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1
Carpenter, Kenneth. "Experimental investigation of the role of bacteria in bone fossilization." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2005, no. 2 (February 17, 2005): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/2005/2005/83.
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Gollwitzer, Hans, Wolfram Mittelmeier, Monika Brendle, Patrick Weber, Thomas Miethke, Gunther O. Hofmann, Ludger Gerdesmeyer, Johannes Schauwecker, and Peter Diehl. "High Hydrostatic Pressure for Disinfection of Bone Grafts and Biomaterials: An Experimental Study." Open Orthopaedics Journal 3, no. 1 (January 29, 2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325000903010001.
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Background:Autoclaving, heat, irradiation or chemical detergents are used to disinfect autografts, allografts and biomaterials for tissue reconstruction. These methods are often associated with deterioration of mechanical, physical, and biological properties of the bone grafts and synthetic implants. High hydrostatic pressure has been proposed as a novel method preserving biomechanical and biological properties of bone, tendon and cartilage. This is the first study to assess the inactivation of clinically relevant bacteria on biomaterials and human bone by high hydrostatic pressure.Methods:Bacterial suspensions ofStaphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosaandEnterococcus faecium, implants covered with infected blood, human bone infectedin vitro, and biopsies of patients with chronic osteomyelitis were subjected to different protocols of high hydrostatic pressure up to 600 MPa. Bacterial survival after high hydrostatic pressure treatment was determined and compared with bacterial growth in untreated controls.Results:S. aureusandP. aeruginosain suspension were completely inactivated by high hydrostatic pressure (> 5log levels), whereasE. faeciumshowed barotolerance up to 600 MPa. Blood and adherence to metal implants did not significantly alter inactivation of bacteria, and complete disinfection was achieved with barotolerant bacteria (S. aureusandP. aeruginosa). However, osteoarthritic bone demonstrated a non-homogeneous baroprotective effect, with single bone samples resistant to treatment resulting in unaltered bacterial growth, and complete disinfection of artificially infected bone specimens was achieved in 66% forS. aureus, 60% forP. aeruginosaand 0% forE. faecium. Human bone samples of patients with chronic osteomyelitis could be completely disinfected in 2 of 37 cases.Conclusion:High hydrostatic pressure offers new perspectives for disinfection of sensitive biomaterials and bone grafts, and contamination by blood did not significantly affect bacterial inactivation rates. However, a significant baroprotective effect was demonstrated in bone. Effectiveness is currently limited to colonization and / or infection with barosensitive micro-organisms.
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Charles, Krista. "Bacteria from yogurt speed bone healing." New Scientist 248, no. 3309 (November 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(20)32038-8.
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Parvaneh, Kolsoom, Rosita Jamaluddin, Golgis Karimi, and Reza Erfani. "Effect of Probiotics Supplementation on Bone Mineral Content and Bone Mass Density." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/595962.
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A few studies in animals and a study in humans showed a positive effect of probiotic on bone metabolism and bone mass density. Most of the investigated bacteria wereLactobacillusandBifidobacterium. The positive results of the probiotics were supported by the high content of dietary calcium and the high amounts of supplemented probiotics. Some of the principal mechanisms include (1) increasing mineral solubility due to production of short chain fatty acids; (2) producing phytase enzyme by bacteria to overcome the effect of mineral depressed by phytate; (3) reducing intestinal inflammation followed by increasing bone mass density; (4) hydrolysing glycoside bond food in the intestines byLactobacillusandBifidobacteria. These mechanisms lead to increase bioavailability of the minerals. In conclusion, probiotics showed potential effects on bone metabolism through different mechanisms with outstanding results in the animal model. The results also showed that postmenopausal women who suffered from low bone mass density are potential targets to consume probiotics for increasing mineral bioavailability including calcium and consequently increasing bone mass density.
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Procopio, Noemi, Caley A. Mein, Sefora Starace, Andrea Bonicelli, and Anna Williams. "Bone Diagenesis in Short Timescales: Insights from an Exploratory Proteomic Analysis." Biology 10, no. 6 (May 23, 2021): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10060460.
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The evaluation of bone diagenetic phenomena in archaeological timescales has a long history; however, little is known about the origins of the microbes driving bone diagenesis, nor about the extent of bone diagenesis in short timeframes—such as in forensic contexts. Previously, the analysis of non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) through bottom-up proteomics revealed the presence of potential biomarkers useful in estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI). However, there is still a great need for enhancing the understanding of the diagenetic processes taking place in forensic timeframes, and to clarify whether proteomic analyses can help to develop better models for estimating PMI reliably. To address these knowledge gaps, we designed an experiment based on whole rat carcasses, defleshed long rat bones, and excised but still-fleshed rat limbs, which were either buried in soil or exposed on a clean plastic surface, left to decompose for 28 weeks, and retrieved at different time intervals. This study aimed to assess differences in bone protein relative abundances for the various deposition modalities and intervals. We further evaluated the effects that extrinsic factors, autolysis, and gut and soil bacteria had on bone diagenesis via bottom-up proteomics. Results showed six proteins whose abundance was significantly different between samples subjected to either microbial decomposition (gut or soil bacteria) or to environmental factors. In particular, muscle- and calcium-binding proteins were found to be more prone to degradation by bacterial attack, whereas plasma and bone marrow proteins were more susceptible to exposure to extrinsic agents. Our results suggest that both gut and soil bacteria play key roles in bone diagenesis and protein decay in relatively short timescales, and that bone proteomics is a proficient resource with which to identify microbially-driven versus extrinsically-driven diagenesis.
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Mousa, H. A. "Bone infection." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9, no. 1-2 (April 2, 2003): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.1-2.208.
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Osteomyelitis, or bone infection, affects all age groups and develops from various sources including haematogenously from distant infection foci, from external sources such as post-operative or post-traumatic wound infections and from adjoining soft tissue infections. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae are the most common pathogens of haematogenous osteomyelitis. Aerobic and facultative gram-negative bacteria have emerged as significant pathogens in some types of osteomyelitis while anaerobic bacteria are increasingly recognized as potential pathogens in non-haematogenous osteomyelitis. The emergence of antibiotic resistance is of increasing concern, although improvements in radiologic imaging, antibiotic treatment and heightened awareness have led to earlier detection such that long-term sequelae and morbidity are now primarily due to delays in diagnosis and inadequate treatment
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Ren, Xiao Qing, Peng Liang, Li Zhen Ma, and Hong Shun Yang. "Antibacterial Mechanism of Catfish Bone Hydrolysate Revealed by Atomic Force and Transmission Electron Microscopy." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 1346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.1346.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the catfish bone hydrolysate (CBH) on morphology of bacteria which were observed by atomic force microscope (AFM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The CBH was found to inhibit Escherichia coli (E. coli) growth. The CBH at 10 mg/ml caused the significant fragmentariness in the bacterial membrane and a severe volume decrease. A possible mechanism is that CBH damages the structure of bacterial cell membrane which causes E. coli bacteria to die eventually.
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Jabbour, Zaher, Cássio do Nascimento, Michel El-Hakim, Janet E. Henderson, and Rubens F. de Albuquerque. "Profile of bacteria colonizing the exposed bone of patients with anti-osteoclastic drug-related osteonecrosis of the jaws." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 62, no. 9 (September 2016): 772–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2016-0212.
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Microbial etiology for anti-osteoclastic drug-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ) was suggested. This study investigates any link between bacteria colonizing ARONJ sites and other oral cavity sites. Microbiota samples of 10 ARONJ patients were collected from the exposed bone, adjacent teeth, contralateral teeth, and tongue. DNA checkerboard hybridization was used for microbiota analysis with 43 genomic DNA probes prepared from human oral bacterial (38) and candida (5) species, using Socransky’s bacterial complexes as a guide. The frequency and the mean proportion of each bacterial species were used. Eikenella corrodens, Streptococcus constellatus, and Fusobacterium nucleatum were dominant in the ARONJ sites and detected in most teeth samples. Staphylococcus aureus was also dominant in the ARONJ sites and tongue. Significant correlations were found between the mean proportions of bacterial species colonizing adjacent teeth, contralateral teeth, and tongue (p < 0.001, R2 > 0.69). No significant correlation (p > 0.05, R2 < 0.025) was found between bacteria colonizing ARONJ sites and other evaluated sites. Within the study limitations, it was concluded that the primary sources of microorganisms colonizing ARONJ sites could be other sites such as teeth and tongue. The microbial profile of the necrotic bone is predominantly colonized with bacteria from Socransky’s green and orange complexes, as well as with species associated with bone infections.
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Kolbjørnsen, Ø., B. David, and M. Gilhuus. "Bacterial Osteomyelitis in a 3-Week-Old Broiler Chicken Associated With Enterococcus hirae." Veterinary Pathology 48, no. 6 (January 27, 2011): 1134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985810396513.
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Enterococcus hirae infections are reported to cause growth depression, encephalomalacia, endocarditis, and septicemia in chickens. This report describes osteomyelitis in the proximal femur of a 3-week-old broiler chicken that also suffered from valvular endocarditis and liver necrosis. Histologically, clusters of gram-positive coccoid bacteria were found in many organs, including bone lesions. In tissues from 5 of 6 examined chickens from the same flock, E hirae was isolated in large numbers. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of spontaneous bacterial osteomyelitis where E hirae was cultured from bone and where coccoid bacteria consistent with Enterococcus spp were simultaneously demonstrated within bone lesions.
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Winkler, Heinz, and Peter Haiden. "Allograft Bone as Antibiotic Carrier." Journal of Bone and Joint Infection 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/jbji.17466.
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Abstract. The treatment of chronic bone and joint infections is characterized by obstinate persistency of the causing microorganisms and resulting long term disability to patients, associated with remarkable costs for the health care system. Difficulties derive from biofilm formed on dead bone and eventual implants, with resistance against immunological defences and antimicrobial substances. Biofilm embedded bacteria require up to 1000 times the antibiotic concentration of planktonic bacteria for elimination. Systemic antibiotic treatment alone cannot provide the concentrations required and surgical intervention is always prerequisite for potentially providing a cure. A second issue is that osseous defects are almost always present after surgical debridement, and it is difficult to address their reconstruction. One option is to use bone grafts, either from the patient´s own body or from foreign donors (allografts). Grafts are usually unvascularized and are prone to colonization with bacteria. Loading of allografts with antibiotics may not only protect grafts from bacterial adhesion but, using appropriate processing methods, may also provide high local antibiotic concentrations that may eliminate remaining sessile pathogens. For efficient action as antibiotic carriers, the release of antibiotics should be above the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) for a prolonged period of time. Cleaning the bone from bone marrow opens a large reservoir for storage of antimicrobial substances that, after implantation, may be released to the surrounding in a sustained mode, possibly eliminating remaining biofilm remnants. Removal of bone marrow, leaving a pure matrix, provides increased safety and improved revascularization of the graft. Local provision of antibiotic concentrations above the MBEC may enable simultaneous internal fixation with osteosynthetic material and single stage exchange of infected endoprostheses, resulting in shorter hospital stays with reduced pain and faster rehabilitation of patients.
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Kwon, Yeongkag, Chaeyeon Park, Jueun Lee, Dong Hyun Park, Sungho Jeong, Cheol-Heui Yun, Ok-Jin Park, and Seung Hyun Han. "Regulation of Bone Cell Differentiation and Activation by Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 5805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115805.
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Gut microbiota has emerged as an important regulator of bone homeostasis. In particular, the modulation of innate immunity and bone homeostasis is mediated through the interaction between microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and the host pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains. Pathogenic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Staphylococcus aureus tend to induce bone destruction and cause various inflammatory bone diseases including periodontal diseases, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. On the other hand, probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species can prevent bone loss. In addition, bacterial metabolites and various secretory molecules such as short chain fatty acids and cyclic nucleotides can also affect bone homeostasis. This review focuses on the regulation of osteoclast and osteoblast by MAMPs including cell wall components and secretory microbial molecules under in vitro and in vivo conditions. MAMPs could be used as potential molecular targets for treating bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis and periodontal diseases.
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Dapunt, Ulrike, Susanne Maurer, Thomas Giese, Matthias Martin Gaida, and Gertrud Maria Hänsch. "The Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins MIP1α(CCL3) and MIP2α(CXCL2) in Implant-Associated Osteomyelitis: Linking Inflammation to Bone Degradation." Mediators of Inflammation 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/728619.
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Bacterial infections of bones remain a serious complication of endoprosthetic surgery. These infections are difficult to treat, because many bacterial species form biofilms on implants, which are relatively resistant towards antibiotics. Bacterial biofilms elicit a progressive local inflammatory response, resulting in tissue damage and bone degradation. In the majority of patients, replacement of the prosthesis is required. To address the question of how the local inflammatory response is linked to bone degradation, tissue samples were taken during surgery and gene expression of the macrophage inflammatory proteins MIP1α(CCL3) and MIP2α(CXCL2) was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. MIPs were expressed predominantly at osteolytic sites, in close correlation with CD14 which was used as marker for monocytes/macrophages. Colocalisation of MIPs with monocytic cells could be confirmed by histology. In vitro experiments revealed that, aside from monocytic cells, also osteoblasts were capable of MIP production when stimulated with bacteria; moreover, CCL3 induced the differentiation of monocytes to osteoclasts. In conclusion, the multifunctional chemokines CCL3 and CXCL2 are produced locally in response to bacterial infection of bones. In addition to their well described chemokine activity, these cytokines can induce generation of bone resorbing osteoclasts, thus providing a link between bacterial infection and osteolysis.
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Yagi, Haruyo, Shinsuke Kihara, Peter N. Mittwede, Patrick L. Maher, Adam C. Rothenberg, Alyssa D. C. M. Falcione, Antonia Chen, Kenneth L. Urish, Rocky S. Tuan, and Peter Geoffrey Alexander. "Development of a large animal rabbit model for chronic periprosthetic joint infection." Bone & Joint Research 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.103.bjr-2019-0193.r3.
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Aims Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) and osteomyelitis are clinical challenges that are difficult to eradicate. Well-characterized large animal models necessary for testing and validating new treatment strategies for these conditions are lacking. The purpose of this study was to develop a rabbit model of chronic PJI in the distal femur. Methods Fresh suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) were prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (1 × 109 colony-forming units (CFUs)/ml). Periprosthetic osteomyelitis in female New Zealand white rabbits was induced by intraosseous injection of planktonic bacterial suspension into a predrilled bone tunnel prior to implant screw placement, examined at five and 28 days (n = 5/group) after surgery, and compared to a control aseptic screw group. Radiographs were obtained weekly, and blood was collected to measure ESR, CRP, and white blood cell (WBC) counts. Bone samples and implanted screws were harvested on day 28, and processed for histological analysis and viability assay of bacteria, respectively. Results Intraosseous periprosthetic introduction of planktonic bacteria induced an acute rise in ESR and CRP that subsided by day 14, and resulted in radiologically evident periprosthetic osteolysis by day 28 accompanied by elevated WBC counts and histological evidence of bacteria in the bone tunnels after screw removal. The aseptic screw group induced no increase in ESR, and no lysis developed around the implants. Bacterial viability was confirmed by implant sonication fluid culture. Conclusion Intraosseous periprosthetic introduction of planktonic bacteria reliably induces survivable chronic PJI in rabbits. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(3):156–165.
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De Sousa, Ricardo Barbosa, Ewerton Gomes Vieira, Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin, Rafael Miguel Sábio, Josy Anteveli Osajima Furtini, and Edson Cavalcanti Da Silva Filho. "Recent advances in methods of synthesis and applications of bacterial cellulose/calcium phosphates composites in bone tissue engineering." International Journal of Advances in Medical Biotechnology - IJAMB 1, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25061/2595-3931/ijamb/2018.v1i2.16.
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Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a nanofibrous biomaterial biosynthetized by a series of acetic bacteria with unique properties with application in many tissue engineering purposes. Calcium phosphates (CPs), mainly hydroxyapatite, are bioceramics that possess similar composition of host bones and are able to stimulate osteoconduction and osteointegration to living tissues. Bacterial cellulose-calcium phosphates composites have caught the attention of researchers by their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, being considered an excellent proposal to development of new synthetic grafts to bone tissue engineering. The minireview presented here focuses on various fabrication methods used to prepare and novel applications of BC-CPs composites and their applications in BTE.Keywords:
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Stracquadanio, Stefano, Nicolò Musso, Angelita Costantino, Lorenzo Mattia Lazzaro, Stefania Stefani, and Dafne Bongiorno. "Staphylococcus aureus Internalization in Osteoblast Cells: Mechanisms, Interactions and Biochemical Processes. What Did We Learn from Experimental Models?" Pathogens 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020239.
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Bacterial internalization is a strategy that non-intracellular microorganisms use to escape the host immune system and survive inside the human body. Among bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus showed the ability to interact with and infect osteoblasts, causing osteomyelitis as well as bone and joint infection, while also becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotic therapy and a reservoir of bacteria that can make the infection difficult to cure. Despite being a serious issue in orthopedic surgery, little is known about the mechanisms that allow bacteria to enter and survive inside the osteoblasts, due to the lack of consistent experimental models. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about S. aureus internalization mechanisms and various aspects of the interaction between bacteria and osteoblasts (e.g., best experimental conditions, bacteria-induced damages and immune system response), focusing on studies performed using the MG-63 osteoblastic cell line, the best traditional (2D) model for the study of this phenomenon to date. At the same time, as it has been widely demonstrated that 2D culture systems are not completely indicative of the dynamic environment in vivo, and more recent 3D models—representative of bone infection—have also been investigated.
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Zapata, Mayra Eliana Valencia, Lina Marcela Ruiz Rojas, José Herminsul Mina Hernández, Johannes Delgado-Ospina, and Carlos David Grande Tovar. "Acrylic Bone Cements Modified with Graphene Oxide: Mechanical, Physical, and Antibacterial Properties." Polymers 12, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081773.
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Bacterial infections are a common complication after total joint replacements (TJRs), the treatment of which is usually based on the application of antibiotic-loaded cements; however, owing to the increase in antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, the possibility of studying new antibacterial agents in acrylic bone cements (ABCs) is open. In this study, the antibacterial effect of formulations of ABCs loaded with graphene oxide (GO) between 0 and 0.5 wt.% was evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria: Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram-negative ones: Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. It was found that the effect of GO was dependent on the concentration and type of bacteria: GO loadings ≥0.2 wt.% presented total inhibition of Gram-negative bacteria, while GO loadings ≥0.3 wt.% was necessary to achieve the same effect with Gram-positives bacteria. Additionally, the evaluation of some physical and mechanical properties showed that the presence of GO in cement formulations increased wettability by 17%, reduced maximum temperature during polymerization by 19%, increased setting time by 40%, and increased compressive and flexural mechanical properties by up to 17%, all of which are desirable behaviors in ABCs. The formulation of ABC loading with 0.3 wt.% GO showed great potential for use as a bone cement with antibacterial properties.
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Honda, Michiyo, Morio Matsumoto, and Mamoru Aizawa. "Potential Application of Protamine for Antimicrobial Biomaterials in Bone Tissue Engineering." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 4368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124368.
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Bacterial infection of biomaterials is a serious problem in the field of medical devices. It is urgently necessary to develop new biomaterials with bactericidal activity. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs), alternative antibacterial agents, are expected to overcome the bacterial resistance. The aim of this study was to develop a new intelligent material in bone tissue engineering based on protamine-loaded hydroxyapatite (protamine/HAp) that uses AMPs rather than antibiotics. It was found that the adsorption of protamine to HAp followed the Langmuir adsorption model and was due to electrostatic and/or hydrophobic interactions. In vitro bacterial adhesion and growth on protamine/HAp was inhibited in a protamine dose-dependent manner. Adherent bacteria exhibited an aberrant morphology for high dosages of protamine/HAp, resulting in the formation of large aggregates and disintegration of the membrane. The released protamine from protamine/HAp also prevented the growth of planktonic bacteria in vitro. However, a high dosage of protamine from powders at loading concentrations over 1000 μg·mL−1 induced a cytotoxic effect in vitro, although those exhibited no apparent cytotoxicity in vivo. These data revealed that protamine/HAp (less than 1000 μg·mL−1) had both antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility and can be applied for bone substitutes in orthopedic fields.
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Zink, Albert, Udo Reischl, Hans Wolf, and Andreas G. Nerlich. "Molecular Evidence of Bacteremia by Gastrointestinal Pathogenic Bacteria in an Infant Mummy From Ancient Egypt." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 124, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2000-124-1614-meobbg.
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Abstract In this study, we describe an infant mummy from ancient Egypt that showed macromorphologic signs of chronic anemia and vitamin C deficiency. From this infant, we have obtained a sterile sample from a metatarsal bone to extract ancient bacterial DNA. Following polymerase chain reaction amplification and subcloning of the amplicons, the sequence of the 16S ribosomal DNA was determined in several resulting clones. The presence of pathogenic and apathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, are indicated by our result, providing evidence of bacteremia, which probably contributed to death due to septicemia. These findings suggest that the infant, who already had chronic anemia and vitamin C deficiency, acquired a gastrointestinal infection, which finally led to a systemic spread. To our knowledge, this is the first case identifying potentially septicemic bacterial dissemination in an ancient Egyptian mummy. Using our approach, we hope to investigate distinct paleomicrobiological aspects of ancient populations, which will potentially enlighten our understanding of the development and evolution of pathogenic bacteria.
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Willekens, Christophe, and Thomas Boyer. "Bone marrow necrosis: a culture medium for bacteria." Blood 122, no. 16 (October 17, 2013): 2775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-06-505677.
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Chen, Mei-Feng, Chih-Hsiang Chang, Chih-Chien Hu, Ying-Yu Wu, Yuhan Chang, and Steve W. N. Ueng. "Periprosthetic Joint Infection Caused by Gram-Positive Versus Gram-Negative Bacteria: Lipopolysaccharide, but not Lipoteichoic Acid, Exerts Adverse Osteoclast-Mediated Effects on the Bone." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 9 (August 23, 2019): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091289.
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Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI)—the most common cause of knee arthroplasty failure—may result from Gram-positive (GP) or Gram-negative (GN) bacterial infections. The question as to whether PJI due to GP or GN bacteria can lead to different rates of aseptic loosening after reimplantation remains open. We have investigated this issue through a retrospective review of clinical records obtained from 320 patients with bacterial PJI. The results revealed that, compared with GP infections, GN infections were associated with an increased risk of aseptic loosening. In animal studies, mice underwent intrafemoral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from GN bacteria or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from GP bacteria. We demonstrate that LPS—but not LTA—reduced both the number of trabeculae and the bone mineral density in mice. In addition, LPS-treated mice exhibited a reduced body weight, higher serum osteocalcin levels, and an increased number of osteoclasts. LPS accelerated monocyte differentiation into osteoclast-like cells, whereas LTA did not. Finally, ibudilast—a toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 antagonist—was found to inhibit LPS-induced bone loss and osteoclast activation in mice. Taken together, our data indicate that PJI caused by GN bacteria portends a higher risk of aseptic loosening after reimplantation, mainly because of LPS-mediated effects on osteoclast differentiation.
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Cardoso, Flávia Goulart da Rosa, Adriana Chung, Frederico Canato Martinho, Carlos Henrique Ribeiro Camargo, Claudio Antônio Talge Carvalho, Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes, and Marcia Carneiro Valera. "Investigation of Bacterial Contents From Persistent Endodontic Infection and Evaluation of Their Inflammatory Potential." Brazilian Dental Journal 27, no. 4 (August 2016): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600520.
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Abstract This clinical study investigated and quantified cultivable bacteria and their levels of endotoxins in persistent endodontic infection, determining their antigenicity against macrophages and fibroblast cells by IL-1β and TNF-α secretion and evaluating their relationship with clinical and radiographic features. Samples from the root canals were obtained after root filling removal. Culture techniques were used to determine the bacterial count and the endotoxins were determined by LAL-assay. PCR analysis (16S rDNA) was used for bacterial detection. Raw 264.5 macrophages and V79 fibroblast were stimulated with endodontic contents. ELISA assay measured the amounts of IL-1ß/TNF-?#61537; secretion. Bacteria and endotoxin medians were 1.24x105 CFU/mL and 9.62 EU/mL, respectively. Porphyromonas endodontalis was the most frequently detected species. Higher levels of endotoxins were found in teeth with pain on palpation (23.56 EU/mL) rather than in its absence (8.21 EU/mL). Larger areas of bone destruction were related to higher levels of endotoxins and IL-1β and TNF-α secretion. The study findings revealed the presence of Gram-negative bacteria species in persistent endodontic infection, with their endotoxins related to both severity of bone destruction and development of symptomatology. Moreover, larger areas of bone destruction were related to higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α secreted by macrophages and fibroblast cells.
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Pöllänen, M. T., M. A. Laine, R. Ihalin, and V. J. Uitto. "Host-Bacteria Crosstalk at the Dentogingival Junction." International Journal of Dentistry 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/821383.
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The dentogingival junction is of crucial importance in periodontal host defense both structurally and functionally. Oral bacteria exert a constant challenge to the host cells and tissues at the dentogingival junction. The host response is set up to eliminate the pathogens by the innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. In health, the commensal bacteria and the host defense mechanisms are in a dynamic steady state. During periodontal disease progression, the dental bacterial plaque, junctional epithelium (JE), inflammatory cells, connective tissue, and bone all go through a series of changes. The tissue homeostasis is turned into tissue destruction and progression of periodontitis. The classical study of Slots showed that in the bacterial plaque, the most remarkable change is the shift from gram-positive aerobic and facultatively anaerobic flora to a predominantly gram-negative and anaerobic flora. This has been later confirmed by several other studies. Furthermore, not only the shift of the bacterial flora to a more pathogenic one, but also bacterial growth as a biofilm on the tooth surface, allows the bacteria to communicate with each other and exert their virulence aimed at favoring their growth. This paper focuses on host-bacteria crosstalk at the dentogingival junction and the models studying itin vitro.
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LIANG, RONGRONG, XIAOQIAO YU, RENHUAN WANG, XIN LUO, YANWEI MAO, LIXIAN ZHU, and YIMIN ZHANG. "Bacterial Diversity and Spoilage-Related Microbiota Associated with Freshly Prepared Chicken Products under Aerobic Conditions at 4°C." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 1057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-439.
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This study analyzed the bacterial diversity and spoilage-related microbiota associated with freshly prepared chicken products stored aerobically at 4°C, using “bone and chicken string,” a product popular in the People's Republic of China, as the study subject. Samples collected from three different factories were tray packaged with cling film and stored at 4°C. Bacterial diversity and dominant bacteria were analyzed using PCR amplification and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Combined with selective cultivation of the dominant bacteria and correlation analysis, the dominant spoilage microbiota was determined. The results showed that bacterial diversity varied with different manufacturers. Such bacteria as Acinetobacter sp., Carnobacterium sp., Rahnella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Brochothrix sp., and Weissella sp. were detected in freshly prepared chicken products during storage. And Carnobacterium sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Brochothrix sp. bacteria were the common dominant spoilage bacteria groups in most freshly prepared chicken products from different factories. Carnobacterium was, for the first time, shown to be an important contributor to the spoilage-related microflora of freshly prepared chicken products stored aerobically under refrigeration. Our work shows the bacterial diversity and dominant spoilage microbiota of freshly prepared chicken products stored aerobically under refrigeration.
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Holloway, Julianne L. "One step solution for fighting bacteria and growing bone." Science Translational Medicine 11, no. 479 (February 13, 2019): eaaw5326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw5326.
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The delivery of copper ions from collagen-bioactive glass composite scaffolds offers a promising one-step approach to treating bone infections while also promoting new bone and blood vessel formation.
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Marriott, Ian, Dana M. Rati, Samuel H. McCall, and Susanne L. Tranguch. "Induction of Nod1 and Nod2 Intracellular Pattern Recognition Receptors in Murine Osteoblasts following Bacterial Challenge." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 5 (May 2005): 2967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.5.2967-2973.2005.
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ABSTRACT Osteoblasts produce an array of immune molecules following bacterial challenge that could recruit leukocytes to sites of infection and promote inflammation during bone diseases, such as osteomyelitis. Recent studies from our laboratory have shed light on the mechanisms by which this cell type can perceive and respond to bacteria by demonstrating the functional expression of members of the Toll-like family of cell surface pattern recognition receptors by osteoblasts. However, we have shown that bacterial components fail to elicit immune responses comparable with those seen following challenge with the intracellular pathogens salmonellae and Staphylococcus aureus. In the present study, we show that UV-killed bacteria and invasion-defective bacterial strains elicit significantly less inflammatory cytokine production than their viable wild-type counterparts. Importantly, we demonstrate that murine osteoblasts express the novel intracellular pattern recognition receptors Nod1 and Nod2. Levels of mRNA encoding Nod molecules and protein expression are significantly and differentially increased from low basal levels following exposure to these disparate bacterial pathogens. In addition, we have shown that osteoblasts express Rip2 kinase, a critical downstream effector molecule for Nod signaling. Furthermore, to begin to establish the functional nature of Nod expression, we show that a specific ligand for Nod proteins can significantly augment immune molecule production by osteoblasts exposed to either UV-inactivated bacteria or bacterial lipopolysaccharide. As such, the presence of Nod proteins in osteoblasts could represent an important mechanism by which this cell type responds to intracellular bacterial pathogens of bone.
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Mongaret, Céline, Jennifer Varin-Simon, Fabien Lamret, Taghrid S. El-Mahdy, Lucien Brasme, Véronique Vernet-Garnier, Sophie C. Gangloff, Xavier Ohl, and Fany Reffuveille. "Cutibacterium acnes Biofilm Study during Bone Cells Interaction." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (September 12, 2020): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091409.
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Cutibacterium acnes is an opportunistic pathogen involved in Bone and Prosthesis Infections (BPIs). In this study, we observed the behavior of commensal and BPI C. acnes strains in the bone environment through bacterial internalization by osteoblast-like cells and biofilm formation. For the commensal strains, less than 1% of the bacteria were internalized; among them, about 32.7 ± 3.9% persisted intracellularly for up to 48 h. C. acnes infection seems to have no cytotoxic effect on bone cells as detected by LDH assay. Interestingly, commensal C. acnes showed a significant increase in biofilm formation after osteoblast-like internalization for 50% of the strains (2.8-fold increase). This phenomenon is exacerbated on a titanium support, a material used for medical devices. For the BPI clinical strains, we did not notice any increase in biofilm formation after internalization despite a similar internalization rate by the osteoblast-like cells. Furthermore, fluorescent staining revealed more live bacteria within the biofilm after osteoblast-like cell interaction, for all strains (BPIs and commensal). The genomic study did not reveal any link between their clinical origin and phylotype. In conclusion, we have shown for the first time the possible influence of internalization by osteoblast-like cells on commensal C. acnes.
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Rahyussalim, Ahmad Jabir, Tri Kurniawati, and Andriansjah Rukmana. "Mycobacterium tuberculosisContaminant Risk on Bone Marrow Aspiration Material from Iliac Bone Patients with Active Tuberculous Spondylitis." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3852940.
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There was a concern onMycobacterium tuberculosisspreading to the bone marrow, when it was applied on tuberculous spine infection. This research aimed to study the probability of using autologous bone marrow as a source of mesenchymal stem cell for patients with tuberculous spondylitis. As many as nine patients with tuberculous spondylitis were used as samples. During the procedure, the vertebral lesion material and iliac bone marrow aspirates were obtained for acid fast staining, bacteria culture, and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests forMycobacterium tuberculosisat the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia. This research showed that there was a relationship between diagnostic confirmation of tuberculous spondylitis based on the PCR test and bacterial culture on the solid vertebral lesion material with the PCR test and bacterial culture from the bone marrow aspirates. If the diagnostic confirmation concluded positive results, then there was a higher probability that there would be a positive result for the bone marrow aspirates, so that it was not recommended to use autologous bone marrow as a source of mesenchymal stem cell for patients with tuberculous spondylitis unless the PCR and culture examination of the bone marrow showed a negative result.
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Flanagan, Dennis. "Implant Placement in Failed Endodontic Sites: A Review." Journal of Oral Implantology 42, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-15-00126.
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Dental implants may fail to osseointegrate in sites of endodontic failure. This may occur as a result colonization by various anaerobic and facultative bacterial species. If an implant is placed in a site where vegetative bacteria are residing, the implant may fail to integrate if a bacterial colonization proceeds coronally. If the implant apical cortical bone is thin or if there is an apical fenestration, the colonization may proceed through the thin or nonexistent bone through the covering mucosa, relieving inflammatory pressure to create an apical (retrograde) peri-implantitis. Enterococcus faecalis may be the prime culprit in these types of implant failures. After thorough debridement, the implant may be immediately placed after extraction of an endodontically failed tooth, and the patient treated with an appropriate antibiotic. Alternatively waiting for postextraction healing and subsequent implant placement can be done. Nevertheless, either way may allow for the formation of bacterial vegetative forms or biofilms. The implant surface may be colonized when the surface is exposed to the bacteria. Thorough debridement is crucial. Nonetheless, organisms may persist. Randomized controlled trials are needed to elucidate this issue.
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Richardson, EF, and NO Brown. "Hematological and biochemical changes and results of aerobic bacteriological culturing in dogs undergoing splenectomy." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 32, no. 3 (May 1, 1996): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-32-3-199.
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Changes in complete blood count (CBC), bone marrow, reticulocyte count, coagulation profile, biochemical analysis, and serum iron, transferrin, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations were measured three and 10 days after splenectomy in 12 dogs. Spleens were cultured aerobically for bacteria and submitted for histopathological evaluation in 23 dogs undergoing splenectomy. There were no consistent changes in red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), or platelet counts; bone-marrow samples; or biochemical profiles. Serum iron, transferrin, and IgM concentrations remained normal. Eight (35%) bacterial cultures yielded growth. Five of the 23 dogs had pyrexic episodes two-to-five days after surgery. In contrast to previous reports done on healthy dogs, this study shows that dogs with splenic disease have no characteristic changes in hematological or biochemical parameters after splenectomy. Rather, the changes tended to reflect the primary disease process. Splenic vascular compromise or a decrease in processing of bacteria may have resulted in the bacterial growth. There was no direct correlation to pyrexic postoperative episodes.
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Binte Atique, Fahmida, and Md Masudur Rahman Khalil. "The Bacterial Contamination of Allogeneic Bone and Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Tissue Bank." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/430581.
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Present study was carried out for the microbiological evaluation of allogeneic bone processed from femoral heads. A total 60 bacterial isolates comprising five different species includingStreptococcusspp.,Staphylococcusspp.,Klebsiellaspp.,Bacillusspp., andPseudomonasspp. were characterized based on their cultural and biochemical characteristics. Average bioburden was ranged from5.7×101to3.9×104 cfu/gm. The majority (81.7%) of the microbial contaminants were detected as Gram positive with the predominant organism being skin commensal coagulase negative Staphylococci (43.3%). Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated by the activities of 14 broad and narrow spectrum antibiotic discs. Comparing the overall pattern, marked resistance was noted against Penicillin and Amoxicillin 100% (60/60). The most effective single antibiotics were Gentamicin, Tobramycin, and Ofloxacin which were bactericidal against 100% (60/60) isolates. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was confirmed in 70% (42/60) of the samples. Among them, the most prevalent antibiotypes were Penicillin, Amoxicillin, Oxacillin, Polymyxin, and Cefpodoxime (80% of total MDR). The study results revealed higher contamination rate on bone allografts and recommend the implementation of good tissue banking practices during tissue procurement, processing, and storage in order to minimize the chances of contamination.
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Terada, Chika, Takahiro Imamura, Tomoko Ohshima, Nobuko Maeda, Seiko Tatehara, Reiko Tokuyama-Toda, Shigeo Yamachika, Nagataka Toyoda, and Kazuhito Satomura. "The Effect of Irradiation with a 405 nm Blue-Violet Laser on the Bacterial Adhesion on the Osteosynthetic Biomaterials." International Journal of Photoenergy 2018 (November 13, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2635964.
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Delayed postoperative infection is known as a major complication after bone surgeries using osteosynthetic biomaterial such as titanium (Ti) and bioresorbable organic materials. However, the precise cause of this type of infection is still unclear and no effective prevention has been established. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of irradiation with a 405 nm blue-violet laser on the bacteria adhered on the Ti and hydroxyapatite-poly-L-lactic acid- (HA-PLLA) based material surfaces and to verify the possibility of its clinical application to prevent the delayed postoperative infection after bone surgeries using osteosynthetic biomaterial. The suspension of Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P was delivered onto the surface of disks composed of Ti or HA-PLLA. Bacterial adhesion on each disk was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). After thorough washing with distilled water, the growth of bacteria attached to the material surfaces was examined with an alamar blue-based redox indicator. Moreover, a bactericidal effect of 405 nm blue-violet laser irradiation on residual bacteria on both materials was investigated using colony-forming assay. As a result, there was no significant difference in the bacterial adhesion between Ti and HA-PLLA materials. In contrast, 45 J/cm2 of irradiation with 405 nm blue-violet laser inhibited the bacterial growth at approximately 93% on Ti disks and at approximately 99% on HA-PLLA disks. This study clearly demonstrated the possibility that the irradiation with a 405 nm blue-violet laser is useful as an alternative management strategy for the prevention of delayed postoperative infection after bone surgeries using osteosynthetic biomaterials.
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Naznin Akhtar, Naznin Akhtar. "Radiation Response of Bacteria Associated with Human Cancellous Bone." IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 6, no. 2 (2013): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3008-627984.
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Novak, K. F., M. Govindaswami, J. L. Ebersole, W. Schaden, N. House, and M. J. Novak. "Effects of Low-energy Shock Waves on Oral Bacteria." Journal of Dental Research 87, no. 10 (October 2008): 928–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808701009.
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We have recently demonstrated that extracorporeal shock-wave therapy (ESWT) is effective in promoting the healing of dermal wounds and in regenerating alveolar bone lost through periodontal disease. The objective of the present study was to determine any antibacterial effect of ESWT on oral bacteria. Monoculture suspensions of 6 bacterial species were treated with 100 to 500 pulses of ESWT at energy flux densities (EFD) of 0.12 mJ/mm2, 0.22 mJ/mm2, and 0.3 mJ/mm2. Following treatment, aliquots were plated for viability determination and compared with untreated controls. ESWT showed a significant microbicidal effect for Streptococcus mutans and an unencapsulated strain of Porphyromonas gingivalis following as few as 100 pulses at 0.3 mJ/mm2 (p ≤ 0.001). In addition, a significant disruption of bacterial aggregates was observed at lower EFDs. No significant reduction in viability was observed for all other bacteria at EFDs and pulses tested (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that low-energy ESWT may be bactericidal for selected oral bacteria.
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Mariaux, Sandrine, Ulrika Furustrand Tafin, and Olivier Borens. "Diagnosis Of Persistent Infection In Prosthetic Two-Stage Exchange: PCR analysis of Sonication fluid From Bone Cement Spacers." Journal of Bone and Joint Infection 2, no. 4 (November 17, 2017): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/jbji.23078.
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Abstract. Introduction: When treating periprosthetic joint infections with a two-stage procedure, antibiotic-impregnated spacers are used in the interval between removal of prosthesis and reimplantation. According to our experience, cultures of sonicated spacers are most often negative. The objective of our study was to investigate whether PCR analysis would improve the detection of bacteria in the spacer sonication fluid.Methods: A prospective monocentric study was performed from September 2014 to January 2016. Inclusion criteria were two-stage procedure for prosthetic infection and agreement of the patient to participate in the study. Beside tissues samples and sonication, broad range bacterial PCRs, specific S. aureus PCRs and Unyvero-multiplex PCRs were performed on the sonicated spacer fluid.Results: 30 patients were identified (15 hip, 14 knee and 1 ankle replacements). At reimplantation, cultures of tissue samples and spacer sonication fluid were all negative. Broad range PCRs were all negative. Specific S. aureus PCRs were positive in 5 cases. We had two persistent infections and four cases of infection recurrence were observed, with bacteria different than for the initial infection in three cases.Conclusion: The three different types of PCRs did not detect any bacteria in spacer sonication fluid that was culture-negative. In our study, PCR did not improve the bacterial detection and did not help to predict whether the patient will present a persistent or recurrent infection. Prosthetic 2-stage exchange with short interval and antibiotic-impregnated spacer is an efficient treatment to eradicate infection as both culture- and molecular-based methods were unable to detect bacteria in spacer sonication fluid after reimplantation.
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Pandelaki, Elmi C. J., Audy D. Wuntu, and Henry F. Aritonang. "Aktivitas Antibakteri Komposit Ag – Tulang Ikan Cakalang pada Staphylococcus aureus." Jurnal MIPA 7, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jm.7.2.2018.21436.
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Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri komposit Ag – tulang ikan cakalang pada Staphylococcus aureus. Tulang ikan cakalang dikeringkan, dihaluskan dan diayak 65 mesh kemudian dicampur dengan larutan perak nitrat dengan perbandingan Ag : tulang ikan sebesar 5:1 , 4:2, dan 3:3 selama 1 jam pada suhu 70 ℃. Campuran kemudian di kalsinasi pada suhu 650 ℃ selama 2 jam. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dari komposit yang terbentuk dikerjakan dengan metode sumuran menggunakan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri pada perbandingan 4:2 dengan lama waktu pencampuran 1 jam paling efektif untuk menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dengan diameter zona hambat sebesar 25 mm. Penelitian ini menunjukkan valorisasi dari produk sampingan industri makanan seperti tulang ikan untuk membentuk bahan yang berpotensi berharga sebagai bahan implan tulang yang resistan terhadap infeksi bakteriResearch has been conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Ag - Bone skipjack tuna toward Staphylococcus aureus. Skipjack tuna bone dried, mashed and sifted 65 mesh then mixed with silver nitrate solution with a ratio of Ag : fish bones of 5:1, 4:2, and 3:3 for 1 hour at 70 ℃. The mixture was then calcined at 650 ℃ for 2 hours. Antibacterial activity test of the composites formed was done by the method of wells using the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that antibacterial activity at a ratio of 4: 2 with a one-hour mixing time was most effective for inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a 25 mm inhibition zone diameter. This study shows the valorization of food industry byproducts such as fish bones to form potentially valuable ingredients for bone implants resistant to bacterial infections
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Jiang, Yanling, Chetan K. Mehta, Tun-Yi Hsu, and Fahad F. H. Alsulaimani. "Bacteria Induce Osteoclastogenesis via an Osteoblast-Independent Pathway." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 6 (June 2002): 3143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.6.3143-3148.2002.
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ABSTRACT Bacteria or their products may cause chronic inflammation and subsequent bone loss. This inflammation and bone loss may be associated with significant morbidity in chronic otitis media, periodontitis, endodontic lesions, and loosening of orthopedic implants caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-contaminated implant particles. Currently, it is not clear how bacteria or endotoxin-induced bone resorption occurs and what cell types are involved. Here we report that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, and Escherichia coli LPS induce osteoclastic cell formation from murine leukocytes in the absence of osteoblasts. In contrast, stimulation with parathyroid hormone had no effect. These multinucleated, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells were positive for receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), the receptor for osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL), also known as RANK ligand (RANKL). Blocking antibodies demonstrated that their formation was dependent upon expression of OPGL and, to a lesser extent, on tumor necrosis factor alpha. Mononuclear cells represented a significant source of OPGL production. In vivo, P. gingivalis injection stimulated OPGL expression in both mononuclear leukocytes and osteoblastic cells. Thus, these findings describe a pathway by which bacteria could enhance osteolysis independently of osteoblasts and suggest that the mix of cells that participate in inflammatory and physiologic bone resorption may be different. This may give insight into new targets of therapeutic intervention.
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Dauben, Thomas Josef, Josefin Ziebart, Thomas Bender, Sarah Zaatreh, Bernd Kreikemeyer, and Rainer Bader. "A Novel In Vitro System for Comparative Analyses of Bone Cells and Bacteria under Electrical Stimulation." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5178640.
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Electrical stimulation is a promising approach to enhance bone regeneration while having potential to inhibit bacterial growth. To investigate effects of alternating electric field stimulation on both human osteoblasts and bacteria, a novel in vitro system was designed. Electric field distribution was simulated numerically and proved by experimental validation. Cells were stimulated on Ti6Al4V electrodes and in short distance to electrodes. Bacterial growth was enumerated in supernatant and on the electrode surface and biofilm formation was quantified. Electrical stimulation modulated gene expression of osteoblastic differentiation markers in a voltage-dependent manner, resulting in significantly enhanced osteocalcin mRNA synthesis rate on electrodes after stimulation with 1.4VRMS. While collagen type I synthesis increased when stimulated with 0.2VRMS, it decreased after stimulation with 1.4VRMS. Only slight and infrequent influence on bacterial growth was observed following stimulations with 0.2VRMS and 1.4VRMS after 48 and 72 h, respectively. In summary this novel test system is applicable for extended in vitro studies concerning definition of appropriate stimulation parameters for bone cell growth and differentiation, bacterial growth suppression, and investigation of general effects of electrical stimulation.
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Navarini, Alexander A., Karl S. Lang, Admar Verschoor, Mike Recher, Annelies S. Zinkernagel, Victor Nizet, Bernhard Odermatt, Hans Hengartner, and Rolf M. Zinkernagel. "Innate immune-induced depletion of bone marrow neutrophils aggravates systemic bacterial infections." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 17 (April 7, 2009): 7107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901162106.
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Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in circulation and provide a primary innate immune defense function against bacterial pathogens before development of a specific immune response. These specialized phagocytes are short lived (12–24 hours) and continuously replenished from bone marrow. We found that if the host is overwhelmed by a high inoculum ofListeria monocytogenes,neutrophils are depleted despite high granulocyte-colony stimulating factor induction. In contrast to a low-dose innocuousL. monocytogenesinfection, high-dose Listeria challenge blocks neutrophil recruitment to infectious abscesses and bacterial proliferation is not controlled, resulting in lethal outcomes. Administering synthetic TLR2-ligand or heat-killed bacteria during the innocuousL. monocytogenesinfection reproduced these effects, once again leading to overwhelming bacterial propagation. The same stimuli also severely aggravatedSalmonella typhimurium,Staphylococcus aureus,andStreptococcus pyogenessystemic infection. These data implicate systemic innate immune stimulation as a mechanism of bone marrow neutrophil exhaustion which negatively influences the outcome of bacterial infections.
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Civantos, Ana, Ana M. Beltrán, Cristina Domínguez-Trujillo, Maria D. Garvi, Julián Lebrato, Jose A. Rodríguez-Ortiz, Francisco García-Moreno, Juan V. Cauich-Rodriguez, Julio J. Guzman, and Yadir Torres. "Balancing Porosity and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Samples to Favor Cellular Growth against Bacteria." Metals 9, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9101039.
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Two main problems limit the success of titanium implants: bacterial infection, which restricts their osseointegration capacity; and the stiffness mismatch between the implant and the host cortical bone, which promotes bone resorption and risk of fracture. Porosity incorporation may reduce this difference in stiffness but compromise biomechanical behavior. In this work, the relationship between the microstructure (content, size, and shape of pores) and the antibacterial and cellular behavior of samples fabricated by the space-holder technique (50 vol % NH4HCO3 and three ranges of particle sizes) is established. Results are discussed in terms of the best biomechanical properties and biofunctional activity balance (cell biocompatibility and antibacterial behavior). All substrates achieved suitable cell biocompatibility of premioblast and osteoblast in adhesion and proliferation processes. It is worth to highlighting that samples fabricated with the 100–200 μm space-holder present better mechanical behavior—in terms of stiffness, microhardness, and yield strength—which make them a very suitable material to replace cortical bone tissues. Those results exposed the relationship between the surface properties and the race of bacteria and mammalian cells for the surface with the aim to promote cellular growth over bacteria.
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Madrazo, Denise R., Susanne L. Tranguch, and Ian Marriott. "Signaling via Toll-Like Receptor 5 Can Initiate Inflammatory Mediator Production by Murine Osteoblasts." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 9 (September 2003): 5418–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.9.5418-5421.2003.
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ABSTRACT Murine osteoblasts express Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), and this expression is upregulated following exposure to bacteria or to the TLR5 agonist, flagellin. Importantly, flagellin activates transcriptional regulators and elicits proinflammatory cytokine production, suggesting TLR5 functionality. TLR5 may represent an important mechanism underlying the recognition of bacterial pathogens by osteoblasts during bone infections.
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John, Minnie, Aseel Al-Jadiri, Christabelle Co, Maher Abulfaraj, and Lucia J. Santiago. "Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in a Five-Month-Old Male with Rickets." Case Reports in Pediatrics 2017 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4627905.
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Osteomyelitis is defined as an infection of the bone, bone marrow, and the surrounding soft tissues. Most cases of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children are caused by Gram-positive bacteria, principally Staphylococcus aureus. We present a case where a 5-month-old male had an acute onset of decreased movement of his left leg and increased irritability and was subsequently diagnosed with rickets and hematogenous osteomyelitis with bacteremia. The case explores a possible association between hematogenous osteomyelitis and rickets.
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Eick, Sigrun, Kevin Hofpeter, Anton Sculean, Claudia Ender, Susann Klimas, Sebastian Vogt, and Sandor Nietzsche. "Activity of Fosfomycin- and Daptomycin-Containing Bone Cement on Selected Bacterial Species Being Associated with Orthopedic Infections." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2318174.
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The purpose of this study was to determine activity of fosfomycin/gentamicin and daptomycin/gentamicin-containing PMMA bone-cement against Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, MSSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium (VRE), and E. coli (ESBL; only fosfomycin). Test specimens of the bone cement were formed and bacteria in two concentrations were added one time or repeatedly up to 96 h. All fosfomycin-containing cement killed ultimately all MSSA, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and E. coli within 24 h; growth of MRSA was suppressed up to 48 h. Activity of daptomycin-containing cement depended on the concentration; the highest concentrated bone cement used (1.5 g daptomycin/40 g of powder) was active against all one-time added bacteria. When bacteria were added repeatedly to fosfomycin-containing cement, growth was suppressed up to 96 h and that of MRSA and VRE only up to 24 h. The highest concentration of daptomycin suppressed the growth of repeated added bacteria up to 48 h (VRE) until 96 h (MSSA, MRSA). In conclusion, PMMA bone cement with 1.5 g of daptomycin and 0.5 g of gentamicin may be an alternative in treatment of periprosthetic infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.
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Chumsaengsri, Chumsaeng, Parichat Salee, and Worawit Louthrenoo. "Clinical Features and Treatment Outcomes of Bone-Joint Infection Between Bacteria and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.088.
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Abstract Background Bone-joint infection is an emergency condition that requires immediate management. Delayed in treatment or improper management can lead to a significant morbidity and mortality. Methods The medical records of patients with bone-joint infection seen at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital between 1 November 2010 and 30 September 2015 were reviewed. The diagnosis of bone-joint infection was confirmed by pathogen identification or pathohistological report. Only those with adequate clinical features and treatment outcomes were included for analysis. Results Of 125 bone-joint infected patients seen during the study period, 92 patients were caused by bacterial infection and 33 from tuberculous infection. Their mean ± standard deviation age was 55.3 ± 17.7 years, and had total disease duration of 7.1 ± 8.2 months. Sixty-four percent were men. Of 33 TB cases, 24 (72.7%) had spinal involvement. Among 92 cases with bacterial infection, 52 (56.5%) had non-spinal joint involvement, and 38 (41.3%) had non-spinal bone involvement. Regarding clinical features, TB cases had mean duration of symptom of 5.3 ± 6.1 months. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that neurological manifestations (adjusted OR = 314.1, 95% CI 14.4–6831, P < 0.001), pulmonary symptoms (AOR = 222.1, 95% CI 3.0–16,560, P = 0.014), symptom duration over 1 month (AOR = 67.4, 95% CI 4.2–1070, P = 0.003), afebrile illness (AOR = 24.1, 95%CI 1.2–493.7, P = 0.039), ESR <70 mm/hour (AOR = 4.7, 95% CI 1.1–19.9, P = 0.039), and CRP <30 mg/l (AOR = 7.0, 95% CI 1.6–31.2, P = 0.010) were risk factor of TB bone-joint infection. There were 120 (96.0%) patients with clinical improvement, and five (4.0%) died patients. There were no significant differences among the clinical improvement, recurrent infection, and mortality between the two groups. Conclusion Distinguish of bone-joint infection between bacteria and mycobacterium tuberculosis is difficult. However, patients with TB bone-joint infections significantly had more symptom duration over 1 month, the presence of paraplegia, the presence of pulmonary symptoms, and the presence of afebrile illness than those with bacterial infection. There were no significant differences among treatment outcomes and mortality between the two groups. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Świątkiewicz, S., A. Arczewska-Włosek, and D. Józefiak. "Bones quality indices in laying hens fed diets with a high level of DDGS and supplemented with selected feed additives." Czech Journal of Animal Science 59, No. 2 (February 12, 2014): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7230-cjas.
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An experiment with 192 caged ISA Brown laying hens, fed a diet containing a high level of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), was conducted to determine the influence of selected feed additives on biomechanical and geometrical indices of tibia and femur bones. At 26 weeks of age hens were randomly assigned to 8 treatments with 12 replicates (cages of two hens). To week 55, hens were fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets either containing or not containing a high level of DDGS (200 g/kg). The diet containing 200 g/kg of DDGS was supplemented or not supplemented with feed additives, i.e. enzymes (xylanase and phytase), sodium butyrate, probiotic bacteria (L. salivarius), herbal extract mixtures (Taraxaci siccum, Urticae siccum, and Salviae siccum), inulin or chitosan. At week 55, inclusion of DDGS in the diet had no effect on biomechemical (bone breaking strength, yielding load, and stiffness) or geometrical (cortex thickness, cross-section area, weight, and length) indices of tibia and femur bones (P > 0.05). Some of the supplements used had a beneficial effect on bone quality in hens fed the diet with a high level of DDGS. Thus, the addition of probiotic bacteria or herb extracts increased the breaking strength of femurs and breaking strength and yielding load of tibias (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that DDGS may be included to a level of 20% in the diet of laying hens without any negative influence on bone quality, while such feed additives as probiotic bacteria and herbal extracts may improve the selected biomechanical indices of bone quality of layers fed diets with a high level of DDGS.
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Holler, Ernst, Peter Oefner, Karin Landfried, Josef Koestler, Elisabeth Huber, Katrin Peter, Julia Ammer, et al. "Intestinal Microbiota: From Inflammatory Bowel Disease to Bone Marrow Transplantation." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): SCI—50—SCI—50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.sci-50.sci-50.
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Abstract Abstract SCI-50 A dysregulated interaction of the intestinal microbiome with the patient's innate and adaptive immune response seems to contribute to both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In IBD, polymorphisms within genes involved in antibacterial defense have been identified as genetic risk factors, such as in NOD2, a gene coding for an intracytoplasmatic receptor for muramyldipeptide, a bacterial cell wall compound, or in ATG16L1, a gene involved in autophagy of bacteria. Disruption of these genes results in dysfunction of Paneth cells, which are the major producers of antimicrobial peptides such as defensins. They thereby protect epithelial stem cells from invasion and destruction by intestinal bacteria and contribute to homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota. Based on van Bekkum's finding of the absence of intestinal GVHD in germ-free mice and the central role of TNF-α release in intestinal GVHD, our group focused on the microbiome/host interactions in GVHD. In prospective studies on genetic risk factors of GVHD, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of NOD2 and also ATG16L1 turned out to be predictive for severe intestinal GVHD and IBD. In addition, however, pulmonary complications revealed an altered production of antibacterial peptides in the presence of NOD2 SNPs. We therefore speculated that human intestinal GVHD similar to IBD might be associated with disruption of the bacterial diversity. We applied metabolomic analyses of metabolites processed in the presence of intestinal bacteria as well as 16s rRNA sequencing to serial urine and stool samples from patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Urinary indoxylsulfate (IS) levels dropped during the period of decontamination and use of antibiotics during the neutropenic period but recovered to pretransplant levels in patients with uneventful courses. In contrast, patients developing intestinal GVHD had significantly lower IS levels, suggesting suppression of bacterial diversity in intestinal GVHD. Analysis of 16s rRNA confirmed a major shift from an almost normal distribution pretransplant toward a loss of Firmicutes and an increase in enterococci in the neutropenic period. Although this shift may be partially explained by antibiotic decontamination or treatment during this period that was given to all patients, those patients with subsequent development of intestinal GVHD showed a significantly stronger shift toward enterococci in this period (p=0.002). Whereas patients without intestinal GVHD returned to pretransplant diversity thereafter, predominance of enteroccal flora persisted in patients with intestinal GVHD. These data indicate early microbiome changes in patients with intestinal GVHD. We are currently addressing potential Paneth cell damage and loss of antimicrobial peptides as an underlying mechanism. In summary, our data confirm the relevance of the close interaction of microbiome and host defense in GVHD patients, similar to what has been described in IBD, and raise new options for immune system modulation by restoration of intestinal tolerance. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Badha, Vajra, Rex Moore, John Heffernan, Paulo Castaneda, Alex McLaren, and Derek Overstreet. "Determination of Tobramycin and Vancomycin Exposure Required to Eradicate Biofilms on Muscle and Bone Tissue In Vitro." Journal of Bone and Joint Infection 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/jbji.29711.
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Abstract. Background: Bacterial biofilms cause chronic orthopaedic infections. Surgical debridement to remove biofilm can be ineffective without adjuvant local antimicrobials because undetected biofilm fragments may remain in the wound and reestablish the infection if untreated. However, the concentrations and duration of antimicrobial exposure necessary to eradicate bacteria from clinical biofilms remain largely undefined. In this study, we determined the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of tobramycin and vancomycin for bacterial biofilms grown on bone and muscle in vitro.Methods: Biofilms of pathogens found in musculoskeletal infections (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli) were established for 72 hr on rabbit muscle and bone specimens in vitro and characterized by SEM imaging and CFU counts. Biofilm-covered tissue specimens were exposed to serial log2 dilutions (4000-31.25 µg/mL) of tobramycin, vancomycin, or a 1:1 combination of both drugs for 6, 24, or 72 hr. Tissues were subcultured following antimicrobial exposure to determine bacterial survival. The breakpoint concentration with no surviving bacteria was defined as the MBEC for each pathogen-antimicrobial-exposure time combination.Results: All tested pathogens formed biofilm on tissue. Tobramycin/vancomycin (1:1) was the most effective antimicrobial regimen with MBEC on muscle (10/10 pathogens) or bone (7/10 pathogens) generally in the range of 100-750 µg/mL with 24 or 72 hr exposure. MBEC decreased with exposure time for 53.3% of biofilms between 6 and 24 hr, 53.3% of biofilms between 24 and 72 hr, and for 76.7% of biofilms between 6 and 72 hr. MBECs on bone were significantly higher than corresponding MBECs on muscle tissue (p < 0.05). In most cases, tissue MBECs were lower compared to previously published MBECs for the same pathogens on polystyrene tissue-culture plates.Conclusions: The majority of MBECs for orthopaedic infections on bone and muscle are on the order of 100-750 µg/mL of vancomycin+tobramycin when sustained for at least 24 hr, which may be clinically achievable using high-dose antimicrobial-loaded bone cement (ALBC).
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Bamashmous, Shatha, Georgios A. Kotsakis, Kristopher A. Kerns, Brian G. Leroux, Camille Zenobia, Dandan Chen, Harsh M. Trivedi, Jeffrey S. McLean, and Richard P. Darveau. "Human variation in gingival inflammation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 27 (June 30, 2021): e2012578118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012578118.
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Oral commensal bacteria actively participate with gingival tissue to maintain healthy neutrophil surveillance and normal tissue and bone turnover processes. Disruption of this homeostatic host–bacteria relationship occurs during experimental gingivitis studies where it has been clearly established that increases in the bacterial burden increase gingival inflammation. Here, we show that experimental gingivitis resulted in three unique clinical inflammatory phenotypes (high, low, and slow) and reveal that interleukin-1β, a reported major gingivitis-associated inflammatory mediator, was not associated with clinical gingival inflammation in the slow response group. In addition, significantly higher levels of Streptococcus spp. were also unique to this group. The low clinical response group was characterized by low concentrations of host mediators, despite similar bacterial accumulation and compositional characteristics as the high clinical response group. Neutrophil and bone activation modulators were down-regulated in all response groups, revealing novel tissue and bone protective responses during gingival inflammation. These alterations in chemokine and microbial composition responses during experimental gingivitis reveal a previously uncharacterized variation in the human host response to a disruption in gingival homeostasis. Understanding this human variation in gingival inflammation may facilitate the identification of periodontitis-susceptible individuals. Overall, this study underscores the variability in host responses in the human population arising from variations in host immune profiles (low responders) and microbial community maturation (slow responders) that may impact clinical outcomes in terms of destructive inflammation.
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Cortés-Vieyra, Ricarda, Carlos Rosales, and Eileen Uribe-Querol. "Neutrophil Functions in Periodontal Homeostasis." Journal of Immunology Research 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1396106.
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Oral tissues are constantly exposed to damage from the mechanical effort of eating and to microorganisms, mostly bacteria. In healthy gingiva tissue remodeling and a balance between bacteria and innate immune cells are maintained. However, excess of bacteria biofilm (plaque) creates an inflammation state that recruits more immune cells, mainly neutrophils to the gingiva. Neutrophils create a barrier for bacteria to reach inside tissues. When neutrophils are insufficient, bacteria thrive causing more inflammation that has been associated with systemic effects on other conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. But paradoxically when neutrophils persist, they can also promote a chronic inflammatory state that leads to periodontitis, a condition that leads to damage of the bone-supporting tissues. In periodontitis, bone loss is a serious complication. How a neutrophil balance is needed for maintaining healthy oral tissues is the focus of this review. We present recent evidence on how alterations in neutrophil number and function can lead to inflammatory bone loss, and how some oral bacteria signal neutrophils to block their antimicrobial functions and promote an inflammatory state. Also, based on this new information, novel therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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Réglier-Poupet, Hélène, Elisabeth Pellegrini, Alain Charbit, and Patrick Berche. "Identification of LpeA, a PsaA-Like Membrane Protein That Promotes Cell Entry by Listeria monocytogenes." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 1 (January 2003): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.1.474-482.2003.
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ABSTRACT The intracellular life of Listeria monocytogenes starts by a complex process of entry involving several bacterial ligands and eukaryotic receptors. In this work, we identified in silico from the sequence of the genome of L. monocytogenes a previously unknown gene designated lpeA (for lipoprotein promoting entry) encoding a 35-kDa protein homologous to PsaA, a lipoprotein belonging to the LraI family and implicated in the cell adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae and related species. By constructing a mutant of L. monocytogenes in which lpeA is deleted (lpeA mutant), we show that the PsaA-like protein LpeA is not involved in bacterial adherence but is required for entry of L. monocytogenes in eukaryotic cells. In contrast to wild-type bacteria, mutant bacteria failed to invade the epithelial Caco-2 and hepatocyte TIB73 cell lines, as confirmed by confocal microscopy. The mutant bacteria rapidly penetrated in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Surprisingly, lpeA mutant bacteria survive better in macrophages than do wild-type bacteria. This was correlated with a weak exacerbation of virulence of the lpeA mutant in the mouse. LpeA is therefore a novel invasin favoring the entry of L. monocytogenes into nonprofessional phagocytes but not its invasion of macrophages. This is the first report of a lipoprotein promoting cell invasion of an intracellular pathogen.
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Lerner, Ulf H., G??ran Sundqvist, Acke Ohlin, and Jan B. Rosenquist. "Bacteria Inhibit Biosynthesis of Bone Matrix Proteins in Human Osteoblasts." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 346 (January 1998): 244???254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199801000-00032.
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