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Academic literature on the topic 'Background Theory'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Background Theory"

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Martin, R. L. "Theory and background." Polyhedron 7, no. 21 (January 1988): 2243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)81815-x.

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Bond, J. R. "Cosmic microwave background theory." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 1 (January 6, 1998): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.1.35.

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Bendickson, Josh, Jeffrey Muldoon, Eric W. Liguori, and Phillip E. Davis. "Agency Theory: Background and Epistemology." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (January 2016): 12665. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.12665abstract.

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Golia, Angelo Jr, and Gunther Teubner. "Societal Constitutionalism: Background, Theory, Debates." ICL Journal 15, no. 4 (November 10, 2021): 357–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icl-2021-0023.

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Abstract The article provides a systematic outline and refinement of societal constitutionalism (SC), one of the frameworks emerged in contemporary legal theory to analyse constitutional phenomena. After an introduction in Section 1, Section 2 summarises SC’s theoretical background, namely the debates on the Economic Constitution (2.1), legal pluralism (2.2), systems theory (2.3), and the work of David Sciulli (2.4). Section 3 explains SC’s analytical limb, which on the one hand criticises some tenets of state-centred constitutionalism (3.1); and on the other hand identifies functions, arenas, processes, and structures of a constitutionalised social system (3.2). Section 4 turns to SC’s normative limb, pointing to some constitutional strategies that increase social systems’ capacities of self-limitation (4.1); and develop a law of inter-constitutional collisions (4.2). Section 5 addresses the main competing approaches and criticisms, which are based on state-centred constitutionalism (5.1); on international/global constitutionalism (5.2); and on contestatory/material constitutionalism (5.3).
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Jr., Woodrow W. Clark. "Science parks: theory and background." International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation 2, no. 2 (2003): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijttc.2003.003165.

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Takabayashi, T. "Philosophical Background of Yukawa Theory." Progress of Theoretical Physics 87, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp/87.3.799.

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Bendickson, Josh, Jeff Muldoon, Eric W. Liguori, and Phillip E. Davis. "Agency theory: background and epistemology." Journal of Management History 22, no. 4 (September 12, 2016): 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-06-2016-0028.

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Purpose By revisiting the agency theory literature, this paper aims to both incrementally advance historical viewpoints and reveal four prominent influences on agency theory: Weber and Simon, The Great Depression, Cooperation and the Chicago School. This is critical given that understanding the history behind the authors’ major theoretical lenses is fundamental to using these theories to explain various phenomena. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on a plethora of archival sources and following the influence-mapping approach used by other management history scholars, this manuscript synthesizes historical accounts and archival information to provide a clearer picture of the major historical influences in the formation of agency theory. Findings We shed light on four areas related to management history that helped propel agency theory. Whereas past scholarship has not recognised them as influencers, we find and show how the industrial revolution, unionization, the stock exchange and other management approaches all played a role in the development of agency theory’s core tenants. Originality/value We extend upon the influential people and events that shaped agency theory, thus providing a fuller understanding of the theory’s usefulness. Moreover, we fill in gaps enabling scholars to better understand the context in which the core tenants of agency theory were developed.
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Hohm, Olaf. "Background independence in string theory." International Journal of Modern Physics D 27, no. 14 (October 2018): 1847026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271818470260.

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I discuss various aspects of background independence in the context of string theory, for which so far we have no manifestly background independent formulation. After reviewing the role of background independence in classical Einstein gravity, I discuss recent results implying that there is a conflict in string theory between manifest background independence and manifest duality invariance when higher-derivative corrections are included. The resolution of this conflict requires the introduction of new gauge degrees of freedom together with an enlarged gauge symmetry. This suggests more generally that a manifestly background independent and duality invariant formulation of string theory requires significantly enhanced gauge symmetries.
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Lehman, Meir M., and Juan F. Ramil. "Software evolution—Background, theory, practice." Information Processing Letters 88, no. 1-2 (October 2003): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-0190(03)00382-x.

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Elgammal, Ahmed. "Background Subtraction: Theory and Practice." Synthesis Lectures on Computer Vision 5, no. 1 (December 2014): 1–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2200/s00613ed1v01y201411cov006.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Background Theory"

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Sanjay. "String theory in AdS3 background." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393713.

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Jeschek, Claus. "Background geometries in string and M-theory." Diss., lmu, 2005. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-46722.

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Malmros, Ingegärd Enander. "Optimal Foraging Theory - OFT : Background, Problems and Possibilities." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1488.

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Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT) has its origin in processualistic ideas in 1960s with traces back to the dawn of the archaeological science in the 19th century. The OFT model is based on the construction of an individual’s food item selection understood as an evolutionary construct that maximizes the net energy gained per unit feeding time. The most common variants are diet patch choice, diet breadth/prey choice models and Marginal Value Theorem (MVT). The theory introduced experimental studies combined with mathematically data analyses and computer simulations. The results visualized in the experimental diagrammed curve are possible to compare with the archaeological records. What is “optimal” is an empirical question not possible to know but still useful as a benchmark for measuring culture. The theory is common in USA but still not in Europe. OFT seems to be useful in hunter-gatherer research looking at human decisions, energy flow, depression of resources and extinction. This literature review concludes that the prey-choice/diet-breadth model seems to be useful for hunter-gatherer research on Gotland focusing on possible causes of the hiatus in archaeological records between 5000-4500 BC.
Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT) har sitt ursprung i de processualistiska ideérna under 1960-talet med spår tillbaka till arkeologins början som vetenskap under 1800-talet. OFT modellen baseras på konstruktionen av en individs födoämnesval som förstås som en evolutionär konstruktion som maximerar nettoenergiintaget per tidsenhet som gått åt för försörjningen. De vanligaste varianterna är patch-choice, diet breadth/prey choice modellerna och Marginal Value Theorem (MVT). Experimentella studier genomförs och data bearbetas matematiskt och visar datorsimulerade kurvdiagram möjliga att jämföra med arkeologiska källmaterial. Vad som är ”optimalt” är en empirisk fråga omöjlig att veta men användbar ändå som en slag referens för att mäta kultur. Teorin är vanlig i USA men ännu inte i Europa. OFT förefaller användbar inom forskning av jägare-samlare om man fokuserar på beslutsfattande, energiflöde, depression av resurser och utrotning av arter. Slutsatsen i denna litteraturöversikt är att prey choice/diet breadth modellen tycks vara användbar för gotländsk jägare-samlare-forskning som fokuserar på möjliga orsaker till de arkeologiska fyndens hiatus mellan 5000-4500 BC.
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Todd, Stephen Robert. "Superstrings on orbifolds with constant background fields." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321650.

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Gold, Benjamin Mark. "Cosmic acceleration and the theory of the microwave background /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Rätzel, Dennis. "Tensorial spacetime geometries and background-independent quantum field theory." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6573/.

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Famously, Einstein read off the geometry of spacetime from Maxwell's equations. Today, we take this geometry that serious that our fundamental theory of matter, the standard model of particle physics, is based on it. However, it seems that there is a gap in our understanding if it comes to the physics outside of the solar system. Independent surveys show that we need concepts like dark matter and dark energy to make our models fit with the observations. But these concepts do not fit in the standard model of particle physics. To overcome this problem, at least, we have to be open to matter fields with kinematics and dynamics beyond the standard model. But these matter fields might then very well correspond to different spacetime geometries. This is the basis of this thesis: it studies the underlying spacetime geometries and ventures into the quantization of those matter fields independently of any background geometry. In the first part of this thesis, conditions are identified that a general tensorial geometry must fulfill to serve as a viable spacetime structure. Kinematics of massless and massive point particles on such geometries are introduced and the physical implications are investigated. Additionally, field equations for massive matter fields are constructed like for example a modified Dirac equation. In the second part, a background independent formulation of quantum field theory, the general boundary formulation, is reviewed. The general boundary formulation is then applied to the Unruh effect as a testing ground and first attempts are made to quantize massive matter fields on tensorial spacetimes.
Bekanntermaßen hat Albert Einstein die Geometrie der Raumzeit an den Maxwell-Gleichungen abgelesen. Heutzutage nehmen wie diese Geometrie so ernst, dass unsere fundamentale Materietheorie, das Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik, darauf beruht. Sobald es jedoch um die Physik außerhalb des Sonnensystems geht, scheinen einige Dinge unverstanden zu sein. Unabhängige Beobachtungsreihen zeigen, dass wir Konzepte wie dunkle Materie und dunkle Energie brauchen um unsere Modelle mit den Beobachtungen in Einklang zu bringen. Diese Konzepte passen aber nicht in das Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik. Um dieses Problem zu überwinden, müssen wir zumindest offen sein für Materiefelder mit Kinematiken und Dynamiken die über das Standardmodell hinaus gehen. Diese Materiefelder könnten dann aber auch durchaus zu anderen Raumzeitgeometrien gehören. Das ist die Grundlage dieser Arbeit: sie untersucht die zugehörigen Raumzeitgeometrien und beschäftigt sich mit der Quantisierung solcher Materiefelder unabhängig von jeder Hintergrundgeometrie. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit werden Bedingungen identifiziert, die eine allgemeine tensorielle Geometrie erfüllen muss um als sinnvolle Raumzeitgeometrie dienen zu können. Die Kinematik masseloser und massiver Punktteilchen auf solchen Raumzeitgeometrien werden eingeführt und die physikalischen Implikationen werden untersucht. Zusätzlich werden Feldgleichungen für massive Materiefelder konstruiert, wie zum Beispiel eine modifizierte Dirac-Gleichung. Im zweiten Teil wird eine hintergrundunabhängige Formulierung der Quantenfeldtheorie, die General Boundary Formulation, betrachtet. Die General Boundary Formulation wird dann auf den Unruh-Effekt angewendet und erste Versuche werden unternommen massive Materiefelder auf tensoriellen Raumzeiten zu quantisieren.
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Guglielmetti, Fabrizia. "Background-Source separation in astronomical images with Bayesian Probability Theory." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-127320.

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Lee, Hok Kong Schwarz John H. "Gauge theory and supergravity duality in the pp-wave background /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2005. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05262005-151056.

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Mau, Amelia. "Background Structures and Narrative in Music by Women." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22697.

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This thesis explores the use of modified Schenkerian analysis and how it relates to a feminine narrative in a piece of music. In music theory literature about music by women, Schenkerian analysis is a tool that is often ignored; some scholars claim that the goal-oriented nature of Schenkerian analysis prevents it from being an effective tool to analyze music that doesn’t adhere to traditional tonal models, including modern works by women composers. In this study, it was found that modifying the Urlinie and Bassbrechung to reflect salience rather than a traditional harmonic structure allowed for the tool to actually reveal a lot about the underlying narratives in the music. The case studies include Genesis II (Janika Vandervelde), Missa Gaia; Mass for the Earth (Libby Larsen), and “Music Box” (Cynthia Folio).
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Pearson, Danielle K. "Effect of language background on metalinguistic awareness and theory of mind." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/20994.

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Research has shown that theory of mind tends to develop in typically-developing children at about the age of 4 years. However, language appears to play a great role in this, particularly as deaf children, particularly those born to hearing parents, display extreme delays in theory of mind development, while bilinguals have been found to develop at a somewhat faster rate than monolinguals. Additionally, effects of culture on theory of mind development remain somewhat unclear, as there have been mixed results in past research. Theory of mind has also been correlated with metalinguistic ability and executive functioning skills, leading to multiple hypotheses regarding what drives theory of mind development. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to examine the relationships between theory of mind, metalinguistic awareness, and executive functioning, as well as to evaluate how language and culture play a role in these relationships. Four studies were conducted in an attempt to seek answers to six research questions surrounding this aim. Study1 evaluated theory of mind, metalinguistic awareness, and executive functioning among hearing nursery children in Central Scotland. Study 2 was aimed at evaluating these same skills among deaf children in the U.S. and U.K., as well as developing a scaling of theory of mind abilities among deaf children. Study 3 assessed these skills among deaf Ghanaian children, as well as evaluating theory of mind abilities among a group of hearing Ghanaian children. Finally, Study 4 compared monolingual and bilingual children on theory of mind, metalinguistic awareness, and executive functioning. Results show that there is a strong link between theory of mind and metalinguistic awareness among hearing children that is not explained by executive functioning skills. This relationship was not apparent among deaf children, who struggle more with theory of mind than metalinguistic awareness. The deaf children in Ghana were delayed compared to their Western peers; hearing Ghanaian children were delayed compared to their Western peers as well, but only slightly. Bilingual children and monolingual children performed similarly on false belief and set-shifting tasks; however, monolingual children outperformed bilinguals on metalinguistic awareness and inhibition tasks, possibly due to low verbal mental age among the monolinguals. Results of the four studies suggest that language does play a part in the relationship between theory of mind and metalinguistic awareness. Due to limited data, cultural effects remain unclear. It is proposed that deaf children’s struggle with theory of mind stems from their difficulty with abstract concepts.
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Books on the topic "Background Theory"

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The background of ecology: Concept and theory. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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Nancy, Ide, and Véronis Jean, eds. Text encoding initiative: Background and context. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1995.

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Hoang, T. T. H squared / H infinity theory: Background and recent extensions. Manchester: UMIST, 1996.

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CMB Polarization Workshop (2008 : Batavia, Ill.), ed. CMB polarization workshop: Theory and foregrounds : CMBPol mission concept study : Batavia, IL, 23-26 June 2008. Melville, N.Y: American Institute of Physics, 2009.

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Holmstrom, F. Ross. Inductive interference in rapid transit signaling systems: Theory and background. Washington, D.C: Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Office of Technical Assistance, 1986.

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Lukaszewski, James E. Crisis management anthology: Insights, background, and theory of crisis management. White Plains, NY (10 Bank St., Suite 530, White Plains 10606-1933): Lukaszewski Group, 1992.

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Peebles, P. J. E. Finding the big bang. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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1961-, Simons Jon, ed. From Kant to Lévi-Strauss: The background to contemporary critical theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002.

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1964-, Watkins Eric, ed. Kant's Critique of pure reason: Background source materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Shehu, Salisu. Islamization of knowledge: Conceptual background, vision and tasks. Kano, Nigeria: International Institute of Islamic Thought, Nigeria Office, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Background Theory"

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Stewart, Ian. "Background." In Galois Theory, 1–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0839-0_1.

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Govorov, Alexander, Pedro Ludwig Hernández Martínez, and Hilmi Volkan Demir. "Background Theory." In Understanding and Modeling Förster-type Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), 29–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-378-1_4.

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McLoone, Máire, and John V. McCanny. "Background Theory." In System-on-Chip Architectures and Implementations for Private-Key Data Encryption, 1–27. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0043-8_1.

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Pieprzyk, Josef, Thomas Hardjono, and Jennifer Seberry. "Background Theory." In Fundamentals of Computer Security, 11–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07324-7_2.

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Rout, Saroj, and Sameer Sonkusale. "Background Theory." In Active Metamaterials, 27–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52219-7_2.

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Wiesemann, Wolfram. "Background Theory." In Advances in Computational Management Science, 9–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23427-9_2.

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Spear, Derek G., and Anthony N. Palazotto. "Background Theory." In Testing and Modeling of Cellular Materials, 19–43. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003299639-2.

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Short, Mark W. "Background theory." In The Primitive Soluble Permutation Groups of Degree less than 256, 10–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0090197.

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Littlejohn, Samuel David. "Background Theory." In Springer Theses, 5–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00741-0_2.

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Gonzalo, Arnau Brossa. "Theory Background." In Springer Theses, 5–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22753-0_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Background Theory"

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Dietrich, Dennis D., Paul Hoyer, Matti Järvinen, and Stéphane Peigné. "Perturbative gauge theory in a background." In QUARK CONFINEMENT AND THE HADRON SPECTRUM VII: 7th Conference on Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum - QCHS7. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2714374.

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Zeigler, Bernard P. "Systems Theory Background for Continuous/Discrete Integration." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/981767.

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Horowitz, Gary T. "String Theory Without a Background Spacetime Geometry." In Proceedings of the Conference on Mathematical Aspects of String Theory. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812798411_0008.

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"MONOCULAR DEPTH-BASED BACKGROUND ESTIMATION." In International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0003816503230328.

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"BACKGROUND SEGMENTATION IN MICROSCOPY IMAGES." In International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0001070901390145.

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Samsonyan, Marine, Carlo Angelantonj, and Ignatios Antoniadis. "N = 2 ∗ (non-)Abelian theory in the Ω background from string theory." In The European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.314.0546.

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Walker-Loud, Andre, William Detmold, and Brian Tiburzi. "Charged particles in background electric fields." In The XXVII International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.091.0158.

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Maio, Lorenzo, Marco Cardinali, Massimo D'Elia, Francesco Sanfilippo, and Alfredo Stanzione. "Lattice QCD in strong magnetic background." In The 38th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.396.0360.

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Oluwatosin, Ajayi Michael, Karim Djouani, and Yskandar Hamam. "Theory of adaptive oscillators: Mathematical principles and background." In AFRICON 2013. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2013.6757741.

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Lorenzo, Carl F., and Tom T. Hartley. "Initialization of Fractional Differential Equations: Background and Theory." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34810.

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It has been known that the initialization of fractional operators requires time-varying functions, a complicating factor. This paper simplifies the process of initialization of fractional differential equations by deriving Laplace transforms for the initialized fractional integral and derivative that generalize those for the integer-order operators. This paper provides background on past work in the area and determines the Laplace transforms for initialized fractional integrals of any order and fractional derivatives of order less than one. A companion paper in this conference extends the theory to higher order derivative operators and provides application insight.
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Reports on the topic "Background Theory"

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MacKinnon, R. J., T. M. Sullivan, S. A. Simonson, and C. J. Suen. BLT-EC (Breach, Leach Transport, and Equilibrium Chemistry), a finite-element model for assessing the release of radionuclides from low-level waste disposal units: Background, theory, and model description. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/108216.

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Tanny, Josef, Gabriel Katul, Shabtai Cohen, and Meir Teitel. Application of Turbulent Transport Techniques for Quantifying Whole Canopy Evapotranspiration in Large Agricultural Structures: Measurement and Theory. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592121.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions The original objectives of this research, as stated in the approved proposal were: 1. To establish guidelines for the use of turbulent transport techniques as accurate and reliable tool for continuous measurements of whole canopy ET and other scalar fluxes (e.g. heat and CO2) in large agricultural structures. 2. To conduct a detailed experimental study of flow patterns and turbulence characteristics in agricultural structures. 3. To derive theoretical models of air flow and scalar fluxes in agricultural structures that can guide the interpretation of TT measurements for a wide range of conditions. All the objectives have been successfully addressed within the project. The only modification was that the study focused on screenhouses only, while it was originally planned to study large greenhouses as well. This was decided due to the large amount of field and theoretical work required to meet the objectives within screenhouses. Background In agricultural structures such as screenhouses and greenhouses, evapotranspiration (ET) is currently measured using lysimeters or sap flow gauges. These measurements provide ET estimates at the single-plant scale that must then be extrapolated, often statistically or empirically, to the whole canopy for irrigation scheduling purposes. On the other hand, turbulent transport techniques, like the eddy covariance, have become the standard for measuring whole canopy evapotranspiration in the open, but their applicability to agricultural structures has not yet been established. The subject of this project is the application of turbulent transport techniques to estimate ET for irrigation scheduling within large agricultural structures. Major conclusions and achievements The major conclusions of this project are: (i) the eddy covariance technique is suitable for reliable measurements of scalar fluxes (e.g., evapotranspiration, sensible heat, CO2) in most types of large screenhouses under all climatic conditions tested. All studies resulted with fair energy balance closures; (ii) comparison between measurements and theory show that the model is capable in reliably predicting the turbulent flow characteristics and surface fluxes within screenhouses; (iii) flow characteristics within the screenhouse, like flux-variance similarity and turbulence intensity were valid for the application of the eddy covariance technique in screenhouses of relatively dilute screens used for moderate shading and wind breaking. In more dense screens, usually used for insect exclusions, development of turbulent conditions was marginal; (iv) installation of the sensors requires that the system’s footprint will be within the limits of the screenhouse under study, as is the case in the open. A footprint model available in the literature was found to be reliable in assessing the footprint under screenhouse conditions. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The study established for the first time, both experimentally and theoretically, the use of the eddy covariance technique for flux measurements within agricultural screenhouses. Such measurements, along with reliable theoretical models, will enable more accurate assessments of crop water use which may lead to improved crop water management and increased water use efficiency of screenhouse crops.
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Aharony, Ofer, Zohar Komargodski, and Assaf Patir. The Moduli Space and M(Atrix) Theory of 9d N=1 Backgrounds of M/String Theory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/901260.

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Zilberman, David, Amir Heiman, and B. McWilliams. Economics of Marketing and Diffusion of Agricultural Inputs. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586469.bard.

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Specific Research Objective. Develop a theory of technology adoption to analyze the role of promotional tools such as advertising, product sampling, demonstrations, money back guarantees and warranties in inducing technological change. Use this theory to develop criteria for assessing the optimal use of marketing activities in launching new agricultural input technologies. Apply the model to analyze existing patterns of marketing budget allocation among promotional tools for various agricultural input industries in the United States and Israel. Background to the Topic. Marketing tools (money-back guarantees [MBG] demonstration, free sampling and advertising) are used extensively to induce the adoption of agricultural inputs, but there is little understanding of their impacts on the diffusion of new technologies. The agricultural economic literature on technology adoption ignores marketing efforts by the private sector, which may result in misleading extension and technology transfer policies. There is a need to integrate marketing and economic approaches in analyzing technology adoption, especially in the area of agricultural inputs. Major Conclusion. Marketing tools play an important role in reducing uncertainties about product performance. They assist potential buyers to learn both about objective features, about a product, and about product fit to the buyer's need. Tools, such as MBGs and demonstration, provide different information about product fit but also require different degrees of cost for the consumer. In some situations they can be complimentary and optimal strategy combines the use of both. In other situations there will be substitution. Sampling is used to reduce the uncertainty about non-durable goods. An optimal level of informational tools declines throughout the life of a product but stays positive at a steady state. Implications. Recognizing the heterogeneity of consumers and the sources of their uncertainty about new technologies is crucial to develop a marketing strategy that will enhance the adoption of innovation. When fit uncertainty is high, allowing an MBG option, as well as a demonstration, may be an optimal strategy to enhance adoption.
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Zhao, Qing, and Lili Zhou. Culture, sex, and their combined impact on self-report empathy—Meta-analyses. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0172.

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Condition being studied: The current meta-analysis covers empirical investigations of self-report empathy (evaluated using the EQ and the IRI scales) based on different populations. Studies with general populations and physical/mental clinical populations were included. Both cross-cultural and non-cross-cultural studies (studies based on a single cultural background) were considered. Eligibility criteria: We restricted our current meta-analysis to studies that satisfied all of the following criteria: (1) studies evaluated participants’ self-report empathy using the EQ or the IRI; (2) studies reported the EQ and IRI version (i.e., scale item number and language); (3) studies reported the EQ and IRI total or subscale scores (e.g., mean and SD) based on the overall sample or both sex groups separately. (4) studies reported participants’ cultural backgrounds (e.g., country of origin, nationality, ethnicity, and language).
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Marsden, Eric. Risk regulation, liability and insurance: literature review of their influence on safety management. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/337rrl.

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This document provides a short literature review on the complementarity (and antagonisms) between liability rules, safety regulation and insurance and their effect on safety management. It draws on a range of disciplines, with a focus on economic analysis of law and regulation theory. Some of the issues discussed are rather complex; this document attempts to provide simple explanations together with references to the professional literature for the interested reader. Some issues are the subject of ongoing debate between scholars; in such situations, we have attempted to present the various points of view. The document provides background information concerning the topics discussed during the NeTWork’2012 workshop, and draws on some of the contributions of workshop participants and the rich discussion which took place during the three days. The first chapter presents issues related to regulation, starting with the classical economic justifications for state intervention (presence of externalities, information failures and moral hazard). A number of obstacles to the effectiveness of safety regulation are presented. Finally, some alternatives or complements to regulation, including self-regulation, are briefly discussed. Chapter 2 presents an overview of liability law, starting with some introductory definitions. Factors which weaken the effectiveness of liability as an incentive to invest in prevention are discussed, as are negative effects of liability regimes on safety management. A number of case studies illustrating the liability of regulators are briefly presented. Chapter 3 discusses the impact of insurance and reinsurance on firms’ and individuals’ safety management. The last chapter briefly analyzes firms’ and individuals’ sources of motivation to take care.
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Soloviev, Vladimir, Andrii Bielinskyi, Oleksandr Serdyuk, Victoria Solovieva, and Serhiy Semerikov. Lyapunov Exponents as Indicators of the Stock Market Crashes. [б. в.], November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4131.

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The frequent financial critical states that occur in our world, during many centuries have attracted scientists from different areas. The impact of similar fluctuations continues to have a huge impact on the world economy, causing instability in it concerning normal and natural disturbances [1]. The an- ticipation, prediction, and identification of such phenomena remain a huge chal- lenge. To be able to prevent such critical events, we focus our research on the chaotic properties of the stock market indices. During the discussion of the re- cent papers that have been devoted to the chaotic behavior and complexity in the financial system, we find that the Largest Lyapunov exponent and the spec- trum of Lyapunov exponents can be evaluated to determine whether the system is completely deterministic, or chaotic. Accordingly, we give a theoretical background on the method for Lyapunov exponents estimation, specifically, we followed the methods proposed by J. P. Eckmann and Sano-Sawada to compute the spectrum of Lyapunov exponents. With Rosenstein’s algorithm, we com- pute only the Largest (Maximal) Lyapunov exponents from an experimental time series, and we consider one of the measures from recurrence quantification analysis that in a similar way as the Largest Lyapunov exponent detects highly non-monotonic behavior. Along with the theoretical material, we present the empirical results which evidence that chaos theory and theory of complexity have a powerful toolkit for construction of indicators-precursors of crisis events in financial markets.
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Aimes, Ashley, Steven Ginnis, Cameron Garrett, and Elena Di Antonio. Developing rapid and effective communications testing: background and methodology. Food Standards Agency, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.quz737.

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In November 2021, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) commissioned Ipsos to build on previous research and guidance to establish a process to rapidly test communication pieces. We achieved this by piloting different survey tools and testing existing communication pieces. The FSA wanted to identify features that make their communications most effective. This report presents the learnings from the pilot, which can be used to aid the development of future communications. This report is split into five sections: 1 Executive summary 2 How the pieces of communication landed: including initial reactions and engagement. 3 Reputation indicators: exploring how exposure to materials impacts awareness, familiarity, favourability, and trust in the FSA. 4 Topic specific indicators: exploring the impact exposure to materials has on people’s familiarity and attitudes towards the specific topics covered by them. 5 Testing different best before/use by dates messages: findings from the AB testing using Ipsos DUEL.
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Dierker, Philipp, and Martin Diewald. Compensation or accentuation? How parents from different social backgrounds decide to support their children. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2023-004.

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Tiruneh, Dawit, Ricardo Sabates, Caine Rolleston, and John Hoddinott. Trends in Mathematics Learning in Ethiopia: 2012-2019. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/045.

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In this Insight Note, we explore the possible explanations for the decline in learning levels among primary school pupils in relation to the General Education Quality Improvement Programme (GEQIP) reforms that wereintended to improve quality and equity in the Ethiopian basic education system. We examine the extent to which mathematics learning levels for Grade 4 pupils have declined over time, despite the implementation of reforms to improve them, as well as the lessons that may be drawn from this. We also examine whether there is any difference in the benefits of the educational reforms for pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds (i.e., from rural areas, emerging regions, and from the lowest socio-economic background). We make use of a unique longitudinal dataset on 33 schools in six regions of Ethiopia covering the period 2012 to 2019.
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