Journal articles on the topic 'Backwards time travel'
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1
Miller, Kristie. "IS SOME BACKWARDS TIME TRAVEL INEXPLICABLE?" American Philosophical Quarterly 54, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44982131.
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Abstract It has been suggested that there is something worrisome, puzzling, or incomprehensible about the sorts of causal loops sometimes involved in backwards time travel. This paper disentangles two distinct puzzles and evaluates whether they provide us reason to find backwards time travel incomprehensible, inexplicable, or otherwise worrisome. The paper argues that they provide no such reason.
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Brown, Bryson. "Defending Backwards Causation1." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 22, no. 4 (December 1992): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1992.10717290.
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Whether we’re reading H.G. Wells, Robert Heinlein, Ray Bradbury, or Kurt Vonnegut, time travel is a wonderful narrative trick, freeing a story from the normal ‘one damn thing after another’ progression of time. But many philosophers claim it can never be more than that because backwards causation in general, and time travel in particular, are logically impossible.In this paper I examine one type of argument commonly given for this disappointing conclusion: the time travel paradoxes. Happily for science fiction fans, these arguments fall far short of showing what they are intended to show. Why they fail can be better understood in the light of an analogy between these arguments and some arguments libertarians offer against determinism.
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Martínez, Manolo. "Travelling in Branching Time." Disputatio 4, no. 31 (November 1, 2011): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/disp-2011-0013.
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Abstract Miller (2005) and Miller (2008) argue that the branching picture of time is incompatible with the possibility of backwards time travel. In this paper I show that Miller’s conclusion is based on a hidden assumption which, while generally plausible, is unwarranted if time travel is possible. Branching time is, after all, compatible with time travel as Miller characterises it.
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NOVELLO, M., N. F. SVAITER, and M. E. X. GUIMARÃES. "BACKWARDS TIME-TRAVEL INDUCED BY COMBINED MAGNETIC AND GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS." Modern Physics Letters A 07, no. 05 (February 20, 1992): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773239200032x.
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In this work, we analyze the behavior of a macroscopic particle submitted to combined magnetic and gravitational fields on Gödel’s Universe. The examination is made in a local Gaussian system of coordinates.
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Smith, Nicholas J. J. "I’D DO ANYTHING TO CHANGE THE PAST (BUT I CANT DO "THAT")." American Philosophical Quarterly 54, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44982133.
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Abstract This paper addresses a worry about backwards time travel. The worry is that there is something mysteriously inexplicable about the combination of commonplace events that will inevitably conspire to prevent the time traveler from doing something impossible such as killing her younger self. The worry is first distinguished from other problems for backwards time travel concerning its alleged impossibility or improbability. It is then shown that the worry is misplaced: there is in fact no real problem here. Yet the worry has been widely expressed—so a suggestion is also made as to why it is so easy to get into the position of thinking that there is a genuine problem here, when in fact there is not. Finally, in light of the resolution of the inexplicability worry, a new way of dealing with the other two problems for backwards time travel—concerning its alleged impossibility and improbability—is proposed.
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Dowe, Phil. "Does Lewis’ Theory of Causation Permit Time Travel?" Philosophies 6, no. 4 (November 23, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6040094.
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David Lewis aimed to give an account of causation, and in particular, a semantics for the counterfactuals to which his account appeals, that is compatible with backwards causation and time travel. I will argue that he failed, but not for the reasons that have been offered to date, specifically by Collins, Hall and Paul and by Wasserman. This is significant not the least because Lewis’ theory of causation was the most influential theory over the last quarter of the 20th century; and moreover, Lewis’ spirited defence of time travel in the 1970s has shaped philosophers’ approach to time travel to this day.
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Ansuini, Caterina, Andrea Cavallo, Lorenzo Pia, and Cristina Becchio. "The Role of Perspective in Mental Time Travel." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3052741.
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Recent years have seen accumulating evidence for the proposition that people process time by mapping it onto a linear spatial representation and automatically “project” themselves on an imaginedmental time line. Here, we ask whether people can adopt the temporal perspective of another person when travelling through time. To elucidate similarities and differences between time travelling from one’s own perspective or from the perspective of another person, we asked participants to mentally project themselves or someone else (i.e., a coexperimenter) to different time points. Three basic properties of mental time travel were manipulated: temporal location (i.e., where in time the travel originates: past, present, and future), motion direction (either backwards or forwards), and temporal duration (i.e., the distance to travel: one, three, or five years). We found that time travels originating in the present lasted longer in the self- than in the other-perspective. Moreover, for self-perspective, but not for other-perspective, time was differently scaled depending on where in time the travel originated. In contrast, when considering the direction and the duration of time travelling, no dissimilarities between the self- and the other-perspective emerged. These results suggest that self- and other-projection, despite some differences, share important similarities in structure.
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Leslie, John. "The Reality of the Future." Dialogue 29, no. 3 (1990): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300013172.
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This book would better have been called Backward Causation. For its central purposes, the reason for wanting the future to be real is that it must be real if it is to affect the present (see p. 12). Backward causation might be essential to the precognitions reported by paranormal psychologists (p. 20). Philosophers, too, might want it for giving power to Newcomb's Paradox (p. 42–45) in which the presence of a superbly efficient Predictor could discourage what would otherwise be evidently rational behaviour. Again, Time Machines (p. 226–237) and Ray Guns fired into the Past (p. 30f.) have attracted philosophical attention. Finally, and of more interest to Faye, physicists have published hundreds of papers speculating about advanced particles and tachyons. Advanced particles (Chapter 7) are conceived as moving backwards in time. Tachyons (Chapter 8) travel faster than light, which means that at least some observers will be inclined to view their temporal progress as backwards.
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Poidevin, Robin Le. "The Cheshire Cat Problem and Other Spatial Obstacles to Backwards Time Travel." Monist 88, no. 3 (2005): 336–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/monist200588318.
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HO, CHIU MAN, and THOMAS J. WEILER. "PHYSICAL AND STABLE CLOSED TIME-LIKE CURVES." Modern Physics Letters A 28, no. 01 (January 8, 2013): 1250237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732312502379.
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We construct a class of closed time-like curves (CTCs) using a compactified extra dimension u. A nonzero metric element gtu(u) enables particles to travel backwards in global time t. The compactified dimension guarantees that the geodesic curve closes in u. The effective 2D (t and u) nature of the metric ensures that spacetime is flat, therein satisfying all the classical stability conditions as expressed by the energy conditions. Finally, stationarity of the metric guarantees that a particle's energy is conserved. The pathologies that plague many hypothesized metrics admitting CTCs, e.g., an infinite cylinder of matter, a negative energy-distribution, particle acceleration/blue-shifting along the CTC, do not occur within our metric class.
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Fernandes, Alison. "Back to the Present: How Not to Use Counterfactuals to Explain Causal Asymmetry." Philosophies 7, no. 2 (April 9, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7020043.
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A plausible thought is that we should evaluate counterfactuals in the actual world by holding the present ‘fixed’; the state of the counterfactual world at the time of the antecedent, outside the area of the antecedent, is required to match that of the actual world. When used to evaluate counterfactuals in the actual world, this requirement may produce reasonable results. However, the requirement is deeply problematic when used in the context of explaining causal asymmetry (why causes come before their effects). The requirement plays a crucial role in certain statistical mechanical explanations of the temporal asymmetry of causation. I will use a case of backwards time travel to show how the requirement enforces certain features of counterfactual structure a priori. For this reason, the requirement cannot be part of a completely general method of evaluating counterfactuals. More importantly, the way the requirement enforces features of counterfactual structure prevents counterfactual structure being derived from more fundamental physical structure—as explanations of causal asymmetry demand. Therefore, the requirement cannot be used when explaining causal asymmetry. To explain causal asymmetry, we need more temporally neutral methods for evaluating counterfactuals—those that produce the right results in cases involving backwards time travel, as well as in the actual world.
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Leifer, Matthew S., and Matthew F. Pusey. "Is a time symmetric interpretation of quantum theory possible without retrocausality?" Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2202 (June 2017): 20160607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0607.
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Huw Price has proposed an argument that suggests a time symmetric ontology for quantum theory must necessarily be retrocausal, i.e. it must involve influences that travel backwards in time. One of Price's assumptions is that the quantum state is a state of reality. However, one of the reasons for exploring retrocausality is that it offers the potential for evading the consequences of no-go theorems, including recent proofs of the reality of the quantum state. Here, we show that this assumption can be replaced by a different assumption, called λ -mediation, that plausibly holds independently of the status of the quantum state. We also reformulate the other assumptions behind the argument to place them in a more general framework and pin down the notion of time symmetry involved more precisely. We show that our assumptions imply a timelike analogue of Bell's local causality criterion and, in doing so, give a new interpretation of timelike violations of Bell inequalities. Namely, they show the impossibility of a (non-retrocausal) time symmetric ontology.
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Álvarez Martínez, Gustavo. "The Eternal Return and Ricoeur’s Theory of Time in Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury." LETRAS, no. 54 (July 14, 2013): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.2-54.2.
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Se analizan aspectos referidos al tratamiento del tiempo circular y recurrente en escritores estadounidenses e hispanoamericanos. Después de una amplia investigación sobre la historia del tiempo circular en filosofía y literatura, se procede con la puesta en práctica de la teoría narrativa de tiempo de Paul Ricoeur a la novela El sonido y la furia, de William Faulkner. Conforme a la teoría de Ricoeur, los lectores se mueven de manera circular en la narrativa, por lo que se comenta la circularidad del viaje imaginario y la linealidad de la búsqueda y su puesta en conjunto.
This article provides in-depth information concerning the treatment of time, as circular and recurrent rather than rectilinear and progressive, by most American and Latin American writers. After an overall view of research on the history of circular time in philosophy and literature, follows the application of Paul Ricoeur’s theory of narrative time to the novel The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner. Ricoeur’s theory proposes that readers move backwards and forward in narrative time and this study shows how the circularity of the imaginary travel and the linearity of the quest as such are thus put together.
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Jiang, Zhongtai, Dexin Yu, Huxing Zhou, Siliang Luan, and Xue Xing. "A Trajectory Optimization Strategy for Connected and Automated Vehicles at Junction of Freeway and Urban Road." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 9933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179933.
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The phenomenon of stop-and-go traffic and its environmental impact has become a crucial issue that needs to be tackled, in terms of the junctions between freeway and urban road networks, which consist of freeway off-ramps, downstream intersections, and the junction section. The development of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) has provided promising solutions to tackle the difficulties that arise along intersections and freeway off-ramps separately. However, several problems still exist that need to be handled in terms of junction structure, including vehicle merging trajectory optimization, vehicle crossing trajectory optimization, and heterogeneous decision-making. In this paper, a two-stage CAV trajectory optimization strategy is presented to improve fuel economy and to reduce delays through a joint framework. The first stage considers an approach to determine travel time considering the different topological structures of each subarea to ensure maximum capacity. In the second stage, Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP) is employed to construct Hamiltonian equations to smooth vehicle trajectory under the requirements of vehicle dynamics and safety. Targeted methods are devised to avoid driving backwards and to ensure an optimal vehicle gap, which make up for the shortcomings of the PMP theory. Finally, simulation experiments are designed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The evaluation results show that our strategy could effectively militate travel delays and fuel consumption.
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Gutberlet, Manuela. "Staging the Oriental Other: Imaginaries and performances of German-speaking cruise tourists." Tourist Studies 19, no. 1 (November 8, 2017): 110–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468797617737997.
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For German-speaking tourists, an Oriental market (in Arabic: souq) is an exotic place representing the ‘Otherness’. Referring to this Oriental context, the article aims to answer the following questions: What are the tourists’ imaginaries and social narratives and what is the role that cultural brokers play? Gaining insight into the imaginaries and on-site performances of German-speaking tourists of a mega-cruise liner will contribute to the discussion of imaginaries and embodied performances in general as well as the mediation and the construction of space. The research reported upon in the article is part of a larger field study (2012–2014) in Souq Muttrah, the oldest and formerly main market in Oman. Participant observation, photography and in-depth interviews with different types of tourists, local customers, cultural brokers and on-board employees were conducted and marketing material was analysed. Results indicate that in the marketing material, the tourists are already beginning to travel backwards in time. During their visit to the souq, the multi-sensory performances and embodied imaginaries are enhanced by stories of the Arabian Nights. Cultural brokers play an essential role in ‘localizing’ the tourist experience. They adjust their own identities and direct the tourists’ performances at different stages, similar to an Oriental theme park, for example, they stop at a frankincense shop.
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Mieth, Laura, Raoul Bell, and Axel Buchner. "The “Mnemonic Time-Travel Effect”." Experimental Psychology 66, no. 6 (November 2019): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000461.
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Abstract. This registered report aims at replicating the so-called “mnemonic time-travel” effect. Aksentijevic, Brandt, Tsakanikos, and Thorpe (2019) reported that memory was improved when their participants experienced backward motion before a memory test in comparison to when they experienced forward motion or no motion. This finding was interpreted as suggesting that backward motion brought individuals back to the moment of encoding. In the original study, the mnemonic time-travel effect was robustly found with various types of backward motion (real, simulated, and imagined). Such a spectacular finding calls for a preregistered replication. To determine the robustness of the effect, we performed a close replication of Experiment 4 of Aksentijevic et al. in which the mnemonic time-travel effect was most pronounced. Despite sufficient statistical power to detect an even considerably smaller effect than the one reported by Aksentijevic et al., we found no significant differences among the different motion conditions. The present results thus disconfirm the idea that experiencing backward motion improves memory which suggests that the empirical robustness of the mnemonic time travel effect should be further scrutinized before any conclusions about mnemonic space and time can be drawn.
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Smith, Nicholas J. J. "The problems of backward time travel." Endeavour 22, no. 4 (January 1998): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-9327(98)01154-5.
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D'Argembeau, Arnaud, and Martial Van der Linden. "Emotional aspects of mental time travel." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30, no. 3 (June 2007): 320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x07002051.
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AbstractWe consider three possible reasons why humans might accord a privileged status to emotional information when mentally traveling backward or forward in time. First, mental simulation of emotional situations helps one to make adaptive decisions. Second, it can serve an emotion regulation function. Third, it helps people to construct and maintain a positive view of the self.
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Ponprasit, Chaloemporn, Yong Zhang, and Wei Wei. "Backward Location and Travel Time Probabilities for Pollutants Moving in Three-Dimensional Aquifers: Governing Equations and Scale Effect." Water 14, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040624.
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Backward probabilities have been used for decades to track hydrologic targets such as pollutants in water, but the convenient deviation and scale effect of backward probabilities remain unknown. This study derived backward probabilities for groundwater pollutants and evaluated their scale effect in heterogeneous aquifers. Three particle-moving methods, including the backward-in-time discrete random-walk (DRW), the backward-in-time continuous time random-walk (CTRW), and the particle mass balance, were proposed to derive the governing equation of backward location and travel time probabilities of contaminants. The resultant governing equations verified Kolmogorov’s backward equation and extended it to transient flow fields and aquifers with spatially varying porosity values. An improved backward-in-time random walk particle tracking technique was then applied to approximate the backward probabilities. Next, the scale effect of backward probabilities of contamination was analyzed quantitatively. Numerical results showed that the backward probabilities were sensitive to the vertical location and length of screened intervals in a three-dimensional heterogeneous alluvial aquifer, whereas the variation in borehole diameters did not influence the backward probabilities. The scale effect of backward probabilities was due to different flow paths reaching individual intervals under strong influences of subsurface hydrodynamics and heterogeneity distributions, even when the well screen was as short as ~2 m and surrounded by highly permeable sediments. Further analysis indicated that if the scale effect was ignored, significant errors may appear in applications of backward probabilities of groundwater contamination. This study, therefore, provides convenient methods to build backward probability models and sheds light on applications relying on backward probabilities with a scale effect.
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Brock‐Nannestad, George. "Prosody in French theatrical declamation traced backwards in time." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (May 2008): 3329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2933835.
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Khaleel(M.A), Intisar Rashid. "Time Travel in Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse- Five." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 224, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v224i1.250.
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For many years, time travel was the stuff of science fiction. This was all just part of the world's imagination until recently. Science authors, among them, Kurt Vonnegut (1922-2007) post-modern American writer, believe that one can travel through time forward or backward asking his memories and stream of consciousness to give sensory impressions of his thoughts and actions, that what Billy did in Vonnegut's Slaughter house- Five (1969). The protagonist Billy Pilgrim finds himself "unstuck in time" jumping between several periods of his life. Travelling between his experiences as a prisoner of war in World War II to his family life in 1950s, and 1960s and his time on Tralfmadorian Planet, Billy has the freedom and ability to travel; he has no control over these transitions. The present study falls into three sections plus a conclusion. The first section deals with the concept of time travel in literature and fiction. Section two presents historical and literary context to Vonnegut's novel. The treatment of time travel concept will be discussed in the third section. Then, the conclusions which sum up the findings of the research.
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Blau, Steven K. "Would a topology change allow Ms. Bright to travel backward in time?" American Journal of Physics 66, no. 3 (March 1998): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.18841.
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Rigon, Riccardo, Marialaura Bancheri, and Timothy R. Green. "Age-ranked hydrological budgets and a travel time description of catchment hydrology." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 12 (December 15, 2016): 4929–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4929-2016.
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Abstract. The theory of travel time and residence time distributions is reworked from the point of view of the hydrological storages and fluxes involved. The forward and backward travel time distribution functions are defined in terms of conditional probabilities. Previous approaches that used fixed travel time distributions are not consistent with our new derivation. We explain Niemi's formula and show how it can be interpreted as an expression of the Bayes theorem. Some connections between this theory and population theory are identified by introducing an expression which connects life expectancy with travel times. The theory can be applied to conservative solutes, including a method of estimating the storage selection functions. An example, based on the Nash hydrograph, illustrates some key aspects of the theory. Generalization to an arbitrary number of reservoirs is presented.
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Wu, Hao, Lingbo Liu, Yang Yu, Zhenghong Peng, Hongzan Jiao, and Qiang Niu. "An Agent-based Model Simulation of Human Mobility Based on Mobile Phone Data: How Commuting Relates to Congestion." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 7 (July 23, 2019): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8070313.
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The commute of residents in a big city often brings tidal traffic pressure or congestions. Understanding the causes behind this phenomenon is of great significance for urban space optimization. Various spatial big data make the fine description of urban residents’ travel behaviors possible, and bring new approaches to related studies. The present study focuses on two aspects: one is to obtain relatively accurate features of commuting behaviors by using mobile phone data, and the other is to simulate commuting behaviors of residents through the agent-based model and inducing backward the causes of congestion. Taking the Baishazhou area of Wuhan, a local area of a mega city in China, as a case study, we simulated the travel behaviors of commuters: the spatial context of the model is set up using the existing urban road network and by dividing the area into space units. Then, using the mobile phone call detail records of a month, statistics of residents’ travel during the four time slots in working day mornings are acquired and then used to generate the Origin-Destination matrix of travels at different time slots, and the data are imported into the model for simulation. Under the preset rules of congestion, the agent-based model can effectively simulate the traffic conditions of each traffic intersection, and can induce backward the causes of traffic congestion using the simulation results and the Origin-Destination matrix. Finally, the model is used for the evaluation of road network optimization, which shows evident effects of the optimizing measures adopted in relieving congestion, and thus also proves the value of this method in urban studies.
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Neupauer, Roseanna M., and John L. Wilson. "Backward location and travel time probabilities for a decaying contaminant in an aquifer." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 66, no. 1-2 (October 2003): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-7722(03)00024-x.
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Neupauer, Roseanna M., and John L. Wilson. "Adjoint method for obtaining backward-in-time location and travel time probabilities of a conservative groundwater contaminant." Water Resources Research 35, no. 11 (November 1999): 3389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900190.
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GREENE, PAUL. "Mixed messages: unsettled cosmopolitanisms in Nepali pop." Popular Music 20, no. 2 (May 2001): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143001001398.
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This is an age of jazz. This is an age of having long, tangled hair, and of [young men] wearing an earring, and of wearing caps backwards [with the visor in the back]. And it is also a period of rap. Some raps are known as bhattirap and some are known as party rap. And some are meaningless raps. But at this moment it is a time of deuseerap. Deuseerap!!Opening rap in ‘Deusee rey extended mix’ by Brazesh Khanal(translated from Nepali; underlined words are sung in English)Throughout Asia, the English word ‘mix’ (or variant thereof) is being used today to characterise a new mode of musical borrowing and syncretism distinctive of several pop musics that have emerged in the 1990s. Earlier modes of pop music borrowing typically involve timbral, rhythmic and melodic adaptations of both indigenous and foreign materials, in which contrasts between different musical elements are smoothed over so that they can be integrated into unified musical expressions. In contrast, the new ‘mix’ music of India (Greene 2000, pp. 545–6), Nepal (Greene 1999A; Henderson 1999), Japan (Condry 1999), Indonesia (Wallach 1999) and South Asian diasporic communities (Manuel 1995) employs the latest sound studio technologies in order to reproduce more precisely than ever before the precise timbres, rhythms and tunings of sound bites of both foreign pop and indigenous music. Yet as these foreign and indigenous sounds are coming more sharply into focus in Asian soundscapes, their meanings and histories seem to be going out of focus. For one thing, a ‘mix’ commonly takes the form of a sonic montage: abruptly juxtaposed musical styles heard in rapid succession that project only a weak sense of overarching form. In this ‘mix’ configuration, foreign and indigenous sounds sometimes present themselves as inscrutable sound bites – snippets detached from their original musical and cultural contexts. Mixes typically celebrate sonic contrasts, rather than attempt to reach or move the listener within any single musical idiom. Moreover, foreign sounds travel to Asia so quickly through radio, music television, recordings and the Internet, that they are detached from their histories and original cultural contexts, and often present themselves as suggestive, intriguing, but underdetermined cultural indexes. This point is taken up below in an analysis of Nepali heavy metal, one of the elements in the mix. Both Western pop and indigenous sounds become perspectival constructs, taking on a range of meanings and affective forces in different listener experiences. Mix music embodies new, understudied and essentially postmodern musical aesthetics (in the sense of Manuel 1995) that have taken root in Asian and other world communities.
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Bouajaji, Rachid, Hassan Laarabi, Mostafa Rachik, and Abdelhadi Abta. "A Multiregion Discrete-Time Epidemic Model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections: An Optimal Control Approach." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (June 5, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5594778.
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The main goal of this article is to devise the spatial-temporal spread of TB, in multiple neighboring domains, taking into account the epidemiological diversity of their populations. However, since both the environment and any population are spatially heterogeneous, it is obviously desirable to include spatial structure into an epidemic model. Individuals with tuberculosis can spread the disease by moving from one area to another. In addition, people travel by air between cities, so diseases can be spread quickly between very distant places (as was the case with the COVID-19). In our model, each region’s studied population is divided into five compartments S, L1, I, L2, and R. Further, we introduce in our discrete systems three control variables which represent the effectiveness rates of vaccination, travel-blocking operation, and treatment. We focus in our study to control the outbreaks of an epidemic that affects a hypothetical population belonging to a specific region. Firstly, we analyze the epidemic model when the control strategy is based on the vaccination control only, and secondly, when the travel-blocking control is added, we finish with the introduction of the treatment control. The optimal control theory, based on Pontryagin’s maximum principle, is applied thrice in this paper, for the characterizations of the vaccination, travel-blocking, and treatment controls. The numerical results associated with the multipoint boundary value problems are obtained based on the forward-backward sweep method combined with progressive-regressive Runge–Kutta fourth-order schemes.
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Sayan, Erdinç, and Hasan Cagatay. "Logical and Nomological Obstacles to Foreknowledge of the Future." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 23, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2019v23n2p345.
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A famous puzzle called “Grandmother Paradox” is used to argue against the feasibility of traveling backward in time because of the logical and nomological problems such travel involves, and not only because we don’t have the technology to make it reality. The same kind of problems would be encountered in leaping forward in time and then returning to the time of departure. We argue that a similar family of problems also arise in our having foreknowledge of the future without making any time travel. We point to the mysterious consequences of having access to a being, say a machine or a psychic, that can have infallible knowledge of the future and conveys this foreknowledge to human beings truthfully, without any lies or distortions. The cause of these mysterious consequences is the fact that such machines or psychics will raise logical and nomological complications reminiscent of the ones we encounter in time travel scenarios, and that is a strong reason why infallible foretellers cannot exist. We conclude that we can have foreknowledge of the future, in principle, only within certain narrow limits, if at all.
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Adil Sbaï, M., and N. Amraoui. "Development and application of diagnostic tools for seawater intrusion analysis in highly heterogeneous coastal aquifers." E3S Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 00030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185400030.
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We developed novel, computationally efficient, methods as effective screening tools to analyze seawater intrusion processes in highly heterogeneous coastal aquifer systems. They enable delineation of pumping wells capture zones and swept zones associated to injection wells for remediation of seawater encroachment. Forward or backward travel times and residence time distributions are robustly simulated and visualized on the computational grid. These steady-state indicators, precomputed at fine grids, are used to generate optimal locally refined grids for efficient transient solute transport simulations.
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Callies, Ulrich. "Sensitive dependence of trajectories on tracer seeding positions – coherent structures in German Bight backward drift simulations." Ocean Science 17, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-17-527-2021.
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Abstract. Backward drift simulations can aid the interpretation of in situ monitoring data. In some cases, however, trajectories are very sensitive to even small changes in the tracer release position. A corresponding spread of backward simulations implies attraction in the forward passage of time and, hence, uncertainty about the probed water body's origin. This study examines surface drift simulations in the German Bight (North Sea). Lines across which drift behaviour changes non-smoothly are obtained as ridges in the fields of the finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE), a parameter used in dynamical systems theory to identify Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs). Results closely resemble those obtained considering two-particle relative dispersion. It is argued that simulated FTLE fields might be used in support of the interpretation of monitoring data, indicating when simulations of backward trajectories are unreliable because of their high sensitivity to tracer seeding positions.
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Aultman-Hall, Lisa, and Fred L. Hall. "Research Design Insights from a Survey of Urban Bicycle Commuters." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1636, no. 1 (January 1998): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1636-04.
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A bicycle route and safety survey was distributed to 6,000 bicycle commuters in Ontario in 1995. The objective of the survey was to collect both collision/fall histories and detailed travel behavior information. A description is provided of the questionnaire development, which included a map for route tracing, as well as the sampling procedures that involved attaching the mail-back survey to the crossbars of parked bicycles. The resulting analyses, which address methodological issues, are presented. No differential response rates between men and women were found. No evidence was found to suggest that cyclists who had experienced accidents were more likely to respond. A slight decrease in incidents was found as one moves backward in the time, suggesting slight recall bias, but, overall, the time period over which information was collected (3 years for collisions and 1 year for falls) was deemed appropriate. The measure of travel exposure combined information from the map with estimates of commute trips per month. The aggregate overall estimate was deemed satisfactory but the ability of cyclists to recall commute trips on exact days even in the near past was inadequate. Overall, the survey was successful, and the insights should provide helpful guidance to others who seek to gather bicycle travel information.
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QUADRIO, MAURIZIO, PIERRE RICCO, and CLAUDIO VIOTTI. "Streamwise-travelling waves of spanwise wall velocity for turbulent drag reduction." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 627 (May 25, 2009): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009006077.
Full textAbstract:
Waves of spanwise velocity imposed at the walls of a plane turbulent channel flow are studied by direct numerical simulations. We consider sinusoidal waves of spanwise velocity which vary in time and are modulated in space along the streamwise direction. The phase speed may be null, positive or negative, so that the waves may be either stationary or travelling forward or backward in the direction of the mean flow. Such a forcing includes as particular cases two known techniques for reducing friction drag: the oscillating wall technique (a travelling wave with infinite phase speed) and the recently proposed steady distribution of spanwise velocity (a wave with zero phase speed). The travelling waves alter the friction drag significantly. Waves which slowly travel forward produce a large reduction of drag that can relaminarize the flow at low values of the Reynolds number. Faster waves yield a totally different outcome, i.e. drag increase (DI). Even faster waves produce a drag reduction (DR) effect again. Backward-travelling waves instead lead to DR at any speed. The travelling waves, when they reduce drag, operate in similar fashion to the oscillating wall, with an improved energetic efficiency. DI is observed when the waves travel at a speed comparable with that of the convecting near-wall turbulence structures. A diagram illustrating the different flow behaviours is presented.
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Spakovszky, Z. S. "Backward Traveling Rotating Stall Waves in Centrifugal Compressors." Journal of Turbomachinery 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1643382.
Full textAbstract:
Rotating stall waves that travel against the direction of rotor rotation are reported for the first time and a new, low-order analytical approach to model centrifugal compressor stability is introduced. The model is capable of dealing with unsteady radially swirling flows and the dynamic effects of impeller-diffuser component interaction as it occurs in centrifugal compression systems. A simple coupling criterion is developed from first principles to explain the interaction mechanism important for system stability. The model findings together with experimental data explain the mechanism for first-ever observed backward traveling rotating stall in centrifugal compressors with vaned diffusers. Based on the low-order model predictions, an air injection scheme between the impeller and the vaned diffuser is designed for the NASA Glenn CC3 high-speed centrifugal compressor. The steady air injection experiments show an increase of 25% in surge-margin with an injection mass flow of 0.5% of the compressor mass flow. In addition, it is experimentally demonstrated that this injection scheme is robust to impeller tip-clearance effects and that a reduced number of injectors can be applied for similar gains in surge-margin. The results presented in this paper firmly establish the connection between the experimentally observed dynamic phenomena in the NASA CC3 centrifugal compressor and a first principles based coupling criterion. In addition, guidelines are given for the design of centrifugal compressors with enhanced stability. Winner of the “Best Paper Award,” Turbomachinery Committee
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Hoor, P., H. Wernli, and M. I. Hegglin. "Transport timescales and tracer properties in the extratropical UTLS." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2010): 12953–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-12953-2010.
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Abstract. A comprehensive evaluation of seasonal backward trajectories initialized in the Northern Hemisphere lowermost stratosphere (LMS) has been performed to investigate the origin of air parcels and the main mechanisms determining characteristic structures in H2O and CO within the LMS. In particular we explain the fundamental role of the transit time since last tropopause crossing (tTST) for the chemical structure of the LMS as well as the feature of the extra-tropical tropopause transition layer (ExTL) as identified from CO profiles. The distribution of H2O in the background LMS above Θ=320 K and 340 K in northern winter and summer, respectively, is found to be governed mainly by the saturation mixing ratio, which in turn is determined by the Lagrangian Cold Point (LCP) encountered by each trajectory. Most of the backward trajectories from this region in the LMS experienced their LCP in the tropics and sub-tropics. The transit time since crossing the tropopause from the troposphere to the stratosphere (tTST) is independent of the H2O value of the air parcel. TST often occurs 20 days after trajectories have encountered their LCP. CO, on the other hand, depends strongly on tTST due to its finite lifetime. The ExTL as identified from CO measurements is then explained as a layer of air just above the tropopause, which on average encountered TST fairly recently.
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Jaxybulatov, K., I. Koulakov, and N. L. Dobretsov. "Segmentation of the Izu-Bonin and Mariana plates based on the analysis of the Benioff seismicity distribution and regional tomography results." Solid Earth Discussions 4, no. 2 (July 5, 2012): 823–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-4-823-2012.
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Abstract. We present a new model of P- and S-velocity anomalies in the mantle down to 1300 km depth beneath the Izu-Bonin and Mariana (IBM) arcs. This model is derived based on tomographic inversion of global travel time data from the revised ISC catalogue. The results of inversion are thoroughly verified using a series of different tests. The obtained model is generally consistent with previous studies of different authors. We also present the distribution of relocated deep events projected to the vertical surface along the IBM arc. Unexpectedly, the seismicity form elongated vertical clusters instead of horizontal zones indicating phase transitions in the slab. We propose that these vertical seismicity zones mark zones of intense deformation and boundaries between semi-autonomous segments of the subducting plate. The P- and S-seismic tomography models consistently display the slab as prominent high-velocity anomalies coinciding with the distribution of deep seismicity. Based on joint consideration of the tomography results and the seismicity distribution we propose a scenario of the subduction evolution in the IBM zone during the recent time. We can distinguish at least four segments which subduct differently. The northernmost segment of the Izu-Bonin arc has the gentlest angle of dipping which is explained by backward displacement of the trench. In the second segment, the trench stayed at the same location, and we observe the accumulation of the slab material in the transition zone and its further descending to the lower mantle. In third segment, the trench is moving forward that causes steepening of the slab. Finally, for the Mariana segment, despite the backward displacement of the arc, the subducting slab is nearly vertical. We propose that it might be due to the high density of the slab which is responsible for turning any inclined subduction to the vertical position. Between the Izu-Bonin and Mariana arcs we clearly observe a gap which is traced down to about 400 km depth.
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Jaxybulatov, K., I. Koulakov, and N. L. Dobretsov. "Segmentation of the Izu-Bonin and Mariana slabs based on the analysis of the Benioff seismicity distribution and regional tomography results." Solid Earth 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-4-59-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We present a new model of P and S velocity anomalies in the mantle down to a depth of 1300 km beneath the Izu-Bonin and Mariana (IBM) arcs. This model is derived based on tomographic inversion of global travel time data from the revised ISC catalogue. The results of inversion are thoroughly verified using a series of different tests. The obtained model is generally consistent with previous studies by different authors. We also present the distribution of relocated deep events projected to the vertical surface along the IBM arc system. Unexpectedly, the seismicity forms elongated vertical clusters instead of horizontal zones indicating phase transitions in the slab. We propose that these vertical seismicity zones mark zones of intense deformation and boundaries between semi-autonomous segments of the subducting plate. The P and S seismic tomography models consistently display the slab as prominent high-velocity anomalies coinciding with the distribution of deep seismicity. We can distinguish at least four segments which subduct differently. The northernmost segment of the Izu-Bonin arc has the gentlest angle of dipping which is explained by backward displacement of the trench. In the second segment, the trench stayed at the same location, and we observe the accumulation of the slab material in the transition zone and its further descending to the lower mantle. In the third segment, the trench is moving forward causing the steepening of the slab. Finally, for the Mariana segment, despite the backward displacement of the arc, the subducting slab is nearly vertical. Between the Izu-Bonin and Mariana arcs we clearly observe a gap which can be traced down to about 400 km in depth. Based on joint consideration of the tomography results and the seismicity distribution, we propose two different scenarios of the subduction evolution in the IBM zone during the recent time, depending on the reference frame of plate displacements. In the first case, we consider the movements in respect to the Philippine Plate, and explain the different styles of the subduction by the relative backward and forward migrations of the trench. In the second case, all the elements of the subduction system move westward in respect to the stable Asia. Different subduction styles are explained by the "anchoring" of selected segments of the slab, different physical properties of the subducting plate and the existence of buoyant rigid blocks related to sea mount and igneous provinces.
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Firth, N. C., N. W. Keane, D. J. Smith, and R. Grice. "Reactive Scattering of Oxygen Atoms With Bromine Molecules." Laser Chemistry 9, no. 4-6 (January 1, 1988): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/lc.9.265.
Full textAbstract:
Reactive scattering of O atoms with Br2 molecules has been studied at an initial translational energy E~35 kJ mol−1 using cross-correlation time-of-flight analysis with resolution improved over previous measurements. The centre-of-mass differential cross section peaks in the forward and backward directions with a higher product translational energy for backward Scattering. The angular distribution traced at the peak of the product velocity distribution peaks more sharply in the forward than the backward direction but the angular distribution of product flux shows a distribution which is more nearly symmetrical about θ = 90°. The observed scattering is attributed to a triplet OBrBr complex intermediate with a lifetime which is shorter than the period of overall rotation of the axis of the heavy BrBr diatomic but which is long compared with the period of vibrational and rotational motion of the light O atom.
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Corballis, Michael. "Freeing Up the Mind." Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26613/esic.6.1.276.
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Abstract Psychology has generally had a rather stunted view of the mind. In the behaviorist era it essentially denied the existence of mind altogether, and even the cognitive revolution seemed to promote a rigid view of the mind as tied to specific inputs. This began to change when Endel Tulving proposed episodic memory as the conscious replaying of past events-a conception that was later broadened into the more general concept of mental time travel: the ability to travel mentally backward and forward in time, a basic component of imagination. The two books under review, both informed by evolutionary science, illustrate involvement of the humanities in further expanding our understanding of the imagination- the mental capacity that enables us to transcend time and space, voyage into fantasy, and cultivate the creative arts. The historian Felipe Fernández-Armesto goes so far as to suggest that human imagination expanded at the expense of memory, and was even the basis of language. The volume edited by Carroll, Clasen, and Jonsson, all literary scholars, takes us on a wider tour of the fruits of imagination-religion, music, the arts, literature. These books may help place human creativity and imagination in an evolutionary context, and enlarge our understanding of evolution itself. They may also help overcome poststructuralist attitudes that threaten the integrity of the humanities themselves.
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Iida, H., S. Higano, N. Tomura, F. Shishido, I. Kanno, S. Miura, M. Murakami, K. Takahashi, H. Sasaki, and K. Uemura. "Evaluation of Regional Differences of Tracer Appearance Time in Cerebral Tissues Using [15O]Water and Dynamic Positron Emission Tomography." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 8, no. 2 (April 1988): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1988.60.
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The tracer appearance time relative to the radial artery–sampling site has been evaluated in six brain locations in five human subjects using dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) following the bolus injection of H215O. There was a maximum difference of ± 2 s from the average in each location. T o globally adjust the timing difference between the measured arterial curve and the PET scan, a correction method was developed based on a nonlinear least-squares fitting procedure. This new technique determined the global time delay with an accuracy of ± 0.5 s. On the other hand, the linear backward extrapolation method resulted in a systematic error of 4 s.
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Elsa, Anggela, Agatha Mariska Panjaitan, and Tetty Natalia Sipayung. "Penerapan Program Dinamik dalam Menentukan Jalur Perjalanan Optimum dengan Prosedur Backward Recursive Equation." Journal on Education 5, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 4217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/joe.v5i2.1133.
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In general, in big cities there are many lanes and intersections and this certainly makes it difficult for someone to determine the optimal route. Problems between travel time and distance from the location of origin to the destination location can also affect the costs to be incurred. To solve this problem, applied research was carried out using the dynamic programming method with the aim of determining the route with the shortest distance that the campus bus could pass from Universitas Katolik Santo Thomas to the Rahmat International Wildlife Museum and Gallery. Dynamic Programming is a mathematical technique used to optimize decision-making processes in stages. In this case data collection for all routes uses Google Maps which is then represented in a network diagram using the Geogebra application which is then completed using a backward recursive equation procedure in several stages, starting from the destination location to the origin location. With this procedure, it was concluded that the shortest route taken from Universitas Katolik Santo Thomas to Rahmat Gallery and Wildlife Museum Medan is Rahmat International Wildlife Museum and Gallery ® J&K Barber Shop ® Grandika Hotel ® Ring Road Intersection ® Universitas Katolik Santo Thomas with a distance of 10,66 kilometers.
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Hoor, P., H. Wernli, M. I. Hegglin, and H. Bönisch. "Transport timescales and tracer properties in the extratropical UTLS." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 16 (August 25, 2010): 7929–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7929-2010.
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Abstract. A comprehensive evaluation of seasonal backward trajectories initialized in the northern hemisphere lowermost stratosphere (LMS) has been performed to investigate the factors that determine the temporal and spatial structure of troposphere-to-stratosphere-transport (TST) and it's impact on the LMS. In particular we explain the fundamental role of the transit time since last TST (tTST) for the chemical composition of the LMS. According to our results the structure of the LMS can be characterized by a layer with tTST<40 days forming a narrow band around the local tropopause. This layer extends about 30 K above the local dynamical tropopause, corresponding to the extratropical tropopause transition layer (ExTL) as identified by CO. The LMS beyond this layer shows a relatively well defined separation as marked by an aprupt transition to longer tTST indicating less frequent mixing and a smaller fraction of tropospheric air. Thus the LMS constitutes a region of two well defined regimes of tropospheric influence. These can be characterized mainly by different transport times from the troposphere and different fractions of tropospheric air. Carbon monoxide (CO) mirrors this structure of tTST due to it's finite lifetime on the order of three months. Water vapour isopleths, on the other hand, do not uniquely indicate TST and are independent of tTST, but are determined by the Lagrangian Cold Point (LCP) of air parcels. Most of the backward trajectories from the LMS experienced their LCP in the tropics and sub-tropics, and TST often occurs 20 days after trajectories have encountered their LCP. Therefore, ExTL properties deduced from CO and H2O provide totally different informations on transport and particular TST for the LMS.
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Pandey, Venktesh, and Stephen D. Boyles. "Comparing Route Choice Models for Managed Lane Networks with Multiple Entrances and Exits." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119848706.
Full textAbstract:
Developing an appropriate route choice model for managed lanes with multiple entrances and exits is critical for the success of managed lane planning and operations. This research focuses on route choice models for managed lane networks with stochastic and time-varying tolls and travel times. In the model, a traveler receives real-time information about the tolls and travel times upon arrival at each diverge node and makes a dynamic lane choice decision that minimizes the total expected cost. The online route choice model is formulated as a Markov decision process and solved using a backward recursion algorithm. The model is compared against four other routing models: a binary logit model, a model based on decision routes, a model that chooses paths a priori, and a model with routes chosen randomly. The study also models irrational driver behavior with parameters like driver’s inclination toward making optimal lane choices and preference for certain lanes. Findings show that the expected costs from the routes chosen using the decision route model from the literature are close to the optimal cost with an average percentage error of 0.93%. The binary logit model is shown to have a high average error of 50% in the expected cost when a driver is assumed to behave rationally, but the same model shows optimal prediction for certain irrational driver behaviors. The proposed routing model forms a basis for future work in the area of managed lane pricing and planning.
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Proschmann, Rick, Meinolf Suttorp, Andreas Hochhaus, Christian Thiede, Ingo Roeder, and Ingmar Glauche. "Mathematical Modelling Of The Molecular BCR-ABL1 Transcript Response In Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Comparison Of Adult and Pediatric Patients." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.2709.2709.
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Abstract Introduction Treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with imatinib (IM) has replaced stem cell transplantation as first line therapy also in pediatric patients (pts). Although CML is rare in the first 2 decades of life, pediatric studies published recently have indicated that like in adults most pts achieve prolonged molecular response (MR). In adults it could be demonstrated that IM monotherapy induces a biphasic decline of BCR-ABL1 transcript levels, characterized by an initially steep decline (α-slope) documenting the rapid initial depletion of actively cycling BCR-ABL1–positive cells, followed by a 2nd moderate decline (β-slope), most likely indicating the slow elimination of residual leukemic stem cells (rLSK) with low turnover. In adults regular monitoring of the BCR-ABL1/ABL1 ratio during IM therapy allowed detailed mathematical modelling to predict the abundance of rLSK, which is a major determinant to access the relapse risk after treatment cessation (Horn et al, Blood 2013). A similar assessment of individual relapse risk is even more important in children because long-term IM exposure is associated with longitudinal growth retardation and may increase the risk for cardiac failure at younger age. Therefore, we sought to evaluate and adapte the existing mathematical model as established for adult German pts from the IRIS and CML IV trial to children and teenagers. Methods For statistical analysis of IM treatment response in children (trial CML-PAED-II) and adults (German arm IRIS) we required a minimal essential data set of >=7 consecutive BCR-ABL1 level measurements over at least a follow-up interval >1.5 years. Early non-responders within that interval were excluded. Data from 56 pediatric pts (male/female: 34/22; median age 12 years, range 1-18; median follow up 30.7 mos) and 60 adult pts (male/female 43/17; median age 51.5years, range 21-69, median follow up 57.4 mos) were included. For comparison of pediatric and adult cohorts a segmented linear regression model was applied to characterise the pt-specific decline of BCR-ABL1/ABL1-ratios. Five parameters were analyzed in a comparative fashion: i) the α-slope; ii) the β-slope; iii) backwards extrapolation of the α-slope (corresponding to an estimation of the BCR-ABL1 level at diagnosis); and at the breakpoint of α- and β-curves: iv) the transcript ratio as well as, v) the time point (months on IM treatment). For the corresponding modelling approach, we use an established single cell-based model of CML dynamics under IM treatment to estimate the fraction of rLSK (Roeder et al, Nat Med 2006). Results In 42/56 pediatric and in 54/60 adult pts a biphasic slope of transcript decline patterns was identified. A comparison of median response curves documented a slightly higher, however, not significant reduction of transcript ratios in the pediatric cohort with a tendency to achieve lower ratios at the breakpoint of the biphasic decline (mean BCR-ABL1 ratio adults vs pediatric: 0.103 %/ 0.051 %). This effect is attributed to a significantly increased heterogeneity in the initial IM response (SD of mean ratio adults versus pediatric: 0.63/1.2 log scales). For the α- and β-slopes no statistically significant difference was observed between the cohorts. We used the available data to adapt our mathematical model for pediatric CML, in which the slightly increased reduction in BCR-ABL1 levels in children can be attributed to an increased sensitivity to IM or an increased stem cell turnover. However, the increased heterogeneity in the initial IM response in children limits the model’s ability to provide refined risk estimators for treatment cessation and calls for the integration of further parameters. Conclusions Statistical analysis revealed distinct features of pediatric CML with respect to the dynamic response to IM treatment. In particular, we observed an increased heterogeneity in the IM response pointing towards a subgroup of pediatric pts that achieves MR4 during the initial decline (11 out of 42 children versus 2 out of 54 adults). We will further adapt our mathematical modelling approach for pediatric CML to estimate whether relapse-free treatment cessation is achieved more likely in these pts. Thereby, the model-based analysis and predictions on CML dynamics demonstrated to become useful for optimization of treatment strategies also in pediatric pts. Disclosures: Hochhaus: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Travel Other; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria; Ariad: Consultancy, Honoraria.
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Moulin, Charline, Francis Guillemin, Thomas Remen, Florian Bouclet, Hélène Augé, Anne Quinquenel, Caroline Dartigeas, et al. "Clinico-Biological, Molecular and Prognostic Features of Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma-Variant of Richter Syndrome: A Multicenter Retrospective Study of the French Innovative Leukemia Organization." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-137101.
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Richter Syndrome (RS) corresponds to the transformation of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) or Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL) into an aggressive lymphoma, in most cases a Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). RS outcome is variable and still poorly understood. The aim of our study was to analyze the clinical, biological and molecular features liable to predict survival in a retrospective series of newly diagnosed RS from the French Innovative Leukemia Organization (FILO). From 10 French centers, 103 biopsy-confirmed DLBCL subtype RS, diagnosed from 2001 to 2019, were identified. Fresh-frozen biopsies (FB) were available in 58 cases. All biopsies were centrally reviewed. Clinical and biological characteristics at CLL and RS diagnoses including cytogenetics, clonal relationship with the pre-existing CLL, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status, cell of origin (COO) according to the Hans algorithm, RS prognostic scores (Tsimberidou et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006, Rossi et al. Blood 2011) as well as treatment and outcomes were collected. Targeted next generation sequencing was used on RS FB for the following gene set: TP53, ATM, SF3B1, NOTCH1, BIRC3, FBXW7, RPS15, EGR2, MYD88, XPO1, POT1, BRAF, and NFKBIE. Overall Survival (OS) was defined as time from RS diagnosis until the date of death or end of follow-up and analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariable analysis was performed using Cox regression model for variables with a p-value<0.2 by bivariate analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with SASv9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Clinical and biological characteristics and outcomes were broadly similar between the full 103-patient cohort and the subset of 58 patients with available gene mutation data. The latter only was considered for the subsequent analyses. The median age at CLL/SLL diagnosis was 60 (range 34-81) and 39 patients (67.2%) were male. Prior to RS, 24 (41.38%) received more than 1 line of treatment for CLL. The median time to transformation was 5 years (range 0-22). The median OS from RS diagnosis was 8 months (Figure 1a). The median age at RS diagnosis was 65.5 years (range 42-87). ECOG Performance Status (PS) was >1 in 29/53 patients (54.8%) and 32/56 (57.1%) had a Bulky disease. Elevated Lactate DeHydrogenase (LDH) levels (≥ 1.5N) were found in 38/49 patients (77.6%). Unmutated IGHV was observed in 45/58 (77.6%) RS samples. CLL and RS were clonally related for 29/33 (87.9%) RS with available IGHV sequence at CLL diagnosis. TP53 disruption was detected in 34/56 (60.7%) RS cases including TP53 mutations in 23/58 (39.7%). According to Tsimberidou et al., 10/46 (21.7%) RS were in the low-risk group, 10 in the low-intermediate risk group, 11 (23.9%) in the high-intermediate risk group and the other 15 in the high-risk group. According to the Rossi score, only 4/51 RS (7.8%) were low risk, and 19 (37.3%) and 28 (54.9%) intermediate and high-risk, respectively. The most frequent treatment for RS was R-CHOP-like regimen [38/56 (67.9%)], 5 and 2 patients received autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation respectively. Most patients, 40/56 (71.4%) failed to reach complete remission after the first line. By bivariate analysis (Figure 1b-e), ECOG PS, platelet count and TP53 disruption worsened OS (p<0.05) while the effect of the IGHV status was less important (p-value=0.07). By multivariable Cox regression model (Table 1), ECOG PS>1, platelet count<100x109/L, TP53 disruption or unmutated IGHV status significantly reduced OS (hazard ratios 2.99, 2.22, 2.96 and 1.77, p<0.05 for all). NOTCH1 status had no significant impact. Similar results were obtained when a Cox regression model was realized with a backward and/or forward selection of variables respectively with stay p-value=0.05 and/or an entry p-value=0.2. RS outcome is poor. Here, we focused specifically on Richter cells on diagnostic biopsies for genetic analyses. Unmutated IGHV status was identified as prognostic factor for RS, in addition to the previously described: ECOG PS, platelet count and TP53 disruption. More molecular studies are necessary to increase knowledge about RS and improve the survival of patients with DLBCL-type RS. Disclosures Dartigeas: Janssen: Honoraria; Roche: Honoraria; Gilead: Other: non-financial support. Tausch:Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen-Cilag: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Leblond:Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel/accommodations/expenses, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel/accommodations/expenses, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Gilead: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Honoraria; AstraZeneca: Consultancy, Honoraria; Lilly: Consultancy. Thieblemont:Incyte: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Other: TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATIONS, EXPENSES (paid by any for-profit health care company); Cellectis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATIONS, EXPENSES (paid by any for-profit health care company), Speakers Bureau; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATIONS, EXPENSES (paid by any for-profit health care company); Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATIONS, EXPENSES (paid by any for-profit health care company); Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATIONS, EXPENSES (paid by any for-profit health care company); Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATIONS, EXPENSES (paid by any for-profit health care company), Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: travel support; Kite, a Gilead Company: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATIONS, EXPENSES (paid by any for-profit health care company); Hospira: Research Funding; Bayer: Honoraria. Laribi:abbvie: Honoraria, Research Funding; amgen: Research Funding; novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; takeda: Research Funding. Stilgenbauer:F. Hoffmann-LaRoche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Genzyme: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Janssen-Cilag: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Mundipharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other, Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other, Research Funding; Boehringer-Ingelheim: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding. Guieze:abbvie: Honoraria, Other: advisory board, travel funds; janssen cilag: Honoraria, Other: advisory board, travel funds; roche: Other: travle funds; gilead: Honoraria, Other: travel funds; astrazanecka: Honoraria, Other: advisory board. Feugier:gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; astrazeneca: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Broséus:Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Consultancy, Honoraria; Gilead: Honoraria.
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Chang, Ben-Jye, Ren-Hung Hwang, Yueh-Lin Tsai, Bo-Han Yu, and Ying-Hsin Liang. "Cooperative Adaptive Driving for Platooning Autonomous Self Driving Based on Edge Computing." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amcs-2019-0016.
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Abstract Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) for human and autonomous self-driving aims to achieve active safe driving that avoids vehicle accidents or traffic jam by exchanging the road traffic information (e.g., traffic flow, traffic density, velocity variation, etc.) among neighbor vehicles. However, in CACC, the butterfly effect is encountered while exhibiting asynchronous brakes that easily lead to backward shock-waves and are difficult to remove. Several critical issues should be addressed in CACC, including (i) difficulties with adaptive steering of the inter-vehicle distances among neighbor vehicles and the vehicle speed, (ii) the butterfly effect, (iii) unstable vehicle traffic flow, etc. To address the above issues in CACC, this paper proposes the mobile edge computing-based vehicular cloud of the cooperative adaptive driving (CAD) approach to avoid shock-waves efficiently in platoon driving. Numerical results demonstrate that the CAD approach outperforms the compared techniques in the number of shock-waves, average vehicle velocity, average travel time and time to collision (TTC). Additionally, the adaptive platoon length is determined according to the traffic information gathered from the global and local clouds.
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Student. "ARE WE COMING FROM OR GOING TO?" Pediatrics 84, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.4.677.
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William James observed that we live forwards but we understand backwards. He used this phrase to express his conviction that the creative, novelty-seeking surge of life comes first and that reflection, articulation, classification, analysis, and understanding come later. Whether or not something constitutes progress depends not upon reaching some preexisting goal but upon the distance traveled from where we have been to where we are now. To understand something is to judge it in the light of already known criteria. In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, philosopher Thomas Kuhn argues that we understand science better if we do not think of it as evolving toward anything. We need not see science "as the one enterprise that draws constantly nearer to some goal set by nature in advance." The success of science rests in how far it travels "from the community's state of knowledge at any given time."
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Marques da Silva, António José. "Eating, drinking and travelling for fun. Backward to ‘Tourism and Gastronomy’ and forward to the Covidocene." European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejthr-2021-0015.
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Abstract Tourism and Gastronomy (T&G) was published in 2002. Even today, this book is an indispensable reference for researchers from different disciplinary perspectives who study how food and beverage are linked to leisure mobility. At that time, the contributors witnessed a major shift in consumer behaviour, which would soon turn the act of eating and drinking into a first-order driver of this sector of activity. The objective of the editors was to map the evolution of this new trend and predict the future of gastronomy and culinary heritage in tourism. This paper will revisit T&G to fully understand how, in only twenty years, what was before just a ‘non-optional’ part of the package became a prosperous niche, and later a primary component of recreational travels. The ‘throw-back’ approach adopted here will enable us to reflect on how the COVID-19 crisis impacts holidaymakers’ choices, which could help in the design of more efficient recovery plans.
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Schlosser, Elisabeth, Carleen Reijmer, Hans Oerter, and Wolfgang Graf. "The influence of precipitation origin on the δ18O–T relationship at Neumayer station, Ekstrmisen, Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 39 (2004): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781814276.
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AbstractThe relationship between δ18O and air temperature at Neumayer station, Ekstrmisen, Antarctica, was investigated using fresh-snow samples from the time period 1981–2000. A trajectory model that calculated 5 day-backward trajectories was used to study the influence of different synoptic weather situations and thus of different moisture sources on this correlation. Generally a high correlation between air temperature and δ18O was found, but the quality of the δ18O–T relationship varied with the different trajectory classes. Additionally, the sea-ice coverage on the travel path of the moist air was considered. The amount of open ocean water underneath the trajectory has a large influence on the δ18O–T relationship. For trajectories that lead completely above open water, no significant correlation between δ18O and T was found, because mixing with air masses containing additionally evaporated water vapour from the ocean influences the isotope ratio of precipitation. A very high correlation, however, was found for transports over the completely ice-covered Weddell Sea.
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Jung, Woo Chang, and Jung Keun Lee. "Treadmill-to-Overground Mapping of Marker Trajectory for Treadmill-Based Continuous Gait Analysis." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030786.
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A treadmill was used to perform continuous walking tests in a limited space that can be covered by marker-based optical motion capture systems. Most treadmill-based gait data are analyzed based on gait cycle percentage. However, achieving continuous walking motion trajectories over time without time normalization is often required, even if tests are performed under treadmill walking conditions. This study presents a treadmill-to-overground mapping method of optical marker trajectories for treadmill-based continuous gait analysis, by adopting a simple concept of virtual origin. The position vector from the backward moving virtual origin to a targeted marker within a limited walking volume is the same as the position vector from the fixed origin to the forward moving marker over the ground. With the proposed method, it is possible (i) to observe the change in physical quantity visually during the treadmill walking, and (ii) to obtain overground-mapped gait data for evaluating the accuracy of the inertial-measurement-unit-based trajectory estimation. The accuracy of the proposed method was verified from various treadmill walking tests, which showed that the total travel displacement error rate was 0.32% on average.