic and alternative gel-based growth media." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666842.

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La adopción de tecnologías automatizadas de análisis de imagen va en aumento en los laboratorios de microbiología, éstas suponen un medio para incrementar la productividad, la objetividad y la trazabilidad de los resultados de las pruebas. Específicamente, la enumeración de colonias y la detección del desarrollo de color en éstas constituyen las dos aplicaciones más comunes de la visión artificial en el laboratorio microbiológico. En el albor de la era de la visión computarizada, el contaje y análisis de colonias se posiciona como una tarea más que automatizar mediante la inteligencia artificial aplicada al análisis de imagen. La presente tesis evalúa la capacidad de los escáneres flatbed para capturar imágenes para la detección y medida del desarrollo de color en colonias. Así mismo, se evalúa la incidencia que distintas concentraciones de cromógenos tienen sobre el desarrollo de color a lo largo del tiempo. Se sugieren aproximaciones asequibles para interpretar los datos obtenidos y se profundiza en el análisis del desarrollo de color. Los aspectos metrológicos de la técnica presentada son debidamente abordados. Se presta particular atención a la caracterización de la técnica empleada, a resaltar sus limitaciones y a evaluar la reproducibilidad de los resultados obtenidos en distintos dispositivos. Se aportan los primeros datos en relación a la enumeración de colonias aplicando técnicas cinéticas de toma de imagen en medios de cultivo alternativos. Así mismo, se evalúa el tiempo hasta detección de las colonias, junto con la recuperación de estas como medios para estudiar la inducción de estrés vinculada a la presencia de matrices potencialmente tóxicas.
Microbiology laboratories are increasingly adopting automated imaging technologies as means to leverage their productivity and increase traceability and objectivity of test results. Specifically, colony enumeration and detection of color development in these stand as the two most common applications of machine vision in microbiology laboratories. In the advent of the age of computer vision, colony counting and analysis stands as yet another process that can be automated by means of image-driven artificial intelligence. The present work assesses the capacity of flatbed scanners to capture images for the detection and measurement of color development in colonies. Effects of different concentrations of chromogens and the differences in color development over time are evaluated. Affordable approaches to interpret derived data are suggested and insights related to the analysis of color development are supplied. Metrological aspects of the measurement technique are duly addressed. Thus, particular care is devoted to characterize the measurement technique employed, to highlight its limitations, and to assess the cross-device reproducibility of obtained results. First-in-class accounts of enumeration of colonies in alternative culture media, based on kinetic imaging of their growth, are also reported. Furthermore, time to the earliest detection of colonies is evaluated, along with colony recovery evaluation, as a means to assess stress induction related to the presence of potentially toxic matrices.
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Daniel, Scott Garrett, and Scott Garrett Daniel. "Gut Bacterial Dysfunction in TGFβ Deficient Colon Cancer." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625592.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a 5-year survival rate of 68% yet it still has a mortality rate of 50,000 per year. While CRC has a host of causes, one that stands out is TGFβ deficient signaling, which is disrupted in a majority of high-microsatellite-instability or inflammation-associated CRCs. Since TGFβ is a multifunctional cytokine, it has been elusive to determine whether its effect on cancer development is operating through inflammation, differentiation or developmental pathways. Additionally, it is now becoming apparent that a great number of CRC cases can be associated with and possibly caused by gut bacteria dysbiosis. Here, I present a metagenomic and metatranscriptomic study of the interactions between TGFβ deficient signaling, inflammatory signaling, and the microbiome in a CRC mouse model. TGFβ deficient mice have reduced amounts of Firmicutes as well as mRNA counts of a key butyrate enzyme. Lack of butyrate, as shown by previous literature, could be inhibiting apoptosis and promoting growth. Also, TGFβ deficient mice have increased mRNA counts of polyamine producing genes, which could act synergistically with butyrate reduction. I find that H. hepaticus inoculation, as a source of inflammatory signaling, affects another species, M. schaedleri, to produce pro- inflammatory lipopolysaccharides. Additionally, H. hepaticus itself has increased oxidative phosphorylation; reactive oxygen species from this process could be adding to cancer-promoting DNA damage. Taken together, TGFβ deficient signaling and H. hepaticus inoculation, disrupt enough pathways to cross the threshold of carcinogenicity in 40% of the mice in our study. The results of this study emphasize the importance of microbiome function and represent possible new avenues of treatment.
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Frankenfeld, Cara L. "Hormone status postmenopause : colonic bacterial effects /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10854.

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Degnan, B. A. "Transport and metabolism of carbohydrates by anaerobic gut bacteria." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282017.

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Bridson, Eric Youlden. "Quantal microbiology." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312059.

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Books on the topic "Bacteria colony"

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R, Gibson Glenn, and Macfarlane George T, eds. Human colonic bacteria: Role in nutrition, physiology, and pathology. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995.

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Pimentel, Mark. A new IBS solution: Bacteria, the missing link in treating irritable bowel syndrome. Sherman Oaks, CA: Health Point Press, 2011.

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Jingfen, Zhuang, ed. Chang nei ge ming: Ru suan jun. Taibei Shi: Yuan qi zhai chu ban she, 2001.

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Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Bacterial overgrowth. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0035.

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Bacterial overgrowth 250Bacterial overgrowth refers to the syndrome of stasis of the small-bowel contents leading to bacterial proliferation and excessive numbers of bacteria being present in the small bowel (normally most of the gut bacteria are in the colon). It is also known as ‘blind loop syndrome’ or ‘stagnant loop syndrome’....
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Varieties of colon bacilli isolated from man. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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Connington, J. J. Nordenholt's Million. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14276.001.0001.

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As a bacteria threatens to wipe out humankind, a plutocrat sets himself up as the benignant dictator of a survivalist colony. In this novel originally published in 1923, as denitrifying bacteria inimical to plant growth spreads around the world, toppling civilizations and threatening to wipe out humankind, the British plutocrat Nordenholt sets himself up as the benignant dictator of a ruthlessly efficient, entirely undemocratic, survivalist colony established in Scotland's Clyde Valley. Discovering just how far their employer is willing to go in his effort to spare one million lives, Jack Flint, the colony's director of operations, and Elsa Huntingtower, Nordenholt's personal assistant, are forced to grapple with the question of whether a noble end justifies dastardly means. Matthew Battles is the author of Library: An Unquiet History, Palimpsest, and Tree, as well as the story collection The Sovereignties of Invention. His writing on the cultural dimensions of science, technology, and the natural world have appeared in the Atlantic, the Boston Globe, and Orion. For Harvard''s metaLAB, he develops research into the dark abundance of collections, cultural and technology, and conditions of experience in the context of deep time. Evan Hepler-Smith teaches the history of science and technology and environmental history at Duke University. He has a special interest in the history of chemicals and chemistry, information technology, and environmental regulation. His book in progress is entitled Compound Words: Chemical Information and the Molecular World. His writing has been published in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, Time.com, and Public Books.
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Scordino, David. Infectious Colitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0031.

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Infectious colitis is diarrhea with evidence of colonic inflammation by visualization (colonoscopy), history (blood or mucus in the stool), or laboratory evidence (high lactoferrin). Infectious colitis is associated with direct bacterial or indirect bacterial toxin invasion of the colonic mucosa, leading to toxicity, volume loss, hemorrhage, and colonic inflammation. The most important treatment is adequate hydration, but treatment also may include loperamide (useful in patients without fever or bloody stools) and antibiotics in individuals with evidence of colitis (although not for mild to moderate diarrhea without colitis). In any individual with diarrhea, address recent travel history, possible immunosuppression, the presence of blood or mucus in the stool, and any history of vomiting or severe abdominal pain. Therapy should be focused on maintaining adequate hydration and not missing potentially dangerous etiologies. Intravenous hydration can be used for those with moderate to severe dehydration with supplemental oral hydration solutions if discharge is possible.
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Doyle, Jeffrey D., and John C. Marshall. Intra-abdominal sepsis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0187.

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Intra-abdominal infection encompasses a broad group of infections arising both within the peritoneal cavity and the retroperitoneum. The probable bacteriology reflects patterns of normal and pathological colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. Anaerobic bacteria are found in the distal small bowel and colon. The abdomen is the second most common site of infection leading to sepsis in critically-ill patients. Intra-abdominal infections can be complex to manage and require excellent collaboration between intensivists, diagnostic and interventional radiologists, surgeons, and sometimes gastroenterologists and infectious disease specialists. Prompt diagnosis, appropriate antimicrobial coverage and timely source control are the cornerstones of successful management. The spectrum of pathologic conditions responsible for intra-abdominal infection is broad, although some common biological features facilitate an understanding of their diagnosis and management.
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Campbell, Wilson. Gut Health Detox from Toxins: Clean Your Gut, Colon, Lungs from Parasites, Toxins and Bad Bacterias and Strengthen Your Immune System. Independently Published, 2020.

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Hockings AM, F. David. Pests, Diseases and Beneficials. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486300228.

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Pests, Diseases and Beneficials helps gardeners to identify and deal with those common insects and small animals (such as bugs, beetles, caterpillars, thrips and mites) that are found in every Australian garden. It offers clear descriptions and full colour images to aid in identifying insects or other organisms, and provides useful advice on how to recognise and treat problems. The book also covers feeding habits, life cycles and insect biology. Based on the 1980 book Friends and Foes of Australian Gardens, this new work has been revised and expanded to include general garden situations as well as Australian native plants, and provides further information on plant diseases, harmless and beneficial fungi, bacteria and viruses, physiological disorders and problems caused by horticultural mismanagement.
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Book chapters on the topic "Bacteria colony"

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Pereira, Humberto, Paulo César Silva, and Björn Johansson. "Bacteria and Yeast Colony PCR." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 209–21. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3358-8_17.

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Liu, Anan, Zheren Liu, Limin Song, and Dong Han. "Adaptive Ideal Image Reconstruction for Bacteria Colony Detection." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 353–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27537-1_44.

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Ramos, Joelmir, Nadia Nedjah, and Luiza M. Mourelle. "Crowd Anomaly Detection Based on Optical Flow, Artificial Bacteria Colony and Kohonen’s Neural Network." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2017, 329–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62395-5_23.

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Borkar, S. G. "Describing Bacterial Colony Morphology." In Laboratory Techniques in Plant Bacteriology, 81–82. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315206882-15.

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Gupta, Surbhi, Priyanka Kamboj, and Sumit Kaushik. "Methodology for Automatic Bacterial Colony Counter." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 559–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30157-5_56.

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Liu, Wei, Yunlong Zhu, Ben Niu, and Hanning Chen. "Optimization Based on Bacterial Colony Foraging." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 489–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31837-5_71.

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Niu, Ben, and Hong Wang. "Bacterial Colony Optimization: Principles and Foundations." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 501–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31837-5_73.

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Bruno, David W., Patricia A. Noguera, and Trygve T. Poppe. "Bacterial Diseases." In A Colour Atlas of Salmonid Diseases, 73–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2010-7_6.

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Schaller, K. F. "Bacterial Dermatoses." In Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology, 22–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76200-0_3.

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da Cunha, Danilo Souza, Rafael Silveira Xavier, and Leandro Nunes de Castro. "A Bacterial Colony Algorithm for Association Rule Mining." In Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2015, 96–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24834-9_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bacteria colony"

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Park, Eun-Jung, Myoung-Ock Cho, and Jung Kyung Kim. "Growth Responses of Swarming and Gliding Bacteria on Substrates With Different Levels of Stiffness." In ASME 2010 First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2010-13154.

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We conducted experiments to decipher the interplays among bacterial motility, surface stiffness of culture medium, and growth of colony when bacteria grow on semi-solid substrate. We observed the growth kinetics of two kinds of bacteria, swarming Escherichia coli (E.coli) and gliding Myxococcus Xanthus (M.xanthus), grown on semi-solid agar substrates with different stiffness. The colony of M.xanthus moved by traction force on the surface shows a tendency to grow larger on soft substrate. The colony of E.coli using flagella shows a similar tendency in the early phase but later grows smaller on substrate with lower stiffness. We found that the growth of bacterial colony is affected by the mechanical properties of the substrate and the type of bacterial motility as well.
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Amano, Masaki, Duc-Tho Mai, Guanghao Sun, Trung Nguyen Vu, Le Thi Hoi, Nguyen Thi Hoa, and Koichiro Ishibashi. "Deep Learning Approach for Classifying Bacteria types using Morphology of Bacterial Colony." In 2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9870986.

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Krebsbach, Meaghen A., and Karim H. Muci-Ku¨chler. "Effect of Initial Surface Concentration on Bacterial Distribution in a Surrogate Ballistic Wound." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64243.

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In ballistic injuries, contamination can be carried from the environment, clothing, and skin surface into the wound track. Bacteria and contaminated debris can be introduced into the wound by several means, including physical transport by the projectile or by the suction caused by the formation and collapse of the temporary wound cavity. In this paper, the relationship between initial bacterial concentration on the surface and resultant bacterial distribution along the wound channel is examined using a leg surrogate. Escherichia coli strain K-12 was used to represent skin surface contamination. In order to reduce the possibility of contamination by outside bacteria and assist in colony visualization, the E. coli first underwent a transformation protocol to express Green Fluorescent Protein and to be resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin. Different concentrations of bacteria were pipetted onto circular filter paper and placed onto the surface of a ballistic gelatin leg surrogate, and an 11.43-mm (0.45-in) caliber projectile was shot through the contaminated area into the gel. The “wound track” was sliced into small, evenly spaced samples and the permanent cavity was removed using a biopsy punch, liquefied, and grown on selective lysogeny broth media containing ampicillin. Examination of a normalized bacterial colony count and normalized area covered per segment allowed comparison of variations in the initial concentration, and confirmed that within a range the normalized contamination distribution trend along the “wound track” remained similar. This verification allowed additional confidence in results obtained using this bacteria distribution methodology by eliminating concerns over small variations in initial bacterial concentration.
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Ates, Huseyin, and Omer Nezih Gerek. "An image-processing based automated bacteria colony counter." In 2009 24th International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences (ISCIS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscis.2009.5291926.

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Chen, Wei-Bang, and Chengcui Zhang. "Bacteria Colony Enumeration and Classification for Clonogenic Assay." In 2008 Tenth IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM) (Formerly MSE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ism.2008.109.

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Parra Amaris, Jorge Ernesto, Angela Consuelo Checa Hurtado, and Jorge Eduardo Ortiz Trivino. "Bacteria agent colony inside an ad-hoc network." In 2015 10th Computing Colombian Conference (10CCC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/columbiancc.2015.7333444.

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Hinz, Brandon J., Karim H. Muci-Küchler, and Pauline M. Smith. "Distribution of Bacteria in Simplified Surrogate Extremities Shot With Small Caliber Projectiles." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64803.

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Experiments were conducted to determine bacteria distribution trends in wound cavities of simplified surrogate extremities shot using small caliber projectiles. Two different shapes of targets, cylindrical and square, were used in this study. Cylindrical targets are more representative of an extremity but create difficulties while conducting tests due to inconsistent cavity lengths and optical distortions. Square targets, which are not as susceptible to the problems mentioned above, could be used in place of cylindrical ones if their shape does not significantly affect the distribution of bacteria within the wound cavity. Surface contamination of the targets in the experiments was represented using a circular piece of filter paper moistened with a solution with a known amount of Escherichia coli strain K-12. The projectiles used were 11.43-mm (0.45-in) caliber round nose projectiles shot from a commercially available air rifle. The permanent cavities were extracted from the targets and sliced into small, evenly spaced segments and the area surrounding the permanent cavities was removed with a biopsy punch. The radial tears that were made by the formation of the temporary cavity and surround the permanent cavity were removed using a scalpel. The permanent cavity and radial tears for each section were processed and plated on agar plates. Commercial software was used to count the number of colony forming units on each plate and the percentage of the total bacterial colony count per segment was determined. High speed video and motion analysis software was used to qualitatively and quantitatively compare the temporary cavities in the cylindrical and square targets. The data from the experiments showed that the bacteria distribution trends for the cylindrical and square targets were similar even though the maximum openings of the temporary cavity at the entrance and exit locations were higher for the cylindrical ones. For both target shapes, the bacterium was evenly distributed between the permanent cavity and the radial tears in the middle sections of the “wound tracks.” In addition, significantly higher amounts of bacterium were found in the entrance and exit segments compared with the rest of the segments in the “wound tracks”.
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Faruk Ali, Md, and Sudhabindu Ray. "Detection and selective destruction of bacteria colony at THz frequencies." In 2012 National Conference on Communications (NCC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ncc.2012.6176808.

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Men, Hong, Yujie Wu, Yanchun Gao, Zhen Kou, Zhiming Xu, and Shanrang Yang. "Application of Support Vector Machine to Heterotrophic Bacteria Colony Recognition." In 2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csse.2008.485.

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Krebsbach, Meaghen A., Karim H. Muci-Ku¨chler, and Brandon J. Hinz. "Effect of Projectile Caliber and Speed on Bacterial Distribution in a Leg Surrogate." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39377.

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This paper examines the relationship between ballistic factors and bacterial distribution along a surrogate wound channel using ballistic gelatin cylinders with dimensions representative of the calf region of an average human leg. The ballistics factors considered were projectile caliber and speed, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was used as the representative bacteria. In order to reduce the possibility of contamination by outside bacteria, the E. coli first underwent a transformation protocol to express Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and become resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin. A set volume of bacteria was pipetted onto a small piece of filter paper which was placed on the surface of a ballistic gelatin cylinder and a projectile was shot through the bacteria saturated filter paper. The ‘wound track’ was divided into slices, and the area surrounding the permanent cavity was removed with a biopsy punch, liquefied, and grown on selective LB media containing ampicillin. Examination of the bacterial colony count along the permanent cavity segments allowed comparison of how variations in projectile caliber and speed affected contamination distribution along the ‘wound track’. Initial results indicate that larger calibers may result in higher contamination distribution at the projectile entrance and exit regions and higher speeds compress the distribution and result in a drop in contamination level near the exit.
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Reports on the topic "Bacteria colony"

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Jelinek, Raz, Paul Dawson, Timothy Hanks, William Pennington, and Julie Northcutt. Bacterial sensors for food processing environments. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598157.bard.

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The overall objective of this project was to develop a new bacterial contaminant sensor based upon polydiacetylene(PDA) which is a unique polymer that changes color and configuration in response to external molecular stimuli. While this polymer has been well studied and has been shown to respond to bacterial stimuli in the laboratory, application to food processing environments has not been demonstrated. One hurdle in the application of biosensors in a food processing environment is interference of food sanitizers with the detection of bacteria. Common food sanitizers were evaluated for their response to PDA and different concentrations paving the way for use of modified PDAs developed by the research team to be used in food plants. Further development of PDA bacterial sensors focused on simplifying its application by immobilizing PDA on cotton and paper for use on swabs, wipes and dip papers. Increasing the sensitivity of PDAs was investigated by attaching fluorophores. Future and continued work will include the decoration of PDAs with apatmers to improve the specificity of the biosensor to food pathogens.
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Gómez Álvarez, Martha Isabel, Fernando Rodríguez Villamizar, Claudia Patricia Buitrago Albarado, Diana Marcela León Moreno, and Erika Andrea Alarcón Torres. Rumitec : único probiótico con microorganismos de razas criollas colombianas. Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.plegable.2020.5.

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Rumitec® es un probiótico a base de bacterias benéficas que contiene mínimo 100 millones de (unidades formadoras de colonia) por mililitro y mejora la absorción de nutrientes en terneras y terneros en etapa de iniciación. Se emplea para acelerar el desarrollo del rumen y potencializar el rendimiento productivo del ternero; el equilibrio de la flora intestinal; y la aceleración del paso de lactante a rumiante.
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Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.
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