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Journal articles on the topic 'Backbiting'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Goodwin, Len. "Mosquitoes and backbiting." Nature 354, no. 6351 (November 1991): 335–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/354335a0.

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2

Hamzehlou, S., N. Ballard, Y. Reyes, A. Aguirre, J. M. Asua, and J. R. Leiza. "Analyzing the discrepancies in the activation energies of the backbiting and β-scission reactions in the radical polymerization of n-butyl acrylate." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 11 (2016): 2069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01990g.

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Activaton energies for backbiting and β-scission reactions for the polymerization of n-BA were determined by fitting experimental data to a mathematical model. The activation energy for backbiting was higher and that for β-scission lower than those accepted in the literature.
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3

Sun, Yi, Moran Frenkel-Pinter, Charles L. Liotta, and Martha A. Grover. "The pH dependent mechanisms of non-enzymatic peptide bond cleavage reactions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 1 (2020): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp05240b.

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4

Vir, Anil B., Yoshi W. Marien, Paul H. M. Van Steenberge, Christopher Barner-Kowollik, Marie-Françoise Reyniers, Guy B. Marin, and Dagmar R. D'hooge. "From n-butyl acrylate Arrhenius parameters for backbiting and tertiary propagation to β-scission via stepwise pulsed laser polymerization." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 30 (2019): 4116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py00623k.

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5

Marien, Yoshi W., Paul H. M. Van Steenberge, Katrin B. Kockler, Christopher Barner-Kowollik, Marie-Françoise Reyniers, Dagmar R. D'hooge, and Guy B. Marin. "An alternative method to estimate the bulk backbiting rate coefficient in acrylate radical polymerization." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 42 (2016): 6521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py01468b.

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6

OKUMURA, Takashi. "Consideration and Backbiting as a Form of Society." Japanese Sociological Review 45, no. 1 (1994): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4057/jsr.45.77.

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7

Hamzehlou, Shaghayegh, M. Ali Aboudzadeh, and Yuri Reyes. "On the Recovery of PLP-Molar Mass Distribution at High Laser Frequencies: A Simulation Study." Processes 7, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7080501.

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Due to the inherent difficulties in determination of the degree of branching for polymers produced in pulsed laser polymerization (PLP) experiments, the behavior of the degree of branching and backbiting reaction in high laser frequency and relatively high reaction temperatures have not been well-established. Herein, through a simulation study, the validity of different explanations on the recovery of PLP-molar mass distribution at high laser frequencies is discussed. It is shown that the reduction of the backbiting reaction rate at high laser frequency, and consequent decrease in the degree of branching, is not a necessary condition for recovering the PLP-molar mass distribution. The findings of this work provide simulation support to a previous explanation about the possibility of using high laser frequency for reliable determination of the propagation rate coefficient for acrylic monomers.
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8

Edeleva, Mariya, Yoshi W. Marien, Paul H. M. Van Steenberge, and Dagmar R. D'hooge. "Jacket temperature regulation allowing well-defined non-adiabatic lab-scale solution free radical polymerization of acrylates." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 6 (2021): 1053–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1re00099c.

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Conventional batch solution free radical polymerization of n-butyl acrylate with thermal initiators such as AIBN is known to be strongly exothermic and influenced by highly activated side reactions such as backbiting and β-scission.
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9

Dewaele, Annelies, Tom Renders, Baoyi Yu, Francis Verpoort, and Bert F. Sels. "Depolymerization of 1,4-polybutadiene by metathesis: high yield of large macrocyclic oligo(butadiene)s by ligand selectivity control." Catalysis Science & Technology 6, no. 21 (2016): 7708–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cy00933f.

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Herein, we demonstrate a practical high yield preparation of large macrocyclic oligo(butadiene)s, preferably the C16 to C44 fraction, from commercial 1,4-polybutadiene by exploring intramolecular backbiting using a series of commercially available Ru catalysts.
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10

Xiang, Yuanhui, Sarah Mitchell, Arnold L. Rheingold, Daniel S. Lambrecht, and Emily Pentzer. "Oligomerization of Silyl Ketene: Favoring Chain Extension over Backbiting." Macromolecules 52, no. 16 (August 8, 2019): 6126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00752.

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11

Kattner, Hendrik, and Michael Buback. "EPR Study of Backbiting in the Aqueous-Solution Polymerization of Acrylamide." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 36, no. 24 (October 21, 2015): 2186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201500479.

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12

Liu, Shi, Sriraj Srinivasan, Michael C. Grady, Masoud Soroush, and Andrew M. Rappe. "Backbiting and β-scission reactions in free-radical polymerization of methyl acrylate." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 114, no. 5 (November 19, 2013): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.24572.

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13

Fogg, Deryn E. "Inside the black box — Perspectives on transformations in catalysis." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 86, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 931–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-103.

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Tandem catalysis and olefin metathesis are powerful tools in the development of sustainable synthetic practices. This Award Lecture describes our advances in designing new tandem metathesis-hydrogenation methodologies for the synthesis of “designer materials” and Ru-pseudohalide metathesis catalysts that amplify opportunities for tuning catalyst activity, selectivity, and lifetime. Also discussed is the operation of a previously unrecognized oligomerization-backbiting pathway in ring-closing metathesis of conformationally flexible α,ω-dienes, which has important implications for the sustainable synthesis of medium and large rings.Key words: tandem catalysis, green chemistry, olefin metathesis, ring-closing metathesis, mechanism.
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14

Gómez-Reguera, Javier A., Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima, Vida A. Gabriel, and Marc A. Dubé. "Modeling of the Free Radical Copolymerization Kinetics of n-Butyl Acrylate, Methyl Methacrylate and 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate Using PREDICI®." Processes 7, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7070395.

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Kinetic modeling of the bulk free radical copolymerizations of n-butyl acrylate (BA) and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA); methyl methacrylate (MMA) and EHA; as well as BA, MMA and EHA was performed using the software PREDICI®. Predicted results of conversion versus time, composition versus conversion, and molecular weight development are compared against experimental data at different feed compositions. Diffusion-controlled effects and backbiting for BA were incorporated into the model as they proved to be significant in these polymerizations. The set of estimated global parameters allows one to assess the performance of these copolymerization systems over a wide range of monomer compositions.
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15

Riazi, Hossein, Ahmad Arabi Shamsabadi, Michael Grady, Andrew Rappe, and Masoud Soroush. "Method of Moments Applied to Most-Likely High-Temperature Free-Radical Polymerization Reactions." Processes 7, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100656.

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Many widely-used polymers are made via free-radical polymerization. Mathematical models of polymerization reactors have many applications such as reactor design, operation, and intensification. The method of moments has been utilized extensively for many decades to derive rate equations needed to predict polymer bulk properties. In this article, for a comprehensive list consisting of more than 40 different reactions that are most likely to occur in high-temperature free-radical homopolymerization, moment rate equations are derived methodically. Three types of radicals—secondary radicals, tertiary radicals formed through backbiting reactions, and tertiary radicals produced by intermolecular chain transfer to polymer reactions—are accounted for. The former tertiary radicals generate short-chain branches, while the latter ones produce long-chain branches. In addition, two types of dead polymer chains, saturated and unsaturated, are considered. Using a step-by-step approach based on the method of moments, this article guides the reader to determine the contributions of each reaction to the production or consumption of each species as well as to the zeroth, first and second moments of chain-length distributions of live and dead polymer chains, in order to derive the overall rate equation for each species, and to derive the rate equations for the leading moments of different chain-length distributions. The closure problems that arise are addressed by assuming chain-length distribution models. As a case study, β-scission and backbiting rate coefficients of methyl acrylate are estimated using the model, and the model is then applied to batch spontaneous thermal polymerization to predict polymer average molecular weights and monomer conversion. These predictions are compared with experimental measurements.
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16

Treadwell, Thomas. "J. L. Moreno: The Origins of the Group Encounter Movement and the Forerunner of Web-Based Social Network Media Revolution." Journal of Psychodrama, Sociometry, and Group Psychotherapy 64, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12926/0731-1273-64.1.51.

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The purpose of this article is to (a) acknowledge Moreno's merits as the founder of the Group Encounter Movement; (b) review a few ambiguities, contradictions, and backbiting that were evident in the Group Encounter Movement; (c) to identify Moreno as a pioneer in grounding and setting the stage for group psychology and group psychotherapy as an evidence-based therapy; and (d) pinpoint and recognize Moreno as the forerunner of our web-based social network media in virtual communities. Moreno joins the long, illustrious line of psychiatrists, psychologists, and group psychotherapists whose work continues to have an impact long after they have departed this world.
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17

Dossi, M., G. Storti, and D. Moscatelli. "Relevance of backbiting and beta-scission reactions in the free radical polymerization of Acrylonitrile." Macromolecular Symposia 289, no. 1 (March 2010): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200900013.

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18

Hutchinson, Robin A., and Sabine Beuermann. "Critically evaluated propagation rate coefficients for radical polymerizations: acrylates and vinyl acetate in bulk (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 11 (November 26, 2019): 1883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-1108.

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Abstract Arrhenius parameters capturing the temperature dependence of radical polymerization propagation rate coefficients, kp, for methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and vinyl acetate in bulk are reported, based on the fitting of benchmark data sets compiled from independent laboratories using the pulsed-laser polymerization/size exclusion chromatography method. The reported kp values for acrylates hold for secondary-radical propagation and are needed to calculate effective propagation rate coefficients in situations where there is a significant population of mid-chain acrylate radicals resulting from backbiting, as will be the case at technically relevant temperatures. The results are compared to those previously reported for styrene and methacrylates to highlight the large differences in kp values seen between the major monomer families.
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19

Dos Ramos, Lionel, Sissi de Beer, Mark A. Hempenius, and G. Julius Vancso. "Redox-Induced Backbiting of Surface-Tethered Alkylsulfonate Amphiphiles: Reversible Switching of Surface Wettability and Adherence." Langmuir 31, no. 23 (June 2, 2015): 6343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01105.

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20

Coyne, Sarah M., Robert Ridge, McKay Stevens, Mark Callister, and Laura Stockdale. "Backbiting and bloodshed in books: Short-term effects of reading physical and relational aggression in literature." British Journal of Social Psychology 51, no. 1 (September 1, 2011): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02053.x.

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21

Paul, Sancharika, Sudeshna Paul, Santanu Das, Anshu Kumari Bharti, and Rimjhim Verma. "SOCIAL MEDIA AND IT’S IMPACT." International Journal of English Learning & Teaching Skills 3, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 1697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/ijelts.3104.

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It is to bring light on the research that have found how these social sites impact the lives of our youth in a society with a great deal in terms of moral , behaviour and even educational wise. Social media have become prominent part of our daily life . Most people engaged with social media without stopping to think how it will effect on our lives whether positive or negative. We as a society becoming more concern with our facebook “ friends ” than we are interacting with the people on our daily lives. Some people are having double faced personality, on their social media pages and profiles they show they are living a happy life , but in reality their lives are not that fascinating . The people who are giving” love” react to our photos are also the one who are backbiting . So, what is the long term effect of social media use?
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22

Lou, Xudong, Christophe Detrembleur, Philippe Lecomte, and Robert Jérôme. "Two-Step Backbiting Reaction in the Ring-Opening Polymerization of γ-Acryloyloxy-ɛ-caprolactone Initiated with Aluminium Isopropoxide." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 23, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3927(20020101)23:2<126::aid-marc126>3.0.co;2-t.

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23

Wenn, Benjamin, and Thomas Junkers. "Kilohertz Pulsed-Laser-Polymerization: Simultaneous Determination of Backbiting, Secondary, and Tertiary Radical Propagation Rate Coefficients for tert -Butyl Acrylate." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 37, no. 9 (March 14, 2016): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201600011.

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24

Shrestha, Govinda Kumar. "Understanding the Challenges of Women in Non-Traditional Occupations." Journal of Training and Development 2 (August 11, 2016): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v2i0.15437.

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This qualitative case study research was conducted to understand the perception of women in non-traditional occupations in Nepalese context. Seven participants from four nontraditional occupations, namely electrical, motorcycle mechanics (automobile), light vehicle driving and mechanical lathe operator were selected from Kathmandu valley. The data were collected using interview and focus group discussion.The findings revealed that involvement of Nepalese women in non-traditional occupations are very nominal. It is due to the conventional thinking towards women that they should do only the household chores. Non-traditional occupations for Nepalese women have not been women-friendly, however, they may if they do not feel inferior to male and avoid hesitation to work in these professions. The biggest challenge for women in these professions is the societal disbelief on the women’s work. They are behaved with suspicion by people and the society. Leg pulling and backbiting nature of people towards women in this profession are also the serious problems for them. Nevertheless, the female participants have got support from their family and organizations. Moreover, they have played significant roles from beginning to date to inspire them to continue their work.
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25

Wang, Zheng, Libing Qian, Xiangyang Peng, Zhen Huang, Yue Yang, Chunqing He, and Pengfei Fang. "New Aspects of Degradation in Silicone Rubber under UVA and UVB Irradiation: A Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Study." Polymers 13, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132215.

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In this paper, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) were used to probe the changes of oligomers and the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) network in silicone rubber, after different durations of UVA/UVB irradiation. At the early stage (<300 h) of UVA/UVB irradiation, the concentration of D4-D9 decreases. The o-Ps intensity of the extracted silicone rubber increases in the stage after UVB irradiation. These results indicate the crosslinking of oligomers into the PDMS network. After a long duration (>300 h) of UVB irradiation, D4 was generated and the lifetime of τ3 also increased, indicating the rupture of the Si-O bond in the PDMS network. These two aging processes were termed the post curing process and the chain session process. The new finding was that UVA could only induce the post curing process; UVB causes the rupture of the chemical bond in silicone rubber. Photons of UVB could break the C-H bond, and then trigger the backbiting decomposition of PDMS, breaking the Si-O bond, while the photons of UVA cannot. The fact that D4 was generated after UVB irradiation can be used to evaluate the UVB stability of silicone rubber in the future.
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Costabile, Chiara, Gaetano Guerra, Pasquale Longo, and Stefania Pragliola. "High Selectivity in Polymerization of (Z)-1,3-Pentadiene, with the CpTiCl3−MAO Catalytic System, Generated by Backbiting Coordinations of the Growing Polydienyl Chain." Macromolecules 37, no. 6 (March 2004): 2016–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma035892c.

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27

Tam, Yu Tong, Jieming Gao, and Glen S. Kwon. "Oligo(lactic acid)n-Paclitaxel Prodrugs for Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactic acid) Micelles: Loading, Release, and Backbiting Conversion for Anticancer Activity." Journal of the American Chemical Society 138, no. 28 (July 11, 2016): 8674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b03995.

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28

Gomes, Dias, and Costa. "Static Light Scattering Monitoring and Kinetic Modeling of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Synthesis." Processes 7, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7040237.

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A kinetic model describing aqueous acrylamide homopolymerization and copolymerization of acrylamide with methylene bisacrylamide, leading to hydrogel formation, is presented and applied in the simulation of these reaction processes. This modeling approach is based on population balances of generating functions and, besides the crosslinking mechanisms inherent to network formation, other specific kinetic steps important in acrylamide polymerization (e.g., branching due to backbiting) are considered in the simulation tool developed. The synthesis of acrylamide polymers and hydrogels was performed at 26 °C and at 40 °C using two different initiation systems. The formation of such materials was monitored using in-line static light scattering (SLS), and the spatial inhomogeneity of the final hydrogels was also measured using this experimental technique. It is shown that the simulations are helpful in describing information provided by SLS in-line monitoring, namely in the early stages of polymerization with the transition from dilute to semi-dilute regime. Indeed, it finds a plausible match between the critical overlap polymer concentration and gelation, this later leading to the observed spatial heterogeneity of the hydrogels. Usefulness of the kinetic model for defining operation conditions (initial composition, semi-batch feed policies, chain transfer, etc.) in making the shift from gelation to the semi-dilute regime is discussed, and the extension of this approach to processes enabling a higher control of gelation (e.g., controlled radical polymerization) is also prospected.
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29

Mukhtar, H., H. Kasful Anwar, and Emmi Kholilah Harahap. "BENCHMARKING HEAD OF MADRASAH IN DOING MADRASAH TRANSFORMATION IN JAMBI PROVINCE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2019): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i4.2019.902.

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The purpose of this research is to know the success of benchmarking of madrasah head in transforming madrasah, to know benchmarking of head of madrasah, to know transformation that happened at madrasah, and to know benchmarking of madrasah head to transform madrasah. The research methodology used is descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews and documentation. Analysis of the data using the model of Miles and Huberman and data validity technique uses triangulation data. The results show that the success of madrasah head benchmarking in transforming with active commitment in managing madrasah, understanding the advantages and weaknesses of madrasah, innovating in madrasah, and applying benchmarking results in madrasah. Benchmarking process is self-evaluation of madrasah program, comparison with referral madrasah, reflection of madrasah performance and backbiting towards benchmarking of madrasah. The madrasah transformation covers the aspects of input, process transformation in madrasah, transformation of madrasah output and transformation of madrasah culture. The conclusion of this research can be seen that through benchmarking the head of madrasah can make the head of madrasah do madrasah transformation. The implication of this research is that benchmarking done by head of madrasah is not necessarily self-done. This requires the responsibility and commitment of all madrasahs in it, managerial skills, adequate human resources, and empowerment of all personnel in the madrasah.
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Anwar, Saiful. "Internalisasi Nilai Pendidikan Akhlak dalam Surat Al-Hujurat Ayat 11-13 Menurut Tafsir fi Zilalil Qur'an." JIE (Journal of Islamic Education) 6, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.52615/jie.v6i1.190.

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This study examines the implementation of moral education in QS. Al-Hujurat verses 11-13 in Sayyid Qutb's Tafsir Fi Zilalil Quran. The purpose of this research is to describe the messages and values ​​of moral education as contained in the letter Al-Hujurat verses 11-13. The benefits of this research are theoretically expected to provide a small contribution of thought or input that is useful for Islamic education, while practically this research is expected to provide a little contribution of thought, especially for researchers and readers in general in understanding the contents of the content or values ​​in the letter. Al-Hujurat verses 11-13. The data collection method in this thesis research is a qualitative method through searching data or library research, library data collection methods, reading and processing research materials. The source of the commentary book Fi Zhilalil Qur'an is supported by secondary sources which are related to the problem. Based on the results of research and data analysis, it can be concluded that: The values ​​of moral education contained in the Al-Hujurat verse 11-13 in the interpretation of Fi Zhilalil qur'an, namely the prohibition of making fun of, criticizing, calling badly, haram and prejudice , backbiting, finding fault with others and equality and ta'aruf. The study found that there are three types of interpretation used by sayyid qutub. The methods used are takhalli, tahalli and tajalli.
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Anwar, Saiful. "Internalisasi Nilai Pendidikan Akhlak dalam Surat Al-Hujurat Ayat 11-13 Menurut Tafsir fi Zilalil Qur'an." JIE (Journal of Islamic Education) 6, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29062/jie.v6i1.190.

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This study examines the implementation of moral education in QS. Al-Hujurat verses 11-13 in Sayyid Qutb's Tafsir Fi Zilalil Quran. The purpose of this research is to describe the messages and values ​​of moral education as contained in the letter Al-Hujurat verses 11-13. The benefits of this research are theoretically expected to provide a small contribution of thought or input that is useful for Islamic education, while practically this research is expected to provide a little contribution of thought, especially for researchers and readers in general in understanding the contents of the content or values ​​in the letter. Al-Hujurat verses 11-13. The data collection method in this thesis research is a qualitative method through searching data or library research, library data collection methods, reading and processing research materials. The source of the commentary book Fi Zhilalil Qur'an is supported by secondary sources which are related to the problem. Based on the results of research and data analysis, it can be concluded that: The values ​​of moral education contained in the Al-Hujurat verse 11-13 in the interpretation of Fi Zhilalil qur'an, namely the prohibition of making fun of, criticizing, calling badly, haram and prejudice , backbiting, finding fault with others and equality and ta'aruf. The study found that there are three types of interpretation used by sayyid qutub. The methods used are takhalli, tahalli and tajalli.
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32

Muhammad Waqar, Mufti, and Mufti Imranul Haq. "SOCIAL PRINCIPLES AND ETIQUETTE IN THE LIGHT OF SURAH AL-HUJURAT." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12814.

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The word Al-hujurat isthe plural and definite formof hujrah which means the private apartment. The verse 4 of this chapter is the only use of this word in the Quran, and due to this uniqueness, the chapter is named after it. Surah Al-Hujurat is the Madani Surah, contains eighteen verses in two sections.Allah Almighty mentioned some vital important ethics and rules of society in this chapter. Surah Al-Hujurat contains etiquette and norms to be observed in the Muslim community, including the proper conduct towards the Islamic prophet Muhammadï·º , an injunction against acting on news without verification, a call for peace and reconciliation, as well injunctions against defamation, suspicion, and backbiting. It also declares a universal brotherhood among Muslims. The thirteenth verse, one of the most famous in the Quran, is understood by Muslim scholars to establish equality with regards to race and origin only God can determine ones nobility based on his piety. In this article, the researcher conducted the research on some etiquettes and ethics of the society and Muslim community in the light of Surah Al-Hujurat.The aim of this study is to give awarenessand importance of moral values of society to all Muslim and to explain how society can be peaceful and free from all defects. This study is beneficial not only to the particular group but to all human being. The researcher mentioned the detail after studying some authentic Tafseer, Hadith and subject-relevant books andalso related Surah Al-Hujurat to current social system and mentioned some findings, whereas summary and suggestions are also given at the end of this article.
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33

Liu, Chang, Amit K. Tripathi, Wei Gao, and John G. Tsavalas. "Crosslinking in Semi-Batch Seeded Emulsion Polymerization: Effect of Linear and Non-Linear Monomer Feeding Rate Profiles on Gel Formation." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040596.

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Waterborne latex is often called a product-of-process. Here, the effect of semi-batch monomer feed rate on the kinetics and gel formation in seeded emulsion polymerization was investigated for the copolymerization of n-butyl methacrylate (n-BMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). Strikingly, the gel fraction was observed to be significantly influenced by monomer feed rate, even while most of the experiments were performed under so-called starve-fed conditions. More flooded conditions from faster monomer feed rates, including seeded batch reactions, counterintuitively resulted in significantly higher gel fraction. Chain transfer to polymer was intentionally suppressed here via monomer selection so as to focus mechanistic insights to relate only to the influence of a divinyl monomer, as opposed to being clouded by contributions to topology from long chain branching. Simulations revealed that the dominant influence on this phenomenon was the sensitivity of primary intramolecular cyclization to the instantaneous unreacted monomer concentration, which is directly impacted by monomer feed rate. The rate constant for cyclization for these conditions was determined to be first order and 4000 s−1, approximately 4 times that typically observed for backbiting in acrylates. This concept has been explored previously for bulk and solution polymerizations, but not for emulsified reaction environments and especially for the very low mole fraction divinyl monomer. In addition, while gel fraction could be dramatically manipulated by variations in linear monomer feed rates, it could be markedly enhanced by leveraging non-linear feed profiles built from combination sequences of flooded and starved conditions. For a 2 h total feed time, a fully linear profile resulted in 30% gel while a corresponding non-linear profile with an early fast-feed segment resulted in 80% gel.
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34

Chen, Shaoyun, Min Xiao, Luyi Sun, and Yuezhong Meng. "Study on Thermal Decomposition Behaviors of Terpolymers of Carbon Dioxide, Propylene Oxide, and Cyclohexene Oxide." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 3723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123723.

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The terpolymerization of carbon dioxide (CO2), propylene oxide (PO), and cyclohexene oxide (CHO) were performed by both random polymerization and block polymerization to synthesize the random poly (propylene cyclohexene carbonate) (PPCHC), di-block polymers of poly (propylene carbonate–cyclohexyl carbonate) (PPC-PCHC), and tri-block polymers of poly (cyclohexyl carbonate–propylene carbonate–cyclohexyl carbonate) (PCHC-PPC-PCHC). The kinetics of the thermal degradation of the terpolymers was investigated by the multiple heating rate method (Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method), the single heating rate method (Coats-Redfern method), and the Isoconversional kinetic analysis method proposed by Vyazovkin with the data from thermogravimetric analysis under dynamic conditions. The values of ln k vs. T−1 for the thermal decomposition of four polymers demonstrate the thermal stability of PPC and PPC-PCHC are poorer than PPCHC and PCHC-PPC-PCHC. In addition, for PPCHC and PCHC-PPC-PCHC, there is an intersection between the two rate constant lines, which means that, for thermal stability of PPCHC, it is more stable than PCHC-PPC-PCHC at the temperature less than 309 °C and less stable when the decomposed temperature is more than 309 °C. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG/FTIR) techniques were applied to investigate the thermal degradation behavior of the polymers. The results showed that unzipping was the main degradation mechanism of all polymers so the final pyrolysates were cyclic propylene carbonate and cyclic cyclohexene carbonate. For the block copolymers, the main chain scission reaction first occurs at PC-PC linkages initiating an unzipping reaction of PPC chain and then, at CHC–CHC linkages, initiating an unzipping reaction of the PCHC chain. That is why the T−5% of di-block and tri-block polymers were not much higher than that of PPC while two maximum decomposition temperatures were observed for both the block copolymer and the second one were much higher than that of PPC. For PPCHC, the random arranged bulky cyclohexane groups in the polymer chain can effectively suppress the backbiting process and retard the unzipping reaction. Thus, it exhibited much higher T−5% than that of PPC and block copolymers.
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35

Cugini, Cecilia, Ottavio A. Rombolà, Antonino Giarrusso, Lido Porri, and Giovanni Ricci. "Polymerization of 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene with Catalysts Based on Cyclopentadienyl Titanium Chlorides: Effect ofanti/syn Isomerism of the Allylic Group on the Chemoselectivity and the Role of Backbiting Coordination in 1,3-Diene Polymerization." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 206, no. 16 (August 19, 2005): 1684–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.200500135.

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36

H. Dohal, Gassim. "A Translation into English of Khalil I. Al-Fuzai’s1 “The Crazy Street”." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 6, no. 4 (October 31, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.6n.4p.1.

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This story addresses the issue of assimilating Western values into an eastern society—such assimilation will cause a huge change in the life and values of the society. Saudi Arabian society, like many other traditional societies, has to undergo the change represented in this story—but change may bring problems. Writing this story in the seventies of the twentieth century, Kalil I. Al-Fuzai has predicted this change that the whole region is witnessing nowadays. Whereas an earlier story, “Elapsing Days,” presents homesickness as a challenge for the main character, “The Crazy Street” symbolizes the inevitable change that is taking place in a coastal city. Indeed, coastal cities form good ports for new influence to penetrate the country. Foreigners who work at oilfields live in these coastal cities from which oil is exported. On the other hand, citizens come to these ports to work. They also use these coastal towns and cities for recreation. Hence, new and foreign influence takes place. Al-Fuzai is clear-sighted in his presentation here; cities and towns of a developing country like Saudi Arabia are now witnessing the change. This story explores how social and economic changes bring unexpected developments and startling events into people’s lives. The story depicts three forms of change: First, there is an open, liberal change. Stores are full of customers who witness this change in the society by “delightedly looking at both pretty and ugly girls.” Second, there is a cultural change: “Virtue commits suicide on this street.” In a masculine society, the story shows how some women are willing to attract the attention of the unemployed who are wandering on the street. “Most of the customers are women” who flirt: “winking, backbiting, and using their eyebrows and eyes.” And there are “busty girls whose boobs protrude until they are about to tear the firmly tight clothes that cover them.” Traditionally, women were expected to wear baggy clothes. Third, the change is reflected in the man-woman relationship in the Bedouin society. In the story, a man takes care of children—a woman’s traditional and cultural responsibility—and his wife and sister go shopping. However, the change creates an internal conflict for the natives as this story indicates. The change attracts people, including those coming from the desert; we see Doheiman, the protagonist, comparing the changing city with the village he comes from. It is also worth mentioning that appearance is more important to people than reality; those who cross the street fear that “they [will be] accused of corruption...” even though their concern is not “to destroy [their] values.” Also we see old women try to “escape old age and flee towards youth.” Even though adaptation and change become an inevitable part of the society’s life, Al-Fuzai adds scenes to the story where change may be rejected at a certain point. At the end of the story, Doheiman engages in a conversation with a man he met in the café, but when Doheiman makes indecent remarks about two women who happen to be the man’s wife and sister before knowing who they are, the man’s jealousy influences his behavior: “How do you dare to say these indecent remarks?” Also people do not desire to be accused of “corruption” or trying “to destroy... values.” In short, the story illustrates the inevitable cultural change that any society should witness. Khalil I. Al-Fuzai introduces such change in the form of a street. And because all people, including those coming from the desert, need to use the street, they have to be exposed to this cultural change. Finally, in my translation, some well-known words are kept with their original pronunciation and written in italics to keep the reader aware of the Arabic text.3
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37

Ivanenko, Carine, Catherine Maitre, François Ganachaud, and Patrick Hémery. "Multiblock silicones, 1 Vinyl functionalized polydimethylsiloxane a." e-Polymers 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly.2003.3.1.111.

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Abstract The first part of this series is devoted to the preparation of vinyl functionalized multiblock silicones by the process of anionic ring opening polymerization in miniemulsion. The advantage of working in dispersed media is that different scales of reactivities are found between one-chain reactions, taking place at the interface (propagation, backbiting), and two-chain reactions, located in the bulk of the particles (polycondensation and intermolecular redistribution). First, homopolymerizations of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4 V) were carried out and compared, focusing specifically on the rates of polymerization, backbiting and polycondensation processes. Copolymerization of D4 with D4 V then gave insight into the extent of mixed cycles’ formation and particularly how to avoid these. On this basis, recipes were carefully selected so that homopolymerization and scarce co-polycondensation and redistribution progress at the expense of backbiting reactions and thus multiblock copolymers are formed, the microstructure of which was confirmed with 29Si NMR.
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38

Rabia, Ms. "Remedies of Social Decadence in Context of the Life of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him)." Islamic Sciences 02, no. 01 (December 4, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.52337/islsci.v2i1.7.

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In this article, putrefaction of society has been discussed along with the counterstrategies adopted by the Prophet (Peace be upon him). Since social vices have been the vestigial part of the Arab society, the Prophet (Peace be upon him) took up the cudgels and bestirred to eradicate moral decay, existent among the Arabs from the days of yore. Analogous to the situation, in the contemporary world, the similar social vices are being erected on the pretext of ‘modernization’, which has become the cause of demoralization for many. For this, in the current article, social maladies and moral turpitude like fib, backbiting, adultery, grudge, rancor etc. have been delineated. After being involved in elusive bustling, an individual blemishes his or her life in this world and hereafter, affecting Peace and Stability in the society. The only way out that one can adopt to escape herself/himself from this, is the way that has been unfolded by the Prophet (Peace be upon him). So, by acting upon the Prophet’s (Peace be upon him) instructions we can curb these social vices and moral turpitude in our society.
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39

Harahap, Emmi Kholilah. "BENCHMARKING HEAD OF MADRASAH IN JAMBI PROVINCE." International Journal of Southeast Asia 1, no. 1 (March 8, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.47783/journijsa.v1i1.85.

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The purpose of this research is to know the success of benchmarking of madrasah head in transforming madrasah, to know benchmarking of head of madrasah, to know transformation that happened at madrasah, and to know benchmarking of madrasah head to transform madrasah. The research methodology used is descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews and documentation. Analysis of the data using the model of Miles and Huberman and data validity technique uses triangulation data. The results show that the success of madrasah head benchmarking in transforming with active commitment in managing madrasah, understanding the advantages and weaknesses of madrasah, innovating in madrasah, and applying benchmarking results in madrasah. Benchmarking process is self-evaluation of madrasah program, comparison with referral madrasah, reflection of madrasah performance and backbiting towards benchmarking of madrasah. The madrasah transformation covers the aspects of input, process transformation in madrasah, transformation of madrasah output and transformation of madrasah culture. The conclusion of this research can be seen that through benchmarking the head of madrasah can make the head of madrasah do madrasah transformation. The implication of this research is that benchmarking done by head of madrasah is not necessarily self-done. This requires the responsibility and commitment of all madrasahs in it, managerial skills, adequate human resources, and empowerment of all personnel in the madrasah.
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