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Journal articles on the topic 'Back injuries'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Pomfret, Jacqueline. "BACK INJURIES." American Journal of Nursing 99, no. 7 (July 1999): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199907000-00020.

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Daniels, James M., Cesar Arguelles, Christopher Gleason, and William H. Dixon. "Back Injuries." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 47, no. 1 (March 2020): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2019.10.008.

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3

Hardcastle, P. "Back Injuries." Back Letter 7, no. 9 (September 1992): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130561-199209000-00003.

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4

Gibson, Anne. "Back Injuries." AAOHN Journal 36, no. 5 (May 1988): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507998803600504.

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5

Grayzel, Estherann F. "Tracking Back Injuries." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 33, no. 8 (August 1991): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199108000-00005.

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6

Owen, Bernice D. "Preventing Back Injuries." American Journal of Nursing 99, no. 5 (May 1999): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199905000-00057.

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7

&NA;. "DECREASING OCCUPATIONAL BACK INJURIES." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 26, no. 8 (August 1995): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-199508000-00024.

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8

Chuman, MA. "Back Injuries in Industry." Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 20, no. 4 (August 1988): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01376517-198808000-00012.

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9

Micheli, Lyle J. "Back Injuries in Gymnastics." Clinics in Sports Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 1985): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(20)31263-1.

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10

Cohen-Mansfield, Jiska, William J. Culpepper, and Patricia Carter. "Nursing Staff Back Injuries." AAOHN Journal 44, no. 1 (January 1996): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507999604400106.

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This report describes the period prevalence and costs of back injuries to nursing staff of long term care facilities in comparison to nurses employed industry wide and to other occupations industry wide. The period prevalence of back injuries to nursing staff in long term care facilities was highest for nurse aides, followed by LPNs and then RNs. Nurses (combined) had a period prevalence of back injuries nearly 1.5 times higher than all employees of long term care facilities and 6 times higher than all occupations combined industry wide. Within long term care facilities, nurses sustaining back injuries were younger and had been employed for a shorter period of time than the average for all nurses employed in long term care facilities. Back injuries accounted for more than half of the indemnity and medical costs for all injuries incurred in nursing homes and industry wide. The findings highlight the need for better prevention and rehabilitation.
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McAbee, Roberta Rae. "Nurses and Back Injuries." AAOHN Journal 36, no. 5 (May 1988): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507998803600502.

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12

Shaw, William S. "Non-back occupational injuries." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 21, no. 6 (1992): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700210616.

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13

Steinberg, Nili, Itzhak Siev-Ner, Smadar Peleg, Gali Dar, Youssef Masharawi, Aviva Zeev, and Israel Hershkovitz. "Injuries in Female Dancers Aged 8 to 16 Years." Journal of Athletic Training 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.06.

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Context Most studies of injured dancers have been carried out on professional adult dancers; data on young, nonprofessional injured dancers are sparse. Objective To identify the types of injuries sustained by recreational dancers and to examine their association with age, joint range of motion, body structure, age at menarche, presence of anatomic anomalies, and physical burden (ie, practice hours en pointe). Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting The Israel Performing Arts Medicine Center, Tel Aviv. Patients or Other Participants A total of 569 injured female dancers, aged 8 to 16 years. Main Outcome Measure(s) Dependent variables were 61 types of current injuries that were later classified into 4 major categories: knee injuries, foot and ankle tendinopathy, back injuries, and other injuries. Independent variables were age, joint range of motion, body size and shape, age at menarche, anatomic anomalies, and dance discipline (eg, hours of practice per week en pointe). Results At least 1 previous injury had been sustained by 42.4% of the dancers. The most common injuries involved the knee (40.4%), followed by other injuries (23.4%). The relative frequency of back injuries and tendinopathy decreased with age, whereas knee injuries increased. Types of injuries were significantly associated with ankle plantar flexion, hip external rotation, hip abduction, and knee flexion. Multinomial regression analysis revealed only 3 predictive variables (with other as baseline), all for back injury: scoliosis, age, and hip external rotation. Conclusions Joint range of motion and scoliosis may signal the potential for future injury. Young dancers (less than 10 years of age) should not be exposed to overload (especially of the back) or extensive stretching exercises.
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14

Schwartz, Robert J., Lionel Benson, and Lenworth M. Jacobs. "The Prevalence of Occupational Injuries in EMTs in New England." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 8, no. 1 (March 1993): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00040000.

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AbstractObjective:To characterize the prevalence and morbidity of injuries to emergency medical technicians EMTs) in New England [United States].Design:A survey was mailed to a 2% random sample of all registered EMTs in the six New England States. The identity of the EMTs remained anonymous, and a second mailing was used to improve return rate. The EMTs were requested to recall events that occurred during the previous six months.Results:A total of 439 of the 786 (56%) surveys were returned representing 13,875 hours of duty time in the six-month period. Seventy one percent of the EMTs were male with a mean age of 35 years. Sixty-six percent were basic-EMTs. Injury attack rates (number of injuries/100 EMTs/6 months) were: stress, 11.2; back, 10.5; extremity, 9.8; assault, 8.4; ambulance collision, 4.1; hearing loss, 2.5; and eye injury, 1.4. Twelve percent of the EMTs were injured more than once in the six-month period. The paramedics more frequently were involved in ambulance collisions, suffered from stress, and were less likely to injure their back. There were minor interstate differences. Disability due to back injury affected 2.5% of those surveyed, four EMTs lost duty time secondary to an assault, and 0.5% of the EMTs were out of work due to stress.Conclusions:This survey begins to characterize the occupational risks of EMTs. The prevalence of back injuries, assault, stress, and extremity injuries seems to be too high. Educational programs and preventive interventions should be designed to minimize back injuries, stress, and assault. There is a need for more research nationwide in order to better characterize these injuries.
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15

Hanson, Brendan, Sherry Steele Cooper, Taryn Tegarden, Logan Tipton, Andrew M. Freeman, Kermit G. Davis, Gordon L. Gillespie, and Thomas Huston. "The impact of emergency responder musculoskeletal injuries in the State of Ohio." Work 68, no. 4 (April 27, 2021): 1001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-205065.

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BACKGROUND: Emergency personnel operate in environments that put them at higher risk of injury to the musculoskeletal system. These injuries result in lost workdays, medical costs, and decreased productivity, all which impact emergency response systems. OBJECTIVE: This study serves to assess the causes, costs, and disability of common work-related musculoskeletal injuries within the police, emergency medical service (EMS) workers, and firefighters of Ohio based on data from the OBWC (Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation). METHODS: Our dataset included all OBWC injury claims involving a shoulder, low back, or knee from 2010 through 2014. Police and Firefighter leaders were analyzed separately from those not in a leadership role, and workers with combined Firefighter/EMS roles were analyzed separately from “pure” Firefighters and EMS personnel. Data were organized through univariate analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey tests and analyzed based on the job of the individual and whether the individual was in a leadership role. RESULTS: Police Officers had the highest number of total injuries in the dataset, followed by Firefighters and Firefighters/EMS workers. Police Officers and Firefighters injured their back and knees more often than their shoulders, while EMS workers injured their backs and shoulders more often than their knees. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanisms through which injuries occur are also dependent on the job. Police officers experienced a higher percentage of motor vehicle related back problems, while firefighters had a higher percentage of injuries from overexertion. Musculoskeletal injury claims in these emergency personnel resulted in opioid prescriptions approximately 10%of the time.
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16

Ready, A. Elizabeth, Suzanne L. Boreskie, Susan A. Law, and Robert Russell. "Fitness and Lifestyle Parameters Fail to Predict Back Injuries in Nurses." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 18, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h93-008.

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Performance on fitness and back related isometric strength tests, as well as the response to a lifestyle questionnaire, were related to the subsequent occurrence of back injuires in 119 nurses. In all, 22% of subjects sustained injuries during the 18-month study. Injured nurses were more likely to be from high-risk wards and to have received worker's compensation pay for past back injuries. Fitness and lifestyle characteristics did not differ significantly between injured and not-injured groups. Using backward stepwise logistic regression, a model was developed that accounted for 41% of the variability between groups and predicted 67% of those injured. Prior compensation pay, smoking status, and job satisfaction were the most useful discriminators. It was concluded, however, that the fitness and lifestyle parameters measured did not effectively predict back injury in nurses. Key words: fitness assessment, isometric strength, job satisfaction, job selection criteria, smoking status
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17

VIDEMAN, T., H. RAUHALA, S. ASP, K. LINDSTRÖM, G. CEDERCREUTZ, M. KÄMPPI, S. TOLA, and J. D. G. TROUP. "Patient-Handling Skill, Back Injuries, and Back Pain." Spine 14, no. 2 (February 1989): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198902000-00002.

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18

Ibrahim, Yahya, Sumon Huq, Kanatheepan Shanmuganathan, Helen Gille, and Pranai Buddhdev. "Trampolines injuries are bouncing back." Bone & Joint Open 2, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.22.bjo-2020-0152.r1.

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Aims This observational study examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic upon the paediatric trauma burden of a district general hospital. We aim to compare the nature and volume of the paediatric trauma during the first 2020 UK lockdown period with the same period in 2019. Methods Prospective data was collected from 23 March 2020 to 14 June 2020 and compared with retrospective data collected from 23 March 2019 to 14 June 2019. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, nature of the injury, and details of any surgery were tabulated and statistically analyzed using the independent-samples t-test for normally distributed data and the Mann-Whitney-U test for non-parametric data. Additionally, patients were contacted by telephone to further explore the mechanism of injury where required, to gain some qualitative insight into the risk factors for injury. Results The 2020 lockdown resulted in 30% fewer paediatric trauma presentations (441 vs 306), but no significant change in the number of patients requiring surgery (47 vs 51; p = 0.686). Trampolining injuries increased in absolute numbers by 168% (p < 0.001), almost four times more common when considered as percentage of all injuries observed in 2020 vs 2019. There was a decrease in high energy trauma from road traffic accidents and falls from height (21.5% decrease, p < 0.001). Despite a shift towards more conservative treatment options, trampolining injuries continued to require surgery in similar proportions (19.4 vs 20%; p = 0.708). Qualitative investigation revealed that the most common risk factor for trampolining injury was concurrent usage, especially with an older child. Conclusion COVID-19 lockdown has resulted in a decrease in paediatric orthopaedic presentations and high energy trauma. However, due to a marked increase in home trampolining injuries, and their unchanged requirement for surgery, there has been no change in the requirement for surgery during the lockdown period. As home exercise becomes more prevalent, a duty of public health falls upon clinicians to advise parents against trampoline usage. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(2):86–92.
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19

Coffey, Wendy. "Directives could stop back injuries." Nursing Standard 7, no. 18 (January 20, 1993): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.7.18.39.s46.

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20

Brown, Deborah X. "Nurses and Preventable Back Injuries." American Journal of Critical Care 12, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2003.12.5.400.

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21

Micheli, Lyle J. "Sports Injuries and the Back." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 23, no. 10 (October 1991): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199110000-00023.

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22

COLEMAN, SHARON, and SANDRA HANSEN. "Reducing Work-Related Back Injuries." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 25, no. 11 (November 1994): 58???61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-199411000-00014.

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23

Herskowitz, Allan, and Harlan Selesnick. "Back Injuries In Basketball Players." Clinics in Sports Medicine 12, no. 2 (April 1993): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(20)30436-1.

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24

Michell, L. "Back injuries in young athletes." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (January 2010): e21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.043.

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25

Bracko, Michael R. "Can We Prevent Back Injuries?" ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal 8, no. 4 (July 2004): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00135124-200407000-00004.

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26

Clemmer, D. I. "Pink Slips and Back Injuries." Back Letter 6, no. 2 (December 1991): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130561-199112000-00007.

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&NA;. "Predicting Industrial Low-Back Injuries." Back Letter 8, no. 7 (1993): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130561-199308070-00006.

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28

&NA;. "Weight Training and Back Injuries." Back Letter 13, no. 8 (August 1998): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130561-199808000-00008.

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29

Garrett, Barbara, Deborah Singiser, and Stephen M. Banks. "Back Injuries among Nursing Personnel." AAOHN Journal 40, no. 11 (November 1992): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507999204001101.

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30

Miller, Sayers John, and John A. Norwig. "Evaluating Acute Low-Back Injuries." Athletic Therapy Today 3, no. 1 (January 1998): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/att.3.1.19.

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31

McAbee, Roberta Rae, and William E. Wilkinson. "Back Injuries & Registered Nurses." AAOHN Journal 36, no. 3 (March 1988): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507998803600302.

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32

Keene, James S., Mary Jo Albert, Sherrie L. Springer, Denis S. Drummond, and William G. Clancy. "Back Injuries in College Athletes." Journal of Spinal Disorders 2, no. 3 (September 1989): 190???195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002517-198909000-00007.

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33

Uhl, Joan E., William E. Wilkinson, and Connie S. Wilkinson. "Aching Backs? A Glimpse into the Hazards of Nursing." AAOHN Journal 35, no. 1 (January 1987): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507998703500103.

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This study evaluates a combination of extant and collected data that compute frequency and exposure to back injuries reported by nursing employees at a Northwest Medical Center system. A major problem of interest, and the focus of this study is whether there is objective evidence to support the commonly held belief that lifting patients is the main cause of back injuries experienced by nurses; and whether job classification and worksite unit might be confounded with back injuries reported and what demographic characteristics of the nursing personnel, e.g., sex, age, job classification, and worksite unit, might be confounded with occupations that are high at risk for back injuries. Personnel records and injury report forms provided objective data for 659 registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and nurse aides. Injury report forms providing data for 123 nursing personnel filed during the most recent consecutive twelve-month period between January 1, 1982 and April 30, 1985, were abstracted, summarized, and analyzed for number of back injuries reported using DataBase III and SPSSx computer programs on an IBM-AT system. In addition, on-site observations of patient lifts were made for ten eight-hour shifts on 15 different occasions and different worksites by a nurse-research analyst. These observation data were compared with self-report questionnaire responses representing over 54% of the total population of nurses within this medical center system. An inverse relationship of reported numbers of patient lift per shift was found for the observation and self-report data. Of the 2.5 females to males reporting back injuries, the average age was 43 years, with greater numbers of those injuries working on surgical and medical units versus lesser numbers injured from psychiatry and long-term care units in decreasing order. The Chi-square test was used to compute associations found not significant between reported high and low numbers of lifts and the incidence of back injuries. The t-test compared data from the observed and self-reported number of patient lifts and provided a significant (t = p <.001) difference in favor of self-report for number of lifts per eight-hour shift. Results of this study will contribute to increasing validity of lifting patients resulting in back injuries and further study of feasible and effective methods for evaluating back injuries and preventive interventions for nursing personnel who are at high risk of developing or sustaining back injury from any cause, while on the job.
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34

Courtney, Theodore K., Simon Matz, and Barbara S. Webster. "Ergonomic Antecedents and Disabling Construction Injuries." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 13 (September 2002): 1012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204601302.

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The US construction industry comprises 5.4% of annual US employment but accounts for 7.8% of non-fatal occupational injuries. Little is kno-wn about construction injury disability and the contribution of ergonomics-related antecedents. The construction experience (n = 35,790) of a national worker's compensation insurer was analyzed. Disability duration (LOD) was calculated from indemnity payments data. Contributions of ergonomics-related antecedents to the most costly injuries were identified. The most frequent injuries were low back pain (15%), foreign body eye injuries (8.5%), and finger lacerations (4.8%). Back pain also accounted for the greatest percentage of costs (21.3%) and disability days (24.5%). The average LOD for an injured construction worker was 50 days (median = 7 days). Among the 5 most costly injuries, wrist fractures had the longest LOD (mean = 247, median = 38). Ergonomics-related antecedents were typically cited as the injury causing event in 4 of the 5 most costly injuries.
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Kraft, E. M. "Analysis of the Causes of Ergonomics Related Injuries at a Multifaceted Public University." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 16 (October 1996): 835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604001609.

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At present there is no evidence of a university ergonomics program in the literature. A preliminary review of 2186 accident records from a public university established a need for a university ergonomics program by revealing that ergonomics related injuries, primarily sprains/strains and joint/muscle/tendon injuries accounted for 35.92% of the lost workday injuries. Sprains/strains and joint/muscle/tendon injuries were further analyzed to determine the causes of these injuries, body areas injured, and to determine whether there were differences in the causes of back, upper, and lower extremity ergonomics related injuries. Overexertion and manual material handling of heavy objects were the causes, respectively, of 36.30% and 10.56% of employee sprains/strains and 38.75% and 12.5% of employee joint/muscle/tendon injuries. The results of the study indicated that a university ergonomics program should focus on reducing sprains/strains of the back and upper extremities caused by lifting heavy objects and overexerting muscles in these body areas.
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36

Kumar, Lavanya P., and Shruti J. Shenoy. "Survey of Musculoskeletal Injuries among Female Bharatanatyam Dancers in the Udupi District of India." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2021.3022.

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BACKGROUND: Bharatanatyam is an Indian classical dance form that is practiced globally. There is limited information about the prevalence of injuries in Bharatanatyam dancers. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries and specifics of dance training in female Bharatanatyam dancers in the Udupi district of India. METHODS: We developed and tested a survey for Bharatanatyam dancers regarding injury history in the prior year, including location, time loss, cause, and need for medical help. We also obtained demographic and training information. RESULTS: 101 dancers completed the survey. 10.8% of dancers reported musculoskeletal injuries because of participation in dance. They sustained 0.65 injuries/1,000 hours of dancing. The most frequently injured areas were ankle (27.2%) and knee (27.2%) followed by lower back (13.6%) and hip (9%). Despite being injured, 36.4% of the dancers continued to dance. 54.5% of the injured dancers sought the help of a medical professional for their dance-related injuries. The most common surface for dance was concrete followed by other hard surfaces such as marble and tile. CONCLUSION: Female Bharatanatyam dancers are prone to injuries of the lower extremity and back. Most dancers in our study practice the Pandanalluru style on hard surfaces. There is a need to investigate the impact of training factors on the injury occurrence.
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37

Sheth, Suril B., Dharun Anandayuvaraj, Saumil S. Patel, and Bhavin R. Sheth. "Orthopaedic and brain injuries over last 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL): number and effect on missed playing time." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (April 2020): e000684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000684.

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ObjectiveTo examine trends in number and seriousness of major injuries in the National Football League (NFL) over seasons 2010–2019 and the effect of rule changes to injuries to the leg, back, arm and head.MethodsWe calculated, from publicly available weekly injury reports, the number of players that were injured and playing time missed, that is, the number of weeks on average that an injured player had to sit out, as a function of injury to a specific body part. Using classical time series analysis techniques, we fitted injury data with linear and non-linear functions.ResultsThe number of major injuries to the leg, back, arm and head has not declined over the last 10 years. During this time period, time missed because of injuries to the head has shown a significantly increasing trend. Rule changes designed specifically to protect arm or head have, respectively, succeeded in shortening the time that the injured player misses, but the impact lasts only over a single season.ConclusionsOverall, our data support the argument that new, well-intentioned rules adopted every season by the NFL have been proven to be too weak to make the NFL game safer. Broad-based management of brain and orthopaedic injuries and adoption of preventative measures to reduce the number of players injured and the seriousness of their injuries are required in the modern NFL.
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38

Kraus, Jess F., and David I. Mcarthur. "Back Supports and Back Injuries: A Second Visit with the Home Depot Cohort Study Data on Low-back Injuries." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 5, no. 1 (January 1999): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/oeh.1999.5.1.9.

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39

Dane, Şenol, Süleyman Can, and Orhan Karsan. "Relations of Body Mass Index, Body Fat, and Power of Various Muscles to Sport Injuries." Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, no. 1 (August 2002): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.1.329.

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The aim of the present study was to estimate associations of Body Mass Index, body Fat, and muscle power on sport injuries. In injured and noninjured athletes during a sport season of four months, the differences in Body Mass Index, the percent body fat, and back, leg, and right- and left-hand muscle strength were examined. The subjects were 329 men and 127 women attending classes in the departments of Physical Training and Sport of Atatürk University (Erzurum, Erzincan, and Ağri in Turkey). Body Mass Index was higher in injured athletes than in noninjured ones, but there was no difference in percent body fat between injured and noninjured athletes. The back and leg muscle power were higher for noninjured athletes than for injured ones. The right- and left-hand power was higher for injured athletes in some sports. Because the back and leg muscles function in control of equilibrium, the power of these muscles may be important for control related to avoidance of sport injuries.
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40

Gosheger, Georg, Dennis Liem, Karl Ludwig, Oliver Greshake, and Winfried Winkelmann. "Injuries and Overuse Syndromes in Golf." American Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 3 (March 2003): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465030310031901.

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Background Although golf is becoming more popular, there is a lack of reliable epidemiologic data on golf injuries and overuse syndromes, especially regarding their severity. Objective To perform an epidemiologic study of the variety of different musculoskeletal problems in professional and amateur golfers and to find associations of age, sex, physical stature (body mass index), warm-up routine, and playing level with the occurrence of reported injuries. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods We analyzed the injury data from a total of 703 golfers who were randomly selected over two golfing seasons and interviewed with the use of a six-page questionnaire. Results Overall, 82.6% (N = 526) of reported injuries involved overuse and 17.4% (N = 111) were single trauma events. Professional golfers were injured more often, typically in the back, wrist, and shoulder. Amateurs reported many elbow, back, and shoulder injuries. Severity of reported injuries was minor in 51.5%, moderate in 26.8%, and major in 21.7% of cases. Carrying one's bag proved to be hazardous to the lower back, shoulder, and ankle. Warm-up routines were found to have a positive effect if they were at least 10 minutes long. Conclusions Overall, golf may be considered a rather benign activity, if overuse can be avoided. If not, golf can result in serious, chronic musculoskeletal problems.
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41

Powell, David, and Seth Seabury. "Medical Care Spending and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Workers’ Compensation Reforms." American Economic Review 108, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 2995–3027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150912.

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Medical care represents an important component of workers’ compensation benefits with the potential to improve health and post-injury labor outcomes, but little is known about the relationship between medical care spending and the labor outcomes of injured workers. We exploit the 2003–2004 California workers’ compensation reforms which reduced medical spending disproportionately for workers incurring low back injuries. We link administrative claims data to earnings records for injured workers and their uninjured coworkers. We find that workers with low back injuries experienced a 7.6 percent post-reform decline in medical care, and an 8.1 percent drop in post-injury earnings relative to other injured workers. (JEL I11, I12, I13, J24, J28, J31)
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42

Makovicka, Justin L., Karan A. Patel, David G. Deckey, Jeffrey D. Hassebrock, Andrew S. Chung, Sailesh V. Tummala, Thomas C. Hydrick, Matthew Gulbrandsen, David E. Hartigan, and Anikar Chhabra. "Lower Back Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Players: A 5-Season Epidemiological Study." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 232596711985262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119852625.

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Background: Low back injuries are common in collegiate football players and can frequently lead to persistent pain, reinjuries, and time lost from participation. Purpose: To describe the epidemiology of back injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football players during the 2009/2010 through 2013/2014 academic years utilizing the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) database. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A convenience sample of NCAA varsity football teams was utilized to determine the rates and patterns of back injuries as well as to generate national injury estimates. The rates and distribution of back injuries were identified within the context of mechanism of injury, injury chronicity, and time lost from sport. Injury rates were calculated as the number of injuries divided by the total number of athlete-exposures (AEs). Incidence rate ratios were calculated to compare the rates of injury between season, event type, mechanism of injury, injury chronicity, and time lost from sport. Results: Nationally, there were 267 low back injuries reported in the database. These were used to estimate 7076 back injuries over the 5-year period, approximately 82% of which were new injuries. The injuries occurred at a rate of 2.70 per 10,000 AEs. Overall, injuries were 3.12 times more likely to occur in competitions than in practices. Athletes were 4.67 times more likely to sustain a back injury during the preseason compared with the postseason but were 1.41 times more likely to sustain a low back injury during the preseason compared with the regular season. Both contact and noncontact were reported equally as the mechanism of injury (37.8% and 38.3%, respectively), and unspecified low back pain was the most common injury (64.2%). Only 1.6% of patients required surgery for their injury, and the majority of athletes (59.6%) returned to play within 24 hours. Conclusion: There was a relatively high rate of lumbar back injuries at the collegiate level (2.70/10,000 AEs), the majority of which were new injuries. About 18% of reported injuries were reinjuries. Although very few required surgery, a careful examination and work-up should be conducted to evaluate each injury. Regimented physical therapy and reconditioning programs are recommended to avert reinjuries.
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43

Waicus, Kelly M., and Bryan W. Smith. "Back Injuries in the Pediatric Athlete." Current Sports Medicine Reports 1, no. 1 (February 2002): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00149619-200202000-00010.

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44

CHEAP, D. "Low Back Injuries in Nursing Staff." Occupational Medicine 37, no. 1 (1987): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/37.1.66.

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45

Sell, Irene L. "'Lift Teams' Help Prevent Back Injuries." American Journal of Nursing 97, no. 12 (December 1997): 16II. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199712000-00022.

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46

Tait, Raymond C., and John T. Chibnall. "Legal Sequelae of Occupational Back Injuries." Spine 36, no. 17 (August 2011): 1402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e3181ebacab.

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47

d'Hemecourt, Pierre A., Peter G. Gerbino, and Lyle J. Micheli. "BACK INJURIES IN THE YOUNG ATHLETE." Clinics in Sports Medicine 19, no. 4 (October 2000): 663–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70231-3.

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48

Gerbino II, Peter G., and Lyle J. Micheli. "Back Injuries in the Young Athlete." Clinics in Sports Medicine 14, no. 3 (July 1995): 571–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(20)30208-8.

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49

&NA;. "Do Pink Slips Cause Back Injuries?" Back Letter 5, no. 12 (1991): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130561-199105120-00005.

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50

Miller, Sayers John. "Acute Low Back Injuries, Part 2." Athletic Therapy Today 3, no. 2 (March 1998): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/att.3.2.43.

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