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Journal articles on the topic 'Backyard'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

EL-TRAS, W. F., H. R. HOLT, A. A. TAYEL, and N. N. EL-KADY. "Campylobacterinfections in children exposed to infected backyard poultry in Egypt." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 2 (April 28, 2014): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881400096x.

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SUMMARYCampylobacteriosis is a zoonotic disease which has a worldwide public health impact. The disease is endemic in Egypt; however, the epidemiology in animals and humans has not been fully characterized. The objective of this study was to compare the risk ofCampylobacterfaecal carriage in children exposed toCampylobacter-infectedvs.non-infected backyard poultry and to identify risk factors for a backyard being classified as infected. A total of 103 households which owned backyard poultry were sampled from a rural community in Egypt. Within these households 379 poultry and 106 children were tested forC. jejuniandC. coli; 23·5% and 5·5% of poultry were positive forC. jejuniandC. coli, respectively. In the studied households; 12·3% of children were positive forC. jejuni, and 2·8% were positive forC. coli. Using logistic regression, households with poultry positive forC. jejunihad 3·86 (95% confidence interval 1·0–15·0) times the odds of having children positive forC. jejunicompared to those housed with poultry which all tested negative. Backyard poultry may present a transmission route ofC. jejunito children. Backyards with poor cleaning and disinfection, wet litter and manure disposed of within the backyard had increased odds of being positive forC. jejuni. Enhancing biosecurity and management in poultry backyards may reduce the risk of the disease.

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2

El-Sayed, Moataz Mohamed, Abdel Satar Arafa, Marwa Abdelmagid, and Ahmed Ibrahim Youssef. "Epidemiological surveillance of H9N2 avian influenza virus infection among chickens in farms and backyards in Egypt 2015-2016." Veterinary World 14, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 949–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.949-955.

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Background and Aim: LPAI H9N2 infection among the poultry population in Egypt constitutes an additional risk factor in the poultry industry. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in commercial and backyard chickens in Egypt. A 2-year survey of H9N2 AIV in chickens in farms and backyards was carried out in 2015 and 2016. Materials and Methods: Direct detection of H9N2 AIV was performed by detecting the virus in tracheal and cloacal swabs using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. A total of 20,421 samples were collected from chickens in farms and backyards in 26 Egyptian governorates. Results: In 2015, cases positive for H9N2 AIV numbered 388 (3.9%) out of 10,016 examined cases. However, in 2016, the total positive cases numbered 447 (4.3%) out of 10,405 examined cases. The prevalence of H9N2 AIV among chickens on commercial farms was 4.6% out of the 16,666 chickens examined. The rates of positive cases in 2015 and 2016 were 4.4% (349/7884) and 4.7% (417/8782), respectively. The prevalence of H9N2 AIV in backyard chickens was 1.8% (69/3755). The rates of positive cases in backyard chickens were 1.8% (39/2132) in 2015 and again 1.8% (30/1623) in 2016. The highest positivity rate of H9N2 in chicken farms was in Beni-Suef (61.5%) (8/13), whereas the highest positivity rate in backyard chickens was in Fayoum (8.2%) (8/97). Conclusion: The analysis of H9N2 infections among chicken farms and in backyard chickens in the different governorates of Egypt over 2 years indicated widespread infection throughout the country. Thus, continuous surveillance and implementation of control programs are warranted.

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3

Nameroff, Rochelle. "Backyard." Iowa Review 21, no. 2 (April 1991): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.4035.

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Pambudi, Priyaji Agung. "Pandemi Covid-19: Refleksi Pentingnya Optimasi Lahan Pekarangan Sebagai Penyokong Kemandirian Pangan Dan Kesehatan Keluarga." EnviroScienteae 16, no. 3 (December 9, 2020): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v16i2.9683.

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The COVID-19 pandemic was outbreak since January 2020 has now spread out to 213 countries, infected 29,227,348 people and 929,263 deaths. In Indonesia, 221,523 people were infected and 8,841 of them died. Neither the vaccine nor the cure has been found, but the researchers recommend that people consume various types of rhizome plants, moringa, guava, and others as prevention. The opportunity for the Indonesian people to increase their sovereignty in facing the COVID-19 pandemic is very overt because it has a geographical advantage as a tropical country traversed by the equator and fertile soil. This study aims to determine the use of backyards and its importance in promote family health amid the COVID-19 outbreak. This research was conducted in Pacitan Regency, East Java, from March 16 to April 17, 2020 through a qualitative approach with a combined method of questionnaires (162 people), in-depth interviews (18 people), and desk study. The findings showed that 95.06% of respondents agreed that the backyard was an environmental asset, 100% agreed that the backyard could be used to fulfill the needs of vegetables and toga. As 78.4% of respondents have planted vegetables and toga in their backyards and 64.2% feel calmer in facing the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of availability of the need for vegetables and traditional herbal ingredients. This is stated as an ease of concocting traditional herbal medicine and fulfilling kitchen needs for 86.42% of respondents and 57.41% assessed that their families do not depend on market uncertainty because the pattern of backyard use is carried out by growing vegetables and toga plants. The backyard as an environmental asset can promote the realization of food sovereignty (non-rice) and family health if it is managed properly, both flat and vertically.

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Hemida, Maged G., Daniel Chu, Adel Abdelaziz, Abdelmohsen Alnaeem, Samuel Mo Sheung Chan, and M. Peiris. "Molecular characterisation of an avian influenza (H5N8) outbreak in backyard flocks in Al Ahsa, Eastern Saudi Arabia, 2017–2018." Veterinary Record Open 6, no. 1 (November 2019): e000362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2019-000362.

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BackgroundAvian influenza viruses are still causing major concern not only to the poultry industry but also to human health across the globe. The live poultry markets and the small-scale local breeding of various species of birds in backyards are still playing important roles in the sustainability of most virulent influenza viruses, especially H5N8.MethodsThe authors investigated an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 in backyard flocks in Al Ahsa, Eastern Saudi Arabia that occurred in 2017–2018.ResultsA range of poultry including chickens, ostriches, ducks, pigeons and turkeys were clinically affected. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that this was a common source outbreak caused by a virus closely related to H5N8 viruses causing outbreaks elsewhere in Saudi Arabia in early 2018.ConclusionsSmall backyard flocks are still contributing to the epidemiology and transmission of H5N8.

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6

Lagier, Jennifer. "Backyard Mausoleum." College English 50, no. 1 (January 1988): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/377594.

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Rocha, Rosimária Sapucaia, Ângela Maria Mendes Saldanha da Sil Gomes, and Jose Bidarra. "Backyard Sounds." International Journal of Creative Interfaces and Computer Graphics 11, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcicg.2020010101.

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This article is a study on the immersive sound installation “Backyard Sounds”. The union of our artistic practice to theoretical research resulted on the birth of this project. One of the main objectives of “Backyard Sounds” was the consideration of the sounds of contemporaneity. Seeking to lead users to experience videos and sounds in a dark room, since sounds were only set off with the users' approach, sounds of nature and those produced by humans were used intentionally to demonstrate the inherent paradoxes of contemporary life. This research consists of a study on the immersive sound installation “Backyard Sounds”. The authors approach the artistic process involved in its creation and the concepts, notions, and reflections related to the computational artifact. The sounds heard were reveries of the soundscapes (concept of sounds of nature and others produced by humans), and it was intended to bring users the extreme paradoxes of contemporary life.

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8

Crayne, Sara. "Backyard Mechanics." Iowa Journal of Cultural Studies 1993, no. 12 (1993): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/2168-569x.1141.

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9

Pimm, Stuart. "Backyard jungles." Nature 491, no. 7423 (November 2012): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/491188a.

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10

Jones, Matthew. "America's backyard." Diplomacy & Statecraft 11, no. 1 (March 2000): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592290008406150.

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Crankshaw, Owen, Alan Gilbert, and Alan Morris. "Backyard Soweto." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24, no. 4 (December 2000): 841–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00282.

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12

Wilczek, Frank. "Backyard exotica." Nature 404, no. 6777 (March 2000): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35006549.

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13

Nippell, Janet. "Backyard Grapes." Christianity & Literature 63, no. 4 (September 2014): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014833311406300404.

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14

Hughes, Henry. "Backyard Boats." Sewanee Review 126, no. 3 (2018): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sew.2018.0048.

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15

Matthews, Glenna. "Whose Backyard?" Journal of Urban History 25, no. 1 (November 1998): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614429802500105.

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Murphy, S. M., C. Davidson, A. M. Kennedy, P. A. Eadie, and C. Lawlor. "Backyard burning." Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 61, no. 2 (February 2008): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2006.11.033.

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Wilson, Stephen, and Mary Hague. "956 PB 479 A WILDLIFE HABITAT IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA BOTANICALGARDEN." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 570f—570. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.570f.

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America's rejuvenated interest in environmentalism provides landscape designers an excellent opportunity to integrate natural wildlife habitats within the landscape. Due to urbanization and rapid development, niches for many animals are being destroyed. Too often we rely on our state and national parks to replace what is lost, when we really should begin In our own backyards. In conjunction with the South Carolina Wildlife Federation, the South Carolina State Botanical Garden has initiated a program that will create a Backyard Wildlife Habitat. The purpose of my project is to create a garden with ornamental and native flora to attract local fauna, while educating botanical garden visitors to concepts that they can apply In their own back yards, neighborhoods, schools. and communities. My presentation will outline the goals, methodology, and results of the project. In addition, I will discuss the concepts that make a site a Backyard Wildlife Habitat.

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Craven, Kathryn S., Alex Collier, and Jay Y. S. Hodgson. "Spiders by Night: An Outdoor Investigation Integrating Next Generation Science Standards." American Biology Teacher 81, no. 8 (October 1, 2019): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2019.81.8.561.

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Field investigations represent an excellent opportunity to integrate the Next Generation Science Standards to complement and enhance both classroom and laboratory instruction. This inquiry-based exercise is designed to introduce students to the basic anatomy, ecology, and natural history of a common backyard denizen, the wolf spider (Lycosidae). Students are charged with developing one or more testable hypotheses regarding wolf spiders in their own backyards. Wolf spiders are an ideal subject for field investigation because their secondary eyes possess a highly reflective layer called the tapetum lucidum. At night, this layer produces an unmistakable “eyeshine” when viewed with the beam of a flashlight. Playing the role of students, we tested the hypothesis that wolf spiders should occur at higher density in an undeveloped field than in a typical backyard. To test this, we utilized random quadrat sampling in both habitats using flashlights to detect nocturnal eyeshine. Students obtaining similar results would likely have concluded that wolf spiders were more abundant in natural habitats.

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19

Petrie, Paul. "Backyard, West Kingston." College English 47, no. 5 (September 1985): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/376883.

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Lynne Luna, Gaye. "Introduction–Backyard Poultry." Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 24, no. 2 (April 2015): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2015.04.002.

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Grossman, Lisa. "The backyard stargazer." New Scientist 230, no. 3073 (May 2016): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(16)30857-0.

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22

Gibbons, Thomas C. "Backyard Infrared Trapping." Physics Teacher 52, no. 9 (December 2014): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4902197.

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KARKKAINEN, BRADLEY C., ARCHON FUNG, and CHARLES F. SABEL. "After Backyard Environmentalism." American Behavioral Scientist 44, no. 4 (December 2000): 692–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027640021956332.

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TREMBLAY, JEAN-FRANÇOIS. "IN THEIR BACKYARD." Chemical & Engineering News 87, no. 27 (July 6, 2009): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n027.p018.

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25

Heyck, Denis L., and William M. LeoGrande. "Our Own Backyard." Hispania 82, no. 4 (December 1999): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/346358.

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26

Rao, B. R. Lakshmana, and A. K. Ramanujan. "In Our Backyard." World Literature Today 68, no. 2 (1994): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40150155.

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Schoonover-Shoffner, Kathy. "In My Backyard." Journal of Christian Nursing 29, no. 1 (2012): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cnj.0b013e31823f6f65.

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Murphy, Mary, and Nancy Risser. "Backyard Danger???Plants." Nurse Practitioner 22, no. 9 (September 1997): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-199709000-00013.

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Darracq, Michael A., Jennifer Heppner, Heather Lee, and Patil Armenian. "Backyard Pool Party." Pediatric Emergency Care 33, no. 6 (June 2017): 440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pec.0000000000001204.

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30

Heiman, Michael. "From ‘Not in My Backyard!’ to ‘Not in Anybody's Backyard!’." Journal of the American Planning Association 56, no. 3 (September 30, 1990): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944369008975779.

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31

Mokone, Neo, Michael Antwi, and Clarietta Chagwiza. "DO SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL BACKYARD FARMERS’ HOUSEHOLDS DRIVE INCOME GENERATION FROM BACKYARD FARMING? EVIDENCE FROM NORTH WEST PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 49, no. 3 (October 12, 2018): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2018.00396.

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People in most developing countries’ rural areas around the world face food insecurity and malnutrition due to many factors, including low purchasing power. There is renewed interest in backyard or home gardens as a source of income and a pathway out of poverty and food insecurity among rural households. This paper identifies and analyzes the factors that influence income generation from backyard farming among backyard farmers in the rural communities of Bojanala district municipality in the North West province. Using a structured questionnaire, cross-sectional data was collected from 220 backyard farmers. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data; the findings reveal that gender of household head, formal employment, farm ownership, farming experience and annual income from livestock had a positive and significant influence on income generation from backyard farming. To maximize the potential of backyard gardens as a source of income generation and livelihood, policymakers and relevant government departments must pay close attention to these variables

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Salazar, Ami Dasig, Pauline Werner, and Elene Cloete. "“If You Plant Something, You Will Harvest Something”: Backyard Gardening and Community Development in Rural Philippines." Practicing Anthropology 42, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0888-4552.42.2.10.

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Abstract This article explores the intangible benefits of backyard gardening for community development. Research confirms backyard gardening as a productive approach of communities toward greater food security and biodiversity. Those are, however, not these gardens' only benefits. Using the case of a backyard gardening project implemented by a community-based organization in rural Philippines, we argue that the benefits of backyard gardens stretch beyond health and finance. These gardens also increase local community-based organizations' institutional capacity while fostering community-wide cohesion, rekindling knowledge sources, and bolstering community members' sense of pride and personal freedom.

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Wei, Zhou, and Jwo Hua Chen. "The Size Effects to the Wind Environment of Traditional Chinese Siheyuan Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.583.

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Series of numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of backyard depth to the wind environment of the atrium. In the first stage of this study it was found that the original designed narrow backyard is not conducive to induce wind flow into atrium. A CFD software was adopted to simulate the wind distribution with variant backyard depth. And the result shown, if the depth of backyard might allow the wake vortex to shed from the main house roof and formatted well then the velocity in the atrium would be increase. Not only the mean velocities were checked, also the uniformity of velocity in the atrium had be inspected. We found that the deeper backyard would increase the mean velocity contemporary . In the real situation of building sites, there might not be enough space for the backyard. In this study one more aisle was put beside the main house to check its effects . And the calculation results shown, that the two ailses will improve the flow rate from atrium to backyard even in the layout of original design and the wind environments also be improved. With this results it is evident that will also good for the natural ventilation and pollutant matter dispersed.

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Yulistiani, R., D. Praseptiangga, S. Supyani, and S. Sudibya. "Comparison of antibiotic resistance pattern among Enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from broiler and backyard chicken meat." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 44, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.44.2.228-240.

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This study aimed to compare the antibiotic resistance patterns among original Enterobacteriaceae isolates from broiler and backyard chicken meats in Surabaya, Indonesia, isolated in 2016-2017. The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the resistance of these isolates against tetracycline (TE), gentamicin (CN), cefoxitin (FOX), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT), nalidixic acid (NA), and chloramphenicol (C). Both broiler and backyard chicken meat isolates were resistant to the six antibiotics tested. Overall, broiler meat isolates which resistant to TE, CN, FOX, SXT, NA, C were 57.76% higher than backyard chicken meat isolates. More than 50% of broiler meat isolates (304 samples) were resistant to TE and NA, whereas backyard chicken meat isolates (310 samples) were only resistant to TE. The resistant strains found in both meat isolates were Salmonella spp., Escherichiacoli, Shigella spp., Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Yersinia spp., Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., and Edwardsiella spp. Resistant strains of broiler meat isolates were significantly higher (P<0.05) than backyard chicken meat isolates, except Edwardsiella spp. Overall, multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was found to be higher in broiler meat isolates than in backyard chicken meat isolates. Broiler and backyard chicken meats are potential reservoirs of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae which threat to public health.

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Underhill, Richard E., Kelvin Coles, and Belinda Wilson. "NOT IN MY BACKYARD, ANYMORE: A SUCCESSFUL BACKYARD SEWER REPLACEMENT PROGRAM." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2017, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 557–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864717821495294.

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36

Nešković, Milijana, Bojan Ristić, Rade Došenović, Siniša Grubač, Tamaš Petrović, Jasna Prodanov-Radulović, and Vladimir Polaček. "African Swine Fever Outbreak Investigation on Large Commercial Pig Farm in Serbia." Acta Veterinaria 71, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2021-0019.

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Abstract The first confirmed case of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Serbia occurred in 2019. Since then, numerous outbreaks in domestic pigs and wild boars have been reported. Until April 2021, all the detected ASF cases were in backyard pigs. Beside backyard and smallholders farming systems as a dominant pig production system in Serbia, large commercial pig farms can also be found, located mostly in villages. In the beginning of April 2021, a large commercial farrow-to-finish pig farm in Serbia with almost 19,000 animals was affected with the ASF virus. The pig farm analysed in this paper is located in an area where ASF was confirmed earlier in both backyard and wild boars. In this study, we describe the overall epidemiological course of the ASF outbreak. Epidemiological investigation using a hypothesis-based approach was conducted in order to reconstruct the disease course until the official notification. All the available data from the farm were analysed with the aim to determine the high-risk period (HRP). Some of the key points to consider when it comes to the sources of infection and entry route of ASF are the following: contamination of the area in the immediate vicinity of the farm, risky human activities, irregularities and some omissions in the external farm biosecurity and immediate proximity of the city waste-yard where the communal waste is disposed of. It was concluded that when commercial pig farms are surrounded by villages with a large number of backyards, hence the anthropogenic factor is the key risk factor for ASF spreading.

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37

Steinegger, Donald H. "BACKYARD FARMER: AN EXTENSION OUTREACH PROGRAM." HortScience 25, no. 11 (November 1990): 1359F—1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.11.1359.

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“Backyard Farmer” is a Cooperative Extension (CE) television program that airs one night a week on the Nebraska Educational Television Network (ETV). “Backyard Farmer” is a one-hour program which airs throughout the lawn and gardening season from approximately April 1 to September 1 each year. This program combines a live call-in format, along with mailin questions and samples to be answered by the panel. In addition they discuss timely topics which are illustrated by videotapes and live demonstrations. The panelists are specialists in horticulture, entomology, plant pathology and agronomy (weed science). Slightly over two-thirds of the Nebraska households (69%) were familiar with “Backyard Farmer”. Backyard Farmer has been watched in 49% of Nebraska households. Thus Backyard Farmer is viewed in approximately 270,000 households. Viewers are more likely than non-viewers to have sought advice from Cooperative Extension in the past two years. Although the total number of viewers in the urban area was higher than in the rural area, there was a higher proportion of viewers in the rural area. Nearly half of the “Backyard Farmer” viewing audience (47%) was under age 45.

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Steinegger, Donald H. "BACKYARD FARMER: AN EXTENSION OUTREACH PROGRAM." HortScience 25, no. 11 (November 1990): 1359f—1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.11.1359f.

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“Backyard Farmer” is a Cooperative Extension (CE) television program that airs one night a week on the Nebraska Educational Television Network (ETV). “Backyard Farmer” is a one-hour program which airs throughout the lawn and gardening season from approximately April 1 to September 1 each year. This program combines a live call-in format, along with mailin questions and samples to be answered by the panel. In addition they discuss timely topics which are illustrated by videotapes and live demonstrations. The panelists are specialists in horticulture, entomology, plant pathology and agronomy (weed science). Slightly over two-thirds of the Nebraska households (69%) were familiar with “Backyard Farmer”. Backyard Farmer has been watched in 49% of Nebraska households. Thus Backyard Farmer is viewed in approximately 270,000 households. Viewers are more likely than non-viewers to have sought advice from Cooperative Extension in the past two years. Although the total number of viewers in the urban area was higher than in the rural area, there was a higher proportion of viewers in the rural area. Nearly half of the “Backyard Farmer” viewing audience (47%) was under age 45.

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Abdelaziz, Adel M., Mahmoud H. A. Mohamed, Mahmoud M. Fayez, Theeb Al-Marri, Ibrahim Qasim, and Abdul Aziz Al-Amer. "Molecular survey and interaction of common respiratory pathogens in chicken flocks (field perspective)." December-2019 12, no. 12 (December 2019): 1975–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1975-1986.

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Aim: The present study was designed for the detection of the most prevalent respiratory infections in chicken flocks and clarifying their interaction and impact on flock health. Materials and Methods: A total of 359 serum samples were collected from 55 backyard chickens and tested using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits to determine the seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), influenza type A, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). Molecular prevalence of NDV, IBV, low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2, MG, and MS was carried out on swab, and tissue samples collected from 55 backyard flocks and 11 commercial broiler flocks suffered from respiratory infections using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-PCR. Results: Seroprevalence of NDV, IBV, Influenza type A virus, MG, and MS in chicken backyard flocks was 56.4%, 50.9%, 12.7%, 14.5%, and 3.6%, respectively. Specific antibodies against one or more respiratory viruses and mycoplasma were detected in 36.4% of backyard flocks, indicating concurrent viral infections. The molecular survey showed that 90.9% of chicken backyard flocks were infected with common respiratory viruses (NDV, IBV, and LPAIV H9N2) while 81.8% of commercial broiler flocks were infected. The molecular prevalence rate of NDV, IBV, and LPAIV H9N2 was 46.97%, 56.1%, and 19.7% in backyard flocks, respectively. Combined viral and bacterial infection represented 40% and 63.6% of the respiratory infections, resulting in enhanced pathogenicity and increased mortalities of up to 87.5% and 27.8% in backyard and commercial flocks, respectively. Mixed infection of IBV, LPAIV H9N2, and/or Escherichia coli is the most prevalent mixed infection in broiler flocks, inducing severe clinical outcomes. Avian pathogenic E. coli was, respectively, isolated from 40% of backyard flocks and 81.82% of broiler flocks. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from three backyard chicken flocks mixed with other respiratory pathogens with elevated mortality. Mixed infection of E. coli and MG reported in 9.1% of broiler flock. MG was detected in 14.5% of backyard flocks and 9.1% of broiler flocks while MS was detected only in 3.6% of backyard chickens mixed with E. coli, and other viruses. Conclusion: Our results confirm that mixed infections are more commonly prevalent and associated with dramatic exacerbation in clinical outcomes than a single infection. Bidirectional synergistic interaction between these concurrently interacted respiratory pathogens explains the severe clinical impact and high mortality rate. The high prevalence of IBV (either as a single or combined infection) with LPAIV H9N2 and/or E. coli, in spite of intensive use of commercial vaccines, increases the need for revising vaccination programs and the application of standard biosecurity measures. Backyard chickens impose a great risk and threaten commercial flocks due to the high prevalence of viral respiratory pathogens.

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40

Sayce, Liz. "Yes, in our backyard." Nursing Standard 11, no. 38 (June 11, 1997): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.11.38.17.s37.

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Merriam, Dwight H. "Regulating Backyard Wind Turbines." Vermont Journal of Environmental Law 10, no. 2 (2009): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/vermjenvilaw.10.2.291.

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Rohrl, Vivian. "Yes, in Our Backyard." Practicing Anthropology 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.22.2.x1145562123m5r55.

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In these turn-of the-century times, with increasing concerns in academia about community service, and with anthropology continuing to reinvent itself, it is not surprising that what Sol Tax once called ‘action anthropology’ is breaking new ground. These days, at least in the California State University system, it is being encouraged under the rubric, ‘community based learning.’ Frequently, it is called ‘service-learning’ or ‘community service learning.’ While Tax's students of applied anthropology worked directly with Native American people, with the intention of listening to their ‘emic’ point of view, with a view to empowering, and as an input to policy, the 1990s San Diego incarnation involves working with a diverse urban community close to home.

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Bradford, Bianca M. "Basics of Backyard Conservation." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2, no. 7 (September 2004): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868366.

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Sugden, A. M. "Not in My Backyard." Science 325, no. 5947 (September 17, 2009): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.325_1475c.

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Carlson, Shawn. "The New Backyard Seismology." Scientific American 274, no. 4 (April 1996): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0496-100.

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Villiotti, David. "Not in My Backyard." Residential Treatment For Children & Youth 11, no. 4 (July 15, 1994): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j007v11n04_09.

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Joey Franklin. "Not in My Backyard." Fourth Genre: Explorations in Nonfiction 20, no. 1 (2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/fourthgenre.20.1.0061.

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Shifter, Michael, and Daniel Joyce. "No Longer Washington's Backyard." Current History 108, no. 715 (February 1, 2009): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2009.108.715.51.

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Jones, William E. "The backyard horse owner." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 8, no. 4 (July 1988): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(88)80051-0.

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Muir, Hazel. "Blackholes in your backyard." New Scientist 192, no. 2583-2584 (December 2006): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(06)61459-0.

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