Journal articles on the topic 'Backhaul topology'
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1
Frascolla, Valerio, Cristina Dominicini, Marcia Paiva, Gilles Caporossi, Marcelo Marotta, Moises Ribeiro, Marcelo Segatto, Magnos Martinello, Maxwell Monteiro, and Cristiano Both. "Optimizing C-RAN Backhaul Topologies: A Resilience-Oriented Approach Using Graph Invariants." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010136.
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At the verge of the launch of the first commercial fifth generation (5G) system, trends in wireless and optical networks are proceeding toward increasingly dense deployments, supporting resilient interconnection for applications that carry higher and higher capacity and tighter latency requirements. These developments put increasing pressure on network backhaul and drive the need for a re-examination of traditional backhaul topologies. Challenges of impending networks cannot be tackled by star and ring approaches due to their lack of intrinsic survivability and resilience properties, respectively. In support of this re-examination, we propose a backhaul topology design method that formulates the topology optimization as a graph optimization problem by capturing both the objective and constraints of optimization in graph invariants. Our graph theoretic approach leverages well studied mathematical techniques to provide a more systematic alternative to traditional approaches to backhaul design. Specifically, herein, we optimize over some known graph invariants, such as maximum node degree, topology diameter, average distance, and edge betweenness, as well as over a new invariant called node Wiener impact, to achieve baseline backhaul topologies that match the needs for resilient future wireless and optical networks.
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Santos, Ricardo, Konstantin Koslowski, Julian Daube, Hakim Ghazzai, Andreas Kassler, Kei Sakaguchi, and Thomas Haustein. "mmWave Backhaul Testbed Configurability Using Software-Defined Networking." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (April 8, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8342167.
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Future mobile data traffic predictions expect a significant increase in user data traffic, requiring new forms of mobile network infrastructures. Fifth generation (5G) communication standards propose the densification of small cell access base stations (BSs) in order to provide multigigabit and low latency connectivity. This densification requires a high capacity backhaul network. Using optical links to connect all the small cells is economically not feasible for large scale radio access networks where multiple BSs are deployed. A wireless backhaul formed by a mesh of millimeter-wave (mmWave) links is an attractive mobile backhaul solution, as flexible wireless (multihop) paths can be formed to interconnect all the access BSs. Moreover, a wireless backhaul allows the dynamic reconfiguration of the backhaul topology to match varying traffic demands or adaptively power on/off small cells for green backhaul operation. However, conducting and precisely controlling reconfiguration experiments over real mmWave multihop networks is a challenging task. In this paper, we develop a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) based approach to enable such a dynamic backhaul reconfiguration and use real-world mmWave equipment to setup a SDN-enabled mmWave testbed to conduct various reconfiguration experiments. In our approach, the SDN control plane is not only responsible for configuring the forwarding plane but also for the link configuration, antenna alignment, and adaptive mesh node power on/off operations. We implement the SDN-based reconfiguration operations in a testbed with four nodes, each equipped with multiple mmWave interfaces that can be mechanically steered to connect to different neighbors. We evaluate the impact of various reconfiguration operations on existing user traffic using a set of extensive testbed measurements. Moreover, we measure the impact of the channel assignment on existing traffic, showing that a setup with an optimal channel assignment between the mesh links can result in a 44% throughput increase, when compared to a suboptimal configuration.
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Li, Yongcheng, Anliang Cai, Guangyi Qiao, Lei Shi, Sanjay Kumar Bose, and Gangxiang Shen. "Multi-Objective Topology Planning for Microwave-Based Wireless Backhaul Networks." IEEE Access 4 (2016): 5742–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2581187.
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Zhao, Wei, and Wen-Hsing Kuo. "Utility-Based Wireless Routing Algorithm for Massive MIMO Heterogeneous Networks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 17, 2020): 7261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207261.
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With the development of 5G communication, massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is getting more and more attention. Massive MIMO uses a large amount of simultaneous transmitting and receiving antennas to reduce power consumption and raise the level of transmission quality. Meanwhile, the diversification of user equipment (UE) in the 5G environment also makes heterogeneous networks (HetNets) more prevalent. HetNets allow UE of different network standards to access small cells, while the base stations of small cells access a macro base station (BS) to form a multihop wireless heterogeneous backhaul network. However, how to effectively combine these two technologies by efficiently allocating the antennas of each BS during the route construction process of heterogeneous wireless backhaul networks is still an important issue that is yet to be solved. In this paper, we propose an algorithm called preallocated sequential routing (PSR). Based on the links’ channel conditions and the available antennas and location of BSs, it builds a wireless heterogeneous network backhaul topology and adjusts each link’s transmitting and receiving antennas to maximize total utility. Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm significantly improved the overall utility and the utility of the outer area of heterogeneous networks.
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Nomikos, Nikolaos, Prodromos Makris, Dimitrios N. Skoutas, Demosthenes Vouyioukas, and Charalambos Skianis. "Wireless Femto-Relays." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 4, no. 1 (January 2015): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2015010104.
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The continuous increase in mobile data traffic creates the need for radical innovations in the mobile broadband system design. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) deployment paradigm is an emerging research trend considered as the most significant aspect for meeting the mobile data challenge, mainly by proposing spectral efficiency enhancements and cell capacity gains from an overall system perspective. Two are the main challenges that dense small cell networks are facing: a) various types of interference mainly caused by unplanned deployments, and b) limited and Quality of Service (QoS)-unreliable wired backhaul links. In this paper, the authors propose a model where femtocells' and relays' complementary characteristics are effectively exploited into femto-relays. More specifically, the authors describe four main functionalities of this model: a) interference protection, b) two-fold backhaul alternatives (i.e. wired and wireless backhaul), c) opportunistic femto-relay selection, and d) full-duplex in-band relaying. To evaluate the anticipated technical impact of the proposed model, targeted simulation results are presented for a campus topology where femto-relays are compared with classic femtocells. Finally, related open issues, such as signaling overheads management, context-aware resource management, and business logic aspects are presented, with emphasis on the femto-relay's real market penetration opportunities in the mid and long-term future.
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Gu, Zhiqun, Jiawei Zhang, Yuefeng Ji, Lin Bai, and Xiang Sun. "Network Topology Reconfiguration for FSO-Based Fronthaul/Backhaul in 5G+ Wireless Networks." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 69426–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2880880.
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Petri, Markus, Marcus Ehrig, and Markus Günther. "A Fast Link Initialization Protocol for Beam-Steering based Cellular Backhaul Systems." Network Protocols and Algorithms 7, no. 2 (August 2, 2015): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/npa.v7i2.7440.
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<p>To deal with the enormous increase of mobile data traffic, new cellular network topologies are necessary. The reduction of cell area and the usage of light-weighted base stations serving only a handful of users, commonly known as the small cell approach, seems to be a suitable solution addressing changes in user expectations and usage scenarios. This paper is an extended version of [1], where current challenges of small cell deployments were presented from a backhaul perspective. A mesh-type backhaul network topology based on beam-steering millimeter-wave systems was proposed as a future-proof solution. In this paper, we focus on a link initialization protocol for beam-steering with highly directive antennas. Special requirements and problems for link setup are analyzed. Based on that, a fast protocol for link initialization is presented and it is evaluated in terms of the resulting initialization speed-up compared to state-of-the-art solutions. Furthermore, a potential approach for extending the fast link initialization protocol to support point-to-multipoint connections is given.</p>
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Moghaddasi, Jaber, and Ke Wu. "Planar 180° hybrid coupler with non-interspersed ports for millimeter-wave applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719001533.
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AbstractThis paper presents a simple topology of 180° hybrid coupler with non-interspersed inputs and outputs, as opposed to the conventional rat-race topology. Such hybrid coupler topologies with inputs located on one side and outputs at the opposite side simplify the design of signal routings and module packaging when integrated with other circuits and components. It also relaxes the necessity of using auxiliary compensating components such as tapers, jumpers, and crossovers. The proposed coupler topology is theoretically analyzed through a T-matrix approach. The analysis comes up with design equations and diagrams that help choose the structural parameters for the desired specification. The simplicity and also the immunity against intrinsic parasitic effects within the proposed topology make it an excellent candidate for operation over any RF and millimeter-wave frequency bands, for applications such as automotive radar or E-band backhaul radio. To this end, a coupler based on the proposed scheme is realized for operation over 77 GHz and assessed through on-wafer measurements. Good agreement of the measured results with the simulated and analytical counterparts demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed 180° hybrid coupler.
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Hilt, Attila. "Availability and Fade Margin Calculations for 5G Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Anyhaul Links." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 5240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235240.
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The deployment of new radio access technologies always provides a good opportunity and timing to optimize the existing mobile front- and backhaul (commonly called “anyhaul”). The legacy systems (Long-Term Evolution (LTE), High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA), third-generation mobile (3G), second-generation mobile (2G)) already extensively utilize the transmission and transport capacities of the mobile anyhaul. With the current launch of 5G (fifth-generation mobile) and recent LTE-A (Advanced Long-Term Evolution), additional new transmission capacities are required again. Depending on the traffic and network topology, additional cell sites are built, and even more locations are connected with fiber optics. The existing microwave and millimeter-wave links are rotated toward those aggregation points that already have optical-fiber access. Due to the increased cell-site density, the average distance of the radio access links can be reduced by network and topology optimization. The reduced hop lengths combined with adaptive modulation and automatic power control bring an opportunity for capacity increase in shortened radio links. Links newly deployed for 5G find a wide spectrum in the millimetric V, E, W, and D frequency bands. This paper discusses the availability and hop-length targets of the anyhaul links that should be carefully kept by proper planning and monitoring.
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Lialios, Dimitrios I., Nikolaos Ntetsikas, Konstantinos D. Paschaloudis, Constantinos L. Zekios, Stavros V. Georgakopoulos, and George A. Kyriacou. "Design of True Time Delay Millimeter Wave Beamformers for 5G Multibeam Phased Arrays." Electronics 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081331.
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Millimeter wave (mm-Wave) technology is likely the key enabler of 5G and early 6G wireless systems. The high throughput, high capacity, and low latency that can be achieved, when mm-Waves are utilized, makes them the most promising backhaul as well as fronthaul solutions for the communication between small cells and base stations or between base stations and the gateway. Depending on the channel properties different communication systems (e.g., beamforming and MIMO) can accordingly offer the best solution. In this work, our goal is to design millimeter wave beamformers for switched beam phased arrays as hybrid beamforming stages. Specifically, three different analog beamforming techniques for the frequency range of 27–33 GHz are presented. First, a novel compact multilayer Blass matrix is proposed. Second, a modified dummy-ports free, highly efficient Rotman lens is introduced. Finally, a three-layer true-time-delay tree topology inspired by microwave photonics is presented.
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Prabhu Chandran, K., and Ramesh G. P. "Power and resource allocation for MIMO based two-tier heterogeneous network using small cell clustering algorithm." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.2 (December 28, 2017): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.2.9039.
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Resource allocation problem in the two-tier heterogen eous MIMO network plays a vital role in avoidance of interference between the mobile users connected to the host directly and through the backhaul link. Two different frequency bandwidths are proposed to avoid the interference generated between the users placed in the interference region in the small cell. The mobile user frequency range is allotted for the link between small cell base station, macrocell base station and mobile user and millimeter frequency bandwidth is utilized between the small cell base station, small cell cluster heads and small cell users. The inter-small cell clustering helps the small cell base station node to select the number of antennas for communication and to send the request for allocation of bandwidth to eliminate the inter-cell congestion. The method was implemented in NS2 simulator, and the performance matrices were measured to analyze the efficiency and quality of service of the proposed topology.
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He, Tao, Kunxin Zhu, Zhipeng Chen, Ruomei Wang, and Fan Zhou. "Popularity-Guided Cost Optimization for Live Streaming in Mobile Edge Computing." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (January 5, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5562995.
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Live streaming service usually delivers the content in mobile edge computing (MEC) to reduce the network latency and save the backhaul capacity. Considering the limited resources, it is necessary that MEC servers collaborate with each other and form an overlay to realize more efficient delivery. The critical challenge is how to optimize the topology among the servers and allocate the link capacity so that the cost will be lower with delay constraints. Previous approaches rarely consider server collaborations for live streaming service, and the scheduling delay is usually ignored in MEC, leading to suboptimal performances. In this paper, we propose a popularity-guided overlay model which takes the scheduling delay into consideration and utilizes MEC collaboration to achieve efficient live streaming service. The links and servers are shared among all channel streams and each stream is pushed from cloud servers to MEC servers via the trees. Considering the optimization problem is NP-hard, we propose an effective optimization framework called cost optimization for live streaming (COLS) to predict the channel popularity by a LSTM model with multiscale input data. Finally, we compute topology graph by greedy scheme and allocate the capacity with convex programming. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves higher prediction accuracy, reducing the capacity cost by more than 40% with an acceptable delay compared with state-of-the-art schemes.
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Xu, Xiaofeng, Yao Zheng, and Lean Yu. "A bi-level optimization model of LRP in collaborative logistics network considered backhaul no-load cost." Soft Computing 22, no. 16 (February 12, 2018): 5385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00500-018-3056-6.
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Khatiwoda, Naba Raj, and Babu R. Dawadi. "A study on FTTH implementation and migration in Nepal." Journal of Engineering Issues and Solutions 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 174–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joeis.v1i1.36836.
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The increasing demand of high speed data results into extensive enhancement on different telecommunication technologies through wireline and wireless technologies. Optical Fiber technology is being popular for fixed broadband technologies and for backhaul network data for network convergence and media device interaction. Fiber to the home (FTTH) is gaining momentum of deployments in many countries all around the world. Passive optical network (PON) utilizes point to multipoint (P2MP) topology and is becoming suitable, cost effective, and promising solutions as compared to existing copper based telecommunication infrastructure. PON architecture is cheaper than other architectures due to dynamic bandwidth allocation and common resources that can be used by different subscribers and especially for home subscribers. This paper presents a study on the effective deployment of PON based FTTH network at Nepal by referring the deployment scenario of Nepal Telecom (NT), while this network design, deployment, and implementation provides a lesson learn for cost effective deployment of such network to other stakeholders of developing countries having similar territory and implementation challenges.
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Chang, Gee-Kung, and Lin Cheng. "The benefits of convergence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2062 (March 6, 2016): 20140442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0442.
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A multi-tier radio access network (RAN) combining the strength of fibre-optic and radio access technologies employing adaptive microwave photonics interfaces and radio-over-fibre (RoF) techniques is envisioned for future heterogeneous wireless communications. All-band radio spectrum from 0.1 to 100 GHz will be used to deliver wireless services with high capacity, high link speed and low latency. The multi-tier RAN will improve the cell-edge performance in an integrated heterogeneous environment enabled by fibre–wireless integration and networking for mobile fronthaul/backhaul, resource sharing and all-layer centralization of multiple standards with different frequency bands and modulation formats. In essence, this is a ‘no-more-cells’ architecture in which carrier aggregation among multiple frequency bands can be easily achieved with seamless handover between cells. In this way, current and future mobile network standards such as 4G and 5G can coexist with optimized and continuous cell coverage using multi-tier RoF regardless of the underlying network topology or protocol. In terms of users’ experience, the future-proof approach achieves the goals of system capacity, link speed, latency and continuous heterogeneous cell coverage while overcoming the bandwidth crunch in next-generation communication networks.
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Bao, Haizhou, Yiming Huo, Chuanhe Huang, Xiaodai Dong, and Wanyu Qiu. "Cluster-Based Cooperative Cache Deployment and Coded Delivery Strategy in C-V2X Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (May 1, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8864004.
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Cellular vehicle-to-everything- (C-V2X-) based communications can support various content-oriented applications and have gained significant progress in recent years. However, the limited backhaul bandwidth and dynamic topology make it difficult to obtain the multimedia service with high-reliability and low-latency communication in C-V2X networks, which may degrade the quality of experience (QoE). In this paper, we propose a novel cluster-based cooperative cache deployment and coded delivery strategy for C-V2X networks to improve the cache hit ratio and response time, reduce the request-response delay, and improve the bandwidth efficiency. To begin with, we design an effective vehicle cluster method. Based on the constructed cluster, we propose a two-level cooperative cache deployment approach to cache the frequently requested files on the edge nodes, LTE evolved NodeB (eNodeB) and cluster head (CH), to maximize the overall cache hit ratio. Furthermore, we propose an effective coded delivery strategy to minimize the network load and the ratio of redundant files. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed method can effectively reduce the average response delay and network load and improve both the hit ratio and the ratio of redundant files.
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Yoon Khang, Adam Wong, Arnidza Ramli, Shamsul J. Elias, J. Pusppanathan, Jamil Abedalrahim Jamil Alsayaydeh, Fatin Hamimi Mustafa, Win Adiyansyah Indra, and Johar Akbar Mohamat Gani. "Self-configuration and self-optimization process with taguchi method in hybrid optical wireless network." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i2.pp870-878.
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<p>In this paper, an alternative improvement is proposed which is the adaptive wireless access networks-based optical backhaul convergence that will greatly promote to use the existing resource of MANET (mobile ad hoc network). However, these characteristics itself acts as a drawback to the MANET applications such as the random distribution of nodes and continuously changing topology. MiNiTab statistical software was used to model the effect of the parameter variation to predict the field quality through the design of experiments while OMNeT++ network simulation was created to visualize the effect of QoS performance study in response with varying speed scenario. The result shows that the proposed ESCMDR scheme can obtain robustness and outperformed compared to the non-Taguchi previous study when it is used in random waypoint mobility model in any speed of sources. The work is based on Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Packet Loss Probability (PLP) metric under the varying speed scenario. It results in better QoS network PDR of 28.9% improvement, with 83.56% improvement on average PLP. The paper shows that the MANET QoS performance constrained can be addressed with the self-configured data rate of integrated optimization with Taguchi method on AODV-UU (Adhoc On Demand Distance Vector-Uppsala University) routing technique.</p>
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Yang, Jing, Zhuowei Song, Peng He, Yaping Cui, Dapeng Wu, and Ruyan Wang. "Social-Aware Caching Strategy Based on Joint Action Deep Reinforcement Learning." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (September 30, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4293625.
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Caching in device-to-device (D2D) networks is emerging a promising trend, which enables to reduce backhaul traffic. Moreover, social interaction among users influences the performance of overall system network. Therefore, it is crucial to consider social attributes in the D2D networks to develop a caching strategy to resolve the problem of unbalanced content distributed. In this paper, we consider two types of users according to their activeness, i.e., active users and inactive users. Inactive users assist active users cache contents during off-peak periods and provide the contents to the active users during peak periods to relieve the pressure of base station (BS). In addition, caching system model is divided into physical domain model and social domain model. In physical domain, the quality of communication links is judged by the delay between D2D users. In social domain, based on a real-world dataset, CiaoDVD, we calculate user similarity in three dimensions and obtain user trust by a trust topology to measure user relationships. Finally, in order to maximize the cache hit ratio, a joint action deep Q -networks (JADQN) framework is proposed to pair the active users with inactive users and distribute the contents to inactive users. Simulation results indicate that the proposed strategy improves the cache hit ratio by 42.9% and reduces the download delay by 48.8% compared with least frequency used (LFU) algorithm, which validates the effectiveness of our method.
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von Hugo, D., and N. Bayer. "Challenges for Wireless Mesh Networks to provide reliable carrier-grade services." Advances in Radio Science 9 (August 1, 2011): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-377-2011.
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Abstract. Provision of mobile and wireless services today within a competitive environment and driven by a huge amount of steadily emerging new services and applications is both challenge and chance for radio network operators. Deployment and operation of an infrastructure for mobile and wireless broadband connectivity generally requires planning effort and large investments. A promising approach to reduce expenses for radio access networking is offered by Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). Here traditional dedicated backhaul connections to each access point are replaced by wireless multi-hop links between neighbouring access nodes and few gateways to the backbone employing standard radio technology. Such a solution provides at the same time high flexibility in both deployment and the amount of offered capacity and shall reduce overall expenses. On the other hand currently available mesh solutions do not provide carrier grade service quality and reliability and often fail to cope with high traffic load. EU project CARMEN (CARrier grade MEsh Networks) was initiated to incorporate different heterogeneous technologies and new protocols to allow for reliable transmission over "best effort" radio channels, to support a reliable mobility and network management, self-configuration and dynamic resource usage, and thus to offer a permanent or temporary broadband access at high cost efficiency. The contribution provides an overview on preliminary project results with focus on main technical challenges from a research and implementation point of view. Especially impact of mesh topology on the overall system performance in terms of throughput and connection reliability and aspects of a dedicated hybrid mobility management solution will be discussed.
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Sanyal, Rajarshi, and Ramjee Prasad. "Enabling Cellular Device to Device Data Exchange on WISDOM 5G by Actuating Cooperative Communication Based on SMNAT." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 6, no. 3 (July 2014): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2014070104.
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The key attributes envisioned for LTE-Advanced pertaining to 5G Networks are ubiquitous presence, device convergence, massive machine connectivity, ultrahigh throughput and moderated carbon footprint of the network and the user equipment actuated by offloading cellular data traffic and by enabling device to device communication. The present method of mobility management and addressing as the authors have foreseen in LTE Advanced can solve some issues of cellular traffic backhaul towards the access and core network by actuating a local breakout and enabling communication directly between devices. But most of the approaches look forward towards an enhancement in the radio resource allocation process and prone to interference. Besides, most of these proposals delve in Device to Device (D2D) mode initiation from the device end, but no research has so far addressed the concept of a network initiated D2D process, which can optimise the channel utilisation and network operations further. In their attempt to knot these loose ends together, the auhtors furnish the concept of WISDOM (Wireless Innovative System for Dynamic Operating Mega communications) (Badoi Cornelia-I., Prasad N., Croitoru V., Prasad R., 2011) (Prasad R., June 2013) (Prasad R.,December 2013) and SMNAT (Sanyal, R., Cianca, E. and Prasad,R.,2012a) () () () (. Further, the authors explore how SMNAT (Smart Mobile Network Access Topology) can engage with WISDOM in cooperative communication to actuate D2D communication initiated by the device or the network. WISDOM is an architectural concept for 5G Networks based on cognitive radio approach. The cognition, sustained by adaptation techniques, is a way to provide communication, convergence, connectivity, co-operation, and content, anytime and anywhere. Though D2D communication using a dedicated spectrum in multi cell environment is possible through advanced network coding or by use of fractional frequency reuse, but physical proximity of the 2 devices is still a key requisite. In this paper the authors will discuss SMNAT which employs physical layer addressing to enable D2D communication agnostic to the spatial coordinates of the devices.
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Simsek, Meryem, Murali Narasimha, Oner Orhan, Hosein Nikopour, Wei Mao, and Shilpa Talwar. "Optimal Topology Formation and Adaptation of Integrated Access and Backhaul Networks." Frontiers in Communications and Networks 1 (January 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2020.608088.
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With the increasing densification of cellular networks, it has become exceedingly difficult to provide traditional fiber backhaul access to each cell site, which is especially true for small cell base stations (SBSs). The increasing maturity of millimeter wave (mmWave) communication coupled with multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) and beamforming technologies has opened up the possibility of providing high-speed wireless backhaul to such cell sites. The third-generation partnership project (3GPP) is defining an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) architecture for the fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks, in which the same infrastructure and spectral resources are used for both the access and the backhaul. In IAB networks, SBSs, so-called IAB nodes, act either as relay nodes carrying the traffic through multiple hops from a macrocell to an end user and vice versa or as access points to serve user equipments (UEs) in their proximity. To this end, the topology of such IAB networks is essential to enable efficient traffic flow and minimize congestion or increase robustness to backhaul link failure. In this paper, we propose a topology formation algorithm together with methodologies to implement it in real networks and compare it with a standard random sequence approach as well as with an optimal topology obtained using dynamic programming. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the random sequence approach by 26% on average in terms of lower bound of the network capacity and is up to 99.7% close to the optimal solution, while being significantly less complex.
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Brown, Philip E., Krystian Czapiga, Arun Jotshi, Yaron Kanza, Velin Kounev, and Poornima Suresh. "Planning Wireless Backhaul Links by Testing Line of Sight and Fresnel Zone Clearance." ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems, April 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3517382.
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Microwave backhaul links are often used as wireless connections between telecommunication towers, in places where deploying optical fibers is impossible or too expensive. The relatively high frequency of microwaves increases their ability to transfer information at a high rate, but it also makes them susceptible to spatial obstructions and interference. Hence, when deploying wireless links, there are two conflicting considerations. First, the antennas height, selected from the available slots on each tower, should be as low as possible. Second, there should be a line of sight (LoS) between the antennas, and a buffer around the LoS defined by the first Fresnel zone should be clear of obstacles. To compute antenna heights, a planning system for wireless links has to maintain an elevation model, efficiently discover obstacles between towers, and execute Fresnel-zone clearance tests over a 3D model of the deployment area. In this paper we present a system and algorithms for computing height of antennas, by testing LoS and clearance of Fresnel zones. The system handles the following requirements: (1) the need to cover large areas, e.g., all of the USA, (2) big distance between towers, e.g., 100 kilometers, and (3) computing batches of thousands of pairs within a few minutes. We introduce three novel algorithms for efficient computation of antenna heights, we show how to effectively model and manage the large-scale geospatial data needed for the planning, and we present the results of tests over real-world settings.