Journal articles on the topic 'Bacillus cereus group species'
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McIntyre, Lorraine, Kathryn Bernard, Daniel Beniac, Judith L. Isaac-Renton, and David Craig Naseby. "Identification of Bacillus cereus Group Species Associated with Food Poisoning Outbreaks in British Columbia, Canada." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 23 (October 10, 2008): 7451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01284-08.
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ABSTRACT Food poisoning laboratories identify Bacillus cereus using routine methods that may not differentiate all Bacillus cereus group species. We recharacterized Bacillus food-poisoning strains from 39 outbreaks and identified B. cereus in 23 outbreaks, B. thuringiensis in 4, B. mycoides in 1, and mixed strains of Bacillus in 11 outbreaks.
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Helgason, Erlendur, Ole Andreas Økstad, Dominique A. Caugant, Henning A. Johansen, Agnes Fouet, Michéle Mock, Ida Hegna, and Anne-Brit Kolstø. "Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis—One Species on the Basis of Genetic Evidence." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 2627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.6.2627-2630.2000.
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ABSTRACT Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, andBacillus thuringiensis are members of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria, demonstrating widely different phenotypes and pathological effects. B. anthracis causes the acute fatal disease anthrax and is a potential biological weapon due to its high toxicity. B. thuringiensis produces intracellular protein crystals toxic to a wide number of insect larvae and is the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide. B. cereus is a probably ubiquitous soil bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen that is a common cause of food poisoning. In contrast to the differences in phenotypes, we show by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and by sequence analysis of nine chromosomal genes thatB. anthracis should be considered a lineage of B. cereus. This determination is not only a formal matter of taxonomy but may also have consequences with respect to virulence and the potential of horizontal gene transfer within the B. cereus group.
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Vilas-Bôas, G. T., A. P. S. Peruca, and O. M. N. Arantes. "Biology and taxonomy ofBacillus cereus,Bacillus anthracis, andBacillus thuringiensis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 6 (June 2007): 673–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w07-029.
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Three species of the Bacillus cereus group (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis , and Bacillus thuringiensis ) have a marked impact on human activity. Bacillus cereus and B. anthracis are important pathogens of mammals, including humans, and B. thuringiensis is extensively used in the biological control of insects. The microbiological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of these three species are reviewed, together with a discussion of several genomic studies conducted on strains of B. cereus group. Using bacterial systematic concepts, we speculate that to understand the taxonomic relationship within this group of bacteria, special attention should be devoted also to the ecology and the population genetics of these species.
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Daffonchio, Daniele, Sara Borin, Giuseppe Frova, Romina Gallo, Elena Mori, Renato Fani, and Claudia Sorlini. "A Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Marker Specific for the Bacillus cereus Group Is Diagnostic forBacillus anthracis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.3.1298-1303.1999.
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ABSTRACT Aiming to develop a DNA marker specific for Bacillus anthracis and able to discriminate this species fromBacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, andBacillus mycoides, we applied the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting technique to a collection of 101 strains of the genus Bacillus, including 61 strains of theB. cereus group. An 838-bp RAPD marker (SG-850) specific for B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis, and B. mycoides was identified. This fragment included a putative (366-nucleotide) open reading frame highly homologous to the ypuA gene of Bacillus subtilis. The restriction analysis of the SG-850 fragment withAluI distinguished B. anthracis from the other species of the B. cereus group.
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Harmon, Stanley M., Donald A. Kautter, and Gayle Lancette. "Lipid Globule Staining to Aid in Differentiating Bacillus Species." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 4 (July 1, 1991): 649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.4.649.
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Abstract The use of the lipid globule stain to aid in differentiating the Bacillus cereus group (i.e., B. cereus, B. cereus var. mycoldes, and B. thurlnglensls) from other Bacillus species was investigated. Smears from colonies grown on suitable agar were made on precleaned slides, stained, and examined microscopically for characteristic deep blue lipid globules. The study included a total of 649 cultures of Bacillus species plus 143 Incompletely characterized Bacillus isolates from food. Only B. cereus, B. cereus var. mycoldes, B. thurlnglensls, B. megaterlum, and B. sphaerlcus were consistently positive for lipid globules, although at times, a few cells of B. aneurlnolyilcus and B. thlamlnolytlcus were also positive. The lipid globule stain procedure Is of value In differentiating Bacillus species, especially when performed by an experienced analyst and used in conjunction with tests for cell and spore morphology.
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Rahman, Md-Mafizur, Sang-Jin Lim, and Yung-Chul Park. "Molecular Identification of Bacillus Isolated from Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) and Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius) Feces by Using an SNP-Based 16S Ribosomal Marker." Animals 12, no. 8 (April 10, 2022): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12080979.
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Ambiguous, heterogeneous, endospore-forming Bacillus species, notably Bacillus cereus, often produce fatal toxins that threaten human health. We identified Bacillus from wild animal fecal samples (n = 80), including the Korean water deer (n = 25) and striped field mouse (n = 55). Using traditional culture-based methods, 25 animal fecal samples (31.25%; 25/80) were found to be positive for Bacillus species, whereas using molecular techniques, 19 samples (23.75%; 19/80) were found to be positive for the same. In addition, we designed a Bacillus species-specific 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene marker and utilized it to identify 19 samples by means of PCR amplification and sequencing, using at least one colony from the 19 Bacillus positive samples. The recovered sequences were matched to sequences of three Bacillus species (B. cereus, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. megaterium) from the GenBank database. Moreover, the phylogenetic tree generated in this study established specific clades for the Bacillus group. In addition, to differentiate between B. cereus, B. anthracis, and B. thuringiensis, we designed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based primer by identifying SNPs in the alignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences of B. cereus group strains. The SNPs were used to design primer sets for discrimination between highly similar species from the B. cereus group. The study could be used in surveillance of agricultural fresh-produce-associated Bacillus outbreaks, for accurate identification of each Bacillus species, and in the development of control measures.
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Guinebretière, Marie-Hélène, Sandrine Auger, Nathalie Galleron, Matthias Contzen, Benoit De Sarrau, Marie-Laure De Buyser, Gilles Lamberet, et al. "Bacillus cytotoxicus sp. nov. is a novel thermotolerant species of the Bacillus cereus Group occasionally associated with food poisoning." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_1 (January 1, 2013): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.030627-0.
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An aerobic endospore-forming bacillus (NVH 391-98T) was isolated during a severe food poisoning outbreak in France in 1998, and four other similar strains have since been isolated, also mostly from food poisoning cases. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, these strains were shown to belong to the Bacillus cereus Group (over 97 % similarity with the current Group species) and phylogenetic distance from other validly described species of the genus Bacillus was less than 95 %. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and MLST data, these novel strains were shown to form a robust and well-separated cluster in the B. cereus Group, and constituted the most distant cluster from species of this Group. Major fatty acids (iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C13 : 0) supported the affiliation of these strains to the genus Bacillus , and more specifically to the B. cereus Group. NVH 391-98T taxon was more specifically characterized by an abundance of iso-C15 : 0 and low amounts of iso-C13 : 0 compared with other members of the B. cereus Group. Genome similarity together with DNA–DNA hybridization values and physiological and biochemical tests made it possible to genotypically and phenotypically differentiate NVH 391-98T taxon from the six current B. cereus Group species. NVH 391-98T therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Bacillus cytotoxicus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain NVH 391-98T ( = DSM 22905T = CIP 110041T).
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Kim, Wonyong, Ji-Yeon Kim, Sung-Lim Cho, Sun-Woo Nam, Jong-Wook Shin, Yang-Soo Kim, and Hyoung-Shik Shin. "Glycosyltransferase – a specific marker for the discrimination of Bacillus anthracis from the Bacillus cereus group." Journal of Medical Microbiology 57, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47642-0.
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Bacillus anthracis, the aetiological agent of anthrax, has been taxonomically classified with the Bacillus cereus group, which comprises B. cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides and Bacillus weihenstephanensis. Although the pathogenesis and ecological manifestations may be different, B. anthracis shares a high degree of DNA sequence similarity with its group member species. As a result, the discrimination of B. anthracis from its close relatives in the B. cereus group is still quite difficult. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed to search for genomic differences between a B. anthracis Korean isolate CR and the most closely related B. cereus type strain KCTC 3624T. Two-hundred and five B. anthracis CR clones obtained by SSH underwent Southern hybridization, and comparative sequences were analysed using the blast program from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Subsequently, primer sets based on the glycosyltransferase group 1 family protein gene specific to B. anthracis were designed from the sequences of subtracted clones, and their specificities were evaluated using eight B. anthracis, 33 B. cereus, 10 B. thuringiensis, six B. mycoides, one B. pseudomycoides, one B. weihenstephanensis and 19 strains from 11 other representative Bacillus species. PCR primers specific for the glycosyltransferase group 1 family protein gene did not amplify the desired products from any of the Bacillus strains under examination, except B. anthracis alone. These findings may be useful in the future development of efficient diagnostic tools for the rapid identification of B. anthracis from other members of the B. cereus group.
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Zegeye, Ephrem Debebe, Brajabandhu Pradhan, Ann-Katrin Llarena, and Marina Aspholm. "Enigmatic Pilus-Like Endospore Appendages of Bacillus cereus Group Species." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 12367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212367.
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The endospores (spores) of many Bacillus cereus sensu lato species are decorated with multiple hair/pilus-like appendages. Although they have been observed for more than 50 years, all efforts to characterize these fibers in detail have failed until now, largely due to their extraordinary resilience to proteolytic digestion and chemical solubilization. A recent structural analysis of B. cereus endospore appendages (Enas) using cryo-electron microscopy has revealed the structure of two distinct fiber morphologies: the longer and more abundant “Staggered-type” (S-Ena) and the shorter “Ladder-like” type (L-Ena), which further enabled the identification of the genes encoding the S-Ena. Ena homologs are widely and uniquely distributed among B. cereus sensu lato species, suggesting that appendages play important functional roles in these species. The discovery of ena genes is expected to facilitate functional studies involving Ena-depleted mutant spores to explore the role of Enas in the interaction between spores and their environment. Given the importance of B. cereus spores for the food industry and in medicine, there is a need for a better understanding of their biological functions and physicochemical properties. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the Ena structure and the potential roles these remarkable fibers may play in the adhesion of spores to biotic and abiotic surfaces, aggregation, and biofilm formation.
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LIN, S. F., H. SCHRAFT, and M. W. GRIFFITHS. "Identification of Bacillus cereus by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 921–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.7.921.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for rapid identification of Bacillus cereus isolates. Ten B. cereus group isolates (comprising B. cereus, Bacillus mycoides, and Bacillus thuringiensis strains), five other Bacillus spp., and five non-Bacillus spp. were used. Two types of media, brain heart infusion (BHI) and Trypticase soy agar (TSA), were tested. The results indicated that all B. cereus group isolates produced characteristic absorbance peaks at wave numbers between 1738 and 1740 cm−1 These peaks were not affected by the growth medium. None of the other bacteria tested showed a similar peak after growth on BHI or TSA. Absorbance peaks between 1800 and 1500 cm−1 of members of the B. cereus group had different shapes and sizes, suggesting that FTIR may be useful for rapid identification of species within the B. cereus group.
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Bhandari, Vaibhav, Nadia Z. Ahmod, Haroun N. Shah, and Radhey S. Gupta. "Molecular signatures for Bacillus species: demarcation of the Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus clades in molecular terms and proposal to limit the placement of new species into the genus Bacillus." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_7 (July 1, 2013): 2712–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.048488-0.
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The genus Bacillus is a phylogenetically incoherent taxon with members of the group lacking a common evolutionary history. Comprising aerobic and anaerobic spore-forming bacteria, no characteristics are known that can distinguish species of this genus from other similar endospore-forming genera. With the availability of complete genomic data from over 30 different species from this group, we have constructed detailed phylogenetic trees to determine the relationships among Bacillus and other closely related taxa. Additionally, we have performed comparative genomic analysis for the determination of molecular markers, in the form of conserved signature indels (CSIs), to assist in the understanding of relationships among species of the genus Bacillus in molecular terms. Based on the analysis, we report here the identification of 11 and 6 CSIs that clearly differentiate a ‘ Bacillus subtilis clade’ and a ‘ Bacillus cereus clade’, respectively, from all other species of the genus Bacillus . No molecular markers were identified that supported a larger clade within this genus. The subtilis and the cereus clades were also the largest observed monophyletic groupings among species from the genus Bacillus in the phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and those based upon concatenated sequences for 20 conserved proteins. Thus, the relationships observed among these groups of species through CSIs are independently well supported by phylogenetic analysis. The molecular markers identified in this study provide a reliable means for the reorganization of the currently polyphyletic genus Bacillus into a more evolutionarily consistent set of groups. It is recommended that the genus Bacillus sensu stricto should comprise only the monophyletic subtilis clade that is demarcated by the identified CSIs, with B. subtilis as its type species. Members of the adjoining cereus clade (referred to as the Cereus clade of bacilli), although they are distinct from the subtilis clade, will also retain the Bacillus genus name as they contain several clinically important species, and their transfer into a new genus could have serious consequences. However, all other species that are currently part of the genus Bacillus and not part of these two clades should be eventually transferred to other genera. We also propose that all novel species of the genus Bacillus must meet minimal requirements, foremost among which is that the branching of the prospective species with the Bacillus sensu stricto clade or the Cereus clade of bacilli should be strongly supported by 16S rRNA gene sequence trees or trees based upon concatenated protein sequences. Additionally, the presence of one or more of the CSIs that are specific for these clades may be used to confirm molecularly the placement of the species into these clades. The identified CSIs, in addition to their usefulness for taxonomic and diagnostic purposes, also provide novel probes for genetic and biochemical studies of these bacteria.
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Slamti, Leyla, Stéphane Perchat, Myriam Gominet, Gislayne Vilas-Bôas, Agnès Fouet, Michèle Mock, Vincent Sanchis, Josette Chaufaux, Michel Gohar, and Didier Lereclus. "Distinct Mutations in PlcR Explain Why Some Strains of the Bacillus cereus Group Are Nonhemolytic." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 11 (June 1, 2004): 3531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.11.3531-3538.2004.
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ABSTRACT Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis are closely related species belonging to the Bacillus cereus group. B. thuringiensis and B. cereus generally produce extracellular proteins, including phospholipases and hemolysins. Transcription of the genes encoding these factors is controlled by the pleiotropic regulator PlcR. Disruption of plcR in B. cereus and B. thuringiensis drastically reduces the hemolytic, lecithinase, and cytotoxic properties of these organisms. B. anthracis does not produce these proteins due to a nonsense mutation in the plcR gene. We screened 400 B. thuringiensis and B. cereus strains for their hemolytic and lecithinase properties. Eight Hly− Lec− strains were selected and analyzed to determine whether this unusual phenotype was due to a mutation similar to that found in B. anthracis. Sequence analysis of the DNA region including the plcR and papR genes of these strains and genetic complementation of the strains with functional copies of plcR and papR indicated that different types of mutations were responsible for these phenotypes. We also found that the plcR genes of three B. anthracis strains belonging to different phylogenetic groups contained the same nonsense mutation, suggesting that this mutation is a distinctive trait of this species.
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Radnedge, Lyndsay, Peter G. Agron, Karen K. Hill, Paul J. Jackson, Lawrence O. Ticknor, Paul Keim, and Gary L. Andersen. "Genome Differences That Distinguish Bacillus anthracis from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 5 (May 2003): 2755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.5.2755-2764.2003.
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ABSTRACT The three species of the group 1 bacilli, Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis, are genetically very closely related. All inhabit soil habitats but exhibit different phenotypes. B. anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax and is phylogenetically monomorphic, while B. cereus and B. thuringiensis are genetically more diverse. An amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis described here demonstrates genetic diversity among a collection of non-anthrax-causing Bacillus species, some of which show significant similarity to B. anthracis. Suppression subtractive hybridization was then used to characterize the genomic differences that distinguish three of the non-anthrax-causing bacilli from B. anthracis Ames. Ninety-three DNA sequences that were present in B. anthracis but absent from the non-anthrax-causing Bacillus genomes were isolated. Furthermore, 28 of these sequences were not found in a collection of 10 non-anthrax-causing Bacillus species but were present in all members of a representative collection of B. anthracis strains. These sequences map to distinct loci on the B. anthracis genome and can be assayed simultaneously in multiplex PCR assays for rapid and highly specific DNA-based detection of B. anthracis.
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Vilas-Boas, Gislayne, Vincent Sanchis, Didier Lereclus, Manoel Victor F. Lemos, and Denis Bourguet. "Genetic Differentiation between Sympatric Populations of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 3 (March 2002): 1414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.3.1414-1424.2002.
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ABSTRACT Little is known about genetic exchanges in natural populations of bacteria of the spore-forming Bacillus cereus group, because no population genetics studies have been performed with local sympatric populations. We isolated strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and B. cereus from small samples of soil collected at the same time from two separate geographical sites, one within the forest and the other at the edge of the forest. A total of 100 B. cereus and 98 B. thuringiensis strains were isolated and characterized by electrophoresis to determine allelic composition at nine enzymatic loci. We observed genetic differentiation between populations of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis. Populations of a given Bacillus species—B. thuringiensis or B. cereus—were genetically more similar to each other than to populations of the other Bacillus species. Hemolytic activity provided further evidence of this genetic divergence, which remained evident even if putative clones were removed from the data set. Our results suggest that the rate of gene flow was higher between strains of the same species, but that exchanges between B. cereus and B. thuringiensis were nonetheless possible. Linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed sufficient recombination for B. cereus populations to be considered panmictic units. In B. thuringiensis, the balance between clonal proliferation and recombination seemed to depend on location. Overall, our data indicate that it is not important for risk assessment purposes to determine whether B. cereus and B. thuringiensis belong to a single or two species. Assessment of the biosafety of pest control based on B. thuringiensis requires evaluation of the extent of genetic exchange between strains in realistic natural conditions.
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Roy, Sushmita, Avirup Saha, Shafayet Imtiaze Khan, Md Mahmud Hasan, Muhammad Manjurul Karim, Marufa Zerin Akhter, Md Mozammel Hoq, and Shakila Nargis Khan. "Identification and Differentiation of Closely Related Members of Bacillus cereus Group by Multiplex PCR." Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 39, no. 1 (January 22, 2023): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v39i1.64055.
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Highly similar genetic and phenotypic traits of at least eight bacterial species forming the ‘Bacillus cereus group’ create their precise identification and differentiation quite difficult. The present study explores the applicability of a previously suggested multiplex-PCR method for the accurate identification of the candidate Bacillus species. Out of the 257 Bacillus isolates collected from soil, 44 were identified as B. thuringiensis and 39 as B. cereus by chromogenic cultural method using Bacillus agar, although few of them shared similar colony characteristics. Identification by the multiplex PCR in a thermo cycler using 5 different sets of primer-pairs, however produced distinct amplification corresponding to the bacterial species. Four of those pairs, named BMSH, BCJH, BTJH and BASH were designed based on gyrB gene that produced amplicons of four different sizes: 604, 475, 299 and 253 bp and were specific for B. mycoides, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. anthracis respectively. The remaining one of the sets was used as an internal control which was a universal primerpair, BCGSH, designed targeting a housekeeping gene, groEL that could produce an amplicon of 400 bp in polymerase chain reactions for all members of the B. cereus group, When probing the chromosomes extracted from 257 Bacillus isolates by multiplex PCR; 48, 39 and 5 were identified as B. thuringiensis, B. cereus, and B. anthracis respectively, however the rest of the isolates did not any amplification. Interestingly, the phylogenetic tree, constructed based on partial sequences of 16S rRNA genes of selected isolates including the reference strain of B. thuringiensis (HD-73, sotto) could not differentiate the species, instead posited those in a single cluster. The multiplex PCR, therefore, proved to be a sensitive and reliable method for the identification of the bacterial candidates of Bacillus cereus group than that of cultural and rRNA gene sequence analyses.
Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 39, Number 1, June 2022, pp 21-29
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Ryzhov, Victor, Yetrib Hathout, and Catherine Fenselau. "Rapid Characterization of Spores of Bacillus cereusGroup Bacteria by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 3828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.9.3828-3834.2000.
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ABSTRACT Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to characterize the spores of 14 microorganisms of the Bacillus cereus group. This group includes the four Bacillus species B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. mycoides, andB. thuringiensis. MALDI mass spectra obtained from whole bacterial spores showed many similarities between the species, except for B. mycoides. At the same time, unique mass spectra could be obtained for the different B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains, allowing for differentiation at the strain level. To increase the number of detectable biomarkers in the usually peak-poor MALDI spectra of spores, the spores were treated by corona plasma discharge (CPD) or sonicated prior to MALDI analysis. Spectra of sonicated or CPD-treated spores displayed an ensemble of biomarkers common for B. cereus group bacteria. Based on the spectra available, these biomarkers differentiate B. cereus group spores from those of Bacillus subtilis andBacillus globigii. The effect of growth medium on MALDI spectra of spores was also explored.
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Priest, Fergus G., Margaret Barker, Les W. J. Baillie, Edward C. Holmes, and Martin C. J. Maiden. "Population Structure and Evolution of the Bacillus cereus Group." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 23 (December 1, 2004): 7959–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.23.7959-7970.2004.
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ABSTRACT Representative strains of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria, including Bacillus anthracis (11 isolates), B. cereus (38 isolates), Bacillus mycoides (1 isolate), Bacillus thuringiensis (53 isolates from 17 serovars), and Bacillus weihenstephanensis (2 isolates) were assigned to 59 sequence types (STs) derived from the nucleotide sequences of seven alleles, glpF, gmk, ilvD, pta, pur, pycA, and tpi. Comparisons of the maximum likelihood (ML) tree of the concatenated sequences with individual gene trees showed more congruence than expected by chance, indicating a generally clonal structure to the population. The STs followed two major lines of descent. Clade 1 comprised B. anthracis strains, numerous B. cereus strains, and rare B. thuringiensis strains, while clade 2 included the majority of the B. thuringiensis strains together with some B. cereus strains. Other species were allocated to a third, heterogeneous clade. The ML trees and split decomposition analysis were used to assign STs to eight lineages within clades 1 and 2. These lineages were defined by bootstrap analysis and by a preponderance of fixed differences over shared polymorphisms among the STs. Lineages were named with reference to existing designations: Anthracis, Cereus I, Cereus II, Cereus III, Kurstaki, Sotto, Thuringiensis, and Tolworthi. Strains from some B. thuringiensis serovars were wholly or largely assigned to a single ST, for example, serovar aizawai isolates were assigned to ST-15, serovar kenyae isolates were assigned to ST-13, and serovar tolworthi isolates were assigned to ST-23, while other serovars, such as serovar canadensis, were genetically heterogeneous. We suggest a revision of the nomenclature in which the lineage and clone are recognized through name and ST designations in accordance with the clonal structure of the population.
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Daffonchio, Daniele, Ameur Cherif, and Sara Borin. "Homoduplex and Heteroduplex Polymorphisms of the Amplified Ribosomal 16S-23S Internal Transcribed Spacers Describe Genetic Relationships in the “Bacillus cereus Group”." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 5460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.12.5460-5468.2000.
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ABSTRACT Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus,Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides,Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus weihenstephanensis are closely related in phenotype and genotype, and their genetic relationship is still open to debate. The present work uses amplified 16S-23S internal transcribed spacers (ITS) to discriminate between the strains and species and to describe the genetic relationships within the “B. cereus group,” advantage being taken of homoduplex-heteroduplex polymorphisms (HHP) resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. One hundred forty-one strains belonging to the six species were investigated, and 73 ITS-HHP pattern types were distinguished by MDE, a polyacrylamide matrix specifically designed to resolve heteroduplex and single-strand conformation polymorphisms. The discriminating bands were confirmed as ITS by Southern hybridization, and the homoduplex or heteroduplex nature was identified by single-stranded DNA mung bean nuclease digestion. Several of the ITS-HHP types corresponded to specific phenotypes such as B. anthracis or serotypes ofB. thuringiensis. Unweighted pair group method arithmetic average cluster analysis revealed two main groups. One included B. mycoides, B. weihenstephanensis, and B. pseudomycoides. The second included B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis appeared as a lineage of B. cereus.
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Chang, Yu-Hsiu, Yung-Hui Shangkuan, Hung-Chi Lin, and Hwan-Wun Liu. "PCR Assay of the groEL Gene for Detection and Differentiation of Bacillus cereus Group Cells." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 8 (August 2003): 4502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.8.4502-4510.2003.
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ABSTRACT Strains of species in the Bacillus cereus group are potentially enterotoxic. Thus, the detection of all B. cereus group strains is important. As 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis cannot adequately differentiate species of the B. cereus group, we explored the potential of the groEL gene as a phylogenetic marker. A phylogenetic analysis of the groEL sequences of 78 B. cereus group strains revealed that the B. cereus group strains were split into two major clusters, one including six B. mycoides and one B. pseudomycoides (cluster II) and the other including two B. mycoides and the rest of the B. cereus group strains (cluster I). Cluster I was further differentiated into two subclusters, Ia and Ib. The sodA gene sequences of representative strains from different clusters were also compared. The phylogenetic tree constructed from the sodA sequences showed substantial similarity to the tree constructed from the groEL sequences. Based on the groEL sequences, a PCR assay for detection and identification of B. cereus group strains was developed. Subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis verified the PCR amplicons and the differentiation of the B. cereus group strains. RFLP with MboI was identical for all the B. cereus group strains analyzed, while RFLP with MfeI or PstI classified all B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains into two groups. All cluster II B. mycoides and B. pseudomycoides strains could be discriminated from other B. cereus group bacteria by restriction analysis with TspRI.
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Liu, Yang, Juan Du, Qiliang Lai, Runying Zeng, Dezan Ye, Jun Xu, and Zongze Shao. "Proposal of nine novel species of the Bacillus cereus group." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 2499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.001821.
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Xu, Dong, and Jean-Charles Côté. "Sequence Diversity of the Bacillus thuringiensis and B. cereus Sensu Lato Flagellin (H Antigen) Protein: Comparison with H Serotype Diversity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 7 (July 2006): 4653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00328-06.
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ABSTRACT We set out to analyze the sequence diversity of the Bacillus thuringiensis flagellin (H antigen [Hag]) protein and compare it with H serotype diversity. Some other Bacillus cereus sensu lato species and strains were added for comparison. The internal sequences of the flagellin (hag) alleles from 80 Bacillus thuringiensis strains and 16 strains from the B. cereus sensu lato group were amplified and cloned, and their nucleotide sequences were determined and translated into amino acids. The flagellin allele nucleotide sequences for 10 additional strains were retrieved from GenBank for a total of 106 Bacillus species and strains used in this study. These included 82 B. thuringiensis strains from 67 H serotypes, 5 B. cereus strains, 3 Bacillus anthracis strains, 3 Bacillus mycoides strains, 11 Bacillus weihenstephanensis strains, 1 Bacillus halodurans strain, and 1 Bacillus subtilis strain. The first 111 and the last 66 amino acids were conserved. They were referred to as the C1 and C2 regions, respectively. The central region, however, was highly variable and is referred to as the V region. Two bootstrapped neighbor-joining trees were generated: a first one from the alignment of the translated amino acid sequences of the amplified internal sequences of the hag alleles and a second one from the alignment of the V region amino acid sequences, respectively. Of the eight clusters revealed in the tree inferred from the entire C1-V-C2 region amino acid sequences, seven were present in corresponding clusters in the tree inferred from the V region amino acid sequences. With regard to B. thuringiensis, in most cases, different serovars had different flagellin amino acid sequences, as might have been expected. Surprisingly, however, some different B. thuringiensis serovars shared identical flagellin amino acid sequences. Likewise, serovars from the same H serotypes were most often found clustered together, with exceptions. Indeed, some serovars from the same H serotype carried flagellins with sufficiently different amino acid sequences as to be located on distant clusters. Species-wise, B. halodurans, B. subtilis, and B. anthracis formed specific branches, whereas the other four species, all in the B. cereus sensu lato group, B. mycoides, B. weihenstephanensis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis, did not form four specific clusters as might have been expected. Rather, strains from any of these four species were placed side by side with strains from the other species. In the B. cereus sensu lato group, B. anthracis excepted, the distribution of strains was not species specific.
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Park, Kyung-Min, Hyun-Jung Kim, Min-Sun Kim, and Minseon Koo. "Morphological Features and Cold-Response Gene Expression in Mesophilic Bacillus cereus Group and Psychrotolerant Bacillus cereus Group under Low Temperature." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061255.
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At low temperatures, psychrotolerant B. cereus group strains exhibit a higher growth rate than mesophilic strains do. However, the different survival responses of the psychrotolerant strain (BCG34) and the mesophilic strain (BCGT) at low temperatures are unclear. We investigated the morphological and genomic features of BCGT and BCG34 to characterize their growth strategies at low temperatures. At low temperatures, morphological changes were observed only in BCGT. These morphological changes included the elongation of rod-shaped cells, whereas the cell shape in BCG34 was unchanged at the low temperature. A transcriptomic analysis revealed that both species exhibited different growth-related traits during low-temperature growth. The BCGT strain induces fatty acid biosynthesis, sulfur assimilation, and methionine and cysteine biosynthesis as a survival mechanism in cold systems. Increases in energy metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis in the mesophilic B. cereus group strain might explain its ability to grow at low temperatures. Several pathways involved in carbohydrate mechanisms were downregulated to conserve the energy required for growth. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis was upregulated, implying that a change of gene expression in both RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR contributed to sustaining its growth and rod shape at low temperatures. These results improve our understanding of the growth response of the B. cereus group, including psychrotolerant B. cereus group strains, at low temperatures and provide information for improving bacterial inhibition strategies in the food industry.
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Cherif, Ameur, Sara Borin, Aurora Rizzi, Hadda Ouzari, Abdellatif Boudabous, and Daniele Daffonchio. "Bacillus anthracis Diverges from Related Clades of the Bacillus cereus Group in 16S-23S Ribosomal DNA Intergenic Transcribed Spacers Containing tRNA Genes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 1 (January 2003): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.1.33-40.2003.
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ABSTRACT Mung bean nuclease treatment of 16S-23S ribosomal DNA intergenic transcribed spacers (ITS) amplified from several strains of the six species of the Bacillus cereus group showed that B. anthracis Davis TE702 and B. mycoides G2 have other intermediate fragments in addition to the 220- and 550-bp homoduplex fragments typical of the B. cereus group. Long and intermediate homoduplex ITS fragments from strains Davis TE702 and G2 and from another 19 strains of the six species were sequenced. Two main types of ITS were found, either with two tRNA genes (tRNAIle and tRNAAla) or without any at all. Strain Davis TE702 harbors an additional ITS with a single tRNA gene, a hybrid between the tRNAIle and tRNAAla genes, suggesting that a recombination event rather than a deletion generated the single tDNA-containing ITS. Strain G2 showed an additional ITS of intermediate length with no tDNA and no similarity to other known sequences. Neighbor-joining analysis of tDNA-containing long ITS indicated that B. cereus and B. thuringiensis represent a single clade. Three signature sequences discriminated B. anthracis from B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, indicating that the anthrax agent started evolving separately from the related clades of the B. cereus group. B. mycoides and B. weienstephanensis were very closely related, while B. pseudomycoides appeared the most distant species.
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YANG, I.-CHEN, DANIEL YANG-CHIH SHIH, TSUI-PING HUANG, YUN-PU HUANG, JAN-YI WANG, and TZU-MING PAN. "Establishment of a Novel Multiplex PCR Assay and Detection of Toxigenic Strains of the Species in the Bacillus cereus Group." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 2123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.10.2123.
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Five different enterotoxins and one emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus have been characterized. To amplify all of the enterotoxin and emetic-specific sequences of the species in the B. cereus group, a multiplex PCR with 12 primer pairs was established. In developing the assay method, a common terminal sequence at the 3′ ends of all primers was chosen and a hot start Taq polymerase was used to overcome primer dimer formation. The assay was successfully applied to analyze the toxigenic potential of 162 food-poisoning and food-related strains. Results showed that there were 10 toxigenic patterns for all the test strains. All of the B. cereus strains carried at least one toxin gene. More than 70% of Bacillus mycoides strains carried no known toxin genes. The toxin profiles and toxin genes of B. mycoides strains were significantly different from B. cereus strains (P < 0.05), although the two species were closely related. The results suggest that many B. mycoides strains might be less prone to cause food poisoning. They also indicate the importance of detecting the toxin genes together with the detection of the species in the B. cereus group.
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Draganic, Veselin, Jelena Lozo, Marjan Biocanin, Ivica Dimkic, Eliana Garalejic, Djordje Fira, Slavisa Stankovic, and Tanja Beric. "Genotyping of Bacillus spp. isolate collection from natural samples." Genetika 49, no. 2 (2017): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1702445d.
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The aim of this study was genotyping and identification of collection of 164 Bacillus spp. isolates, from samples of soil, manure, and straw gathered from across Serbia, using Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) combined with sequencing of tuf gene, one of the housekeeping genes. The PFGE analysis with NotI enzyme was used to determine phylogenetic relationships of isolates and referent strains. Four large groups of Bacillus spp. were distinguishable: cereus, subtilis, pumilus and megaterium and within enormous genetic diversity. Bacillus subtilis Marburg referent strain did not group with rest of the strains from the subtilis group (Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633 and Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC9372). Strains from the cereus group were distinguished and closely grouped together. One representative isolate from each of 21 distinct PFGE groups was identified by sequencing of tuf gene. Eight different species were identified among chosen isolates: B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. safensis, B. megaterium, B. cereus, B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis. Our results showed that PFGE analysis combined with sequencing of one of the housekeeping genes could be used for characterization of large collections of Bacillus isolates. The determination of tuf gene recommended itself to be an adequate and sufficient analysis for obtaining very clear and unambiguous results, with high resolution of separation of Bacillus species.
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Liu, Martha M., Shannon Coleman, Lauren Wilkinson, Maren L. Smith, Thomas Hoang, Naomi Niyah, Manjari Mukherjee, et al. "Unique inducible filamentous motility identified in pathogenic Bacillus cereus group species." ISME Journal 14, no. 12 (August 7, 2020): 2997–3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0728-x.
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Abstract Active migration across semi-solid surfaces is important for bacterial success by facilitating colonization of unoccupied niches and is often associated with altered virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles. We isolated an atmospheric contaminant, subsequently identified as a new strain of Bacillus mobilis, which showed a unique, robust, rapid, and inducible filamentous surface motility. This flagella-independent migration was characterized by formation of elongated cells at the expanding edge and was induced when cells were inoculated onto lawns of metabolically inactive Campylobacter jejuni cells, autoclaved bacterial biomass, adsorbed milk, and adsorbed blood atop hard agar plates. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), bacterial membrane components, and sterile human fecal extracts were also sufficient to induce filamentous expansion. Screening of eight other Bacillus spp. showed that filamentous motility was conserved amongst B. cereus group species to varying degrees. RNA-Seq of elongated expanding cells collected from adsorbed milk and PC lawns versus control rod-shaped cells revealed dysregulation of genes involved in metabolism and membrane transport, sporulation, quorum sensing, antibiotic synthesis, and virulence (e.g., hblA/B/C/D and plcR). These findings characterize the robustness and ecological significance of filamentous surface motility in B. cereus group species and lay the foundation for understanding the biological role it may play during environment and host colonization.
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LECHNER, S., R. MAYR, K. P. FRANCIS, B. M. PRUss, T. KAPLAN, E. WIEssNER-GUNKEL, G. S. A. B. STEWART, and S. SCHERER. "Bacillus weihenstephanensis sp. nov. is a new psychrotolerant species of the Bacillus cereus group." International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 48, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 1373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-48-4-1373.
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CHEN, CHI H., HWIA C. DING, and TSUNG C. CHANG. "Rapid Identification of Bacillus cereus Based on the Detection of a 28.5-Kilodalton Cell Surface Antigen." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.3.348.
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Conventional procedures for the identification of suspect Bacillus cereus isolated on mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin(MYP) agar may need several days. To facilitate the identification of the bacterium, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. The assay was based on the detection of a 28.5-kDa cell surface antigen of B. cereus. Bacterial colonies grown on MYP agar or nutrient agar were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) containing 0.1% Teepol. The cell suspensions were heated at 100°C for 5 min and added to the microtiter plates coated with antibodies against the 28.5-kDa antigen. After washing, the same antibodies labeled with horseradish peroxidase were used as secondary antibodies to reveal the signal of antigen-antibody reaction. For 38 strains of B. cereus and 127 strains of non-B. cereus bacteria (including 79 isolates of Bacillus spp.) tested, the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA were 100 and 88.2%, respectively. Strains producing false-positive results were members of the B. cereus group (i.e., Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus mycoides, and Bacillus thuringiensis), which are genetically and biochemically similar to B. cereus. Similar ELISA results were obtained by using antibodies against another cell surface antigen with a molecular mass of 20 kDa. If members of the B. cereus group were recognized as a single species, the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA were 100 and 99.1%, respectively. The ELISA could be used as a rapid method for presumptive identification of B. cereus grown on MYP agar.
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Liu, Yang, Juan Du, Qiliang Lai, Runying Zeng, Dezan Ye, Jun Xu, and Zongze Shao. "Corrigendum: Proposal of nine novel species of the Bacillus cereus group." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 68, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 2706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.002902.
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Slamti, Leyla, and Didier Lereclus. "Specificity and Polymorphism of the PlcR-PapR Quorum-Sensing System in the Bacillus cereus Group." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 3 (February 1, 2005): 1182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.3.1182-1187.2005.
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ABSTRACT The expression of extracellular virulence factors in various species of the Bacillus cereus group is controlled by the plcR and papR genes, which encode a transcriptional regulator and a cell-cell signaling peptide, respectively. A processed form of PapR, presumably a pentapeptide, specifically interacts with PlcR to facilitate its binding to its DNA targets. This activating mechanism is strain specific, with this specificity being determined by the first residue of the pentapeptide. We carried out in vivo complementation assays and compared the PlcR-PapR sequences of 29 strains from the B. cereus group. Our findings suggested that the fifth amino acid of the pentapeptide is also involved in the specificity of activation. We identified four classes of PlcR-PapR pairs, defining four distinct pherotypes in the B. cereus group. We used these findings to look at the evolution of the PlcR-PapR quorum-sensing system with regard to the phylogeny of the species forming the B. cereus group.
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Leski, Tomasz A., Clayton C. Caswell, Marcin Pawlowski, David J. Klinke, Janusz M. Bujnicki, Sean J. Hart, and Slawomir Lukomski. "Identification and Classification of bcl Genes and Proteins of Bacillus cereus Group Organisms and Their Application in Bacillus anthracis Detection and Fingerprinting." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 22 (September 18, 2009): 7163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01069-09.
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ABSTRACT The Bacillus cereus group includes three closely related species, B. anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis, which form a highly homogeneous subdivision of the genus Bacillus. One of these species, B. anthracis, has been identified as one of the most probable bacterial biowarfare agents. Here, we evaluate the sequence and length polymorphisms of the Bacillus collagen-like protein bcl genes as a basis for B. anthracis detection and fingerprinting. Five genes, designated bclA to bclE, are present in B. anthracis strains. Examination of bclABCDE sequences identified polymorphisms in bclB alleles of the B. cereus group organisms. These sequence polymorphisms allowed specific detection of B. anthracis strains by PCR using both genomic DNA and purified Bacillus spores in reactions. By exploiting the length variation of the bcl alleles it was demonstrated that the combined bclABCDE PCR products generate markedly different fingerprints for the B. anthracis Ames and Sterne strains. Moreover, we predict that bclABCDE length polymorphism creates unique signatures for B. anthracis strains, which facilitates identification of strains with specificity and confidence. Thus, we present a new diagnostic concept for B. anthracis detection and fingerprinting, which can be used alone or in combination with previously established typing platforms.
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JUERGENSMEYER, MARGARET A., BRUCE A. GINGRAS, LAWRENCE RESTAINO, and ELON W. FRAMPTON. "A Selective Chromogenic Agar That Distinguishes Bacillus anthracis from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 2002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.8.2002.
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A selective and differential plating medium, R & F anthracis chromogenic agar (ACA), has been developed for isolating and identifying presumptive colonies of Bacillus anthracis. ACA contains the chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-choline phosphate that upon hydrolysis yields teal (blue green) colonies indicating the presence of phosphatidylcholinespecific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) activity. Among seven Bacillus species tested on ACA, only members of the Bacillus cereus group (B. anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis) produced teal colonies (PC-PLC positive) having cream rings. Examination of colony morphology in 18 pure culture strains of B. anthracis (15 ATCC strains plus AMES-1-RIID, ANR-1, and AMED-RIID), with one exception, required 48 h at 35 to 37°C for significant color production, whereas only 24 h was required for B. cereus and B. thuringiensis. This differential rate of PC-PLC synthesis in B. anthracis (due to the truncated plcR gene and PlcR regulator in B. anthracis) allowed for the rapid differentiation on ACA of presumptive colonies of B. anthracis from B. cereus and B. thuringiensis in both pure and mixed cultures. Effective recovery of B. anthracis from a variety of matrices having both high (soil and sewage) and low microbial backgrounds (cloth, paper, and blood) spiked with B. anthracis ANR-1 spores suggests the probable utility of ACA plating for B. anthracis recovery in a diversity of applications.
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From, Cecilie, Rudiger Pukall, Peter Schumann, Víctor Hormazábal, and Per Einar Granum. "Toxin-Producing Ability among Bacillus spp. Outside the Bacillus cereus Group." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 3 (March 2005): 1178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.3.1178-1183.2005.
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ABSTRACT A total of 333 Bacillus spp. isolated from foods, water, and food plants were examined for the production of possible enterotoxins and emetic toxins using a cytotoxicity assay on Vero cells, the boar spermatozoa motility assay, and a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Eight strains produced detectable toxins; six strains were cytotoxic, three strains produced putative emetic toxins (different in size from cereulide), and one strain produced both cytotoxin(s) and putative emetic toxin(s). The toxin-producing strains could be assigned to four different species, B. subtilis, B. mojavensis, B. pumilus, or B. fusiformis, by using a polyphasic approach including biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and DNA-based analyses. Four of the strains produced cytotoxins that were concentrated by ammonium sulfate followed by dialysis, and two strains produced cytotoxins that were not concentrated by such a treatment. Two cultures maintained full cytotoxic activity, two cultures reduced their activity, and two cultures lost their activity after boiling. The two most cytotoxic strains (both B. mojavensis) were tested for toxin production at different temperatures. One of these strains produced cytotoxin at growth temperatures ranging from 25 to 42°C, and no reduction in activity was observed even after 24 h of growth at 42°C. The strains that produced putative emetic toxins were tested for the influence of time and temperature on the toxin production. It was shown that they produced putative emetic toxin faster or just as fast at 30 as at 22°C. None of the cytotoxic strains produced B. cereus-like enterotoxins as tested by PCR or by immunological methods.
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Leoff, Christine, Elke Saile, David Sue, Patricia Wilkins, Conrad P. Quinn, Russell W. Carlson, and Elmar L. Kannenberg. "Cell Wall Carbohydrate Compositions of Strains from the Bacillus cereus Group of Species Correlate with Phylogenetic Relatedness." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 1 (November 2, 2007): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01292-07.
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ABSTRACT Members of the Bacillus cereus group contain cell wall carbohydrates that vary in their glycosyl compositions. Recent multilocus sequence typing (MLST) refined the relatedness of B. cereus group members by separating them into clades and lineages. Based on MLST, we selected several B. anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis strains and compared their cell wall carbohydrates. The cell walls of different B. anthracis strains (clade 1/Anthracis) were composed of glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), N-acetyl mannosamine (ManNAc), and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). In contrast, the cell walls from clade 2 strains (B. cereus type strain ATCC 14579 and B. thuringiensis strains) lacked Gal and contained N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). The B. cereus clade 1 strains had cell walls that were similar in composition to B. anthracis in that they all contained Gal. However, the cell walls from some clade 1 strains also contained GalNAc, which was not present in B. anthracis cell walls. Three recently identified clade 1 strains of B. cereus that caused severe pneumonia, i.e., strains 03BB102, 03BB87, and G9241, had cell wall compositions that closely resembled those of the B. anthracis strains. It was also observed that B. anthracis strains cell wall glycosyl compositions differed from one another in a plasmid-dependent manner. When plasmid pXO2 was absent, the ManNAc/Gal ratio decreased, while the Glc/Gal ratio increased. Also, deletion of atxA, a global regulatory gene, from a pXO2− strain resulted in cell walls with an even greater level of Glc.
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Bach, H. J., D. Errampalli, K. T. Leung, H. Lee, A. Hartmann, J. T. Trevors, and J. C. Munch. "Specific Detection of the Gene for the Extracellular Neutral Protease of Bacillus cereus by PCR and Blot Hybridization." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 3226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.7.3226-3228.1999.
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ABSTRACT A pair of primers and a gene probe for the amplification and detection of the Bacillus cereus neutral protease gene (NPRC) were developed. Specificity for the npr genes of theB. cereus group members B. cereus, B. mycoides, and B. thuringiensis was shown. Restriction polymorphism patterns of the PCR products confirmed the presence of the NPRC gene in all three species.
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GARCÍA-ARMESTO, M. ROSARIO, and ALASTAIR D. SUTHERLAND. "Temperature characterization of psychrotrophic and mesophilic Bacillus species from milk." Journal of Dairy Research 64, no. 2 (May 1997): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202999600204x.
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A total of 50 isolates of Bacillus spp. and one reference strain were investigated for their growth at 6·5°C for 10 d, 30°C for 3 d and 40°C for 2 d. The results obtained differentiated three physiological groups: one clearly psychrotrophic (able to grow at 6·5°C in 10 d, but not at 40°C in 2 d), one intermediate in psychrotrophy (it grew at both 40 and 6·5°C) and one mesophilic (capable of growth at 30 and 40°C, but not at 6·5°C). The proportion of strains in the second group was higher among isolates of B. cereus than for other Bacillus spp. However, the proportion of real mesophilic strains was lower for B. cereus isolates. Psychrotrophic B. cereus grew better at both 6·5 and 30°C than other psychrotrophic Bacillus spp. Using eight strains, a correlation between differential growth at mesophilic temperatures (count at 30°C minus count at 40°C) and a standard psychrotrophic count at 6·5°C for 10 d (r=0·95) was obtained in mixed cultures when the psychrotrophic flora count was [les ]1 log (cfu/ml) lower than the mesophilic count.
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Ross, Cana L., Kerrie S. Thomason, and Theresa M. Koehler. "An Extracytoplasmic Function Sigma Factor Controls β-Lactamase Gene Expression in Bacillus anthracis and Other Bacillus cereus Group Species." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 21 (August 28, 2009): 6683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00691-09.
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ABSTRACT The susceptibility of most Bacillus anthracis strains to β-lactam antibiotics is intriguing considering that the closely related species Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis typically produce β-lactamases and the B. anthracis genome harbors two β-lactamase genes, bla1 and bla2. We show that β-lactamase activity associated with B. anthracis is affected by two genes, sigP (BA2502) and rsiP (BA2503), predicted to encode an extracytoplasmic function sigma factor and an anti-sigma factor, respectively. Deletion of the sigP-rsiP locus abolished β-lactamase activity in a naturally occurring penicillin-resistant strain and had no effect on β-lactamase activity in a prototypical penicillin-susceptible strain. Complementation with sigP and rsiP from the penicillin-resistant strain, but not with sigP and rsiP from the penicillin-susceptible strain, conferred constitutive β-lactamase activity in both mutants. These results are attributed to a nucleotide deletion near the 5′ end of rsiP in the penicillin-resistant strain that is predicted to result in a nonfunctional protein. B. cereus and B. thuringiensis sigP and rsiP homologues are required for inducible penicillin resistance in these species. Expression of the B. cereus or B. thuringiensis sigP and rsiP genes in a B. anthracis sigP-rsiP-null mutant confers inducible production of β-lactamase activity, suggesting that while B. anthracis contains the genes necessary for sensing β-lactam antibiotics, the B. anthracis sigP and rsiP gene products are not sufficient for bla induction.
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Punina, N. V., V. S. Zotov, A. L. Parkhomenko, T. Y. Parkhomenko, and A. F. Topunov. "Genetic Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis from Different Geo-Ecological Regions of Ukraine by Analyzing the 16S rRNA and gyrB Genes and by AP-PCR and saAFLP." Acta Naturae 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2013): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2013-5-1-90-100.
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The Bacillus cereus group consists of closely related species of bacteria and is of interest to researchers due to its importance in industry and medicine. However, it remains difficult to distinguish these bacteria at the intra- and inter-species level. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a member of the B. cereus group. In this work, we studied the inter-species structure of five entomopathogenic strains and 20 isolates of Bt, which were collected from different geo-ecological regions of Ukraine, using various methods: physiological and biochemical analyses, analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA and gyrB genes, by AP-PCR (BOX and ERIC), and by saAFLP. The analysis of the 16S rRNA and gyrB genes revealed the existence of six subgroups within the B. cereus group: B anthracis, B. cereus I and II, Bt I and II, and Bt III, and confirmed that these isolates belong to the genus Bacillus. All strains were subdivided into 3 groups. Seventeen strains belong to the group Bt II of commercial, industrial strains. The AP-PCR (BOX and ERIC) and saAFLP results were in good agreement and with the results obtained for the 16S rRNA and gyrB genes. Based on the derived patterns, all strains were reliably combined into 5 groups. Interestingly, a specific pattern was revealed by the saAFLP analysis for the industrial strain Bt 0376 р.о., which is used to produce the entomopathogenic preparation STAR-t.
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Skorynina, Anna V., Emma G. Piligrimova, Olesya A. Kazantseva, Vladislav A. Kulyabin, Svetlana D. Baicher, Natalya A. Ryabova, and Andrey M. Shadrin. "Bacillus-infecting bacteriophage Izhevsk harbors thermostable endolysin with broad range specificity." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 24, 2020): e0242657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242657.
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Several bacterial species belonging to the Bacillus cereus group are known to be causative agents of food poisoning and severe human diseases. Bacteriophages and their lytic enzymes called endolysins have been widely shown to provide for a supplemental or primary means of treating bacterial infections. In this work we present a new broad-host-range phage Izhevsk, which infects the members of the Bacillus cereus group. Transmission electron microscopy, genome sequencing and comparative analyses revealed that Izhevsk is a temperate phage with Siphoviridae morphology and belongs to the same genus as the previously described but taxonomically unclassified bacteriophages Tsamsa and Diildio. The Ply57 endolysin of Izhevsk phage has broad-spectrum activity against B. cereus sensu lato. The thermolability of Ply57 is higher than that of the PlyG of Wβ phage. This work contributes to our current understanding of phage biodiversity and may be useful for further development of efficient antimicrobials aimed at diagnosing and treating infectious diseases and food contaminations caused by the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria.
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Helgason, Erlendur, Nicolas J. Tourasse, Roger Meisal, Dominique A. Caugant, and Anne-Brit Kolstø. "Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme for Bacteria of the Bacillus cereus Group." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 1 (January 2004): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.1.191-201.2004.
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ABSTRACT In this study we developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for bacteria of the Bacillus cereus group. This group, which includes the species B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. weihenstephanensis, and B. anthracis, is known to be genetically very diverse. It is also very important because it comprises pathogenic organisms as well as bacteria with industrial applications. The MLST system was established by using 77 strains having various origins, including humans, animals, food, and soil. A total of 67 of these strains had been analyzed previously by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and they were selected to represent the genetic diversity of this group of bacteria. Primers were designed for conserved regions of housekeeping genes, and 330- to 504-bp internal fragments of seven such genes, adk, ccpA, ftsA, glpT, pyrE, recF, and sucC, were sequenced for all strains. The number of alleles at individual loci ranged from 25 to 40, and a total of 53 allelic profiles or sequence types (STs) were distinguished. Analysis of the sequence data showed that the population structure of the B. cereus group is weakly clonal. In particular, all five B. anthracis isolates analyzed had the same ST. The MLST scheme which we developed has a high level of resolution and should be an excellent tool for studying the population structure and epidemiology of the B. cereus group.
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DelVecchio, Vito G., Joseph P. Connolly, Timothy G. Alefantis, Alexander Walz, Marian A. Quan, Guy Patra, John M. Ashton, et al. "Proteomic Profiling and Identification of Immunodominant Spore Antigens of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 9 (September 2006): 6355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00455-06.
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ABSTRACT Differentially expressed and immunogenic spore proteins of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria, which includes Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis, were identified. Comparative proteomic profiling of their spore proteins distinguished the three species from each other as well as the virulent from the avirulent strains. A total of 458 proteins encoded by 232 open reading frames were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis for all the species. A number of highly expressed proteins, including elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), elongation factor G, 60-kDa chaperonin, enolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and others exist as charge variants on two-dimensional gels. These charge variants have similar masses but different isoelectric points. The majority of identified proteins have cellular roles associated with energy production, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, posttranslational modifications, and translation. Novel vaccine candidate proteins were identified using B. anthracis polyclonal antisera from humans postinfected with cutaneous anthrax. Fifteen immunoreactive proteins were identified in B. anthracis spores, whereas 7, 14, and 7 immunoreactive proteins were identified for B. cereus and in the virulent and avirulent strains of B. thuringiensis spores, respectively. Some of the immunodominant antigens include charge variants of EF-Tu, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase, Δ-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, and a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase. Alanine racemase and neutral protease were uniquely immunogenic to B. anthracis. Comparative analysis of the spore immunome will be of significance for further nucleic acid- and immuno-based detection systems as well as next-generation vaccine development.
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Prüß, Birgit M., Richard Dietrich, Birgit Nibler, Erwin Märtlbauer, and Siegfried Scherer. "The Hemolytic Enterotoxin HBL Is Broadly Distributed among Species of the Bacillus cereusGroup." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 5436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.12.5436-5442.1999.
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ABSTRACT The prevalence of the hemolytic enterotoxin complex HBL was determined in all species of the Bacillus cereus group with the exception of Bacillus anthracis. hblA, encoding the binding subunit B, was detected by PCR and Southern analysis and was confirmed by partial sequencing of 18 strains. The sequences formed two clusters, one including B. cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis strains and the other one consisting ofBacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides, and Bacillus weihenstephanensisstrains. From eight B. thuringiensis strains, the enterotoxin gene hblA could be amplified. Seven of them also expressed the complete HBL complex as determined with specific antibodies against the L1, L2, and B components. Eleven of 16 B. mycoides strains, all 3B. pseudomyoides strains, 9 of 15 B. weihenstephanensis strains, and 10 of 23 B. cereusstrains carried hblA. While HBL was not expressed in theB. pseudomycoides strains, the molecular assays were in accordance with the immunological assays for the majority of the remaining strains. In summary, the hemolytic enterotoxin HBL seems to be broadly distributed among strains of the B. cereusgroup and relates neither to a certain species nor to a specific environment. The consequences of this finding for food safety considerations need to be evaluated.
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Kabir, M. Shahjahan, Ying-Hsin Hsieh, Steven Simpson, Khalil Kerdahi, and Irshad M. Sulaiman. "Evaluation of Two Standard and Two Chromogenic Selective Media for Optimal Growth and Enumeration of Isolates of 16 Unique Bacillus Species." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 6 (May 3, 2017): 952–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-441.
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ABSTRACTThe genus Bacillus is a group of gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria that can cause food poisoning and diarrheal illness in humans. A wide range of food products have been linked to foodborne outbreaks associated with these opportunistic pathogens. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends (in their Bacteriological Analytical Manual) the use of Bacara or mannitol egg yolk polymyxin (MYP) agar plates and the most-probable-number (MPN) method for enumeration and confirmation of Bacillus cereus and related species isolated from foods, sporadic cases, outbreaks, and routine environmental surveillance samples. We performed a comparative analysis of two chromogenic media (Bacara and Brilliance) and two traditional media (MYP and polymyxin egg yolk mannitol bromothymol blue agar [PEMBA]) for the isolation and enumeration of 16 Bacillus species under modified growth conditions that included pH, temperature, and dilution factor. A total of 50 environmental, food, and American Type Culture Collection reference isolates from 16 distinct Bacillus species were evaluated. A food adulteration experiment also was carried out by artificially adulterating two baby food matrices with two isolates each of B. cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. Our results clearly indicated that chromogenic plating media (Bacara and Brilliance) are better than conventional standard media (MYP and PEMBA) for the detection and enumeration of B. cereus in foods and other official regulatory samples. The comparison of the two chromogenic media also indicated that Brilliance medium to be more efficient and selective for the isolation of Bacillus.
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YANG, I.-CHEN, DANIEL YANG-CHIH SHIH, JAN-YI WANG, and TZU-MING PAN. "Development of Rapid Real-Time PCR and Most-Probable-Number Real-Time PCR Assays To Quantify Enterotoxigenic Strains of the Species in the Bacillus cereus Group." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 2774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.12.2774.
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Members of the Bacillus cereus group may produce diarrheal enterotoxins and could be potential hazards if they enter the food chain. Therefore, a method capable of detecting all the species in the B. cereus group rather than B. cereus alone is important. We selected nhe as the target and developed a real-time PCR assay to quantify enterotoxigenic strains of the B. cereus group. The real-time PCR assay was evaluated with 60 B. cereus group strains and 28 others. The assay was also used to construct calibration curves for different food matrices and feces. The assay has an excellent quantification capacity, as proved by its linearity (R2 > 0.993), wide dynamic quantification range (102 to 107 CFU/g for cooked rice and chicken, 103 to 107 CFU/ml for milk, and 104 to 107 CFU/g for feces), and adequate relative accuracy (85.5 to 101.1%). For the low-level contaminations, a most-probable-number real-time PCR assay was developed that could detect as low as 100 CFU/ml. Both assays were tested with real food samples and shown to be considerably appropriate for B. cereus group detection and quantification.
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Oliwa-Stasiak, K., C. I. Molnar, K. Arshak, M. Bartoszcze, and C. C. Adley. "Development of a PCR assay for identification of the Bacillus cereus group species." Journal of Applied Microbiology 108, no. 1 (January 2010): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04419.x.
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Burtscher, Johanna, Danai Etter, Michael Biggel, Janine Schlaepfer, and Sophia Johler. "Further Insights into the Toxicity of Bacillus cytotoxicus Based on Toxin Gene Profiling and Vero Cell Cytotoxicity Assays." Toxins 13, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040234.
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Bacillus cytotoxicus belongs to the Bacillus cereus group that also comprises the foodborne pathogen Bacillus cereus sensu stricto, Bacillus anthracis causing anthrax, as well as the biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis. The first B. cytotoxicus was isolated in the context of a severe food poisoning outbreak leading to fatal cases of diarrheal disease. Subsequent characterization of the outbreak strain led to the conclusion that this Bacillus strain was highly cytotoxic and eventually resulted in the description of a novel species, whose name reflects the observed toxicity: B. cytotoxicus. However, only a few isolates of this species have been characterized with regard to their cytotoxic potential and the role of B. cytotoxicus as a causative agent of food poisoning remains largely unclear. Hence, the aim of this study was to gain further insights into the toxicity of B. cytotoxicus. To this end, 19 isolates were obtained from mashed potato powders and characterized by toxin gene profiling and Vero cell cytotoxicity assays. All isolates harbored the cytK1 (cytotoxin K1) gene and species-specific variants of the nhe (non-hemolytic enterotoxin) gene. The isolates exhibited low or no toxicity towards Vero cells. Thus, this study indicates that the cytotoxic potential of B. cytotoxicus may be potentially lower than initially assumed.
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Reyes-Ramirez, Arturo, and Jorge E. Ibarra. "Fingerprinting of Bacillus thuringiensis Type Strains and Isolates by Using Bacillus cereus Group-Specific Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic Sequence-Based PCR Analysis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 3 (March 2005): 1346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.3.1346-1355.2005.
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ABSTRACT A total of 119 Bacillus thuringiensis strains (83 type strains and 26 native isolates), as well as five B. cereus group species, were analyzed by repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR analysis (Rep-PCR) fingerprinting. Primers Bc-REP-1 and Bc-REP-2 were specifically designed according to an extragenic 26-bp repeated sequence found in the six B. cereus group genomes reported. A total of 47 polymorphic bands were detected, and the patterns varied from 5 to 13 bands in number and from 0.2 to 3.8 kb in size. Virtually each type strain showed a distinctive B. cereus (Bc)-Rep-PCR pattern, except for B. thuringiensis serovars dakota (H serotype 15 [H15]) and sotto (H4a,4b), as well as serovars amagiensis (H29) and seoulensis (H35), which shared the same patterns. As expected, serovar entomocidus (H6) and its biovar subtoxicus showed an identical pattern; similarly, serovars sumiyoshiensis (H3a,3d) and fukuokaensis (H3a,3d,3e), which share two antigenic determinants, also showed identical Bc-Rep-PCR patterns. Interestingly, serovars israelensis (H14) and malaysiensis (H36), which share several phenotypic attributes, also showed identical Bc-Rep-PCR patterns. Native, coleopteran-active strains, including the self-agglutinated LBIT-74 strain, showed Bc-Rep-PCR patterns identical or very similar to that of the tenebrionis strain. Likewise, native mosquitocidal strains (including some self-agglutinated strains) also showed patterns identical or very similar to that of the serovar israelensis IPS-82 strain. Additionally, native β-exotoxin-producing strains from serovar thuringiensis showed patterns identical to that of the B. thuringiensis type strain. The B. cereus group-specific Bc-Rep-PCR fingerprinting technique was shown to be highly discriminative, fast, easy, and able to identify B. thuringiensis serotypes, including nonflagellar and self-agglutinated strains.
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Pacheco-Sanchez, Cristiana de Paula, and Pilar Rodriguez de Massaguer. "Bacillus cereus in Brazilian Ultra High Temperature milk." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 2 (2007): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000200008.
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Brazilian Ultra High Temperature (UHT) milk consumption has increased during the last decade from 187 to 4,200 million liters. In the continuous UHT process, milk is submitted for 2-4 s to 130-150ºC, in a continuous flow system with immediate refrigeration and aseptical packing in hermetic packages. This research had the purpose to verify the incidence of B. cereus species from the B. cereus group, in UHT milk. In 1998 high indexes of these organisms were reported, reaching 34.14% of the analyzed samples. Beyond this fact, there was the need to establish methods and processes adjusted for correct identification of B. cereus. Thus, commercial sterility tests of 6,500 UHT milk packages were investigated in two assays, after ten days incubation at 37ºC and 7ºC to germinate all possible spores and/or to recuperate injured vegetative cells followed by pH measurement. Samples (1,300 packages each) from five Brazilian UHT plants of whole UHT milk processed by direct steam injection, packaged in carton were investigated for the presence of Bacillus cereus through phenotypic and genetic (PCR) tests. Values of pH were different for the samples, ranging between 6.57 and 6.73. After storage of the samples, only four packages with pH measurement below the lower limit of 6.5 were found and analyzed for the presence of B. cereus. This organism was not detected in any of the samples indicating that the five Brazilian UHT milk processors control pathogenic microorganisms and it can be said that the consumption of UHT milk does not present safety problems to consumers. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and PCR tests were efficient and must be adopted to confirm the biochemical series for B. cereus.
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Williams, Baraka S., Raphael D. Isokpehi, Andreas N. Mbah, Antoinesha L. Hollman, Christina O. Bernard, Shaneka S. Simmons, Wellington K. Ayensu, and Bianca L. Garner. "Functional Annotation Analytics of Bacillus Genomes Reveals Stress Responsive Acetate Utilization and Sulfate Uptake in the Biotechnologically Relevant Bacillus megaterium." Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 6 (January 2012): BBI.S7977. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bbi.s7977.
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Bacillus species form an heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria that include members that are disease-causing, biotechnologically-relevant, and can serve as biological research tools. A common feature of Bacillus species is their ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions by formation of resistant endospores. Genes encoding the universal stress protein (USP) domain confer cellular and organismal survival during unfavorable conditions such as nutrient depletion. As of February 2012, the genome sequences and a variety of functional annotations for at least 123 Bacillus isolates including 45 Bacillus cereus isolates were available in public domain bioinformatics resources. Additionally, the genome sequencing status of 10 of the B. cereus isolates were annotated as finished with each genome encoded 3 USP genes. The conservation of gene neighborhood of the 140 aa universal stress protein in the B. cereus genomes led to the identification of a predicted plasmid-encoded transcriptional unit that includes a USP gene and a sulfate uptake gene in the soil-inhabiting Bacillus megaterium. Gene neighborhood analysis combined with visual analytics of chemical ligand binding sites data provided knowledge-building biological insights on possible cellular functions of B. megaterium universal stress proteins. These functions include sulfate and potassium uptake, acid extrusion, cellular energy-level sensing, survival in high oxygen conditions and acetate utilization. Of particular interest was a two-gene transcriptional unit that consisted of genes for a universal stress protein and a sirtuin Sir2 (deacetylase enzyme for NAD+-dependent acetate utilization). The predicted transcriptional units for stress responsive inorganic sulfate uptake and acetate utilization could explain biological mechanisms for survival of soil-inhabiting Bacillus species in sulfate and acetate limiting conditions. Considering the key role of sirtuins in mammalian physiology additional research on the USP-Sir2 transcriptional unit of B. megaterium could help explain mammalian acetate metabolism in glucose-limiting conditions such as caloric restriction. Finally, the deep-rooted position of B. megaterium in the phylogeny of Bacillus species makes the investigation of the functional coupling acetate utilization and stress response compelling.
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YANTI, YULMIRA, WARNITA WARNITA, REFLIN REFLIN, and HASMIANDY HAMID. "Short Communication: Development of selected PGPR consortium to control Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis and promote the growth of tomatoYanti Y, Warnita, Reflin. 2018. Short Communication: Development of selected PGPR consortium to control Ralstoni." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 6 (October 9, 2018): 2073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190612.
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Yanti Y, Warnita, Reflin. 2018. Short Communication: Development of selected PGPR consortium to control Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis and promote the growth of tomato. Biodiversitas 19: xxxx. A microbial consortium is a group of different species of microorganisms and acts as a community. Combinations of biocontrol strains are expected to have a better result to suppress multiple plant diseases. Our previous research had selected four plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains from chili (B. pseudomycoides strain NBRC 101232, B. cereus strain CCM 2010, Bacillus toyonensis strain BCT-7112, Serratia nematodiphila strain DZ0503SBS1) and three strains from tomato (Bacillus pseudomycoides strain NBRC 101232, Bacillus toyonensis strain BCT-7112, Bacillus thuringiensis strain ATCC 10792 ) which had ability to promote growth and control Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis indigenously. The strains were used in the development of PGPR consortiums to increase their ability for biocontrol agent of Ralstonia syzigii subsp. indonesiensis and promoting the growth of tomato. Results showed that not all strains had good compatibility to grow together. Ten consortiums were developed based on their compatibilities. All consortiums exhibited the capability to reduce bacterial wilt disease development and also promote the growth of tomato. The consortium consisted of Serratia nematodiphila strain DZ0503SBS1, B. cereus strain CCM 2010, Bacillus aryabhattai strain B8W22 and Bacillus cereus strain IAM 12605 resulted in the best ability to reduce disease development and promote growth and yield of tomato.