Journal articles on the topic 'Backache Tibet (China) Risk factors'
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1
Ma, Tian, Dong Jiang, Mengmeng Hao, Peiwei Fan, Shize Zhang, Gongsang Quzhen, ChuiZhao Xue, et al. "Geographical Detector-based influence factors analysis for Echinococcosis prevalence in Tibet, China." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): e0009547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009547.
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Echinococcosis, caused by genus Echinococcus, is the most pathogenic zoonotic parasitic disease in the world. In Tibet of the People’s Republic of China, echinococcosis refers principally to two types of severe zoonosis, cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), which place a serious burden on public health and economy in the local community. However, research on the spatial epidemiology of echinococcosis remains inadequate in Tibet, China. Based on the recorded human echinococcosis data, maps of the spatial distribution of human CE and AE prevalence in Tibet were produced at city level and county level respectively, which show that the prevalence of echinococcosis in northern and western Tibet was much higher than that in other regions. We employ a geographical detector to explore the influencing factors for causing CE and AE while sorting information on the maps of disease prevalence and environment factors (e.g. terrain, population, and yak population). The results of our analysis showed that biological factors have the most impact on the prevalence of echinococcosis, of which the yak population contributes the most for CE, while the dog population contributes the most for AE. In addition, the interaction between various factors, as we found out, might further explain the disease prevalence, which indicated that the echinococcosis prevalence is not simply affected by one single factor, but by multiple factors that are correlated with each other complicatedly. Our results will provide an important reference for the evaluation of the echinococcosis risk, control projects, and prevention programs in Tibet.
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Li, ZhenHua, QuanZhong Hu, WeiZhong Ji, and QingLi Fan. "Prevalence of stroke and associated risk factors: a population-based cross-sectional study from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China." BMJ Open 12, no. 11 (November 2022): e065605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065605.
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Background and objectivesThe epidemiology of stroke at high altitudes has not been extensively studied, especially at heights of 4000 m and above. Thus, stroke prevention and treatment at high altitudes are challenging. We conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of stroke, the detection rate of individuals at high risk of stroke and the risk factors for stroke in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, a high altitude plateau that inhabits approximately 15 million people.DesignA population-based cross-sectional study in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.SettingData were collected from participants through face-to-face screening using a primary screening table. The table relied on the China National Stroke Screening and Prevention Project.ParticipantsA total of 10 700 residents aged ≥40 years and living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for more than 6 months participated from January 2019 to December 2021.Main outcome measuresThe primary screening table included basic demographic information, medical history information, personal lifestyle habits and physical examination information.ResultsA total of 10 056 people were included in the analysis. The prevalence of stroke was 2.3% (95% CI 2.0% to 2.6%), and the detection rate of individuals at high risk of stroke was 26.2% (95% CI 25.3% to 27.0%). The prevalence of stroke and the detection rate of individuals at high risk of stroke increased with altitude (p<0.01), and the prevalence of stroke at high altitudes was almost 2.2 times that at mid-altitudes (p<0.01). After full adjustments, age, residence, hypertension, family history of stroke and smoking were significantly associated with stroke (p<0.05).ConclusionsThe prevalence of stroke, the related risk factors and the detection rate of high-risk individuals were clarified. The prevalence rates of hypertension, overweight or obesity and diabetes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were all higher than the Chinese average. Higher-altitude exposure may be an independent risk factor for stroke.
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Zeng, Jiangyong, Ciren Duoji, Zhenjie Yuan, Silang Yuzhen, Weixing Fan, Lili Tian, Chang Cai, and Ian Robertson. "Seroprevalence and risk factors for bovine brucellosis in domestic yaks (Bos grunniens) in Tibet, China." Tropical Animal Health and Production 49, no. 7 (June 17, 2017): 1339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1331-7.
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Zhang, Haoxiang, Wenwen Gao, Lei Wang, Suzhen, Yanming Gao, Baoli Liu, Hao Zhou, and Dianchun Fang. "A population-based study on prevalence and risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China." PeerJ 7 (February 28, 2019): e6491. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6491.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, a stratified random sampling method was used for collecting samples in the Tibet Autonomous Region. A total of 10,000 individuals were selected from October 2016 to June 2017. A previously-published, validated questionnaire including six items related to the symptoms of GERD was used for evaluating GERD. In addition, basic demographic data, lifestyle, dietary habits, medical history and family history of GERD were investigated to identify risk factors of GERD.ResultsA total of 5,680 completed questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The prevalence of GERD in this area was 10.8%. Age (30–40 years vs. under 18 years, odds ratio (OR): 3.025; 40–50 years vs. under 18 years, OR: 4.484), education level (high school vs. primary, OR: 0.698; university vs. primary, OR: 2.804), ethnic group (Han vs. Tibetan, OR: 0.230; others vs. Tibetan, OR: 0.304), altitude of residence (4.0–4.5 km vs. 2.5–3.0 km, OR: 2.469), length of residence (<5 years vs. ≥5 years, OR: 2.218), Tibetan sweet tea (yes vs. no, OR: 2.158), Tibetan barley wine (yes vs. no, OR: 1.271), Tibetan dried meat (yes vs. no, OR: 1.278) and staying up late (yes vs. no, OR: 1.223) were significantly (allP< 0.05) and independently associated with GERD.ConclusionsThe prevalence of GERD is high in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Geographic conditions, ethnic group and lifestyle are risk factors for GERD.
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Huang, Duan, Rendong Li, Juan Qiu, Xiangdong Sun, Ruixia Yuan, Yuanyuan Shi, Yubing Qu, and Yingnan Niu. "Geographical Environment Factors and Risk Mapping of Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Western China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 12, 2018): 1729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081729.
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The study aimed to reveal the risk factors and predict the prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in Western China. To do this, we analyzed county-wide data relating to the prevalence of human CE in seven provinces of Western China, along with associated human, natural geographical environmental data. We then used spatial analysis and multiple regression analysis to investigate the correlation between the prevalence of human CE and associated environmental factors and to create a risk map of the disease in the seven provinces. Our analysis showed that grassland area ratio and Tibetan population ratio were independent variables positively correlated with the prevalence of human CE and that gross domestic product (GDP) and land surface temperature (LST; Spring) were negative independent variables. We also created a predictive risk map of human CE that revealed that the high-risk areas were mainly located in the south of Qinghai, the Northwest of Sichuan and most of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Knowledge of the spatial distribution and risk factors associated with human CE could help to prevent and control echinococcosis in China.
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Sun, Tao, Sajid Ur Rahman, Jinzhong Cai, Jiangyong Zeng, Rongsheng Mi, Yehua Zhang, Haiyan Gong, et al. "Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in yaks (Bos grunniens) on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau of China." Parasite 28 (2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021043.
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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that is extensively prevalent globally. Studies have indicated the presence of T. gondii infection in animals in some provinces of China, but little is known about T. gondii infection in yaks (Bos grunniens) on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. In the current study, to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of T. gondii, a total of 2784 serum samples were collected from 18 different sampling sites in eight counties of the Qinghai and Tibet regions of China from 2018 to 2019. Serum antibodies against T. gondii were detected in 261 yaks (9.38%) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that seroprevalence differed significantly among different counties (ranging from 5.41% in Gangcha to 19.79% in Datong), by year in the Tibet Autonomous Region (from 2.34% in 2018 to 13.24% in 2019), and by age (from 5.59% in 0 < year ≤ 1 to 11.76% in year > 7) (p < 0.05). Climate, geographical conditions, and age are the main factors influencing T. gondii infection in yaks in these regions. Therefore, our study provides a data reference for public health and prevention of yak toxoplasmosis.
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Nie, Lan-Bi, Wei Cong, Yang Zou, Dong-Hui Zhou, Qin-Li Liang, Wen-Bin Zheng, Jian-Gang Ma, Rui Du, and Xing-Quan Zhu. "First Report of Seroprevalence and Risk Factors ofNeospora caninumInfection in Tibetan Sheep in China." BioMed Research International 2018 (May 29, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2098908.
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Neospora caninumis an intracellular protozoan parasite which can cause abortion and stillbirth in ruminants. However, there is no information on Tibetan sheepN. caninuminfection in China. A total of 2187 serum samples were collected from Tibetan sheep in the major production areas of Luqu, Maqu, and Tianzhu in Gansu province, and Nyingchi in southeast Tibet, China. All samples were analyzed for the presence of antibodies toN. caninumusing a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunoassay. Of the 2187 serum samples, 184 (8.4%, 95% CI 7.3-9.6) were testedN. caninumseropositive. TheN. caninumseroprevalence ranged from 4.4% (95% CI 1.4–7.4) to 11.3% (95% CI 8.2–14.4) among different regions, seasons, ages, and pregnancies, and there was no statistical significance among those groups (P> 0.05). Seroprevalence in male (10.8% 69/638) (95% CI 8.4–13.2) was significantly higher than in female (7.4% 115/1549) (OR =1.51, 95% CI 6.1–8.7) (P< 0.01). To our knowledge, this is the first report ofN. caninumseroprevalence in Tibetan sheep in China, which provides baseline data for the prevention and control ofN. caninuminfection in Tibetan sheep.
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Zhang, Lihong, Kun Li, Shucheng Huang, Dongyu Liu, Mujeeb Ur Rehman, Yanfang Lan, Hui Zhang, et al. "Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with hepatitis E virus infections among people and pigs in Tibet, China." Acta Tropica 172 (August 2017): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.04.033.
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Wu, Shihai, Yili Zhang, and Jianzhong Yan. "Comprehensive Assessment of Geopolitical Risk in the Himalayan Region Based on the Grid Scale." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 9743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159743.
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The Himalayan region serves as a land bridge between China and South Asia but is vulnerable to geopolitical factors. It is important to conduct geopolitical risk assessments to facilitate the restoration and construction of traditional trade routes in the Himalayan region. Based on multisource natural, political, and socioeconomic data, we selected 12 indicators, including topographic relief, landslide risk, multi-hazard index, population density, territorial disputes, conflict risk, corruption perception index, transboundary water disputed risk, night light index, GDP, accessibility, and economic freedom, to assess these risks. A comprehensive assessment of the geopolitical risk in the Himalayan region is presented using the random forest (RF) model, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), entropy weight method, and AHP-entropy weight method. The results indicated that the geopolitical risk in the Himalayan region is generally high in the north and low in the south, with high level of risk primarily concentrated in the Kashmir valley and south, south-central Nepal and southern Tibet, and low level of risk mainly concentrated in the Bhutan and Tibet border areas of China. The high likelihood of natural risk is largely concentrated in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, Nepal, southeastern Bhutan, and southern Tibet. Significant political risk is mostly confined to the Kashmir valley and its south, while economic risk is mostly concentrated in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan, Pakistani-administered regions of Kashmir, and Nepal. Geopolitical risk assessment based on the grid scale can better reveal and portray the spatial distribution of geopolitical risk in the Himalayan region and provide a basis for the restoration and construction of traditional trade routes in this region. According to the results of the geopolitical risk assessment, it is recommended that priority be given to construction in areas of relatively low risk, such as those close to Burang Country and Mustang, and that integrated planning be carried out for the restoration and construction of the predominantly low-risk trade routes between China and Bhutan, with further comprehensive analysis of each route conducted in conjunction with field surveys and proposed construction and control strategies.
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Chen, Rong Huai, Xue Xian Chen, Ying Gao, and Teng Zhao. "Study of Transportation Corridor of the Dangerous Mountainous Areas Based on GIS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 1338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.1338.
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As the geological hazards in mountainous areas in Southwest of China has the characteristic of different varieties, wide distribution and great harm. So, it is important to conduct the roads in scientific and rational method under the changing environment, especially to choose the traffic corridor with lower risk. In this paper, including the contents of analyzing the factors which influence the disaster risk and using the analytic hierarchy process with GIS spatial analysis to evaluate the disaster risk level of the mountainous areas of the traffic corridor under the given example-Sichuan-Tibet Railway from Changdu to Kangding.
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Zhong, Nanshan, Jiangtao Lin, Jinping Zheng, Kefang Lai, Canmao Xie, Ke-Jing Tang, Mao Huang, Ping Chen, and Changzheng Wang. "Uncontrolled asthma and its risk factors in adult Chinese asthma patients." Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 10, no. 6 (September 19, 2016): 507–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753465816663978.
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Background: Asthma affects a large number of patients in China, but relatively little is known about asthma management among Chinese patients. This study aims to estimate asthma control rate among adult Chinese patients and to identify predictors associated with uncontrolled asthma. Methods: A total of 4125 asthma patients aged ⩾17 years and representing all regions of mainland China except Tibet were surveyed. Asthma control status was assessed using the Asthma Control Test (ACT) and classified as controlled (ACT score ⩾ 20) and uncontrolled (ACT score ⩽ 19). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify predictors associated with uncontrolled asthma from the factors including demographics, rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, and treatment adherence. Results: Asthma was controlled in 44.9%, and uncontrolled in 55.1% of the study participants. High rates of uncontrolled asthma were found in patients with treatment nonadherence (77.3%), poor adherence (66.2%), no schooling (64.8%), or obesity (62.9%). The risk of uncontrolled asthma was much higher in the treatment nonadherence group than the complete adherence group [odds ratio (OR) = 4.55 (3.68–5.62), p < 0.001]. Other predictors for uncontrolled asthma included concomitant rhinitis [OR = 1.31 (1.14–1.50), p < 0.001], obesity [OR = 1.31 (1.05–1.64), p = 0.019], asthma duration > 3 years [OR = 1.22 (1.07–1.39), p = 0.004] and age ⩾ 45 years [OR = 1.23 (1.07–1.41), p = 0.004]. Conclusions: About half of the participants in this study had uncontrolled asthma. Treatment nonadherence is one of the significant predictors, which is very strongly associated with uncontrolled asthma. Efforts should be prioritized to promote patients’ treatment adherence to improve asthma control while attention is needed on rhinitis or obesity.
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Ma, Yanyan, and Xueyan Zhao. "What Affects the Livelihood Risk Coping Preferences of Smallholder Farmers? A Case Study from the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 4608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084608.
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As the smallest livelihood unit in rural areas, farmers often face multiple risks. Rational responses to livelihood risks not only prevent households from falling into poverty, but also improve the sustainability of family livelihoods. This is essential to the sustainable development of rural areas. This paper takes the region located in the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China as an example, using household survey data to analyze farmers’ livelihood risk coping strategies and their key factors through a binary logistic model. The results show that 92.80% of farmers face the shock of multiple livelihood risks. The main livelihood risks of farmers are family capacity building risk, health risk and social risk. When faced with multiple livelihood risks, farmers have the strongest preference to give priority to health risks, followed by family capacity building risks and social risks. Among them, farmers’ health risk coping preferences are stronger in farming areas than those in purely pastoral and farming-pastoral areas. There are differences in the factors for farmers’ preferences for coping with different livelihood risks. Human capital is a key factor for health risk coping preferences. Human capital and social capital are key factors for social risk coping preferences. Social capital is a key factor for family capacity building risk coping preferences. Finally, this paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to provide reference for farmers rationally coping with livelihood risks.
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Guo, Jingni, Junxiang Xu, and Wei Liao. "Risk control of the cascading failure of multimodal transport network considering uncertain disturbance factors1." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 39, no. 5 (November 19, 2020): 7693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-200968.
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The multimodal transport network in the region with complex environment and being easily affected by disturbance factors is used as the research object in our work. The characteristics of the cascading failure of such multimodal transport network were analyzed. From the perspective of network load redistribution, the risk control methods for the cascading failure of the multimodal transport network were investigated. This research aims to solve the problem that traditional load redistribution methods usually ignore the original-destination (OD) constraint and uncertain risks. The conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) was improved based on the Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) road impedance function to quantify the uncertainty of the disturbance factors. A nonlinear programming model was established with the generalized travel time as the objective function. A parallelly-running cellular ant colony algorithm was designed to solve the model. Empirical analysis was conducted on the multimodal transport network in Sichuan-Tibet region of China. The results of the empirical analysis verified the applicability of the proposed load redistribution method to such kind of regions and the effectiveness of the algorithm. This research provides theoretical basis and practical reference for the risk control of the cascading failure of multimodal transport networks in some regions.
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Xu, Binni, Jingji Li, Zhengyu Luo, Jianhui Wu, Yanguo Liu, Hailong Yang, and Xiangjun Pei. "Analyzing the Spatiotemporal Vegetation Dynamics and Their Responses to Climate Change along the Ya’an–Linzhi Section of the Sichuan–Tibet Railway." Remote Sensing 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 3584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153584.
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Vegetation dynamics and their responses to climate change are of significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The Sichuan–Tibet Railway (STR) is a major construction project of the 14th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China that is of great significance to promoting the social and economic development of Sichuan–Tibet areas. The planned railway line crosses areas with a complex geological condition and fragile ecological environment, where the regional vegetation dynamics are sensitive to climate change, topographic conditions and human activities. So, analyzing the vegetation variations in the complex vertical ecosystem and exploring their responses to hydrothermal factors are critical for providing technical support for the ecological program’s implementation along the route of the planned railway line. Based on MOD13Q1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for the growing season (May to October) during 2001–2020, a Theil-Sen trend analysis, Mann–Kendall test, Hurst exponent analysis and partial correlation analysis were used to detect the vegetation dynamics, predict the vegetation sustainability, examine the relationship between vegetation change and hydrothermal factors, regionalize the driving forces for vegetation growth and explore the interannual variation pattern of driving factors. The growing season NDVI along the Ya’an–Linzhi section of the STR showed a marked rate of increase (0.0009/year) during the past 20 years, and the vegetation’s slight improvement areas accounted for the largest proportion (47.53%). Among the three hydrothermal parameters (temperature, precipitation and radiation), the correlation between vegetation growth and the temperature was the most significant, and the vegetation response to precipitation was the most immediate. The vegetation changes were affected by the combined impact of climatic and non-climatic factors, and the proportion of hydrothermal factors’ combined driving force slightly increased during the study period. Based on the Hurst exponent, the future vegetation sustainability of the area along the Ya’an–Linzhi section of the STR faces a risk of degradation, and more effective conservations should be implemented during the railway construction period to protect the regional ecological environment.
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He, Xin, Jidong Wu, Cailin Wang, and Mengqi Ye. "Historical Earthquakes and Their Socioeconomic Consequences in China: 1950–2017." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 2728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122728.
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Understanding the spatiotemporal pattern of historical earthquake disasters and resultant socioeconomic consequences is essential for designing effective disaster risk reduction measures. Based on historical earthquake disaster records, this study compiles a Chinese earthquake disaster catalog (CH-CAT) that includes records of 722 earthquake disasters that occurred during 1950–2017 in the mainland of China. This catalog includes more complete data records than other existing global earthquake databases for China as a whole. Statistical results demonstrate that the number of earthquake disasters and the resultant direct economic losses (DELs) exhibit significant increasing trends (p < 0.01) over the studied 68-year period. Earthquake-induced deaths vary greatly between individual years and exhibit no significant trend. The Qinghai-Tibet seismic zone is the area with the highest frequency of earthquake disasters and the largest accumulated DELs, whereas the North China seismic zone is associated with the highest number of deaths. Among the 722 earthquake disasters, nearly 99.0% of deaths and 95.0% of DELs are attributable to 1.8% and 3.9% of the earthquake disasters, respectively. Approximately 54.2% of recorded earthquake disasters have earthquake magnitude (Ms) values between 5.0 and 5.9, while earthquake disasters with Ms greater than or equal to 7.0 account for 88.5% of DELs and 98.8% of deaths. On average, earthquake-induced DELs and deaths increase nonlinearly with increasing Ms per earthquake. DELs have a positive correlation with deaths and casualties on a logarithmic scale. This study further discusses that during different stages of socioeconomic development, changes in both exposure and vulnerability may be the major factors leading to change differences in earthquake-induced socioeconomic consequences. This study is a beneficial supplement to the global earthquake database and is useful for calibrating global or regional empirical loss models.
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Chen, Kaiyang, Bo Wang, Chen Chen, and Guoying Zhou. "MaxEnt Modeling to Predict the Current and Future Distribution of Pomatosace filicula under Climate Change Scenarios on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau." Plants 11, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11050670.
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As an important Tibetan medicine and a secondary protected plant in China, Pomatosace filicula is endemic to the country and is mainly distributed in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). However, global climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions might lead to the extinction of P. filicula. To understand the potential spatial distribution of P. filicula in future global warming scenarios, we used the MaxEnt model to simulate changes in its suitable habitat that would occur by 2050 and 2070 using four representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios and five global climate models. The results showed that the QTP currently contains a suitable habitat for P. filicula and will continue to do so in the future. Under the RCP2.6 scenario, the suitable habitat area would increase by 2050 but shrink slightly by 2070, with an average reduction of 2.7%. However, under the RCP8.5 scenario, the area of unsuitable habitat would expand by an average of 54.65% and 68.20% by 2050 and 2070, respectively. The changes in the area of suitable habitat under the RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 scenarios were similar, with the unsuitable area increasing by approximately 20% by 2050 and 2070. Under these two moderate RCPs, the total suitable area in 2070 would be greater than that in 2050. The top three environmental factors impacting the habitat distribution were altitude, annual precipitation (BIO12) and annual temperature range (BIO7). The cumulative contribution rate of these three factors was as high as 82.8%, indicating that they were the key factors affecting the distribution and adaptability of P. filicula, P. filicula grows well in damp and cold environments. Due to global warming, the QTP will become warmer and drier; thus, the growing area of P. filicula will move toward higher elevations and areas that are humid and cold. These areas are mainly found near the Three-River Region. Future climate change will aggravate the deterioration of the P. filicula habitat and increase the species’ survival risk. This study describes the distribution of P. filicula and provides a basis for the protection of endangered plants in the QTP.
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He, Chenyang, Feng Yan, Yanjiao Wang, and Qi Lu. "Spatiotemporal Variation in Vegetation Growth Status and Its Response to Climate in the Three-River Headwaters Region, China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 5041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14195041.
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The Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR), located in the hinterland of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), is an important water-conservation and ecological-function reserve in China. Studies of the growth of vegetation in the TRHR and its response to climate under the background of global warming are of great relevance for ecological protection of the QTP. In this study, based on MOD13Q1 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data and ERA5-Land climate data, the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method, random forest algorithm, and Hurst exponent were used to detect the spatiotemporal dynamics and response to climate change in TRHR vegetation during 2000–2021. The results indicated the following. (1) Comparatively, the condition of vegetation growth was better in 2021, 2010, and 2018 and poorer in 2015, 2003, and 2008. The EVI gradually decreased from the southeast to the northwest, and the area of improved vegetation growth was larger than the area of degraded vegetation growth. (2) The area of zones with either monotonous greening or monotonous browning of vegetation was 30.30% and 6.30%, respectively, and the trend of reversed vegetation change occurred in 63.40% of the areas. The area of future degradation of vegetation in the TRHR was larger than the area of future improvement, and the risk of vegetation degradation was higher. (3) Precipitation and soil temperature are the main and secondary driving factors of vegetation change in the TRHR, respectively. Warming and humidification of the QTP climate play major roles in the improvement of vegetation growth in the TRHR.
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Fan, Jiao, Wenchao Sun, Yong Zhao, Baolin Xue, Depeng Zuo, and Zongxue Xu. "Trend Analyses of Extreme Precipitation Events in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, China Using a High-Resolution Precipitation Product." Sustainability 10, no. 5 (May 2, 2018): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10051396.
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The Yarlung Zangbo River Basin (YZRB) is an important transboundary river basin in Tibet, China with south Asian countries. Changes in precipitation are important driving factors of river flow changes. Extreme Precipitation Events (EPE), in particular, have serious impacts on human life and sustainable development. The objective of this study is to explore the temporal changes and the spatial distribution of EPE over the YZRB in recent decades using a precipitation product with a 5 km spatial resolution and the Mann–Kendall nonparametric statistical test method. A more thorough understanding of the spatial heterogeneity in precipitation was expected from using this high resolution dataset. At both basin and pixel scale, both annual precipitation amounts and number of rain days had significant upward trends, indicating that the increase in the number of rain days is one possible cause of the annual precipitation amounts increases. The annual precipitation and number of rain days increased significantly in 50.8% and 75.8% of the basin area, respectively. The areas showing upward trends for the two indexes mostly overlapped, supporting the hypothesis that the increasing number of rain days is one possible cause of the increases in annual precipitation in these areas. General precipitation intensity and EPE intensity increased in the Lhasa regions and in the southern part of the lower-reach region. However, the intensity of general precipitation and EPE decreased in the Nyangqu River Basin. A total of 43.0% of the area in the YZRB exhibits significant upward trends in EPE frequency. The contributions of EPE to total rainfall increase significantly in the Lhasa and Shannan regions. Overall, it was shown that the risk of disasters from EPE in the YZRB increases in the eastern middle-reach region and southern lower-reach region.
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Wang, Li-Ying, Min Qin, Laurent Gavotte, Wei-Ping Wu, Xixi Cheng, Jia-Xi Lei, Jun Yan, and Roger Frutos. "Societal drivers of human echinococcosis in China." Parasites & Vectors 15, no. 1 (October 22, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05480-8.
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Abstract Background Echinococcosis is a parasitic zoonotic disease that threatens human health and economic development. In China, 370 counties are endemic for echinococcosis. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has the most patients and people at risk. Therefore, analyzing the societal factors related to susceptibility to the disease is critical for efficient prevention and control of echinococcosis. Methods The demographic characteristics and lifestyle of echinococcosis cases were clustered using K-means cluster analysis to determine the main factors of risk of echinococcosis. Results Middle-aged and young people as well as those with a low education level and herdsmen are at risk of contracting echinococcosis. Nomadism, domestic and feral dogs in the surrounding environment, and drinking heavily polluted natural surface water are the main behavioral risk factors. The cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) cluster analysis focused on female, middle-aged, and young people, winter settlement and summer nomadism, and domestic and feral dogs in the surrounding environment. There were significant differences in lifestyle between Qinghai-Tibet Plateau cases and non-Qinghai-Tibet-Plateau cases. Conclusion According to the distribution of cases and CE and AE, this study identified the factors of risk of echinococcosis in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and non-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Adapted control techniques appropriate for the various epidemic areas should be established to serve as a reference for echinococcosis prevention. Graphical Abstract
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Yin, Jie, Xiaoxu Wu, Chenlu Li, Jiatong Han, and Hongxu Xiang. "The impact of environmental factors on human echinococcosis epidemics: spatial modelling and risk prediction." Parasites & Vectors 15, no. 1 (February 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05169-y.
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Abstract Background Human echinococcosis is affected by natural environmental factors, and its prevalence shows a distinct geographical distribution. Western China has the highest endemicity of human echinococcosis worldwide, but the spatial pattern and environmental determinants of echinococcosis are still unclear. Methods Hot/cold spot analysis was used to investigate the spatial distribution of human echinococcosis prevalence. Geodetector was used to identify key natural factors, and a structured additive regression model was used to analyse the relationship between natural factors and human echinococcosis prevalence and spatially predict echinococcosis epidemics. Results Hot spots for human echinococcosis prevalence include western and southeastern parts of Tibet Autonomous Region (henceforth Tibet) and the border areas between Tibet and the provinces of Qinghai and Sichuan. Spatial effects are crucial when modelling epidemics, and relative humidity, altitude and grassland area ratio were found to have the most evident effects on echinococcosis epidemics. The relationship between these three factors and echinococcosis prevalence was non-linear, and echinococcosis risk was higher in areas with high relative humidity, high altitude, and a high ratio of grassland to other land use types. The prevalence that was predicted from the investigated environmental factors was generally higher than the actual prevalence, and more epidemic hot spots were predicted for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the provinces of Yunnan and Sichuan than the rest of western China. These results indicate that prevention and control measures may effectively reduce echinococcosis prevalence. Conclusions We suggest that the prevention and control of human echinococcosis should be prioritized in the hot spots identified here, through the rational allocation of limited medical resources to where they are most needed. Furthermore, the spatial epidemiological modelling methods used in this study can be employed in future studies on echinococcosis and similar diseases. Graphical abstract
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He, Hailong, Jing Fu, Zhaojun Meng, Weiwei Chen, Lei Li, and Xinyu Zhao. "Prevalence and associated risk factors for childhood strabismus in Lhasa, Tibet, China: a cross-sectional, school-based study." BMC Ophthalmology 20, no. 1 (November 25, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12886-020-01732-2.
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Abstract Background To estimate the prevalence of strabismus and associated risk factors among grade one school children in Lhasa, Tibet, China. Methods The Lhasa Childhood Eye Study (LCES) was a cross-sectional, school-based childhood study conducted in Grade one students from primary schools in Lhasa, Tibet, China. Comprehensive ophthalmic examinations and basic systemic examinations were evaluated. A questionnaire survey containing information about children, as well as parents’ information, was sent to the corresponding parents of eligible children. The prevalence of strabismus and its 95% confidence interval was estimated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the associated risk factors. Results A total of 1942 eligible grade one students were enrolled, of which 1856 participants completed all examinations. The average age was 6.83 ± 0.46 years, 53% of participants were boys and 1762 were the Tibetan Minority. Over all, the prevalence of strabismus was 68/1856 (3.7%) (95%CI: 2.81,4.52), with no difference between the ages, genders, ethnicities and body mass index, while tilting one’s head when writing may be a risk factor for strabismus (P = 0.004). Strabismus students had mean best corrected visual acuity of 0.16 ± 0.28(LogMAR), over 50% patients with esotropia were hyperopic, and participants who had stereopsis impairments showed a significant difference between esotropia and exotropia (P = 0.026). Conclusions The prevalence of strabismus in LCES was 3.7%, which is higher than previous reports from Chinese childhood epidemiology studies. Strabismus is a common contributing factor to amblyopia. Tilting one’s head when writing may be a risk factor. Esotropia is more likely to affect stereopsis and be associated with the refractive state of hyperopia. Trial registration The study has finished the clinical registration on Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. (http://www.chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR1900026693).
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Haoran, Wang, Xiao Jianhua, Ouyang Maolin, Gao Hongyan, Bie Jia, Gao Li, Gao Xiang, and Wang Hongbin. "Assessment of foot-and-mouth disease risk areas in mainland China based spatial multi-criteria decision analysis." BMC Veterinary Research 17, no. 1 (December 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-03084-5.
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Abstract Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. As a transboundary animal disease, the prevention and control of FMD are important. This study was based on spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to assess FMD risk areas in mainland China. Ten risk factors were identified for constructing risk maps by scoring, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to calculate the criteria weights of all factors. Different risk factors had different units and attributes, and fuzzy membership was used to standardize the risk factors. The weighted linear combination (WLC) and one-at-a-time (OAT) were used to obtain risk and uncertainty maps as well as to perform sensitivity analysis. Results Four major risk areas were identified in mainland China, including western (parts of Xinjiang and Tibet), southern (parts of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan and Guangdong), northern (parts of Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia), and eastern (parts of Hebei, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong). Spring is the main season for FMD outbreaks. Risk areas were associated with the distance to previous outbreak points, grazing areas and cattle density. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that the risk map had good predictive power (AUC=0.8634). Conclusions These results can be used to delineate FMD risk areas in mainland China, and veterinary services can adopt the targeted preventive measures and control strategies.
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Wang, Wujiao, Yongguo Xiang, Lu Zhu, Shijie Zheng, Yan Ji, Bingjing Lv, Liang Xiong, et al. "Myopia progression and associated factors of refractive status in children and adolescents in Tibet and Chongqing during the COVID-19 pandemic." Frontiers in Public Health 10 (October 13, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.993728.
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ObjectivesTo investigate myopia progression and associated factors of refractive status among children and adolescents in Tibet and Chongqing in China during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA population-based cross-sectional study was conducted to compare rates of myopia and high myopia, axial length (AL), spherical equivalent (SE), outdoor activity time, digital device use, and frequency of visual examinations for children and adolescents affected by myopia in Chongqing and Tibet in 2021.ResultsA total of 2,303 students from Chongqing and 1,687 students from Tibet were examined. The overall prevalence of myopia and high myopia in these two groups were 53.80 and 7.04% vs. 43.86 and 1.30%, respectively in each case. The Chongqing students had a longer AL than the group from Tibet (23.95 vs. 23.40 mm, respectively; p < 0.001). The mean SE of the students with myopic parents in Tibet was lower than that of the students in Chongqing with myopic parents (−2.57 ± 2.38 diopters (D) vs. −2.30 ± 2.34 D, respectively) (p < 0.001). Conversely, the mean SE of the students from urban areas in Chongqing was lower than that of the students in Tibet (−2.26 ± 2.25 D vs. −1.75 ± 1.96 D, respectively; p < 0.001). The Chongqing students exhibited lower SE (−2.44 ± 2.22 D) than their Tibetan counterparts (mean SE: −1.78 ± 1.65 D (p = 0.0001) when spending more than 2.5 h outdoors. For example, 61.35% of the students in Tibet spent more than 2.5 h outdoors daily, compared with 43.04% of the students in Chongqing. Correspondingly, the proportion of students using digital devices in Tibet (64.43%) was lower than that in Chongqing (100%). For the latter, 38.62% of the students in Chongqing spent more than 2.5 h online using digital devices compared to 10.49% of the students in Tibet. Greater monitoring of visual status was observed for the Chongqing students (mean SE: −1.90 ± 1.98 D) compared with students in Tibet (mean SE: −2.68 ± 1.85 D) (p = 0.0448), with the frequency of optimal examinations being every 6 months. Outdoor activity time was identified as a common risk factor for myopia in both of the populations examined, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.84 (95% CI: 1.79–1.90) in Chongqing and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.73–0.96) in Tibet. Digital screen time was associated with myopia and high myopia in Chongqing, with ORs of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.08–1.22) and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.94–1.77), respectively. Digital screen time was also found to be a risk factor for high myopia in Tibet (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 0.77–1.61). The type of digital devices used was also associated with myopia and high myopia in Tibet (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.06–1.68 and OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 0.84–2.58, respectively). Finally, examination frequency was found to correlate with high myopia in the Tibet group (OR: 1.79, 95% CI: 0.66–2.71).ConclusionBased on our data, we observed that the prevalence of refractive errors in children and adolescents was significantly lower in Tibet than in Chongqing. These results are potentially due to prolonged outdoor activity time, and the type and time of use for digital devices that characterize the group of children and adolescents from Tibet. It is recommended that parents and children in Chongqing would benefit from increased awareness regarding myopia progression and its prevention.
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Zhang, D., L. Pennells, X. Liu, S. Kaptoge, L. Wang, X. Tang, M. Zhou, P. Gao, and E. Di Angelantonio. "Province-specific recalibration of CVD risk models using population-specific routine data for Chinese people is important." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 28, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab061.223.
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Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading causes of death in China. Since population CVD incidence and risk factor levels vary considerably across regions in China, geo-specific investment in the prevention of CVD could be advantageous. Risk prediction models are an integral part of CVD prevention guidelines and can be used to help guide intervention. However, there is no CVD model generalizable to the various incidence rates, risk-factor levels and composition of CVD in different regions of China. Purpose To construct a CVD risk estimation system, which is calibrated to CVD risk in different regions in China, and can be regularly updated in the future using routinely available aggregate level CVD incidence and risk factor data, in response to changing trends with time and divergent CVD rates. Methods The risk prediction model used was the WHO CVD score, initially calibrated to predict CVD mortality in the whole of mainland China. Further province-specific recalibration was then completed to give models tailored to the 31 provinces. The recalibration approach used aggregate level province, sex- and age group-specific levels of risk factors and CVD mortality. Risk factor values were estimated using 145 268 participants aged 40-80 years old from the China Chronic Disease and Risk Factors Surveillance, a nationally and provincially representative cross-sectional survey in 2015. Province-specific CVD mortality rates in 2017 were estimated based on published scientific reports, unpublished registry data, and health system administrative data. Results Compared with the province-specific models, the China-specific WHO score overestimated mortality risk in some provinces while underestimating risk in others. For example, while the predicted population risk of 10-year CVD mortality was 3.5% in male in both Shanghai and Hebei using the China-specific score (with province-specific observed risk factor values), the province-specific scores gave predicted population risks of 1.1% for Shanghai and 5.5% for Hebei. Accordingly, using the province-specific scores for an individual with the same combination of risk factors, the 10-year risk of CVD mortality differed substantially across provinces. For example, the estimated 10-year risk for a 60 year old, male smoker without diabetes and systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg and total cholesterol 5 mmol/L ranged from 2.4% in Shanghai to 13.2% in Tibet. Similarly, the estimated 10-year risk for a female with the same risk factor profile ranged from 1.5% in Shanghai to 11.5% in Tibet. Conclusion We have developed a CVD risk estimation system, which is calibrated to CVD risk in different provinces of China, and can be regularly recalibrated in the future using routinely available information. Application of this approach should help accurately estimate CVD risk in individuals from China, and assist policy makers in making more appropriate decisions about allocation of preventative resources. Abstract Figure. Predicted 10 year CVD mortality risk
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Wang, Qian, Yan Huang, Liang Huang, Wenjie Yu, Wei He, Bo Zhong, Wei Li, et al. "Review of risk factors for human echinococcosis prevalence on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China: a prospective for control options." Infectious Diseases of Poverty 3, no. 1 (January 29, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2049-9957-3-3.
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Li, Qianwei, Wenzhao Chai, Xiaoting Wang, Li Cheng, Xin Cai, Jianlei Fu, Wenjun Pan, and Guoying Lin. "Epidemiological analysis of septic shock in the plateau region of China." Frontiers in Medicine 9 (September 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.968133.
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PurposeLittle epidemiological data exist on patients with severe infection in the plateau region of China, and the data that do exist are lacking in quality. Using the medical records of patients with severe infection in the Department of Intensive Medicine (intensive care unit; ICU) of the People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, this study analyzed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with septic shock in plateau area (Tibet), with the ultimate aim of reducing the incidence and mortality from this condition.MethodsClinical data on 137 patients with septic shock in the studied ICU from November 2017 to October 2019 were retrospectively analyzed using SPSS, Version 21.0.ResultsAmong the 137 patients with septic shock, there were 47 survivors and 90 in-hospital or post-discharge deaths. There were 91 male patients and 46 female patients. The incidence of septic shock was 11.3%, and mortality rate was 65.7%. Median age was 55 years old, median APACHE-II score on the day of admission was 17, median SOFA score was 11, and median number of organ injuries was one. APACHE-II score (P = 0.02), SOFA score (P < 0.001), and the number of organ injuries (P < 0.001) were higher among patients who died than among survivors. The infections were mainly pulmonary and abdominal, and the main pathogen was gram-negative bacteria.ConclusionThe incidence and mortality of septic shock in ICU wards in Tibet are very high. The APACHE-II score, SOFA score, and the number of organ damage on the first day after diagnosis are independent risk factors for septic shock. To some extent, this study reflects the epidemiological characteristics of septic shock in the plateau region of China (≥ 3,650 m above sea level) and provides data that can support the prevention and treatment of sepsis in the future. More and deeper epidemiological studies of septic shock are necessary.
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Zhu, Xiaowu, Linlin Liu, Lamu Yixi, Yanan Yang, Yan Zhang, Zhen Yang, Huali Chen, Jinfeng Dong, and Shouhua Yang. "The prevalence and risk factors of Trichomonas vaginalis in Wuhan and the Tibetan area, China: a two-center study." Parasitology Research, November 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-022-07726-x.
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AbstractTrichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide and is associated with several complications. However, the paucity of research regarding the prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in the Tibetan area limits control efforts. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in the Tibetan area by a comparison with the prevalence of T. vaginalis in Wuhan city and to unveil the potential risk factors in the Tibetan area. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among adult women attending gynecology outpatient clinics in two public hospitals (one in Shannan city of Tibet and one in Wuhan city) in China in 2020. Data were retrieved from the medical record system and laboratory information management system, including T. vaginalis infection, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis by wet mount microscopy or nucleic acid hybridization of vaginal secretions from patients. The associations of variables associated with T. vaginalis prevalence were quantified by odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. The overall prevalence rates of T. vaginalis infection in the Tibetan area and Wuhan city were 20.94% and 2.84%, respectively. The statistically significant factors for the higher prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in the Tibetan area included tertiary educational status (AOR: 0.36 [95% CI: 0.16–0.81]), yearly family income > ¥100,000 (AOR: 0.48 [95% CI: 0.26–0.91]), clinical symptoms (AOR: 4.58[95% CI: 2.32–9.04]), and III–IV grade vaginal cleanliness (AOR: 29.71 [95% CI: 3.95–223.56]) in the multivariate logistic analysis. Interventions targeting improved living standards as well as women’s educational level and promoting reproductive hygiene habits are recommended to contribute to the reduction in T. vaginalis infection in the Tibetan area.
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Zhao, Jiaqi, Qiang Zhang, Danzhou Wang, Wenhuan Wu, and Ruyue Yuan. "Machine Learning-Based Evaluation of Susceptibility to Geological Hazards in the Hengduan Mountains Region, China." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, April 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-022-00401-w.
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AbstractThe Hengduan Mountains Region (HMR) is one of the areas that experience the most frequent geological hazards in China. However, few reports are available that address the geological hazard susceptibility of the region. This study developed six machine learning models to assess the geological hazard susceptibility. The results show that areas with medium and high susceptibility to geological hazards as a whole account for almost 21% of the total area, while both are 18% when it comes to the single hazard of landslide and rockfall respectively. Medium and high geological hazard susceptibility is found in three parts of the HMR with different characteristics: (1) the central and southern parts, where the population of the region concentrates; (2) the northern part, where higher geological hazard susceptibility is found along the mountain ranges; and (3) the junction of Tibet, Yunnan, and Sichuan in the eastern part, which is prone to larger-scale geological hazards. Of all the potential influencing factors, topographic features and climatic variables act as the major driving factors behind geological hazards and elevation, slope, and precipitation are crucial indicators for geological hazard susceptibility assessment. This study developed the geological hazard susceptibility maps of the HMR and provided information for the multi-hazard risk assessment and management of the region.
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Wang, Meng, Linyang Gan, Jiantao Cui, Guangliang Shan, Ting Chen, Xianghua Wang, Yuhan Wang, et al. "Prevalence and risk factors of refractive error in Qinghai, China: a cross-sectional study in Han and Tibetan adults in Xining and surrounding areas." BMC Ophthalmology 21, no. 1 (June 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12886-021-01996-2.
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Abstract Background Our study aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors of refractive error (RE) in Han and Tibetan population aged 50–79 years in Xining and surrounding areas in Qinghai Province on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Methods As part of the China National Health Survey, our cross-sectional study compared the age-adjusted prevalence of RE in Han and Tibetan older adults aged 50–79 years in Xining and surrounding areas. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors for myopia and hyperopia. Results Among 769 Han participants and 476 Tibetan participants, the age-adjusted prevalence of myopia (spherical equivalent (SE) < − 0.5D), hyperopia (SE > + 0.5D), high myopia (SE < -6.0D) and astigmatism (cylindrical equivalent > = 0.5D) is 28.56, 22.82, 2.80, and 69.38%. Han participants have higher age-adjusted prevalence of myopia (32.93% vs 21.64%, p < 0.001), high myopia (3.93% vs 1.02%, p = 0.001) and astigmatism (72.14% vs 64.94%, p = 0.021) compared to Tibetan participants. Being Tibetan is the protective factor of myopia compared to being Han (OR 0.58, 95%CI 0.42–0.79, p < 0.001). Older age (p = 0.032), longer time length in rural area (p = 0.048), undergraduate/graduate education level (p = 0.031), lighter active level (p = 0.007) and lower BMI (p = 0.015) are risk factors for myopia. Older age (all p < 0.001) and pterygium status of the same eye (p = 0.013) also increase the hyperopia risk. Conclusions Our study found an overall prevalence of myopia of 28.56% in Xining and surrounding areas in adults older than 50 years. Han population has higher myopia risk than Tibetan population. More medical and social resources should be allocated to improve the vision and life quality of older adults.
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Qiu, Zhanlin, Weimin Yang, Jihuan Wu, Feipeng Wan, Xuan Zha, and Chenyang Liu. "Risk Assessment of Debris Flows in Small Watersheds on the Northeast Margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau—A Case Study of Zhujiagou Watershed." Lithosphere 2021, Special 4 (February 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/2022/2123272.
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Abstract In the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, fractures and fault zones have developed in this area, where earthquakes and extreme rainfall frequently induce debris flow disasters, which seriously threaten the safety of the people and properties. In this study, Zhujiagou, Minxian County, Gansu Province in China, has a typical debris flow channel in a small watershed on the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which has been used as the case study for risk assessment. A debris flow-risk assessment method has been developed in this study. The fusion algorithm of entropy weight and coefficient of variation has been used to evaluate the susceptibility of debris flow in each tributary channel in the watershed. Further, numerical simulation of the debris flow events at the main channel and at the high-prone debris flow tributary channel has been carried out. The “7.18” Zhujiagou debris flow event has been used to verify that the accuracy of the numerical simulation is higher than 74.12%. This method has been applied to design the Zhujiagou debris flow-risk zoning under extreme rainfall conditions, aimed at forming a set of debris flow-risk evaluation system suitable for this type of small watershed. The results show that the peak single-width clear water flow at the mouth of the channel, the length of the channel, and the shallow surface rock formation are the main factors influencing the susceptibility of debris flow. The main tributaries of the watershed are Hagu channel, Zhuling channel, Songshu channel, and Langjia channel which are all high-prone debris flow channels. The Zhujiagou debris flow accumulation fan under the designed 1% rainfall frequency will block the Taohe, which will threaten the safety of the residents and properties near the channel, at the mouth of the channel and in the urban area on the opposite bank of the Taohe. Compared with Hagugou, Zhulinggou, and Songshugou, the low-risk area is Langjiagou. The research results of this study can be used for evaluation methods and as a basis for preventing debris flow disasters on the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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Zhai, Mimi, Qin Jiang, Sushun Liu, Jianhai Long, Dan Zhang, Chutong Ren, Yi Gong, and Yamin Li. "DALY trend and predictive analysis of COPD in China and its provinces: Findings from the global burden of disease study." Frontiers in Public Health 10 (December 23, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1046773.
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BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common chronic respiratory disease in the world, especially in China. Few studies have explored the trend of COPD in China and its provinces. This study aimed to demonstrate and predict the trend of COPD DALY in China and its provinces based on the global burden of disease (GBD) data.MethodsThe data on COPD disability-adjusted life year (DALY) were collected from GBD 2017, GBD 2019, and the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The age-standardized rate (ASR) was used to evaluate the trend of COPD DALY by gender, age, and risk factors in China and its provinces. In addition, the trend of COPD considering the aging population in the next 10 years was also predicted.ResultsIn China, the COPD DALY was 20.4 million in 2017, which decreased to 24.16% from 1990 to 2017. Most provinces showed a downward trend, with the exception of Taiwan which increased by 127.78%. The ASR of DALY was 1445.53 per 100,000 people in 2017 and demonstrated a significant decrease. Among all provinces, only Taiwan (97.78%) and Hubei (2.21%) demonstrated an increased trend of ASR. In addition, Tibet ranked third with a decline of 56.95%, although its ASR was the highest in 1990. Smoking and air pollution were the main risk factors for COPD and varied with regions, gender, and age. The proportion of COPD DALY attributable to smoking was higher in the middle-aged and elderly male population and did not decrease in China. Moreover, the ASR attributable to air pollution of the elderly decreased significantly in China. Socio-demographic index (SDI) and educational level were also found to be related to ASR. By predicting the ASR trend in the next 10 years, we found that the ASR attributable to smoking might increase significantly among men. The ASR attributable to air pollution showed a significant decrease in women. Unfortunately, ASR attributable to second-hand smoke was found to increase in women.ConclusionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the leading contributor to the burden of global diseases. Although China and its provinces demonstrated a downward trend of COPD DALY, some provinces still faced challenges. Moreover, ASR attributable to risk factors was different in regions, gender, age, and years. The predicted trend of COPD was also different. Therefore, more targeted strategies should be formulated to reduce the burden of COPD in China and its provinces.
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Peng, Wen, Wenxiu Jian, Tiemei Li, Maureen Malowany, Xiao Tang, Mingyu Huang, Youfa Wang, and Yanming Ren. "Disparities of obesity and non-communicable disease burden between the Tibetan Plateau and developed megacities in China." Frontiers in Public Health 10 (January 10, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1070918.
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BackgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) including risk factors, e.g., obesity, are the major causes of preventable deaths in China, yet NCD disparities in China remain under-studied.ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the determinants and burden of NCDs within four selected provinces in mainland China: the least developed Qinghai-Tibet Plateau group (PG, Tibetan Autonomous Region [TAR] and Qinghai Province) and most developed megacity group (MCG, Shanghai, and Beijing).MethodsStudies, reports, and other official sources with comparable data for NCD burden and related determinants for the four provinces were searched. Geographic, demographic, socioeconomic, and dietary characteristics and selected health indicators (e.g., life expectancy) were extracted from the China Statistical Yearbook and China Health Statistics Yearbook. Data on NCD burdens were extracted from the National Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance Study and other nationally representative studies.ResultsThe overall NCD mortality rates and prevalence of metabolic risk factors including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in mainland China have increased in the past 20 years, and this trend is expected to continue. The PG had the highest level of standardized mortality rates (SMRs) on NCDs (711.6–896.1/100,000, 6th/6-level); the MCG had the lowest (290.6–389.6/100,000, 1st/6-level) in mainland China. The gaps in SMRs were particularly high with regard to chronic respiratory diseases (PG 6th/6-level, MCG 1st/6-level) and cardiovascular diseases (6th/6 and 4th/6 in TAR and Qinghai; 1st/6-level and 2nd/6-level in Shanghai and Beijing). In contrast, the prevalence rates of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes were generally higher or comparable in MCG compared to PG. Diabetes prevalence was particularly high in MCG (5th/5-level, 13.36–14.35%) and low in PG (1st/5-level, 6.20–10.39%). However, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension were poor in PG. Additionally, PG had much lower and severely inadequate intakes of vegetables, fruits, and dairy products, with additional indicators of lower socioeconomic status (education, income, etc.,) compared with MCG.ConclusionEvidence showed large disparities in NCD burden in China's provinces. Socioeconomic disparity and dietary determinants are probably the reasons. Integrated policies and actions are needed.
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Meng, Zhaojun, Jing Fu, Weiwei Chen, Lei Li, Han Su, Wei Dai, and Yao Yao. "Prevalence of Amblyopia and Associated Risk Factors in Tibetan Grade One Children." Ophthalmic Research, December 4, 2020, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000511264.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Amblyopia is an important public health problem and standard screening is quite necessary for early diagnosis and treatment especially for the remote areas. As the place of the largest Tibetan population, the Tibetan Plateau has special geographical characteristics such as high altitude, time zone, and ethnic composition, where very little information is available about the prevalence of amblyopia and other ocular diseases. The article aims to determine the prevalence of amblyopia and associated factors in grade 1 Tibetan children, living in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A cross-sectional study was conducted. All the participants were scheduled for comprehensive eye examinations including visual acuity testing, ocular deviation and movement evaluation, cycloplegic refraction and examinations of the external eye, anterior segment, media, and fundus. Amblyopia was assessed in the children according to the standard definition. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 1,856 students participated in the examinations (97.58% response rate). 1,852 students completed all the related examinations, and 34 of them were diagnosed as amblyopia with the prevalence of 1.84% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22–2.45%). Unilateral amblyopia was diagnosed in 23 students (1.24%, 95% CI: 0.74–1.75%), including 16 anisometropic, 4 strabismic, 1 visual deprivational, and 2 mixed. Other 11 students were diagnosed as bilateral amblyopia (0.59%, 95% CI: 0.24–0.94%), including 9 ametropic, 1 deprivational, and 1 with nystagmus. The mean cylinder refraction and absolute value of the spherical equivalent refraction of amblyopic eyes was respectively −2.15 ± 1.52 D and 2.70 ± 2.33 D. Amblyopia was significantly associated with hyperopia (≥+2.00 D, odds ratio [OR] 8.22, 95% CI 3.42–19.72), astigmatism (≤−2.00 D, OR 6.76, 95% CI 2.56–17.85), and anisometropia (≥+0.50 to <+1.00 D, OR 3.95, 95% CI 1.44–10.79; ≥+1.00 D, OR 21.90, 95% CI 8.24–58.18). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The prevalence of amblyopia in grade 1 students of Lhasa is relatively higher than that of many other ethnic populations in China previously reported. Refractive errors including anisometropia, hyperopia, and astigmatism are the major risk factors of amblyopia.
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Lu, Yuxuan, Haiqiang Jin, Yuhua Zhao, Yuxian Li, Jun Xu, Jiayu Tian, Xiaoting Luan, et al. "Impact of Increased Hemoglobin on Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage." Neurocritical Care, July 27, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12028-021-01305-1.
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Abstract Background Studies of the impact of increased hemoglobin on spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are limited. The present study aimed to explore the effect of increased hemoglobin on ICH. Methods A retrospective single-center study using medical records from a database processed by univariate and multivariate analyses was performed in the People’s Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region in Lhasa, Tibet, China. Results The mean hemoglobin level in 211 patients with ICH was 165.03 ± 34.12 g/l, and a median hematoma volume was 18.5 ml. Eighty-eight (41.7%) patients had large hematomas (supratentorial hematoma ≥ 30 ml; infratentorial hematoma ≥ 10 ml). No differences in ICH risk factors between the groups with different hemoglobin levels were detected. Increased hemoglobin was independently associated with large hematomas [odds ratio (OR) 1.013, P = 0.023]. Increased hemoglobin was independently associated with ICH with subarachnoid hemorrhage (OR 1.014, P = 0.016), which was more pronounced in men (OR 1.027, P = 0.002). Increased hemoglobin was independently associated with basal ganglia hemorrhage and lobar hemorrhage in men (OR 0.986, P = 0.022; OR 1.013, P = 0.044, respectively) but not in women (P > 0.1). Conclusions Increased hemoglobin was independently associated with large hemorrhage volume. Increased hemoglobin was independently associated with lobar hemorrhage in men and ICH with subarachnoid hemorrhage, which was more pronounced in men. Additional studies are needed to confirm our findings and explore potential mechanisms.
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Wang, Chun-Jing, Rong Wang, Chun-Mei Yu, Yongcuo Pubu, Wan-Gui Sun, Xiao-Feng Dang, Qiang-Feng Li, and Ji-Zhong Wan. "Determinants of species assemblages of insect pests in alpine forest ecosystems of western China." Forest Ecosystems 8, no. 1 (November 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40663-021-00351-7.
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Abstract Background Insect pests are a significant threat to natural resources and social development. Modeling species assemblages of insect pests can predict spatiotemporal pest dynamics. However, research gaps remain regarding the mechanism for determining species assemblages of insect pests in alpine forest ecosystems. Here, we explored these determinants using a field investigation conducted for insect pests in a region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We assessed the species assemblages of insect pests in alpine forest ecosystems based on species co-occurrence patterns and species diversity (i.e., observed diversity, dark diversity, community completeness, and species pool). A probabilistic model was used to test for statistically significant pairwise patterns of species co-occurrence using the presence-absence matrix of pest species based on species interactions. We used ordinary least squares regression modeling to explore relationships between abiotic factors (i.e., climate factors and human influence) and species diversity. Results Positive pest species interactions and many association links can occur widely across different investigation sites and parts of plant hosts in alpine forest ecosystems. We detected high dark diversity and low community completeness of insect pests in alpine forest ecosystems. High temperature and precipitation could promote pest species diversity, particularly dark diversity and species pools. Human influence could drive high levels of pest species diversity and lead to dark diversity and species pools. Community completeness could be an effective indicator for insect pest risk assessment. Conclusions Our study provides new evidence for the determinants of insect pest species assemblages in alpine forest ecosystems from the perspectives of pest species interactions and abiotic factors. The findings of our study could reveal the mechanism for shaping species assemblages and support the prevention and control of insect pests in alpine forest ecosystems.
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Xi, Jinxiao, Ran Duan, Zhaokai He, Lei Meng, Daqin Xu, Yuhuang Chen, Junrong Liang, et al. "First Case Report of Human Plague Caused by Excavation, Skinning, and Eating of a Hibernating Marmot (Marmota himalayana)." Frontiers in Public Health 10 (May 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.910872.
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IntroductionThe Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is considered the most plague-heavy region in China, and skinning and eating marmots (Marmota himalayana) are understood to be the main exposure factors to plague. Yersinia pestis is relatively inactive during marmots' hibernation period. However, this case report shows plague infection risk is not reduced but rather increased during the marmot hibernation period if plague exposure is not brought under control.Case PresentationThe patient was a 45-year-old man who presented with high fever, swelling of axillary lymph nodes, and existing hand wounds on his right side. Y. pestis was isolated from his blood and lymphatic fluid. Hence, the patient was diagnosed with a confirmed case of bubonic plague. Later, his condition progressed to septicemic plague. Plague exposure through wounds and delays in appropriate treatment might have contributed to plague progression.ConclusionThis case report reveals that excavating a hibernating marmot is a significant transmission route of plague. Plague prevention and control measures are priority needs during the marmot hibernation period.
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Wang, Ye, Qingxun Zhang, Shuyi Han, Ying Li, Bo Wang, Guohui Yuan, Peiyang Zhang, et al. "Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Four Anaplasma Species With Veterinary and Public Health Significance Identified in Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) and Yaks (Bos grunniens) in Qinghai, China." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8 (September 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.727166.
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Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) can cause serious economic losses and are very important to animal and public health. To date, research on TBDs has been limited in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. This epidemiological investigation was conducted to evaluate the distribution and risk factors of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia chaffeensis in livestock in Qinghai. A total of 566 blood samples, including 330 yaks (Bos grunniens) and 236 Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) were screened. Results showed that A. bovis (33.3%, 110/330) and A. phagocytophilum (29.4%, 97/330) were most prevalent in yaks, followed by A. ovis (1.2%, 4/330), A. capra (0.6%, 2/330), and E. chaffeensis (0.6%, 2/330). While A. ovis (80.9%, 191/236) and A. bovis (5.1%, 12/236) infection was identified in Tibetan sheep. To our knowledge, it is the first time that A. capra and E. chaffeensis have been detected in yaks in China. Apart from that, we also found that co-infection of A. bovis and A. phagocytophilum is common in yaks (28.2%, 93/330). For triple co-infection, two yaks were infected with A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum, and A. capra, and two yaks were infected with A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum, and E. chaffeensis. Risk analysis shows that infection with A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum, and A. ovis was related to region and altitude. This study provides new data on the prevalence of Anaplasma spp. and E. chaffeensis in Qinghai, China, which may help to develop new strategies for active responding to these pathogens.
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Zheng, Xueli, Daibin Zhong, Yulan He, and Guofa Zhou. "Seasonality modeling of the distribution of Aedes albopictus in China based on climatic and environmental suitability." Infectious Diseases of Poverty 8, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40249-019-0612-y.
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Abstract Background Aedes albopictus is a highly invasive mosquito species and a major vector of numerous viral pathogens. Many recent dengue fever outbreaks in China have been caused solely by the vector. Mapping of the potential distribution ranges of Ae. albopictus is crucial for epidemic preparedness and the monitoring of vector populations for disease control. Climate is a key factor influencing the distribution of the species. Despite field studies indicating seasonal population variations, very little modeling work has been done to analyze how environmental conditions influence the seasonality of Ae. albopictus. The aim of the present study was to develop a model based on available observations, climatic and environmental data, and machine learning methods for the prediction of the potential seasonal ranges of Ae. albopictus in China. Methods We collected comprehensive up-to-date surveillance data in China, particularly records from the northern distribution margin of Ae. albopictus. All records were assigned long-term (1970–2000) climatic data averages based on the WorldClim 2.0 data set. Machine learning regression tree models were developed using a 10-fold cross-validation method to predict the potential seasonal (or monthly) distribution ranges of Ae. albopictus in China at high resolution based on environmental conditions. The models were assessed based on sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, using area under curve (AUC). WorldClim 2.0 and climatic and environmental data were used to produce environmental conduciveness (probability) prediction surfaces. Predicted probabilities were generated based on the averages of the 10 models. Results During 1998–2017, Ae. albopictus was observed at 200 out of the 242 localities surveyed. In addition, at least 15 new Ae. albopictus occurrence sites lay outside the potential ranges that have been predicted using models previously. The average accuracy was 98.4% (97.1–99.5%), and the average AUC was 99.1% (95.6–99.9%). The predicted Ae. albopictus distribution in winter (December–February) was limited to a small subtropical-tropical area of China, and Ae. albopictus was predicted to occur in northern China only during the short summer season (usually June–September). The predicted distribution areas in summer could reach northeastern China bordering Russia and the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in southwestern China. Ae. albopictus could remain active in expansive areas from central to southern China in October and November. Conclusions Climate and environmental conditions are key factors influencing the seasonal distribution of Ae. albopictus in China. The areas predicted to potentially host Ae. albopictus seasonally in the present study could reach northeastern China and the eastern slope of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Our results present new evidence and suggest the expansion of systematic vector population monitoring activities and regular re-assessment of epidemic risk potential.
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Wang, Qimin, Yingying He, Fang Long, Chaoran Li, Zhuowei Shen, Dongxing Guo, Duoji Zhaxi, et al. "Cervical cancer screening in high-altitude areas in China: A large cross-section study of 25,173 women in northern Tibet." Frontiers in Oncology 12 (August 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.841547.
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BackgroundCervical cancer has become a worldwide concern owing to its high incidence and mortality rates. To date, high-altitude areas of Tibet have not benefited from any large-scale cervical cancer screening programs. Therefore, we initiated a screening program to investigate the prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) and HPV genotype distribution to reveal cervical cancer and its precursor which lead to morbidity among women in the city of Nagqu in northern Tib3et.MethodsA total of 25,173 women were recruited to undergo HPV genotype tests between June and December 2019. Women infected with HPV 16 and/or 18 underwent colposcopy and histological examination. Women with other high-risk HPV type (hr-HPV) underwent cytological tests to determine whether to conduct further colposcopy and histological examination for diagnosis. HPV prevalence was calculated in the total population and further stratified according to various parameters, such as age group, area location (altitude level), and single or mixed infection status. The HPV genotype distribution was also investigated accordingly. Cervical lesions revealed by further colposcopic findings were also analyzed; high-grade and malignant lesion morbidities were calculated in total and in each county. Most data were collected and analyzed using descriptive and consistency check statistical methods, and a risk factor investigation for HPV infection was performed using logistic regression models.ResultsThe total HPV infection rate among women in Nagqu was 13.42%. Of the 25,173 women in the study, 999 (3.97%) were HPV 16/18 positive, 2,379 (9.45%) were other hr-HPV-positive, and 21,795 (86.58%) were HPV-negative. The five most common HPV genotypes, accounting for more than 60% of all HPV infections in Nagqu people, were HPV 16, 58, 31, 18, and 52. Tibetan women younger than 20 years and older than 60 years were the two age groups with the highest rates of HPV infection, 26.7% and 19.8%, respectively. Among the HPV-positive women, 2,656 (78.33%) were infected with a single strain and 732 (21.67%) were infected with multiple strains (more than two genotypes). HPV prevalence increased in high-altitude areas (positive rate highest in Nyima with an altitude of 5,000 m, 23.9%) and decreased in relatively low-altitude areas (positive rate lowest in Lhari with an altitude of 4,000 m, 6.6%). Multiple analyses showed that age, parity, age at first delivery, and altitude of residence were independent factors facilitating HPV infection in Tibetan women. High-grade and malignant cervical lesions revealed by histological findings were different among living locations, with the highest rates in Xainza, Baingoin, and Nyainrong, these being 2.019%, 1.820%, and 1.116%, respectively, among women in these areas.ConclusionOur survey provides an overall perspective on HPV genotype infection and cervical lesions in women in northern Tibet. The data not only provide useful information for the treatment of cervical lesions but also has great value in terms of the primary and secondary prevention measures that can be taken for women living in these regions.Clinical Trial Registrationwww.chictr.org.cn, indentifier ChiCTR2000035061.
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Zhao, Jun, Xiaoyue Zhu, Qiaoyun Dai, Xiang Hong, Hongguang Zhang, Kaiping Huang, Yuanyuan Wang, et al. "The prevalence and influencing factors of anaemia among pre-pregnant women in mainland China: a large population-based, cross-sectional study." British Journal of Nutrition, April 5, 2021, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114521001148.
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Abstract Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting women worldwide, and reproductive-age women are at increased risk. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study analysing the prevalence of overall anaemia and anaemia according to severity in Chinese pre-pregnant women to update current knowledge on anaemia epidemiology. Based on the National Free Preconception Check-up Projects supported by the Chinese government, 5 679 782 women participating in this project in 2017 were included in the present study. The cyanmethemoglobin method was applied to assess Hb concentrations. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were applied for associated factors. The prevalence of anaemia among Chinese pre-pregnant women was 21·64 % (mild: 14·10 %, moderate: 7·17 % and severe : 0·37 %). The prevalence of overall and severe anaemia was the highest in Tibet and the lowest in Beijing among thirty-one provinces. Women’s age, region, ethnic origin, educational level, occupation and pregnancy history were all correlated with anaemia. Women with B blood type (adjusted OR (aOR) = 0·89), higher BMI (overweight: aOR = 0·84; obesity: aOR = 0·70) and alcohol consumption (aOR = 0·69) were less likely to have anaemia, while those with rhesus negative blood type (aOR = 1·10), history of anaemia (aOR = 2·60), older age at menarche (aOR = 1·19), heavy menstrual blood loss (aOR = 1·39), longer menstrual period (aOR = 1·09) and shorter menstrual cycle (aOR = 1·08) were more likely to suffer from anaemia. Meat or egg eaters were not significantly associated with severe anaemia. Anaemia is of moderate public health significance among Chinese pre-pregnant women. Interventions should be considered to prevent anaemia to the greatest extent possible to avoid potential harm in this population.
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Geng, Hong-Li, Yu-Zhe Sun, Jing Jiang, He-Ting Sun, Yuan-Guo Li, Si-Yuan Qin, Zhen-Jun Wang, et al. "The Presence of Blastocystis in Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii)." Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 11 (September 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.747952.
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Blastocystis is a protozoan that parasitizes the intestines. A number of hosts of Blastocystis have been found, including human and animals. However, there has been no research on the prevalence of Blastocystis in Tibetan antelope. Here, a molecular test was performed using 627 Tibetan antelope fecal samples collected on Tibet in China from 2019 to 2020. The result showed that 30 (4.8%) samples were Blastocystis positive. The highest prevalence of Blastocystis was in Shuanghu County (25/209, 12.0%), followed by Shenza County (2/103, 1.9%), Nyima County (3/182, 1.6%), and Baigoin County (0/133, 0.0%). In addition, logistic regression analysis showed that the gender, sampling year, and area of Tibetan antelope were risk factors for Blastocystis prevalence. Three subtypes (ST10, ST13, and ST14) of Blastocystis were found in Tibetan antelope through a subtype sequence analysis, and ST13 was identified to be the dominant subtype. This is the first investigation for the infection of Blastocystis in Tibetan antelope. Collectively, the data in this study have expanded the host range of Blastocystis and provided basic information for the distribution of Blastocystis subtypes, which could support the prevention of Blastocystis infection in wild animals.
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Ruan, Fang, Guochen Fu, Mingyu Zhou, Lan Luo, Jing Chen, Wei Hua, Xin Li, et al. "Application of the Chinese version of Zelaya’s HIV-related stigma scale to undergraduates in mainland China." BMC Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8054-9.
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Abstract Background This cross-sectional study aims to validate the Chinese version of Zelaya’s HIV-related Stigma Scale (CVZHSS) among a large undergraduate sample in mainland China, and apply it to measure the level of different dimensions of stigma and their respective determinants. Methods From September 10, 2018, to January 9, 2019, a total of 10,665 eligible undergraduates conveniently drawn from 30 provinces in mainland China (except for Tibet) completed the self-designed online questionnaire distributed via sojump.com voluntarily, anonymously and confidentially. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) were first performed to test its construct validity, Cronbach’s alpha was then used to assess its internal consistency, and Logistic regression analyses were finally carried out to identify predictors of various dimensions of stigma. Results As expected from the original model, four factors (i.e., “fear of casual transmission”, “moral judgment”, “personal stigma” and “perceived community stigma”) were extracted using principal component analysis with varimax rotation, accounting for 63.26% of the total variance. The CFA further confirmed the four-factor construct (CFI = 0.92, GFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.07). In addition, all the four factors demonstrated acceptable internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.83 to 0.92. Stigma as measured by “fear of casual transmission” (74.4%), “moral judgement” (61.6%), “personal stigma” (79.0%) and “perceived community stigma”(36.5%) is highly prevalent among undergraduates. Except for non-freshmen, less knowledge about HIV and unsafe sex which were consistently associated with higher levels of stigma in all four dimensions, other eight variables including gender, residential area, major, sexual orientation, having ever being tested perception of HIV risk, willingness to utilize HTC service and awareness of the national AIDS policy played differential roles in affecting different dimensions of stigma. Conclusions The CVZHSS is a reliable and valid measurement tool and can be used to identify undergraduates with high levels of stigma. However, the four dimensions (Fear, moral judgement, personal stigma and perceived community stigma) were respectively influenced by different determinants, and thus should be treated independently when designing, implementing and evaluating stigma reduction programs.
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He, Xiao-hui, Jian-hua Si, Li Zhu, Dong-meng Zhou, Chun-yan Zhao, Bing Jia, Chun-lin Wang, Jie Qin, and Xing-lin Zhu. "Modeling habitat suitability of Hippophae rhamnoides L. using MaxEnt under climate change in China: A case study of H. r. sinensis and H. r. turkestanica." Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 5 (January 11, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2022.1095784.
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Hippophae rhamnoides is widely known for its important ecological, economic, and social benefits. It is known as the pioneer plant of soil and water conservation, with homology in food and medicine. With the climate warming in recent years, the numbers of this species and countries with this plant have decreased steadily. H. r. sinensis and H. r. turkestanica have the widest distribution area in China, which account for more than 90% of the total national Hippophae rhamnoides resources. We firstly screened the presence data and downscale the environment variables (climate and soil) by correlation analysis. Secondly, based on the 232 occurrence data of H. r. sinensis and 10 environmental variables, the 73 occurrence data of H. r. turkestanica and 11 environmental variables, we simulated and predicted their suitable habitats in China, both at the current time and in the 2050S (2041–2060), and analyzed the dominant factors effecting its distribution by using MaxEnt. Finally, we studied the habitat variations and centroid migrations of these subspecies under future climate scenarios using the spatial analysis function of ArcGIS. The results indicated that the area of suitable habitat for H. r. sinensis is much larger than that of H. r. trkestanica in China. The suitable habitat of H. r. sinensis is concentrated in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, mainly distributed in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Tibet, and Inner Mongolia, and that of H. r. trkestanica is mainly distributed in Xinjiang and Tibet. The former is mainly affected by bio13 (precipitation of the wettest month), bio11 (mean temperature of the coldest quarte) and bio3 (Isothermality), and the latter is mainly affected by bio13 (precipitation of the wettest month), bio2 (mean diurnal range) and bio15 (precipitation seasonality), and the former is also more stable in the face of future climate change. They are more susceptible to climate than soil in their survival. Although, the two subspecies tend to expand and migrate toward lower latitude under future climate scenarios, there are some differences. H. r. sinensis will migrate westward, while H. r. trkestanica will migrate eastward as a whole. They have a high stability of suitable habitat and are not at risk of extinction in the future. The study’s findings help to clarify the resource reserve of Hippophae rhamnoides L. in China, which will help to guide the protection of wild resources and to popularize artificial planting in suitable areas, and provides scientific basis for the protection of ecological environment.
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Hu, Xianjin, Xin Zhang, Zhipeng Zhang, Xinran Li, Qiling Gou, Runyu Ye, and Xiaoping Chen. "Relationship between lipid parameters and vascular mechanical characteristics among a normotensive population without diabetes mellitus residing at the Qinghai–Tibet plateau: a cross-sectional study." BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 22, no. 1 (August 5, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12872-022-02801-8.
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Abstract Background There is limited evidence regarding the relationship between lipid parameters and vascular mechanical characteristics in the normotensive population without diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to identify an association between lipid parameters and changes in vascular mechanical characteristics between men and women, and in women before and after menopause. Methods Six hundred-seventy patients who underwent vascular functional testing and who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in our cross-sectional study. All participants were from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (Luhuo County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China; mean altitude: 3860 m). Trained clinical physicians assessed brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (Ba-PWV) and augmentation index adjusted to a 75-beats-per-minute heart rate (AIx@75). To investigate the relationship between lipid parameters and vascular mechanical characteristics in different sexes and menstrual stages, partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used. Results The 670 participants comprised 445 women (103 post-menopausal). Mean Ba-PWV and AIx@75 were 1315.56 ± 243.41 cm/s and 25.07% ± 15.84%, respectively. Men had greater Ba-PWV values compared with women (1341.61 ± 244.28 vs 1302.39 ± 242.17 cm/s, respectively; P < 0.05), while AIx@75 values were higher in women compared with men (27.83% ± 15.85% vs 19.64% ± 14.40%, respectively; p < 0.001). In the partial correlation analysis adjusted for age, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were associated with Ba-PWV in both men and women (p < 0.05); however, the magnitude was larger in men. Statistical significance was not seen for AIx@75 among both men and women. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that TC (β = 0.165, p = 0.024) and non-HDL-C (β = 0.151, p = 0.042) remained independent predictors of change in Ba-PWV in men after adjusting for age, mean arterial pressure, waist circumference, hemoglobin, platelet count, fasting blood glucose, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and uric acid. After adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, pre-menopausal women had a similar association to that of men between LDL-C (β = 0.126, p = 0.030), non-HDL-C (β = 0.144, p = 0.013), TC/HDL-C (β = 0.162, p = 0.005), LDL-C/HDL-C (β = 0.142, p = 0.013) and Ba-PWV; however, post-menopausal women had no association between the lipid parameters and vascular function. Conclusions Overall, TC and non-HDL-C were independent associated factors for vascular compliance alterations evaluated through Ba-PWV in normotensive men. In pre-menopausal women, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C were independent associated factors for vascular compliance alterations. After controlling for traditional risk factors, lipid profiles were not associated with these metrics for AIx@75, which can measure the amplification of reflex flow, because of the high number of confounding factors that do not genuinely reflect changes in vascular characteristics. Lipid factors did not appear to be linked to vascular function in post-menopausal women.