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1

Hegde, M. Dinesh. Backward class movement in India: Opportunities and challenges. New Delhi: Jawahar Publishers & Distributors, 2013.

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2

Karlekar, Hiranmay. In the mirror of Mandal: Social justice, caste, class, and the individual. Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1992.

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3

Agricultural labourers in east Uttar Pradesh: A study of transformation of a class in a backward but developing region. Allahabad: Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute, 1986.

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4

Nelson, Rod. Class backwards: Growing up in Nordeast Minneapolis in the '40s and '50s. Edited by Edison High School (Minneapolis, Minn.). Class of 1958. [Minneapolis, Minnesota]: Edison Community and Sports Foundation, 2012.

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5

Other Backward Class Revolution in India. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2006.

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6

Pichadavarga (OBC) sangharsha =: Struggle of other backward class. Kathamadaum: Nepala Pichadavarga (OBC) Mahasangha, 2011.

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7

Backward wheelchair propulsion during the sprint start by elite Class II cerebral palsied athletes. 1987.

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8

Davis, Ronald W. Backward wheelchair propulsion during the sprint start by elite Class II cerebral palsied athletes. 1985.

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9

Witmer, Lightner, and University of Pennsylvania Psychologica. The Special Class for Backward Children: An Educational Experiment Conducted for the Instruction of Teachers and Other Students of Child Welfare, by ... and Clinic of the University of Pennsylvania. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.

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10

Witmer, Lightner, and University Of Pennsylvania Psychologica. The Special Class for Backward Children: An Educational Experiment Conducted for the Instruction of Teachers and Other Students of Child Welfare, by ... and Clinic of the University of Pennsylvania. Franklin Classics, 2018.

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11

Witmer, Lightner, and University of Pennsylvania Psychologica. Special Class for Backward Children: An Educational Experiment Conducted for the Instruction of Teachers and Other Students of Child Welfare, by the Psychological Laboratory and Clinic of the University of Pennsylvania. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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12

Psycholog, University of Pennsylvania. Special Class for Backward Children: An Educational Experiment Conducted for the Instruction of Teachers and Other Students of Child Welfare, by the Psychological Laboratory and Clinic of the University of Pennsylvania. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.

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13

Psycholog, University of Pennsylvania. Special Class for Backward Children: An Educational Experiment Conducted for the Instruction of Teachers and Other Students of Child Welfare, by the Psychological Laboratory and Clinic of the University of Pennsylvania. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.

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14

Witmer, Lightner, and University of Pennsylvania Psychologica. Special Class for Backward Children: An Educational Experiment Conducted for the Instruction of Teachers and Other Students of Child Welfare, by the Psychological Laboratory and Clinic of the University of Pennsylvania. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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15

Gallo, Ester. On Irony, Brahminism, and Intergeneration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199469307.003.0008.

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Chapter seven looks at intergenerational engagement with brahmins’ contemporary politics of identity through the perspective of irony. It delves into how older sections of Nambudiri society critically engage with contemporary political uses of the past for class claims and community building by neo-orthodox Nambudiri youth. This section analyses the formation of the modern YKS in the 1990s, as promoted by educated Nambudiris— often living in the diaspora— to counter the (supposedly) persistent subordination of the community to more successful middle-class strata. The chapter suggest how contemporary attempts to reframe a fragment of ‘glorious history’, rather than allowing middle-class Nambudiris to escape from the ‘backward’ public representation, have the effect of exacerbating public perceptions of Nambudiris as the embodied antinomy of the present.
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16

Godreau, Isar P. His-Panic / My Panic. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038907.003.0006.

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This chapter explores the Hispanophobia of U.S. colonial officials and of those working-class Puerto Ricans who supported annexation to the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. For both of these groups, Spain represented a backward, antidemocratic influence and—albeit for different reasons—a suspect source of whiteness. San Antón residents expressed disdain for Spaniards in various ways in formal and informal conversations, regardless of their political affiliation. These stories do not portray Spaniards as a civilizing source of national identity but rather as a barbaric people engaged in gruesome practices. However, opinions about Spaniards were less negative in narratives of older residents who were more specifically grounded in San Antón and who personalized stories through telling about their own families.
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17

Moodie, Deonnie. The Making of a Modern Temple and a Hindu City. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190885267.001.0001.

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This book is about what temples do for Hindus in the modern era, particularly those who belong to India’s diverse and evolving middle classes. While many excoriate these sites as emblematic of all that is backward about Hinduism and India, many others work to modernize them so that they might become emblems of a proud heritage and of the nation’s future. I take Kālīghāṭ Temple, a powerful pilgrimage site dedicated to the dark goddess Kālī, in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) as a case study in the phenomenon by which middle-class Hindus work to modernize temples. At the height of the colonial era in the 1890s, they wrote books and articles attaching this temple to both rationalist and spiritual forms of Hinduism. In the middle decades of the twentieth century, they filed and adjudicated lawsuits to secularize and democratize its management structure. Today, in the wake of India’s economic liberalization, they work to gentrify Kālīghāṭ’s physical spaces. The conceptual, institutional, and physical forms of this religious site are thus facets through which middle-class Hindus produce and publicize their modernity, as well as their cities’ and their nation’s. The use of Kālīghāṭ as a means to modernization is by no means uncontested. The temple plays a very different role in the lives and livelihoods of individuals from across the class spectrum. The future of this and other temples across India thus relies on complex negotiations between actors of multiple class backgrounds who read their various needs onto these sites.
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18

Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Degenerate Diffusion Operators Arising in Population Biology (AM-185). Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.001.0001.

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This book provides the mathematical foundations for the analysis of a class of degenerate elliptic operators defined on manifolds with corners, which arise in a variety of applications such as population genetics, mathematical finance, and economics. The results discussed in this book prove the uniqueness of the solution to the martingale problem and therefore the existence of the associated Markov process. The book uses an “integral kernel method” to develop mathematical foundations for the study of such degenerate elliptic operators and the stochastic processes they define. The precise nature of the degeneracies of the principal symbol for these operators leads to solutions of the parabolic and elliptic problems that display novel regularity properties. Dually, the adjoint operator allows for rather dramatic singularities, such as measures supported on high codimensional strata of the boundary. The book establishes the uniqueness, existence, and sharp regularity properties for solutions to the homogeneous and inhomogeneous heat equations, as well as a complete analysis of the resolvent operator acting on Hölder spaces. It shows that the semigroups defined by these operators have holomorphic extensions to the right half plane. The book also demonstrates precise asymptotic results for the long-time behavior of solutions to both the forward and backward Kolmogorov equations.
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19

Robertson, Michael. The Last Utopians. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154169.001.0001.

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For readers reared on the dystopian visions of Nineteen Eighty-Four and The Handmaid's Tale, the idea of a perfect society may sound more sinister than enticing. This literary history of a time before “Orwellian” entered the cultural lexicon reintroduces us to a vital strain of utopianism that seized the imaginations of late-nineteenth-century American and British writers. The book delves into the biographies of four key figures—Edward Bellamy, William Morris, Edward Carpenter, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman—who lived during an extraordinary period of literary and social experimentation. The publication of Bellamy's Looking Backward in 1888 opened the floodgates of an unprecedented wave of utopian literature. Morris, the Arts and Crafts pioneer, was a committed socialist whose News from Nowhere envisions a workers' Arcadia. Carpenter boldly argued that homosexuals constitute a utopian vanguard. Gilman, a women's rights activist and the author of “The Yellow Wallpaper,” wrote numerous utopian fictions. These writers, this book shows, shared a belief in radical equality, imagining an end to class and gender hierarchies and envisioning new forms of familial and romantic relationships. They held liberal religious beliefs about a universal spirit uniting humanity. They believed in social transformation through nonviolent means and were committed to living a simple life rooted in a restored natural world. And their legacy remains with us today, as the book describes in entertaining first-hand accounts of contemporary utopianism, ranging from Occupy Wall Street to a Radical Faerie retreat.
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20

Cinotto, Simone. The Contested Table. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037733.003.0001.

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This chapter examines the conflict over food that pitted New York-born Italians against their immigrant parents during the period 1920–1930. It begins with a discussion of how food became a symbol of both domesticity and ethnicity for Italian Americans in East Harlem by focusing on the domestic conflicts that arose between first- and second-generation Italian immigrants, and particularly the food conflicts in the immigrant home. It then explores the factors that fueled the clash of values and tastes between immigrant children and their parents, including the former's fascination for a modern popular culture that disregarded immigrant ways of life as backward and inferior, and the parents' desire to own a home—which meant mobilizing all of a family's resources, including children's paychecks—and sacrificing other investments in social mobility such as education. It also considers how food and food rituals were used in the construction of the Italian American family, with its emphasis on solidarity, strong gender roles, a commitment to work, suspicion toward abstract ideas, and an appreciation of the limits of happiness.
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