Relevant bibliographies by topics / Background budget

Academic literature on the topic 'Background budget'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Background budget"

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Schell, Bernadette, and Debra Tarnopolsky. "Budgeting Attitudes in Smaller Universities: A Function of the Environment, Environmental Outcomes, and Personal Outcomes." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 20, no. 2 (August 31, 1990): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v20i2.183071.

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Academic and administrative staff involved in the budget process in four small-medium universities in Ontario responded to a 16-page mail questionnaire on budgeting attitude as it relates to content, context, process, environmental outcomes, and personal factors. The results showed that for this setting, budgetees seem to have positive budget attitudes, high academic satisfaction levels, and high commitment levels. There was some dissatisfaction expressed, however, with many economic facets, including the university budget, the faculty budgets, the university's long-range plans, and the university's external relations. The personal budget history and values as motivators appeared to have less of an effect on budgetary attitude than did the respondent's definition of a budget, the perception of a consultative, fair superior-subordinate leadership style, and the fact that the superior holds the budgetee personally accountable for budget variances within the department. As hypothesized, there was not a significant difference in budget attitude scores between those of an administrative background and those of an academic background. Objectives for administrators in this particular environment are discussed.
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Dvoryadkina, Elena Borisovna, and O. Belikova. "Local budgets of municipal districts of rural type." Agrarian Bulletin of the 191, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2019-191-12-84-88.

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Abstract. The topicality of this article is due to firstly, the need to study local budgets as a factor in the economic growth of rural municipal districts and as a component of the economic basis of local self-government; secondly, the presence of problems in the formation and execution of local budgets of rural municipalities due to their inherent features. In the budget system structure, based on the criteria of the municipal structure, there are distinguished various types of local budgets, among which the largest group is the local budgets of rural municipalities, combining local budgets of municipalities and local budgets of rural settlements. Local budgets of rural municipalities are components of a regional financial system. The purpose of the study is to assess trends and development factors of local budgets of rural municipalities against the background of a set of local budgets. Research methods: allocation and justification of the features of rural municipalities in the financial aspect, affecting the formation and execution of their local budgets; a method of structural analysis of indicators of local budgets of municipal districts and local budgets of rural settlements in the context of such components as budget revenues, budget expenditures, budget deficits, which allows us to assess the extent of their presence in the corresponding aggregate of local budgets. The results of the study and their scientific novelty: confirmation of the hypothesis on the development trends of local budgets of rural municipalities against the background of local budgets of other types of municipalities: there are trends in the reduction of income and expenditures of local budgets of municipalities and rural settlements in the general indicators of local budgets, against the background of the trend strengthening the imbalance of local budgets of rural municipalities.
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Dub, Andrii R., and Tetyana V. Medynska. "The Tax Policy During the Wartime and Its Impact on the Local Budget Revenues." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 4, no. 54 (2022): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2022-4-214-221.

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The easing of tax legislation after the outbreak of war was aimed at supporting business and ensuring the functioning of the economy. However, its impact on local budget revenues was ambiguous. Some changes to the tax legislation during martial law had a negative impact on local budget revenues, while others had the opposite effect. The purpose of the article is to identify the impact of tax policy on the formation of local budget revenues during the wartime and to assess the prospects for filling local budgets with tax revenues in the short term. The publication characterizes the tax changes introduced after the outbreak of war in terms of taxes that have a direct impact on the formation of local budget revenues – personal income tax, single tax, land payment, tax on real estate other than land, excise tax on fuel, alcohol and tobacco products. The authors analyze the tendency in changes in tax revenues of local budgets by region. It is found that the introduced tax changes have had a negative impact on local budget revenues from property tax (land payment, tax on real estate other than land, transport tax) and from excise tax on fuel. At the same time, the growth of tax revenues from personal income tax, single tax, and excise tax on alcohol and tobacco products in total ensured a 13.5% increase in local budget revenues compared to the previous pre-war year. However, against the background of the overall growth of local budget revenues, there was a decline in tax revenues in the regions, some parts of which remain under russian military occupation (Zaporizhzhia, Kharkiv, Kherson, Donetsk, and Luhansk regions). The authors critically assess and substantiate the prospects for filling local budgets with tax revenues in the short term. In the near future, we can expect an increase in tax revenues of local budgets, given the possible abolition of «tax relaxations» against the background of the successes of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which positively affect the business expectations of enterprises and intensification of their business activities.
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Hannestad, S. "Combining the baryon budget with cosmic microwave background radiation measurements." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 309, no. 2 (October 21, 1999): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02857.x.

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Tomaello, Andrea, Cristian Bonato, Vania Da Deppo, Giampiero Naletto, and Paolo Villoresi. "Link budget and background noise for satellite quantum key distribution." Advances in Space Research 47, no. 5 (March 2011): 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.11.009.

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Madau, Piero, Francesco Haardt, and Lucia Pozzetti. "Extragalactic Background Light, MACHOs, and the Cosmic Stellar Baryon Budget." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 204 (2001): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900226272.

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The optical/far–IR extragalactic background light (EBL) from both resolved and unresolved extragalactic sources is an indicator of the total luminosity of cosmic structures, as the cumulative emission from young and evolved galactic systems, as well as from active galactic nuclei (AGNs), is recorded in this radiation. This is a brief review of some of the implications of the observed brightness of the night sky for the stellar mass density and average metallicity of the universe today, and of the possible contribution of MACHO progenitors and QSOs to the EBL. Assuming a Salpeter initial mass function with a cutoff below 0.6 M⊙, a lower limit of Ωg+Sh2 > 0.0015 I60 can be derived to the visible (recycled gas + stars) mass density required to generate an EBL at a level of IEBL = 60 I60 nW m−2 sr−1. Our latest, ‘best–guess’ estimate is Ωg+sh2 ≈ 0.0023 I60, which implies a mean metallicity at the present–epoch of yZΩg+s/Ωb ≈ 0.2 Z⊙. If massive dark halos around spiral galaxies are partially composed of faint, old white dwarfs, i.e., if a non–negligible fraction (~ a few percent) of the nucleosynthetic baryons is locked in the remnants (MACHOs) of intermediate–mass stars forming at very high redshifts, then the bright early phases of such halos should contribute significantly to the observed EBL. Assuming a standard black hole accretion model for quasar activity and using recent observations of the quasar population and new synthesis models for the cosmic X-ray background, we estimate a present mass density of QSO remnants of ρBH ≈ 3 x 105 M⊙ Mpc−3 for a 10% efficiency of accreted mass–to–radiation conversion. The quasar contribution to the brightness of the night sky is IQSO ≈ 2 nW m−2 sr−1.
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Anatolii, VDOVICHEN, CHORNOVOL Alla, and TABENSKA Yuliia. "BUDGET PLANNING IN THE CONDITIONS OF INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS." Herald of Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics 135, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/visnik.knute.2021(135)07.

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Background. Quality level of the budget planning is an important factor in ensuring balance of state and local budgets in the conditions of institutional transformations. Adop­tion of effective management decisions by public authorities and local governments involves the development of the budget planning system taking into account information technology, assessment of changes in socio-economic processes. The aim of the article is to reveal the areas of improvement of the budget planning system and its tools. Materials and methods. Thesystematic method has been used in determining nature and role of the budget planning in ensuring the stability and balance of state and local bud­gets. The comparative method is used in the process of generalizing the features of the budget planning tools. The method of scientific abstraction is used in the disclosure of theoretical and methodological principles of improving the budget planning system. The method of ana­lysis and the synthesis has been used to assess the planned and actual indicators (revenues, expenditures, deficit of the State Budget of Ukraine; public and guaranteed public debt). Results. The essence and role of the budget planning in ensuring the stability and balance of state and local budgets have been determined. Theoretical and methodological principles of functioning of the budget planning system have been revealed. The analysis and assessment of planned and actual indicators such as revenues, expenditures, deficit of the State Budget of Ukraine; public and guaranteed public debt for 2015–2019 have been made. The ways of improving the budget planning system in the conditions of institutional trans­formations have been substantiated. Conclusion. A detailed analysis and assessment of the impact of internal and external factors on the financial and economic environment is needed in order to develop the budget planning system in terms of institutional transformation. It will provide an opportunity to iden­tify regular trends in the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators and budget indicators. An im­portant task is to develop economic and mathematical models based on the assessment of eco­no­mic development opportunities of the country, the tax potential of administrative territorial units. Keywords: budget policy, budget system, budget planning, budget revenues, budget expenditures, budget deficit, public debt.
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Xing Lu. "Research on the problems and countermeasures of university budget performance management under the background of "Double First Class"." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 13, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.13.2.0324.

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The Outline of the National Medium- and Long-term Education Reform and Development Plan (2010-2020) clearly points out that "colleges and universities should speed up the construction of first-class universities and disciplines, improve the management mode, introduce competition mechanism, implement performance evaluation, and conduct dynamic management". Therefore, under the background of China's development strategy of "building a powerful country in education" and the promotion of colleges and universities to speed up the construction of double first-class, the introduction of budget performance management in colleges and universities will promote the better and faster development of colleges and universities, provide better teaching services, cultivate more outstanding talents, and further accelerate the connotation development of colleges and universities. Based on the analysis of the problems and causes in the budget performance management of colleges and universities in China at the present stage, this paper discusses the specific countermeasures for colleges and universities to improve their budget performance management level under the national comprehensive budget performance management system from the aspects of capital management requirements, budget resource allocation, and the application of budget performance evaluation results.
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Madau, P., and L. Pozzetti. "Deep galaxy counts, extragalactic background light and the stellar baryon budget." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 312, no. 2 (February 21, 2000): L9—L15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03268.x.

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Barbashova, Natalia E. Barbashova. "Approaches to the Modeling and Use of a Long-term Budget Projection at the Regional Level." Financial Journal 14, no. 2 (April 2022): 8–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2022-2-8-25.

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In compliance with the requirements of the budget legislation the constituent entities of the Russian Federation work out and adopt long-term budget forecasts. The major drawbacks of the current regional forecasts are inadequate methodology of calculating indicators (revenues, expenditures, deficit, debt) and an indistinct role of forecasting in the budgeting process. The article gives specific recommendations on assessing the parameters of revenues and expenditures of the regional budget for a long term horizon. The author focuses on the relationship of the long-term budget forecasts with the other documents of strategic planning (notably, forecasts of socio-economic development). The author suggests various formulas for calculating revenues and expenditures of regional budgets in the long term, as well as options for detailed elaboration of these parameters depending on the availability of background information and the peculiar features of the region. The article also formulates recommendations on the formalized approaches to assess the long-term consequences of the region’s budget policy, as well as to quantify external challenges on a long-term budget forecast model. Approbation of the proposed approaches was carried out on the example of a simulation model based on the data of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Background budget"

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BARRESI, ANDREA. "Development of innovative techniques for ultra-trace elements analysis." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/10281/403458.

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L'esperimento JUNO è stato proposto con l'obiettivo principale di risolvere il problema relativo all'ordinamento di massa dei neutrini attraverso misure accurate del flusso di antineutrini prodotto da reattori nucleari. A causa della sezione estremamente ridotta dei neutrini, il numero di eventi segnale previsti è molto piccolo, circa 60 eventi IBD al giorno, ed è quindi essenziale tenere sotto controllo il tasso di eventi di fondo. Ciò può essere ottenuto minimizzando tutte le sorgenti che contribuiscono alla produzione di eventi spuri e in primo luogo quelle generate dal fondo radioattivo. Per ogni capostipite delle catene naturali (U238 e Th232), per il 40K, e per alcuni nuclidi chiave, come 60Co e 210Pb, è necessario imporre forti limiti alla concentrazione che può essere presente all'interno dei materiali del rivelatore. Data la struttura del rivelatore JUNO, il materiale più critico è il liquido scintillante per il quale sono richieste concentrazioni di uranio e torio inferiori a 1E-15 g/g e potassio inferiori a 1E-16 g/g. In questa tesi, presento il lavoro che ho svolto in questo contesto con due scopi principali. Il primo è la validazione del software Monte Carlo dell'esperimento JUNO applicato alle simulazioni di fondo con l'obiettivo di verificare i limiti di radiopurezza imposti per i materiali e determinare il background-budget dell'esperimento. La seconda è l'implementazione di una tecnica di misura che permette di raggiungere le sensibilità richieste per la misura del contenuto di uranio, torio e potassio nel liquido scintillante. La validazione del software Monte Carlo dell'esperimento JUNO (SNiPER) è stata effettuata confrontandone i risultati con quelli di altri due codici di simulazione, in particolare con il software Arby, sviluppato presso l'Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca. Ho potuto studiare diversi aspetti e molte criticità della simulazione del fondo e dei risultati riportati dallo strumento ufficiale, come l'applicazione del quenching factor e la forma degli spettri beta. Gli spettri dell'energia depositata prodotta dalle contaminazioni nei componenti principali del rivelatore JUNO sono stati calcolati con i codici Monte Carlo. Il tasso di eventi indotti nel rivelatore è stato valutato in base ai limiti di radiopurezza imposti, ottenendo il rate totale di eventi di fondo previsto. Il valore ottenuto è inferiore al limite imposto per garantire la sensibilità finale dell'esperimento. Ciò ha consentito di correggere e validare la risposta del software ufficiale dell'esperimento JUNO e di verificare l'attualità dei limiti di radiopurezza inizialmente definiti per i componenti del rivelatore. Durante il mio dottorato di ricerca ho completato lo sviluppo del nuovo sistema di misura, chiamato GeSparK che sfrutta la coincidenza tra uno scintillatore liquido e un rivelatore HPGe per ridurre il fondo del rivelatore HPGe singolo. È stata anche sviluppata una nuova tecnica di coincidenza ritardata che sfrutta la struttura nucleare del 239Np, il prodotto di attivazione del 238U, al fine di ottenere un marcatore estremamente forte di questo particolare decadimento e aumentare significativamente la sensibilità di misura rispetto all'approccio tradizionale. La sensibilità ottenuta era ancora insufficiente rispetto alle richieste di JUNO e per questo si decise di attuare una serie di trattamenti radiochimici. Diversi trattamenti sono stati proposti, testati e implementati con i due obiettivi di aumentare la massa del campione misurabile e ridurre la concentrazione di nuclidi interferenti. La tecnica sviluppata per uranio e torio prevede una fase di estrazione liquido-liquido e di estrazione cromatografia con resine UTEVA e TEVA rispettivamente prima e dopo l’irraggiamento. Due misurazioni condotte su campioni "bianchi" con la procedura finale hanno permesso di ottenere una sensibilità compatibile con i limiti imposti da JUNO per lo scintillatore liquido a livello del ppq.
The JUNO experiment was proposed with the main aim of solving the problem related to the neutrino mass ordering through accurate measurements of the antineutrinos flow produced by nuclear reactors. Due to the extremely small cross-section of neutrinos, the number of expected signal events is very small, about 60 IBD events per day, and it is therefore essential to keep under control the rate of background events. This can be achieved by minimizing all the sources that contribute to the generation of spurious events and in the first place those generated by the radioactive background. For each progenitor of the natural chains (U238 and Th232), for the 40K, and for some key nuclides, such as 60Co and 210Pb, it is necessary to impose strong limits on the concentration that may be present within the materials of the detector. Given the structure of the JUNO detector, the most critical material is the liquid scintillator for which uranium and thorium concentrations below 1E-15 g/g and potassium below 1E-16 g/g are required. In this thesis, I present the work I did in this context with two main purposes. The first one is the validation of the Monte Carlo software of the JUNO experiment applied to the background simulations with the aim of verifying the radiopurity limits imposed for the materials and determining the background budget of the experiment. The second one is the implementation of a measurement technique that allows reaching the sensitivities required for the measurement of the content of uranium, thorium, and potassium in the liquid scintillator. The validation of the Monte Carlo software of the JUNO experiment (SNiPER) was performed by comparing its results with those of two other simulation codes, in particular with the software Arby, developed at the University of Milano-Bicocca. I was able to study different aspects and many critical issues of the simulation of the background and the results reported by the official tool, such as the application of the quenching factor and the shape of the radioactive β-decay spectra. The spectra of the deposited energy produced by the contaminations in the main components of the JUNO detector were computed with the Monte Carlo codes. The rate of events induced in the detector was assessed based on the imposed radiopurity limits, obtaining the expected total background event rate. The value obtained is lower than the limit set to ensure the final sensitivity of the experiment. This allowed correcting and validating the answer of the official software of the JUNO experiment and verifying the actuality of the radiopurity limits initially defined for the components of the detector. During my Ph.D. I completed the development of the new measurement system, called GeSparK that exploits the coincidence between a liquid scintillator and an HPGe detector to reduce the background of the single HPGe detector. I also worked on the development of a new delayed coincidence technique that exploits the nuclear structure of 239Np, the activation product of 238U, in order to obtain an extremely strong marker of this particular decay and significantly increase the measurement sensitivity compared to the traditional approach. The sensitivity obtained was still insufficient compared to the requests of JUNO and for this reason, it was decided to implement a series of radiochemical treatments. Different treatments have been proposed, tested, and implemented with the two aims of increasing the mass of the measurable sample and reducing the concentration of interfering nuclides. The technique developed for uranium and thorium involves a liquid-liquid extraction phase and the extraction chromatography with UTEVA and TEVA resins respectively before and after irradiation. Two measurements conducted on "blank samples” with the final procedure allowed us to achieve a sensitivity that is compatible with the limits imposed by JUNO for the liquid scintillator at the ppq level.
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Havlíček, Jakub. "Zázemí sportovního areálu - stavebně technologický projekt." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409923.

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This diploma thesis is dealing with a construction and technological project of the backgrounds and changing rooms of the sports centre in Velké Meziříčí. An engineering report of the construction and technological project, a suggested plan of transport routes and a time and financial plan for all the building facilities are included. With a realization study of the main technological phases, a site equipment project and a suggested list of the main construction vehicles and mechanisms is being dealt in another part of the thesis. In addition to these there is a time plan of the main construction object, an itemized budget, a time deployment of machines and workers and a plan for securing all the material resources needed. An engineering report for assembling prewalls from fair-faced concrete plus a design of a systemic formwork follow. More detailed engineering report of a Spiroll ceiling panels’ assembly is part of the inspection and test plan. Last but not least, an OSH plan for installation works with a mobile crane and a noise study can also be found in this thesis.
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Books on the topic "Background budget"

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Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, ed. Biennial budgeting: Background and congressional options. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1989.

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Northern Ireland Economic Development Office. and Northern Ireland Economic Council, eds. The 1995 UK budget: Background and implications for Northern Ireland. Belfast: Northern Ireland Economic Development Office, 1996.

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Canada. Dept. of Finance. The proposed Spending Control Act: Background information, draft legislation, explanatory notes. [Ottawa]: Queen's Printer, 1991.

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D, Chisholm Margaret, ed. National Economic Commission: Staff papers, background papers, and major testimony. Washington, D.C: The Commission, 1989.

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International experience in budgetary trends during economic development and its relevance for China: A background study for China : long-term development issues and options. Washington, D.C., U.S.A: World Bank, 1986.

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A background paper on engendering budgetary policy and processes: No gender equity, no poverty reduction. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Economic Commission for Africa, 2001.

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1992 green book: Overview of entitlement programs : background material and data on programs within the jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means., ed. Background materials on federal budget and tax policy for fiscal year 1991 and beyond: Prepared for hearings to be held on February 6, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means., ed. Background data and readings on the budget deficit, the status of the U.S. economy, and federal budget policy for fiscal year 1990 and beyond (for hearings to be held on February 7, 8, and 9, 1989). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means., ed. Background material on the federal budget and the President's proposals for fiscal year 1994: Prepared for hearings to be held beginning on March 9, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Background budget"

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Słupczewski, Marek. "Retail sales tax – an attempt at extraordinary taxation of trade in Poland against the European background." In Fair taxes or budget revenues at any price?, 253–68. Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/9783205215295.253.

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Unger, Albina. "Theoretical Background." In The Use of Risk Budgets in Portfolio Optimization, 11–52. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-07259-9_2.

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Nuthall, Peter L. "Wrong again." In Farm business management: the decisive farmer, 49–61. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620124.0005.

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Abstract This chapter narrates the details of a farmer meeting. Prior to the first meeting of the farmers in one of the discussion/improvement groups, Ben, who had offered to be the farmer host for this first meeting, took time to update all the information on his farm providing the full background for the farmers so they would better understand any problems Ben might have, or could experience in the future. The report included a full budget which listed both the physical plans and their financial consequences, and also what is often referred to as a 'property report' describing the physical details of the farm. Ben also prepared a 'management report' listing how all the resources, including the stock, were managed. A management report is a description of all the management systems a farmer uses and follows. For example, what system does the farmer follow for, say, growing a crop of wheat? What cultivation? What seeding rate (and cultivar)? What fertilizers and rates? What disease prevention? What irrigation rates and systems? What harvesting and marketing systems? And for, say, a ewe flock, what breed? What replacement system? What disease control? What feeding system and quantities? What lambing system? What lamb and wool marketing, what drenching systems? What weaning system and age? And so on for all parts of the farm.
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Winkler, Inga T. "Introduction: Menstruation as Structural." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 469–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_36.

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Abstract To recognize menstruation as structural, we must tune into the very political dimensions that undergird our institutions, laws, policies, budgets, guidelines, taxation, programs, and data collection. Historically, decision-makers have paid limited attention to menstruation—either due to oversight and neglect or due to deliberate exclusion. Yet, the last decade has seen enormous developments; at various levels, menstruation is rising to the level of global awareness. This might be what most distinguishes the current state of the menstrual movement from its past. Menstruation is gaining traction. Against this background, this section offers an overview and early assessment of these developments at various levels including those driven by practitioners, policy-makers, activists, and civil society actors. It seeks to capture these trends and initiatives through a combination of practice-based and research-based chapters that bring together different perspectives, voices, and experiences. This diversity is essential to engage different types of emerging knowledge in this field and to combine practical experience with critical reflection.
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"Background." In Sound Design for Low and No Budget Films, 123–34. New York : Focal Press, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315733425-10.

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Becker, Stefan, Michael W. Bauer, and Alfredo De Feo. "The New Politics of the European Union Budget: Background, Key Findings, and Outlook." In The New Politics of the European Union Budget, 15–32. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845278032-15.

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Rudalevige, Andrew. "Executive Orders." In By Executive Order, 49–75. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691194363.003.0003.

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This chapter provides some background on the collation of executive orders generally, then details the creation of the institution of “central clearance” in the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Central clearance has served as both a proactive and protective process for presidents since the 1930s, especially after OMB (then known as the Bureau of the Budget) moved into the Executive Office of the President from the Treasury Department in 1939. It matches well with the kind of “governance structure” an information-seeking president might rationally construct in order to evaluate and winnow proposals for executive action.
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Štrkolec, Miroslav. "Regulation of Public Finances in Slovakia in Light of Financial Constitutionality." In Regulation of Public Finances in Light of Financial Constitutionality : Analysis on Certain Central and Eastern European Countries, 181–203. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.zn.ropfatilofc_9.

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This chapter is devoted to the foundations of financial law and financial regulation in Slovakia. Its aim is to define financial law in the system of law in Slovakia and to specify the basic areas of its regulation. In the introduction, it discusses the theoretical background of financial law as a branch of law and its relations to other branches of law. Then, building on the Constitution of the Slovak Republic, it defines the basic areas of its regulation—budgets, taxes and fees, currency, customs, and the financial market. In relation to all these areas, the aim is to specify their constitutional regulation and, consequently, the basic parametres of legal regulation. The aim is to give a basic overview of financial law instruments and concepts in Slovakia, such as the state budget and local budgets, state taxes and local taxes, customs, currency in the context of the monetary union, and financial market entities and instruments. However, the ambition is also to define the basic framework of the most important financial authorities and institutions in Slovakia, such as the Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic, the Supreme Audit Office, the National Bank of Slovakia, and the Council for Budget Responsibility. The conclusion will not only offer a summary, but will also highlight the most important current regulatory challenges for financial law, which are related to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to the digital transformation.
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Kumar, Sanat. "Natural vs Anthropogenic Background Aerosol Contribution to the Radiation Budget over Indian Thar Desert." In Atmospheric Aerosols - Regional Characteristics - Chemistry and Physics. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48722.

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Kohl, Laura E., Patricia Lombardi, and Mary Moroney. "Moving from Local to Global via the Integrated Library System." In Advances in Library and Information Science, 23–35. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1735-1.ch002.

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In an era of budget constraints as well as next generation technologies - moving from a consortium based and administrated shared ILS (integrated library system) to one that can be managed in-house allows for substantial cost savings, team oriented opportunities for training and growth, and service improvements for library patrons. This chapter will provide background on one university library's decision to move from a local consortium based catalog with a shared and centrally administered back-end to a global catalog with the ability to personalize administration for a single library. Background on institutional culture, key stakeholders, benefits for library staff and end-user will be discussed.
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Conference papers on the topic "Background budget"

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"Construction and Analysis of College Financial Budget Assessment Index System under Informatization Background." In 2018 2nd International Conference on Innovations in Economic Management and Social Science. Clausius Scientific Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/iemss.2018.91455.

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Liu, Bin, and Wenchang Tan. "Study on the Dilemma, Influence and Countermeasures of Overall Budget Performance Management in Health Care System Under the Background of Epidemic." In WSSE 2020: 2020 The 2nd World Symposium on Software Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3425329.3425375.

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Zhu, Liya, Jiaxin Feng, Xiaoyang Sun, Pengcheng Xue, and Qingchuan Meng. "Research on Comprehensive Budget Management of Clothing E-commerce Enterprises Under the Background of Big Data: Take H Group as an Example." In 2020 International Conference on Communications, Information System and Computer Engineering (CISCE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisce50729.2020.00042.

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Tabeta, Shigeru, and Tsuguki Kinoshita. "A Fundamental Study on the Influences of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on Coastal Water Environment." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57812.

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It has been considered that most of the terrestrial water and contained substances are supplied into the ocean through the rivers. However, recent studies show that the submarine ground-water discharge (SGD) is also significant as the route of water and substances from the land to the ocean. In order to evaluate the influences of SGD on the coastal water environment, it is important to investigate the amount of SGD flux into the sea as well as the behaviour of discharged water and substances in the coastal sea. In the present study, the total SGD flux is estimated by the budget analysis of the target sea area, in which a parameter for water exchange between the coastal sea and the ocean is calculated by means of a numerical simulation by a hydro-dynamic model and a dynamic budget model. The behaviour of discharged groundwater is also investigated by hydraulic experiments and numerical simulations using non-hydrostatic model. It is found that the early-stage behaviour of the discharged submarine groundwater as buoyant plume could be categorized into three types due to the ratio of discharge velocity to the background horizontal current velocity.
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Urbina, Oscar, Elisabete Teixeira, Helder Sousa, and José Matos. "Risk management and criticality ranking of civil infrastructures – case study." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1779.

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<p>One of the most important prerequisites for the critical Infrastructure’s risk management is the study of the collateral effects between different critical Infrastructures (CI) to obtain a critical index that indicates which CI requires more effort in terms of budget and studies, i.e., ranking the criticality of the Infrastructures. Therefore, this article presents a brief literature review of the state of the art that was conducted regarding the methodologies and models for the critical infrastructure’s risk management and the importance of categorizing its level of risk and the criticality of each infrastructure. This paper consists of three main parts i) A short introduction on the background and importance of this study; ii) a brief display and explanation of the inspected methodologies for risk management and the quantification of the criticality of CI; iii) implementation of the selected methodologies applied on a case study situated in the north of Portugal applied to Fire Risk.</p>
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Morrison, Brent J. "A Comparative Lengthening Study of a Shallow-draft Purse Seiner." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2013-t30.

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Lengthening has been a common refit in the shallow-draft salmon-seining fleet of the Pacific Northwest and Alaska since the early 1990s. Generally these small vessels are modified without any formal engineering support. Although the 2010 USCG Authorization Act promises to improve the amount of engineering dedicated to small fishing vessels, 88 percent of shallow-draft seiners are too small to be affected by the new rules. This paper is offered as a starting point for owners, builders, and naval architects to seek voluntary and collaborative engineering solutions for future lengthening projects. To this end, this paper describes two prevalent methods of lengthening, quantitatively compares the resulting changes in vessel characteristics with the original craft, and identifies potential problems and solutions. Background information is provided to familiarize the naval architect with the owner’s requirements. It is the author’s hope that this paper could help naval architects deliver an efficient engineering package with a tight scope to budget-conscious owners who are considering lengthening their shallow-draft purse seiners.
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Mahan, J. Robert, Anum R. Barki, and Kory J. Priestley. "Diffraction and Polarization Effects in Radiation Heat Transfer: A Case Study." In ASME 2017 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2017-4804.

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The Monte-Carlo ray-trace (MCRT) method is particularly well suited to the optical design of instrumentation in which very small radiant signals must be separated from a strong background. The present contribution explores an important application lying at the intersection of physical optics and radiation heat transfer. Specifically, we consider instruments intended to monitor the planetary energy budget from low earth orbit. To accommodate the increasingly exigent accuracy requirements imposed by the Earth science community, it has become necessary to include effects such as diffraction and polarization that are normally omitted in traditional radiation heat transfer modeling. This requires that the usual concept of a “ray” be extended to include wavelength, a phase angle, and polarization. A realistic instrument concept is considered that fully exercises the ability of such an approach to capture optical effects that are either ignored or assessed “offline” in traditional modeling efforts. Investigated is the range of variation of detector illumination when the effects of the source spectral content, diffraction, and polarization are included.
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Volkov, Artiom, Mangirdas Morkūnas, and Viktorija Skvarciany. "Is it possible to predict food retail prices? Evidence from Lithuanian market." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.018.

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Purpose – the purpose of the article is to develop a model that could be used for estimating the level of the effect of the highlighted determinants on food retail prices. Research methodology – the study is based on the obtained monthly data of food retail prices that covers the period from 2016 I m. to 2018 XII m. (36 observations). Multiple regression modelling is used in order to create a model of food retail prices. Findings – the results provide evidence that the most influential determinants are the price of the alternative products and purchasing power. It also contributes to scholarly thinking, stating, that it is possible to predict the future retail price of a particular product. Research limitations – the limitation of the current study is that the proposed econometric model is sufficient for the Lithuanian market and ought to be modified if used in other countries. Practical implications – the development model allows to predict/forecast the food retail prices which are crucial for households budget planning. Originality/Value – the current study examines the main determinant of retail food prices. It laid a background for future researches, based on examining possibilities to forecast food prices. The research results contribute to classic economic views about market imperfections influence onto supply-demand equilibrium and unproductiveness of consumer illicit market.
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Nnakenyi, Norbert, Simon Olushola Amos, Mobolaji Abegunde, Ibidunni Ayo-Dayisi, Nnabuike Anozie, Tayiro Gari, Olusemola Akintade, Aminu Musa, and Habeeb Ibrahim. "Effective Asset/Portfolio Management: NAPIMS Perspective." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211998-ms.

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Abstract NAPIMS is the investment portfolio management arm of the NNPC that has been entrusted with investments of the federal government of Nigeria in the oil and gas sector. In alignment with best international practices, NAPIMS adopted an efficient asset-based management organizational structure to monitor the true performance of the entire assets within its portfolio. Having an overview of all assets serves as a roadmap/link to obtaining vital background information about legacy performance as well as plans and strategies. Over the years, NAPIMS had a less structured asset overview for producing and non-producing assets thereby, encumbering information access for budgetary and budget performance tasks. The deployed methodology ensures that investments meet the long- and short-term financial objectives and risk tolerance of NNPC and Nigeria at large. This work bridged the performance gap between producing and non-producing assets by delineating important parameters for that influence asset portfolio management. This project also encompasses useful technical, commercial, planning, and financial parameters from sub-sections within an asset group. The developed and implemented solution offers good flexibility by providing every essential and minute detail that can help an asset manager to deep dive into the historical and current performance. It further warehouses the plans for future growth, expansion, and optimizations towards greater profitability.
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Kusumawati, Yeny, and Fresty Africia. "Implementation of No Smoking Area Policy in High School 2, Nganjuk, East Java, Indonesia." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.01.

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ABSTRACT Background: In school environments, the No Smoking Area Policy is based on protecting young people who are currently studying at school from exposure to harmful cigarette smoke. It is expected to indirectly reduce student smoking rates. This study aimed to describe the implementation of the No Smoking Area policy at High School 2 Nganjuk, East Java and to identify the factors influencing the policy implementation. Subjects and Methods: This was a qualitative study carried out at High School 2 Nganjuk, East Java. The study subjects were included the principal, student deputy principals, counseling guidance teachers, homeroom teachers, employees, and students of High School 2 Nganjuk. Data were collected using observation, interviews, and documentation. The source triangulation technique used the technique of checking the validity of the data. This study used an interactive model of data analysis technique, which is based on the theory of George C. Edward III, consisted of communication, resources, dispositions, and bureaucratic structures. Results: In High School 2 Nganjuk, the No Smoking Area Policy has not been implemented optimally, particularly on the resource factor. For example, some teachers and staff still smoking in schools. This was not in accordance with the provisions in the No Smoking Area Policy. As the budget for funds from School Operational Assistance (BOS) was integrated with the School Environment Introduction Period (MPLS/MOS as well as the Adiwiyata program, there was no special budget for the implementation of the No Smoking Area policy. There was still not enough amount of billboards about no smoking area. The communication factor was the supporting factor. The policy for the No Smoking Area is always communicated to school residents. The disposition factors was the policy implementers’ engagement. The bureaucratic factor were structure and the presence of SOP in policy implementation. Conclusion: The enforcement of the policy of the No Smoking Area in High School 2 Nganjuk has not been maximized, so all factors, both contact factors, resource factors, disposal factors, and bureaucratic factors, need to be assisted. Keywords: smoking area, high school, policy Correspondence: Yeny Kusumawati. School of Health Sciences, Satria Bhakti Nganjuk, East Java, Indonesia. Email: yenykusumawati.sbn.ngk@gmail.com. Mobile: 082244297997 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.01
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Reports on the topic "Background budget"

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Pichler, Rupert. The Research Financing Act. A New Framework for Publicly Funded Research in Austria and its Impact on Evaluation. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2021.514.

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On 7 July 2020, the National Council – the first chamber of the Austrian Parliament – passed a package of legislation introducing a new framework for the methods of allocating federal budgets to research, technology, and innovation (RTI). Its core is the Research Financing Act (RFA), complemented by several amendments to existing laws that are necessary for its implementation. Entry into force was on 25 July 2020, the amendments became effective as of 1 January 2021 (BGBl1. I No. 75/20202). The RFA is the biggest legislative project in the field of RTI policy since 2004 when the Research Funding Agency (FFG) was established (Pichler et al. 2007, pp. 329-336; Stampfer et al. 2010, pp. 775-776). For the first time, budget law regulations are now aligned with the needs of institutions performing or funding RTI (Pichler 2021). This article outlines the background and content of the RFA and concludes with a view on the significance of evaluation within the new system.
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Zilberman, David, Amir Heiman, and B. McWilliams. Economics of Marketing and Diffusion of Agricultural Inputs. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586469.bard.

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Specific Research Objective. Develop a theory of technology adoption to analyze the role of promotional tools such as advertising, product sampling, demonstrations, money back guarantees and warranties in inducing technological change. Use this theory to develop criteria for assessing the optimal use of marketing activities in launching new agricultural input technologies. Apply the model to analyze existing patterns of marketing budget allocation among promotional tools for various agricultural input industries in the United States and Israel. Background to the Topic. Marketing tools (money-back guarantees [MBG] demonstration, free sampling and advertising) are used extensively to induce the adoption of agricultural inputs, but there is little understanding of their impacts on the diffusion of new technologies. The agricultural economic literature on technology adoption ignores marketing efforts by the private sector, which may result in misleading extension and technology transfer policies. There is a need to integrate marketing and economic approaches in analyzing technology adoption, especially in the area of agricultural inputs. Major Conclusion. Marketing tools play an important role in reducing uncertainties about product performance. They assist potential buyers to learn both about objective features, about a product, and about product fit to the buyer's need. Tools, such as MBGs and demonstration, provide different information about product fit but also require different degrees of cost for the consumer. In some situations they can be complimentary and optimal strategy combines the use of both. In other situations there will be substitution. Sampling is used to reduce the uncertainty about non-durable goods. An optimal level of informational tools declines throughout the life of a product but stays positive at a steady state. Implications. Recognizing the heterogeneity of consumers and the sources of their uncertainty about new technologies is crucial to develop a marketing strategy that will enhance the adoption of innovation. When fit uncertainty is high, allowing an MBG option, as well as a demonstration, may be an optimal strategy to enhance adoption.
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Hulata, Gideon, Thomas D. Kocher, and Micha Ron. Elucidating the molecular pathway of sex determination in cultured Tilapias and use of genetic markers for creating monosex populations. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695855.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to: 1) Identify genetic markers linked to sex-determining genes in various experimental and commercial stocks of O. niloticusand O. aureus, as well as red tilapias; 2) Develop additional markers tightly linked to these sex determiners, and develop practical, non-destructive genetic tests for identifying genotypic sex in young tilapia; A third aim, to map sex modifier loci, was removed during budget negotiations at the start of the project. Background to the topic. A major obstacle to profitable farming of tilapia is the tendency of females to reproduce at a small size during the production cycle, diverting feed and other resources to a large population of small, unmarketable fish. Several approaches for producing all-male fingerlings have been tried, including interspecific hybridization, hormonal masculinization, and the use of YY-supermale broodstock. Each method has disadvantages that could be overcome with a better understanding of the genetic basis of sex determination in tilapia. The lack of sex-linked markers has been a major impediment in research and development of efficient monosex populations for tilapia culture. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. We identified DNA markers linked to sex determining genes in six closely related species of tilapiine fishes. The mode of sex determination differed among species. In Oreochromis karongaeand Tilapia mariaethe sex-determining locus is on linkage group (LG) 3 and the female is heterogametic (WZ-ZZ system). In O. niloticusand T. zilliithe sex-determining locus is on LG1 and the male is heterogametic (XX-XY system). We have nearly identified the series of BAC clones that completely span the region. A more complex pattern was observed in O. aureus and O. mossambicus, in which markers on both LG1 and LG3 were associated with sex. We found evidence for sex-linked lethal effects on LG1, as well as interactions between loci in the two linkage groups. Comparison of genetic and physical maps demonstrated a broad region of recombination suppression harboring the sex-determining locus on LG3. We also mapped 29 genes that are considered putative regulators of sex determination. Amhand Dmrta2 mapped to separate QTL for sex determination on LG23. The other 27 genes mapped to various linkage groups, but none of them mapped to QTL for sex determination, so they were excluded as candidates for sex determination in these tilapia species. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that at least two transitions in the mode of sex determination have occurred in the evolution of tilapia species. This variation makes tilapias an excellent model system for studying the evolution of sex chromosomes in vertebrates. The genetic markers we have identified on LG1 in O. niloticusaccurately diagnose the phenotypic sex and are being used to develop monosex populations of tilapia, and eliminate the tedious steps of progeny testing to verify the genetic sex of broodstock animals.
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Price, Roz. Taxation and Public Financial Management of Mining Revenue in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.144.

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This rapid review provides a summary of the evidence on the taxation and public financial management of mining revenues in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This is a very complex topic, with a large and growing literature base, a huge interest by donors, non-governmental organisations and businesses, with some conflicting information at times. In particular, specific data on provincial budgets and spending was not identified during this review. No specific information on public financial management in either of these provinces was identified during the course of this review. Given the burgeoning size of the literature base and the complexity of the mining sector in the DRC, this rapid review only provides a snapshot of the literature. It draws on academic, grey and donor literature sources. Some papers for further reading are highlighted. The report first provides a brief background discussion of general taxation in the DRC, the decentralisation process, and provincial public revenue management. The next section provides general information on the mining sector in the DRC, including the regulatory system and official duties, royalties and tax provisions. Section 4 goes into more detail about taxation and rent-seeking in the mining sector, touching on both large-scale mining (LSM) and artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). The next section looks at smuggling of minerals in the DRC, with a focus on gold. Finally, some specific lessons learned were drawn from two World Bank projects and highlighted in the final section. Lessons and experiences from other mining-related projects are also highlighted throughout the report. Literature in French was not included in this rapid review, which may mean that some key documents were omitted.
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