Journal articles: 'Backpacks'

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López Hernández, Tania, Marina Caparó Ferré, Sílvia Giné Martí, and Isabel Salvat Salvat. "Relationship between School Backpacks and Musculoskeletal Pain in Children 8 to 10 Years of Age: An Observational, Cross-Sectional and Analytical Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 5, 2020): 2487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072487.

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Back pain in children is a reality and various factors are involved in its etiology. The study’s aim was to analyze the relationship between the use and type of backpack and pain in children. An analytical observational cross-sectional study was conducted among 123 schoolchildren between 8–10 years. Data on the participants’ weight and height and their backpacks were collected, as well as the way of travel to school and their physical activity during the week. The results indicated that all backpacks were large because the backpack’s height is longer than torso length. Participants who studied in a traditional educational system (62.60%) carried backpacks that exceeded 10% of their body weight. Additionally, 31.7% of the students presented pain. There is no significant correlation between the weight or type of backpack and the pressure pain threshold collected from shoulders muscles. Participants who carried backpacks heavier than 10% of their body weight did not have more musculoskeletal pain or a lower pressure pain threshold than the others, although they did report greater fatigue. All these topics should be debated considering the student’s social environment and the backpack’s discomfort to the children, even though no relationship was found between musculoskeletal pain and backpack weight.

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Dhakal Chalise, Gita, Samjhana Sherpa, Mamata Bharati, and Ambu KC. "Parental Awareness About School Backpack, Weight Carried by Their Children and related Musculoskeletal Problems." Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 19, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v19i2.28321.

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Introduction: Backpacks are a convenient means to carry essential educational materials for school children. Backpack design, carrying technique and its load is related to several health consequences i.e., altered gait, bad posture and musculoskeletal pain. Parental awareness and their supervision can help their children to carry appropriate school backpack with rationale weight. Therefore, this study aims to assess parental awareness about school backpacks; identify backpack weight carried by their children and identify children’s musculoskeletal complaints with their parents. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. The study consisted of purposively selected 94 parents whose children were studying in grade VI to VIII at local school. Face to face interview of around 30 minutes duration was taken by using semi structured interview schedule. Backpack weight was identified by weighing children with and without bag in their school and subtracted to identify the actual backpack weight. Data was analysed by using SPSS version 20 and described by using descriptive statistics. Results: In this study, more than 90% parents were aware of the recommended weight of school backpack i.e., <15% of body weight. About 96% parents answered that backpack should be light; similar percentage told that it should have well-padded shoulder straps and 87% answered that it should be appropriate to child’s age and weight. Around 70% to 90% parents were aware of appropriate handling of school backpacks. While identifying parental awareness about musculoskeletal effects of backpacks, they told as shoulder pain (79%), fatigue (76%) and neck pain (56%). In this study, 72% children were carrying backpacks greater than the recommended weights. Their parents told that children often had complaints of shoulder pain (78%) and neck pain (69%) Conclusions: Most parents were aware of the standards and handling of school backpack but in reality, more than two third of their children were carrying heavy school backpacks.

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Ramadan and Al-Tayyar. "Comparison between the Physiological Responses and Subjective Ratings of a Group of Male Students to Three Backpack Designs." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214104.

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It is important for schoolchildren and their parents (or guardians) to know which backpacks exert the least strain on the cardiorespiratory system. In this study, we investigated the physiological responses of participants while they were walking on a treadmill and wearing one of three different backpacks (A, B, and C) under two different load-carrying conditions (equivalent to 10% and 15% of their body mass, respectively). The first condition was used as a control and involved walking without a backpack, while the second involved wearing a backpack and carrying a certain weight. Thirty-one male students from King Saud University walked on a treadmill at 0.861 m/s and at a 0% inclination angle, while having their heart rates (beats∙min−1), oxygen uptakes (VO2, mL∙min−1), respiratory rates (breaths, VO2min−1), perceived exertion rates (PER, Borg scale), and backpack preference rates (BPR) measured and recorded. The results of our within-subject experimental design revealed that the physiological results varied significantly depending on the type of backpack. Backpacks B and C were superior to Backpack A, resulting in lower physiological responses and higher subjective preferences. Students carrying more weight experienced higher physiological stress; moreover, the use of Backpack C led to the lowest physiological strains and higher subjective preferences.

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Huang, Zhiguan, Xinyi Sui, and Xiaxu He. "Spatial-temporal and kinematic characteristics of gait carrying loaded backpack with elastic straps." Filomat 34, no. 15 (2020): 5207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil2015207h.

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Objective: Applying 3D Motion Capture technology to analyze the kinematic and spatial temporal characteristics of gait when carrying loaded backpacks with elastic straps, the study investigates the effect of backpacks with elastic-strap on fatigue during walking. Methods: Ten healthy male undergraduates did not do strenuous or fatigue exercise two days before the trials and served as subjects (aged 19 ? 1.8 years). All subjects provided a written and oral explanation of the trial procedures. In two trials departed by two days apart, the subjects randomly carried one of the two kinds of backpacks ( with non-elastic straps or with elastic straps backpacks loaded the same weight books (about 10% of their bodyweight). After pasted with markers as the guide of the Vicon 3D motion capture system, the subjects walked on the treadmill at 4.5 km/h for 20 min in each trial. Before and after each walking trial, the gait parameters of the subjects were measured by a 6 meters-long plantar pressure test plate(Zebras FDM System). Results: The change of the COP and the change of the gait parameters in the subjects with elastic straps backpacks after 20 min walking were relatively less than those with no elastic-strap backpacks, showing better stability and delaying fatigue. From this statement, it can be reasoned that being able to reduce the effect of the load on the person by returning the gait pattern closer to an unloaded walking pattern may reduce problems associated with loaded carriage. The elastic straps decreased the elevation of the mean vertical position of the backpack and create a gap between the shoulders and the shoulder pads. Conclusion: The decompression backpack with elastic straps shows the effect of protecting the user?s spine and in delaying the cervical back muscle fatigue, during walking at appropriate pace maybe reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries and muscle fatigue associated with carrying heavy backpack loads while reducing the metabolic cost of loaded walking.

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Barbosa, João, Mário C. Marques, Henrique P. Neiva, Catarina Santos, Luís Branquinho, Ricardo Ferraz, and Daniel A. Marinho. "Impact of Overloaded School Backpacks: An Emerging Problem." Open Sports Sciences Journal 14, no. 1 (October 28, 2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x02114010076.

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The possible adverse effects of overloading students' backpacks are a public concern and should be considered by the scientific and educational community. This topic has gained particular importance due to the childhood development process, which can increase the promotion of future disorders (e.g., back pain, low back pain, spinal column deviations). In this brief review, we critically analyze the impact of excess load in students' backpacks and attempt to identify solutions that can be useful to minimize the effects of this problem. It is necessary to find a viable alternative to classic backpacks that can contribute to minimizing the effects of backpack loads on children.

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Xiong, Heping. "The Weight of a Backpack: A Phenomenological Analysis of Typical Chinese Children's Songs." ECNU Review of Education 1, no. 2 (June 2018): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30926/ecnuroe2018010206.

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Purpose —The purpose of this paper is to explore the experience of the weight of a backpack as represented in typical Chinese children's songs through a kind of phenomenological approach. Design/Approach/Methods —The core issue pertaining to Chinese children's songs about backpacks is how the weight sense of backpacks is generated and developed in the field of song phenomenology. Findings —The “whatness” of a backpack in typical songs has varied over the past six decades, meanwhile, the backpack and its songs conceal not only the secrets of childhood but also those of China's educational system. Originality/Value —The originality of this paper embodies the unique perspective to provide a new insight into the current scholarship of the micro-politics of song-singing and the weight sense of backpack.

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Xuanchen, Zheng. "A Review of Research on the Effects of Backpacks on Body Posture and Spinal Morphology in Children and Adolescents." Journal of Advances in Sports and Physical Education 5, no. 8 (August 24, 2022): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/jaspe.2022.v05i08.003.

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Introduction: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of backpacks on body posture and spinal morphology in children and adolescents, and the relationship between them and back pain in adolescents, in order to provide a theoretical basis for further research in this area. Methods: The literature on backpacks, body posture, spinal morphology and back pain was searched and the results were analyzed. Results: The studies mainly focused on the effects of backpack type, weight and position on their muscle activity; and the main muscles studied were upper trapezius, erector spinae, and rectus abdominis, while the studies on other muscles were still insufficient. Conclusion: Backpack type and method, backpack weight, backpack strap design, backpack position, and backpack time all have different effects on muscle activity in various parts of the adolescent body, and these effects may lead to back pain, which is one of the factors affecting spinal health that cannot be ignored.

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Husmarika, Ni Made Hita, Muliani Muliani, and Yuliana Yuliana. "Prevalensi kejadian nyeri leher pada siswa SD Negeri 3 Mas, Desa Mas, Kecamatan Ubud yang menggunakan tas punggung." Bali Anatomy Journal 2, no. 1 (May 9, 2019): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36675/baj.v2i1.19.

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Background: The incidence of neck pain abroad and in Indonesia is relatively high. The incidence of neck pain is caused by physical influence, one of them is the use of a backpack which is especially experienced by elementary school students. Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of neck pain in students of SD Negeri 3 Mas, Mas, Ubud who using backpacks. Method: This study was descriptive cross-sectional study. The sampling technique use total sampling. The subjects were 79 students of SD Negeri 3 Mas, Mas, Ubud who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria included students were willing and using backpacks while the exclusion criteria were students with infectious diseases or traumatic bone or muscle. Research data are primary data obtained from questionnaires and direct measurements by researchers. Results: Prevalence of neck pain in students of SD Negeri 3 Mas, Mas, Ubud using backpacks was 45.6%. The proportion of neck pain is more frequent in students with bag weight <10% body weight (47.0%), students who use backpacks >30 minutes (high duration) with any transportation (100%), non-obese students (46.6%) and female students (50.0%).

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Clarke, Jenni. "Using backpacks!" Practical Pre-School 2010, no. 113 (June 2010): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prps.2010.1.113.48287.

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Arkin, William M. "Nuclear backpacks." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 41, no. 4 (April 1985): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00963402.1985.11455940.

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Amirian, Susan. "Digital Backpacks." Computers in the Schools 24, no. 1-2 (August 9, 2007): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j025v24n01_02.

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Kim, Sunkyung, Kathryn Curran, Li Deng, Aloyce Odhiambo, Jared Oremo, Ronald Otieno, Richard Omore, Thomas Handzel, and Robert Quick. "Backpack use as an alternative water transport method in Kisumu, Kenya." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 4 (October 13, 2020): 986–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.239.

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Abstract In developing countries, most households transport water from distant sources, placing physical burdens on women and children, who commonly carry water on their heads. A lightweight backpack was developed to alleviate physical stress from water carriage and provide a safe storage container. In 2015, we conducted a baseline survey among 251 Kenyan households with children <5 years old, distributed one backpack per household, and made 6 monthly home visits to ask about backpack use. At baseline, the median reported water collection time was 40 minutes/round trip; 80% of households reported collecting water daily (median 3 times/day). At follow-up visits, respondents reported backpack use to carry water ranged from 4% to 20% in the previous day; reported backpack use for water storage in the previous day ranged from 31% to 67%. Pain from water carriage was reported at 9% of all follow-up visits. The odds of backpack use in the past day to collect water were lower during rainy season (OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.2–0.3) and not associated with reported pain (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 0.9–3.3). Our study suggests that participants preferred using the backpacks for storage rather than transport of water. Further dissemination of the backpacks is not recommended because of modest use for transport.

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Suri, Cazmon, Iman Shojaei, and Babak Bazrgari. "Effects of School Backpacks on Spine Biomechanics During Daily Activities: A Narrative Review of Literature." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 62, no. 6 (July 12, 2019): 909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819858792.

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Objective The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the effects of carrying school backpacks on spine and low-back biomechanics as a risk factor for low back pain in young individuals. Background Backpacks constitute a considerable daily load for schoolchildren. Consistently, a large number of children attribute their low back pain experience to backpack use. Method A literature search was conducted using a combination of keywords related to the impact of carrying backpacks on lower back biomechanics. The references of each identified study were further investigated to identify additional studies. Results Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria. A total of 1,159 people aged 7 to 27 years were included in the studies. The added load of a backpack and the changes in spinal posture when carrying a backpack impose considerable demand on internal tissues and likely result in considerable spinal loads. The findings included results related to the effects of backpack weight and position on trunk kinematics and spine posture as well as trunk muscle activity during upright standing, walking, and ascending and descending stairs. Conclusion Backpack-induced changes in trunk kinematics for a given activity reflect alterations in mechanical demand of the activity on the lower back that should be balanced internally by the active and passive responses of lower back tissues. Although the reported alterations in trunk muscle activities and lumbar posture are indications of changes in the active and passive response of the lower back tissues, the resultant effects on spinal load, that is, an important causal factor for low back pain, remains to be investigated in the future. A knowledge of backpack-induced changes in spinal loads can inform design of interventions aimed at reduction of spinal load via improved backpack design or limitation on carrying duration. Application This narrative review is intended to serve as an educational article for students and trainees in ergonomics and occupational biomechanics.

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Park, Jung-seung, Seong-Jun Kim, and Kyoung-Ha Chun. "Verification of the Effectiveness of a Fire Hose Backpack in Areas Fire Trucks have Difficulty Accessing." Fire Science and Engineering 36, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.db6da288.

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The research aims to verify the effectiveness of firefighting hose backpacks through a comparative analysis of a firefighting hose backpack and conventional firefighting hose in an area difficult to access with a fire truck. The research, which targets 24 firefighters, was conducted as a random cross experiment. To this end, the firefighters were divided into 2 groups: one group comprised 12 firefighters with firefighting hose backpacks and the other 12 firefighters with conventional firefighting hoses. The purpose was to test the total time required to extinguish a fire and firefighters’ degree of physical tiredness. In the number of steps, the group with firefighting hose backpacks walked 1109.63 steps less than the group with conventional firefighting hoses (p = < .001). Furthermore, in the total time taken to spread out the hoses and extinguish the fire, the group with firefighting hose backpacks performed on average 674.75 s faster than the other group in both tasks, respectively. Regarding heart rates and lactic acid production, the group with firefighting hose backpacks had on average 23 fewer pulses (p = < .002) and produced on average of 3.14 mmol/L less (p = < .049) lactic acid than the other group with conventional firefighting hoses. An additional verification experiment showed that the hose spreading time was shortened by 81% and the speed of discharge doubled. In addition, the operating pressure for an appropriate discharge of water was analyzed to be 0.5 MPa for 100–200 m, 0.8 MPa for 300 m, and 0.95 MPa for 400–600 m. Therefore, firefighting hose backpacks should be encouraged for use in areas difficult to access with a fire truck to rapidly extinguish the fire and reduce the tiredness of firefighters.

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Fernandes, André, and Ana Bailão. "Filling and retouching of losses in a Portuguese Army model 1859 clothes backpack." Ge-conservacion 18, no. 1 (December 10, 2020): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37558/gec.v18i1.853.

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Two identical backpacks were treated on two occasions to be exhibited alongside at the Lisbon Military Museum. Although both backpacks are the model 1859, the treatment procedures related to the painted canvas were approached differently. The distortions and losses of canvas on the first treated backpack were easily addressed with an ultrasonic humidifier and the insertion of new canvas. Regarding the surface coating, it was consolidated with BEVA® 371, and the inserted canvas was filled with a pigmented wax paste described in a book from the late 19th century. The second backpack was in far worse condition, which, when compared with archive record, seemed likely that it was exhibited for a long period in a damp environment. There were also traces of an organic coating distinct from the original coating. These conditions resulted in a stiffer backpack, with more losses of canvas and surface coating. As a result, the distortions could not be removed, new fabric could not be properly inserted, and the consolidation of the surface coating had to be addressed in a different way. For these motives, the goal of treatment of the second treated backpack was cut short for a more realistic goal, but resulted in a good outcome, nonetheles.

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Jacobson, Bert, and Kevin Jones. "Comparison of Selected Perceptual Variables for Backpacks with Internal and External Frames." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 2 (April 2000): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.605.

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Differences in perceptions of comfort, exertion, balance, and heart rate were investigated with two types of backpack. Subjects were 20 male volunteers ( M age = 24.3 yr., SD: 3.6, M height= 180.02 cm, SD: 8.0, and M weight = 86.46 kg, SD: 14.84). Following oral briefing and practice trials, each subject was fitted at random with either an internal- or external-frame backpack containing 18.2 kg. By random, cross-over design, subjects completed a 30-m simulated hiking trail consisting of 16 separate obstacles designed to resemble actual off-trail hiking. Trials were conducted in a controlled environment with the walking intensity regulated by a metronome. Upon completion of each trial, the subjects rated the experience on perceived comfort, balance and stability, and rating of perceived exertion. Heart rate was recorded immediately prior to and following each trial. Analysis yielded a significant difference only on rating of perceived exertion in favor of the internal-frame backpack. Under limited circumstances, these data suggest that both types of backpacks provide similar comfort and balance and stability; however, internal frames in backpacks may reduce perceived exertion during short, demanding hikes.

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Putri, Novia Utamu, Putri Oktarin, and Risky Setiawan. "PENGEMBANGAN ALAT UKUR BATAS KAPASITAS TAS SEKOLAH ANAK BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kendali dan Listrik 1, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/jimel.v1i1.189.

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Backpacks are often used by school children as a container or a place to carry their school materials and equipment, so these types of backpacks are very popular with school children. The large number of students wearing backpacks to school can be proven from the results of a survey conducted at SD N Bumisari, Natar District, South Lampung. Of the total number of subjects, 456 elementary school students carried 404 students (88.6%), and 52 students (11.4%) carried sling bags. But they rarely pay attention to the weight of the burden on the bag he carries everyday which turns out to cause injury to back pain.The tool is made in the form of a wearable device where the tool is in the form of a backpack that can be carried anywhere without having to require AC current as input voltage to the tool, because the power uses DC current with a voltage of 5V, the device is made using a microcontroller supported by a 10 kg loadcell sensor, modules HX711, keypad, plus an indicator component in the form of a buzzer. If the bag load exceeds the safe limit, the buzzer indicator will sound.

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Mackenzie, William G., Jayanth S. Sampath, Richard W. Kruse, and Geraldine J. Sheir-Neiss. "Backpacks in Children." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 409 (April 2003): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000058884.03274.d9.

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Iyer, Shruti R. "Schoolchildren and Backpacks." Journal of School Health 71, no. 3 (March 2001): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2001.tb07297.x.

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Rodts, Mary Faut. "Backpacks, Back Pain." Orthopaedic Nursing 23, no. 2 (March 2004): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006416-200403000-00002.

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Lucas, Gerard Nimal. "Backpacks in children." Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health 40, no. 1 (March 13, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljch.v40i1.2856.

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Rizaldy, Nardo, Alvin Alvin, Wirawan Lingga, Ethan B. W. Goeij, and F. Ferryanto. "Backpack Effects on Two-Dimensional Gait Spatiotemporal and Kinematic Parameters." Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) 6, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um016v6i22022p057.

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Loads could affect the body gait in various ways. Backpacks, sling bags, suitcases, and even trolleys could hugely affect human gait without us realizing it. The effects of these loads have been scientifically researched in biomechanics and sports science for the past few years. For instance, the comparison of walking with and without a backpack could easily reveal significant differences in body segments, which could be utilized for therapy and medicine development. The aim of this research is to determine the differences of the spatiotemporal kinematic parameters between a conventional human gait and a backpack-loaded gait. Some parameters to be highlighted are stride lengths, stride duration, joint angles, linear and angular segment positions, velocities, and accelerations. The method used for marker data acquisition is based on the 2-dimensional Direct Linear Transformation. The results demonstrate that the backpack increases stride lengths and reduces stride duration, contrast to the expected where backpacks would reduce stride lengths. It was observed that the angle between the bag and the body posterior affects the abdomen relative angle, which directly translates to stride lengths as well. During unloaded walking, increases in pelvic rotation contribute to increases in stride length with increasing walking speed. However, in loaded walking, the back angle is also a factor in determining kinematic parameters.

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Qamar, Mehek, Amna Aamir Khan, Muhammad Nadeem, and Navaid us Saba. "BACKPACKS – LUMBAGO AFFECT ADOLESCENT AND CHILDREN: A REVIEW." Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation 2, no. 2 (June 10, 2013): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.2.2/001.

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OBJECTIVE Occurrence of Low Back Pain (LBP) at an early age, the associated causal factors and resulting consequences in adulthood have been an area of interest for many researchers around the globe. A systematic review in accordance with PRISMA was performed to explore the prevalence of LBP and significant role of carrying heavy backpacks as a risk factor among various others for developing mechanical low back pain among school going children. An electronic search of databases from 2000 to 2013 was carried out. The selected articles reported LBP due to mechanical loads in children and adolescents aged 9-18 years as main outcome. Our analysis was conducted on prevalence rates and associated risk factors. The results of the review revealed mostly the outcome measure based upon prevalence, risk factors of mechanical LBP and the association with backpack. Adolescent girls and children reported higher prevalence. The review reported the use of heavy backpack as dominant risk factor followed by psychological factors and physical inactivity. Only 1 study outlined incorrect posture and structural anomalies as the resulting cause. A positive correlation is found between heavy backpack and childhood LBP. The review exhibits a higher prevalence with increasing age.

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Huang, Ledeng, Ruishi Wang, Zhenhua Yang, and Longhan Xie. "Energy Harvesting Backpacks for Human Load Carriage: Modelling and Performance Evaluation." Electronics 9, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071061.

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In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for portable power sources as people are required to carry more equipment for occupational, military, or recreational purposes. The energy harvesting backpack that moves relative to the human body, could capture kinetic energy from human walking and convert vertical oscillation into the rotational motion of the generators to generate electricity. In our previous work, a light-weight tube-like energy harvester (TL harvester) and a traditional frequency-tuneable backpack-based energy harvester (FT harvester) were proposed. In this paper, we discuss the power generation performance of the two types of energy harvesters and the energy performance of human loaded walking, while carrying energy harvesting backpacks, based on two different spring-mass-damper models. Testing revealed that the electrical power in the experiments showed similar trends to the simulation results, but the calculated electrical power and the net metabolic power were higher than that of the experiments. Moreover, the total cost of harvesting (TCOH), defined as additional metabolic power in watt required to generate 1 W of electrical power, could be negative, which indicated that there is a chance to generate 6.11 W of electricity without increasing the metabolic cost while carrying energy harvesting backpacks.

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&NA;, &NA;. "Backpacks and Back Pain." Lippincott's Bone and Joint Newsletter 13, no. 1 (January 2007): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01300517-200701000-00006.

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DRAHL, CARMEN. "TINY BACKPACKS FOR CELLS." Chemical & Engineering News 86, no. 46 (November 17, 2008): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v086n046.p010a.

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Dale, Juanita Conkin. "School backpacks: preventing injuries." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 18, no. 5 (September 2004): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2004.06.007.

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&NA;. "Backpacks and Back Pain." Back Letter 21, no. 11 (November 2006): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130561-200611000-00004.

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Polak, Roberta, Rosanna M. Lim, Marisa M. Beppu, Ronaldo N. M. Pitombo, Robert E. Cohen, and Michael F. Rubner. "Liposome-Loaded Cell Backpacks." Advanced Healthcare Materials 4, no. 18 (November 30, 2015): 2832–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201500604.

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Shields, C. Wyatt, Michael A. Evans, Lily Li-Wen Wang, Neil Baugh, Siddharth Iyer, Debra Wu, Zongmin Zhao, et al. "Cellular backpacks for macrophage immunotherapy." Science Advances 6, no. 18 (April 29, 2020): eaaz6579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6579.

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Adoptive cell transfers have emerged as a disruptive approach to treat disease in a manner that is more specific than using small-molecule drugs; however, unlike traditional drugs, cells are living entities that can alter their function in response to environmental cues. In the present study, we report an engineered particle referred to as a “backpack” that can robustly adhere to macrophage surfaces and regulate cellular phenotypes in vivo. Backpacks evade phagocytosis for several days and release cytokines to continuously guide the polarization of macrophages toward antitumor phenotypes. We demonstrate that these antitumor phenotypes are durable, even in the strongly immunosuppressive environment of a murine breast cancer model. Conserved phenotypes led to reduced metastatic burdens and slowed tumor growths compared with those of mice treated with an equal dose of macrophages with free cytokine. Overall, these studies highlight a new pathway to control and maintain phenotypes of adoptive cellular immunotherapies.

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Ainegren, Mats, Frank I. Michel, Robert Klauer, Andrey Koptyug, Mikael Bäckström, David Samuelsson, Magnus Ahnesjö, and Stefan Litzenberger. "A Study of Skin-Close Heat and Moisture with Different Types of Backpacks in Cycling." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049086.

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The aim of this project was to evaluate effects of backpacks with different design intended for use during cycling on skin-close temperature and relative humidity, oxygen uptake, heart rate and aerodynamic drag. Seven subjects took part in the study cycling on a mountain bike mounted on a “smart trainer” placed on a force plate in a wind tunnel. Three series of experiments were carried out: without backpack, with conventional backpack and with a backpack having innovative rear panel design. As hypothesized, the results showed that an innovatively designed backpack with the ducts deflecting part of the airflow towards some areas of the user’s back provided lower temperature and relative humidity for the microclimate compared to a conventional backpack without airflow channels. Further, reference tests without any backpack resulted in the lowest temperature and humidity. However, no differences were found between the three tests for oxygen uptake, heart rate and aerodynamic drag.

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Barbosa, João P., Mário C. Marques, Henrique P. Neiva, Dulce Esteves, Alicia M. Alonso-Martínez, Mikel Izquierdo, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Cristian Alvarez, and Daniel A. Marinho. "Effects of Backpacks on Ground Reaction Forces in Children of Different Ages When Walking, Running, and Jumping." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 17, 2019): 5154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245154.

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Backpacks for transporting school loads are heavily utilized by children, and their mechanical advantages have been allowing children to transport heavy loads. These heavy loads may increase ground reaction forces (GRFs), which can have a negative effect on joints and bone health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of backpacks on the GRFs generated by children during walking, running, and jumping. Twenty-one children from the fifth (G-5, n = 9) and ninth (G-9, n = 12) grades walked, ran, and jumped over a force plate. When walking, the G-5 had GRF increments in the first (17.3%; p < 0.001) and second (15.4%; p < 0.001) peak magnitude, and in the total integral of the vertical force (20%; p < 0.001), compared to the control condition (i.e., no backpack), and the G-9 had increments of 10.4%, 9%, and 9% (p < 0.001), respectively. The G-9 did not prolong their total stance time (p > 0.05), unlike the G-5 (p = 0.001). When running, total stance time increased 15% (p < 0.001) and 8.5% (p < 0.001) proportionally to the relative load carried, in the G-5 and G-9, respectively. Peak GRF did not increase in any group when running or landing from a jump over an obstacle. It was found that GRF was affected by the backpack load when walking and running. However, when landing from a jump with the backpack, schoolchildren smoothed the landing by prolonging the reception time and thus avoiding GRF peak magnitudes.

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SHASMIN, H. N., N. A. ABU OSMAN, R. RAZALI, J. USMAN, and W. A. B. WAN ABAS. "THE EFFECT OF LOAD CARRIAGE AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL BOYS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 07, no. 03 (September 2007): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519407002285.

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Backpack carrying is a considerable daily "occupational" load among schoolchildren. Most of the research on children's backpacks have focused on gait pattern and trunk forward lean; only a few researches have investigated the impact of backpack carrying on children using the measurements of static posture and gait kinetics. This study investigated the changes in ground reaction force (GRF) and trunk inclination among primary students when carrying heavy backpacks. A randomized controlled experimental study was conducted on seven boys aged between 9 and 11 years old with a similar body mass index. Observations were done when the boys were carrying school bags of 0% (as control), 10%, 15%, and 20% of their own body weight while walking normally. Data acquisition was carried out using force platforms and a 3D motion analysis system. A significant difference in GRF at a load of 20% of body weight was found: the vertical GRF increased almost three times when loads increased up to 20% of body weight compared to 10% of body weight. The anterior–posterior GRFs were asymmetrical when loads were increased. When carrying a load of 15% of body weight, all of the seven subjects adopted a compensatory trunk inclination. The emphasis on GRF and trunk inclination suggests that the safest load applied does not exceed 15% of body weight.

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Kristanto, Rudi, and Edy Kurniawan. "PERANCANGAN SISTEM KEAMANAN TAS RANSEL BERBASIS ESP8266 DENGAN NOTIFIKASI MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI TELEGRAM." KOMPUTEK 4, no. 2 (October 28, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/jkt.v4i2.534.

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A backpack is a medium that functions as a storage for various valuables. In general, backpacks that are not equipped with a safety system can make them vulnerable to theft. This research resulted in a security system design to detect the location of the backpack and detect the backpack open by force with a notification using the telegram application. In this backpack security system will use components, namely light sensor (LDR), voltage sensor, ADS1115 module, unblox 6m GPS module, IC ESP8266, external modem, buzzer driver, stepup circuit, buzzer, battery and telegram application. The ESP8266- based backpack security system with notifications using the telegram application has several advantages, namely that it can provide a warning in the form of a buzzer alarm and notification on the teleram application if the backpack is forced to open, can track the position of the backpack in case of theft and if you don't remember the position of the backpack . The results of research on the backpack system are able to work according to predetermined working principles and data analysis is also in accordance with existing calculations.

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Genitrini, Matteo, Francesca Dotti, Eleonora Bianca, and Ada Ferri. "Impact of Backpacks on Ergonomics: Biomechanical and Physiological Effects: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116737.

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(1) Background: the effects of load carriage packs on human gait biomechanics, physiology and metabolism depend on the weight carried, the design of the pack and its interaction with the user. (2) Methods: An extensive search in the PubMed database was performed to find all the relevant articles using the following keywords: backpack, rucksack, backpack ergonomy and sports backpack; 60 articles were included. (3) Results and significance: Double pack (DP) and T-pack (TP) designs are recommended solutions for school children, compared with backpacks (BP). For soldiers and hikers, a backpack remains the best compromise. A hip belt is recommended for BPs as well as for the back of DPs. Shorter and stiffer shoulder straps combined with a higher and tighter load placement on the back provide the best combination in terms of balance, muscle activation and energy expenditure. It is, therefore, possible to determine guidelines for designing the optimal load carriage system, depending on the application. (4) Conclusions: based on the available evidence, DP and TP are advantageous in terms of posture. DP is better than conventional BPs in terms of balance and muscle activation, but has the disadvantage of limited visibility, thermal sensation and obstructed ventilation. In general, it is desirable not to exceed 40% of body mass (BM).

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Rahman, Sharifah Alwiah Abdul, Azmin Sham Rambely, and Rokiah Rozita Ahmad. "Effect of Load Carriage on the Backpack Vibration System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.295.

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Vibration causes many problems in human health, comfort and performance. While walking with a backpack, movement of the backpack relative to the body causes a vibration which behaves like a spring that moves up and down following the motion of the body. In order to analyse the backpacks response to trunk motion, a backpack vibration system has been developed in this study. A model of a backpack-human trunk system, which is represented by a mass-spring system with a damper, and a Fourier series as an external force, is used to describe the motion of the vibration system. The vibration system was analysed using constant values of damping and spring stiffness (c=1 andk= 5) but with different values of the mass of the backpack. Increasing the mass of the backpack from 10% of body weight to 15 and 20% of body weight increased the amplitude of both the displacement and velocity of the backpack vibration system. However, the frequencies of the vibration system decreased as the mass of the backpack increased.

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Wilfling, Julia, Robert Klauer, Frank I. Michel, and Stefan Litzenberger. "The Influence of Backpack-Design on Thermophysiological Parameters during Simulated Hiking Activities." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049059.

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To assess the thermoregulatory capacities of backpack-designs, five male participants were equipped with a temperature and moisture measuring system. Relative humidity (rH) and temperature (T) were measured underneath the participants’ t-shirt—microclimate (MC)—and between shirt and backpack—interlayer climate (ILC). Participants completed a test protocol simulating a hiking exercise in three conditions in a randomized order: (W) without backpack and (B1-B2) with each of the backpacks (total weight: 5.4 kg). The test-protocol consisted of a 5-min rest, 10-min walk at 4 km/h without gradient, 15-min walk at 4 km/h with 8% incline, and a final 10-min rest. Results showed that the temperature and absolute humidity (aH) values generally decreased from the microclimate to the interlayer climate. Differences of up to ΔT = 1.27 °C and ΔaH = 2.55 g/m3 in the microclimate of the upper back area were observed for different backpack designs, indicating the influence of backpack design on thermoregulation.

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Frykman, Peter N., Everett A. Harman, and Michael E. LaFiandra. "Internal vs. External Frame Backpacks." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01252.

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Frykman, Peter N., Everett A. Harman, and Michael E. LaFiandra. "Internal vs. External Frame Backpacks." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-01252.

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DALE, J. "School backpacks: preventing injuries*1." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 18, no. 5 (September 2004): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5245(04)00171-3.

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Liew, Bernard, Susan Morris, and Kevin Netto. "The Effect of Backpack Carriage on the Biomechanics of Walking: A Systematic Review and Preliminary Meta-Analysis." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 32, no. 6 (December 2016): 614–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0339.

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The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of bilaterally symmetrical backpack systems borne on the posterior trunk on walking biomechanics, as backpacks represent the most prevalent method of load carriage in the military and civilian population. A search of electronic databases was performed for studies that only investigated posteriorly-borne backpack carriage during level-grade walking (treadmill and over ground). Methodology of studies was assessed, and both meta-analysis and qualitative synthesis were completed. Fifty-four studies were included in this review. In summary, the available literature showed that backpack carriage in walking was associated with an increased trunk flexion angle, increased hip and ankle range of motion, increased vertical and horizontal ground reaction force, increased cadence, and reduced stride length. Several variations in backpack carriage protocols could explain between-study variations in results, including: walking speed, backpack carriage skill level, the use of a hip belt, and posterior displacement of the load away from the trunk. The findings of this systematic review will inform backpack carriage practices in the area of injury risk assessment and physical performance enhancement.

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Jagdish C Hundekari, Amisha Rai, Sanjay Wasnik, and Lokendra Kot. "Effect of backpack load on nerve conduction velocity and risk of peripheral neuropathy in upper extremities of undergraduate medical students carrying backpack." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v13i12.46170.

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Background: Prolonged load carriage can potentially affect hand and upper limb use through compression of the nerves, reduction in blood flow, and muscle fatigue. Backpacks of undergraduate medical student are not much different from their syllabus. They carry heavy backpacks on regular basis and many times they wear it incorrectly. Aims and Objectives: We aimed to see the effect of backpack load on motor nerve conduction velocity and hand grip strength in the upper extremities. Materials and Methods: The present study included 31 undergraduate medical students between the age of 18 and 25 years. The procedure is conducted in three phases on different days. In each phase, participants were asked to walk for 5 min with load. In Phase 1, nerve conduction velocity and grip strength weere measured in unloaded condition and after carrying load <10% of body weight. To limit the effect of fatigue, participants are instructed to return to laboratory in next consecutive weeks to repeat the procedure for Phase 2 and 3 as in Phase 1 by increasing load to 10–20% and 20–30% of their body weight respectively. Results: Values of median and ulnar motor nerve conduction velocity obtained without and with increasing % of backpack load after 5 min walk were decreased non-significantly as load increased. There was significant (P>0.001) difference in grip strength of medical students carrying backpack with increasing load after 5 min walk. Conclusion: In this study, we aimed at quantifying the effects of load carriage on overall upper limb performance, with a focus on conduction velocity of motor nerves. This has implications for occupations such as soldiers, firefighters, paramedics, and others who may be required to operate machinery, equipment, tools, or systems that require precise motor control.

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Wu, Hsin-Chieh, Tin-Chih Toly Chen, Chin-Hau Huang, and Yun-Cian Shih. "Comparing Built-in Power Banks for a Smart Backpack Design Using an Auto-Weighting Fuzzy-Weighted-Intersection FAHP Approach." Mathematics 8, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8101759.

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Smart backpacks are a prevalent application of smart technologies, with functions such as motion recording, navigation, and energy harvesting and provision. Selecting a suitable built-in power bank is a critical task for a smart backpack design, which has rarely been investigated in the past. To fulfill this task, an auto-weighting fuzzy-weighted-intersection fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) approach is proposed in this study. When decision makers lack an overall consensus, the auto-weighting fuzzy-weighted-intersection FAHP approach specifies decision makers’ authority levels according to the consistency ratios of their judgments. In this way, the consensus among all decision makers can be sought. The auto-weighting fuzzy-weighted-intersection FAHP approach has been applied to compare six mobile power banks for a smart backpack design.

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Khan, Banti, and Ashita Goyal. "ḈGSHIFTER: A METHOD TO SHIFT CENTRE OF GRAVITY TO REDUCE SCHOOL BAG STRESS ON CHILDREN BODY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 2 (February 28, 2015): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i2.2015.3039.

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Increasing weight of backpacks of school going students and its adverse effect on children’s body is shown through survey of Indore city. Outcome of survey shows that the average of ratio of backpack weight to body weight of school children was 20.62% which is higher than acceptable limit. It gives a method to reduce the impact of schoolbag on spinal cord of children body. In this paper, the effect of center of gravity of schoolbag on human body is observed which is shifted in a position which lowers the effect of schoolbag stress by applying CGSHIFTER method.

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Valladares-Garrido, Mario J., Luis E. Zapata-Castro, Christopher G. Valdiviezo-Morales, Abigaíl García-Vicente, Darwin A. León-Figueroa, Raúl Calle-Preciado, Virgilio E. Failoc-Rojas, César Johan Pereira-Victorio, and Cristian Díaz-Vélez. "Factors Associated with Knowledge of Evacuation Routes and Having an Emergency Backpack in Individuals Affected by a Major Earthquake in Piura, Peru." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 14686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214686.

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Information on the prevention of earthquakes in Peru, a high-risk country, is still emerging. We determined the frequency and factors associated with knowledge of evacuation routes and the use of emergency backpacks in people affected by a major earthquake. A cross-sectional study using secondary data was conducted from August–December 2021 on people that experienced the 6.1 magnitude earthquake that occurred in Piura, Peru on 30 July 2021. The outcome was self-reported knowledge of evacuation routes and the use of emergency backpacks. The association with self-reported earthquake preparation training, use of sources of information on earthquakes, and sociodemographic variables was investigated. A total of 69.5% of participants knew evacuation routes, and 46.3% had an emergency backpack. A higher frequency of knowledge of evacuation routes was associated with previous training (PR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.15–1.87), use of the media (PR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.06–1.72), having received information from the COEN (PR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.02–1.40), and with a greater number of household members (PR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01–1.06). There is a high frequency of knowledge of evacuation routes among participants. However, basic notions of prevention culture are still needed. This research contributes to policy development on earthquake preparation at the community level.

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Nadiv, Yaara, Ricki Vachbroit, Amit Gefen, David Elad, Uri Zaretsky, Dani Moran, Pinchas Halpern, and Anat Ratnovsky. "Evaluation of Fatigue of Respiratory and Lower Limb Muscles During Prolonged Aerobic Exercise." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 28, no. 2 (May 2012): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.28.2.139.

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The respiratory muscles may fatigue during prolonged exercises and thereby become a factor that limits extreme physical activity. The aim of the current study was to determine whether respiratory muscle fatigue imposes a limitation on extreme physical activity of well-trained young men. Electromyography (EMG) signals of respiratory (external intercostal and sternomastoid) and calf muscles (gastrocnemius) were measured (N = 8) during 1 hr of treadmill marching at a speed of 8 km/hr with and without a 15 kg backpack. The root mean square (RMS) and the mean power frequency of the EMG signals were evaluated for calculating fatigue indices. The EMG RMS revealed that the respiratory and calf muscles did not fatigue during the marching without a backpack load. The study did show, however, a significant rise in the EMG values when a backpack was carried with respect to the no-load condition (p < .05), which suggests that respiratory muscles should be trained in military recruits who are required to carry loaded backpacks while marching.

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Azhar Rohmatullah, Ahmad. "PERANCANGAN TAS CARRIER DENGAN AKSENTUASI MOTIF TENUN SUMBA UNTUK BACKPACKER." Ornamen 18, no. 2 (June 22, 2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33153/ornamen.v18i2.3706.

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ABSTRAKPerancangan tas carrier dan daypack dengan menggunakan motif tenun Sumba sebagai aksentuasi ini merupakan gagasan yang dapat mengakomodasi segala kebutuhan para pelaku backpacker dalam melakukan perjalanan dan juga dengan menerapkan karya motif sumba Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) sebagai aksen sentuhan estetsis pada produk backpack. Metode yang digunakan dalam perncangan ini yaitu metode perancangan, konsep perencanaan, dan visualisasi desain. Hasil perancangan yang dihasilkan yaitu menghasilkan tas carrier dan tas daypack yang cocok untuk pelaku backpacker dalam melakukan perjalanan dengan pengaplikasian motif tenun Sumba dengan mengkomposisikan warna, rasa, serta visual sehingga menghasilkan tas backpack yang memberikan kenyamanan dan kemudahan bagi para pelaku backpacker di lapangan dan tidak mengesampingkan unsur keindahan, estetis maupun trend fashion dari tas itu sendiri.Kata kunci : tas carrier, daypack, backpacker, tenun Sumba ABSTRACTThe design of carrier bags and daypacks using the Sumba woven motif as an accentuation is an idea that can accommodate all the needs of backpackers in traveling and also by applying the work of the East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Sumba motif as an esthetic touch accent on products backpack. The methods used in this design are design methods, planning concepts, and design visualization. The resulting design results are to producebags carrier andbags daypack that are suitable for backpackers in traveling with the application of Sumba weaving motifs by composing colors, tastes, and visuals so as to produce a backpack that provides comfort and convenience for backpackers in the field and does not rule out. elements of beauty, aesthetics and fashion trends from the bag itself. Key words : carrier bag, daypack, backpacker, Sumba weaving

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LEGG, S. J., L. PERKO, and P. CAMPBELL. "Subjective perceptual methods for comparing backpacks." Ergonomics 40, no. 8 (August 1997): 809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/001401397187801.

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Sobotnik, J., T. Bourguignon, R. Hanus, Z. Demianova, J. Pytelkova, M. Mares, P. Foltynova, et al. "Explosive Backpacks in Old Termite Workers." Science 337, no. 6093 (July 26, 2012): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1219129.

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Angeleska, Elena, and Sofija Sidorenko. "Bio-inspired back support system for backpacks." FME Transactions 49, no. 2 (2021): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2102327a.

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In this paper a solution-driven bionic approach applied in a process of product redesign with intention to improve its ergonomic properties is presented. The main goal was to reformulate and use the properties of a unique natural phenomenon in a specific design field. The skeletal structure of the seahorse, its load-bearing capacity with retained flexibility, was an inspiration to explore products where these properties could be applied for improving the functionality. The research process resulted with detecting a problem caused by poor product design - spine deformities of students caused by non-ergonomic school backpacks. This ignited the idea to use the analyzed biological properties for designing school backpacks with improved ergonomics. The final result was the design of school backpacks with an integrated mechanical system based on the biological skeletal structure of the seahorse which would help to achieve maximum comfort and support the healthy posture of students.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Backpacks'

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