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1
Mardirossian, Mario. "Internal targets and killing mechanism of the cathelicidin Bac7 in Gram-negative bacteria." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/8640.
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2011/2012Bac7(1-35) is the smallest fragment of the proline-rich cathelicidin Bac7 that shows the same antibacterial activity as the whole natural peptide of 60 residues. In this work, we remarked that the unique gene whose deletion can confer resistance to E. coli against Bac7(1-35) is sbmA, coding for an inner membrane protein involved in the penetration of this peptide into bacterial cells. Moreover, we provided evidence that SbmA is also involved in the transmembrane transport of a fragment of another proline-rich antimicrobial peptide, arasin1(1-23), isolated from the spider crab. These findings suggest a general role of this membrane protein in the uptake of proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PR-AMPs) into Gram-negative bacteria. We then measured the intrabacterial concentration reached by Bac7(1-35) in E. coli, and observed that this increases from micromolar in the medium to millimolar within the bacterial cell, suggesting that it may bind to cytosolic structures. For this reason, we looked for possible interactions between Bac7(1-35) and macromolecules involved in viable processes of bacteria. These studies showed that Bac7(1-35) completely inhibits in vitro the transcription/translation process starting from a concentration of 50 μM. Then we demonstrated that inhibition is: i) specific for Bac7(1-35), since it is not exerted by other cathelicidin-derived AMPs not belonging to the Prorich group, and ii) not stereo-specific, since it is exerted at the same level by the all-D isomer of Bac7(1-35). We also demonstrated the ability of Bac7(1-35) to bind DNA in vitro, but we excluded that this binding may represent the primary mechanism of bactericidal action. We also showed that the peptide does not significantly affect in vitro the transcription process, deducing that the inhibition of the transcription/translation targets primarily the translation process. We verified these data in vivo on E. coli cells measuring the incorporation of radioactive precursors of bacterial macromolecules. We observed that the exposure of bacteria to Bac7(1-35) inhibited the incorporation of radioactive leucine, but not of radioactive thymidine and uridine, indicating a specific block at the protein synthesis level and not of DNA and RNA synthesis. In the near future, a clearer definition of the intrabacterial target(s) of Bac7(1-35) would hopefully lead to the experimentation of this molecule or of its derivatives as a new generation antibiotic drug.
Bac7(1-35) è il più breve frammento del peptide Bac7, una catelicidina ricca in prolina di 60 residui, dotato della stessa attività battericida del peptide intero. In questo lavoro di tesi, abbiamo rimarcato che sbmA è l’unico gene la cui delezione conferisce ad E. coli una resistenza a Bac7(1- 35). Tale gene codifica per una proteina della membrana interna coinvolta nell’ingresso del peptide nel citoplasma della cellula batterica. Inoltre, abbiamo dimostrato che SbmA è coinvolta anche nel trasporto transmembrana di un frammento di un altro peptide antimicrobico, l’arasina1(1-23). Tali risultati suggeriscono che questa proteina giochi un ruolo generale nell’internalizzazione di peptidi antimicrobici ricchi in prolina nei batteri Gram-negativi. Abbiamo quindi misurato la concentrazione intrabatterica raggiunta da Bac7(1-35) in E. coli e abbiamo osservato che questa aumenta da valori micromolari nel terreno di coltura a millimolari nel citosol batterico, suggerendo un suo legame a strutture interne della cellula. Per questo abbiamo cercato possibili interazioni tra il peptide e macromolecole coinvolte in processi vitali del batterio. Con questi studi abbiamo appurato che Bac7(1-35) in vitro inibisce completamente il processo di trascrizione/traduzione a partire da una concentrazione di 50 μM. Successivamente abbiamo dimostrato che questa inibizione è una peculiarità di Bac7(1-35), in quanto altri AMP derivati da catelicidine ma non ricchi in prolina non hanno dimostrato un’attività comparabile. Inoltre, questa inibizione non è stereo-specifica, in quanto anche l’isomero D di Bac7(1-35) blocca tale processo esattamente come il suo isomero L. Abbiamo inoltre dimostrato la capacità di Bac7(1-35) di legare in vitro il DNA, ma abbiamo escluso che tale legame rappresenti il meccanismo primario della sua attività battericida. Abbiamo anche dimostrato che il peptide non interferisce in vitro in maniera significativa con il processo di trascrizione, deducendo che l’effetto osservato sul processo di trascrizione/traduzione fosse da attribuirsi prevalentemente all’inibizione della traduzione. Abbiamo verificato tali dati in vivo su cellule di E. coli misurando l’incorporazione di precursori radioattivi delle macromolecole batteriche. Abbiamo osservato che l’esposizione di batteri a Bac7(1-35) bloccava l’incorporazione di leucina radioattiva ma non di timidina ed uridina, indicando un blocco specifico della sintesi proteica ma non di quelle di DNA e RNA. In futuro, una definizione ancora più chiara del target intrabatterico di Bac7(1-35) potrebbe portare alla sperimentazione di tale molecola o di suoi analoghi come farmaci antibiotici di nuova generazione.
XXV Ciclo
1985
2
Chettaf, Aïssa. "Contribution à l'étude du séchage par rayonnement infrarouge : Application au séchage en couche mince d'une enduction." Valenciennes, 1994. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/9a259158-201e-4807-bac7-56fdaf6a482b.
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Dans cette étude, nous nous intéressons particulièrement au séchage d'une enduction (colle à eau) soumise à des contraintes radiatives et convectives. L'apport d'énergie nécessaire à la vaporisation du solvant provient essentiellement d'un émetteur de rayonnement infrarouge. Dans un premier temps, nous avons procédé à la caractérisation physico-chimique du produit, en l'occurrence une colle à papier. Quelques propriétés intrinsèques ont été déterminées au laboratoire pour être utilisées dans une modélisation des transferts de matière et de chaleur et enfin le choix de l'émetteur infrarouge utilisé dans toutes nos opérations de séchage. Dans une deuxième partie, l'émetteur infrarouge a fait l'objet d'une caractérisation thermique. La technique utilisée est la thermographie infrarouge pour déterminer le champ de température de la plaque. A partir du champ de température, nous avons résolu numériquement l'équation inverse du bilan énergétique pour déterminer les densités de flux. L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux de séchage nous a permis de vérifier la validité du modèle, purement diffusif, décrivant d'une manière satisfaisante le comportement de la colle. Les résultats de caractérisation de l'émetteur nous ont permis de déterminer la disposition géométrique de plusieurs émetteurs afin d'avoir un séchage relativement homogène sur tout le produit. L'ensemble des résultats est utilisé pour concevoir une installation de séchage par rayonnement infrarouge qui sera expérimentée sur site industriel.
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Pelillo, Chiara. "Therapeutic potential of BAC7(I-35), a Proline-rich Antimicrobial Peptide: in vitro and in vivo studies and Pegylation strategy to improve its bioavailability." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/5978.
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2009/2010The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important component of the innate defense against invading microorganisms, are widespread in nature and may have multiple and diversified mechanisms of bactericidal action. In addition to their direct antimicrobial activity the are also involved in other biological processes. The aim of this project was to investigate the in vivo activity of Bac7(1-35), a bovine proline-rich antimicrobial peptide, having in mind its possible use as a lead compound for the development of novel anti-infective agents. Before moving to animal models of infection, the in vitro stability of the peptide in the presence of murine and human serum or plasma as well as its biodistribution in mouse were investigated. Antibacterial activity assays against Salmonella enterica showed that the presence of murine blood components largely inhibits the antibacterial activity of the peptide. On the contrary, in human serum and plasma Bac7(1-35) maintains its efficacy. This is due to the more rapid degradation by proteases of murine blood. The in vivo biodistribution of Bac7(1-35) was investigated by using a time-domain optical imaging apparatus and a fluorescently-labeled Bac7(1-35) derivative. The compound reaches the kidney and the bladder respectively 1 and 3 hours after i.p. injection. The in vivo and ex vivo analyses performed after 24 h confirm that the compound has been totally excreted. A mouse model of S. typhimurium infection was set up and used to test the therapeutic efficacy of Bac7(1-35). Treatment of infected mice with the peptide injected i.p. immediately after a lethal, intraperithoneal bacterial challenge, increased the mean survival time and reduced significantly the number of viable bacterial cells in liver and spleen of treated mice at 3 days post-inoculum. In 1/3 of the organ homogenates, the bacterial presence was undetectable and this result matches the percentage of cured animals (35%). In an attempt to improve its pharmacokinetic profile, the peptide was conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), a non-toxic, non-immunogenic and FDA-approved polymer. Different strategies of pegylation have been considered to find the best method in terms of chemical yield and of maintenance of biological activity. Pegylation via a thioether ligation resulted the best strategy to obtain a slow active peptide release in human blood components with a reduced renal clearance and an increased bioavailability of Bac7(1-35), as biodistribution analyses demonstrated. Several important pathogens, such as S. enterica, cause disease by surviving and replicating within host cells. Since many AMPs have also immunomodulatory activities, we investigated the effect of Bac7(1-35) on the interaction between macrophages and Salmonella. We carried out phagocytosis assays with macrophages and the results suggest that Bac7(1-35) plays a positive modulatory effect on this function. Phagocytosis assays were also performed to determine if Bac7(1-35) could inhibit survival and replication of intracellular Salmonella. The results show that the peptide inhibits the replication of intracellular Salmonella, suggesting that it can exert its antibacterial activity within eukaryotic cells. Further studies are required to fully understand the details of the Bac7(1-35) biological activities. The results obtained provide encouraging evidence for future investigations on Bac7(1-35) and on the pegylated form Bac7(1-35)CAM-PEG20k also in other models of infection and with different intracellular pathogens.
XXIII Ciclo
1981
4
Runti, Giulia. "New insights into the architecture and function of SbmA, an unusual transporter of the inner membrane of E. coli." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/7409.
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2010/2011SbmA/BacA è una proteina della membrana interna presente nei batteri Gram negativi e caratterizzata da omologia di sequenza con i domini transmembrana (TMDs) dei sistemi di trasporto di tipo ABC. Ceppi di E. coli con una delezione completa del gene sbmA mostrano un’aumentata resistenza al peptide antimicrobico Bac7 e ad altri peptidi ricchi in prolina a seguito di una loro ridotta internalizzazione. Gli omologhi di SbmA in altre specie sono essenziali per instaurare un’infezione cronica sia in ospiti di origine vegetale che animale. Lo scopo del presente lavoro è stato caratterizzare l’organizzazione e la funzione del sistema di trasporto rappresentato da SbmA in E. coli. Mediante saggi di cromatografia di affinità e di anisotropia a fluorescenza, è stato mostrato come SbmA sia in grado di legare Bac7 senza la necessità di una proteina di legame del substrato (SBP). Inoltre, mediante la tecnica del doppio ibrido in batterio e saggi di crosslinking in vitro, è stato mostrato come SbmA formi dimeri sia in vivo sia in vitro. Saggi di citofluorimetria in presenza di diversi inibitori metabolici indicano come la presenza di un gradiente protonico sia essenziale per garantire il trasporto del peptide attraverso la membrana batterica, trasporto che sembra essere indipendente dall’energia derivata dall’idrolisi dell’ATP. Allo scopo di identificare possibili interattori di SbmA, è stato analizzato il locus genomico di sbmA ed è stato dimostrato che il gene yaiW, localizzato a valle di sbmA, forma con quest’ultimo un’unica unità trascrizionale. Sebbene i due geni siano cotrascritti, le corrispondenti proteine non sembrano interagire né a livello citoplasmatico né di membrana interna. Tuttavia, l’interazione tra queste due proteine a livello periplasmico non può essere esclusa ed il coinvolgimento di YaiW nell’internalizzazione di Bac7 mediata da SbmA può essere ipotizzato sulla base dell’aumentata resistenza al peptide mostrata dal ceppo con una delezione completa del gene yaiW. Dal vaglio in vivo dell’intero proteoma di E. coli versus SbmA mediante il sistema BACTH non è stato identificato alcun dominio di legame dell’ATP, rafforzando quindi l’ipotesi che il sistema di trasporto rappresentato da SbmA non richieda l’idrolisi dell’ATP come fonte di energia. Questo studio ha permesso di identificare 9 possibili interattori di SbmA, tra i quali la proteina della membrana interna FieF, coinvolta nell’efflusso di ioni Zn(II) dalla cellula batterica. E’ stato mostrato come FieF sia coinvolta nell’internalizzazione di Bac7 mediata da SbmA e come l’espressione di sbmA sia modulata dagli ioni Zn(II) in maniera complessa, suggerendo un possibile ruolo per questa proteina nella risposta allo stress da parte del batterio. Questi risultati suggeriscono come SbmA sia un insolito trasportatore di peptidi derivato dalla famiglia dei trasportatori ABC, che ha successivamente perso e/o cambiato nel corso dell’evoluzione alcune caratteristiche, come ad esempio la necessità di una proteina di legame del substrato o la fonte di energia richiesta per il trasporto dei substrati. Inoltre, l’interazione osservata tra le due proteine SbmA e FieF potrebbe suggerire un possibile ruolo della prima nel processo di detossificazione dello zinco, attività che potrebbe essere modulata dal legame di un substrato di natura peptidica a SbmA. Infine, la regolazione dell’espressione di sbmA mediata dagli ioni Zn(II) potrebbe avere un ruolo fisiologico nell’ospite in quanto promuove una maggiore suscettibilità dei batteri ai peptidi antimicrobici ed è in grado di attivare effettori cellulari come i neutrofili.
SbmA/BacA is a protein of the inner membrane of many Gram negative bacteria, predicted to be the transmembrane domain of an ABC transport system. sbmA-deleted E. coli strain shows an increased resistance to the antimicrobial peptide Bac7 and other proline-rich peptides due to their reduced uptake. In addition, BacA of some Gram negative species is essential to establish chronic infection in animal and plant hosts. The aim of this study was to characterize the architecture and function of the SbmA transport system in E. coli. By affinity chromatography and fluorescence anisotropy assays we showed that SbmA is able to bind Bac7 also without the requirement of a substrate-binding protein. By using a bacterial two-hybrid BACTH system and in vitro crosslinking assay we showed that SbmA forms dimers both in vivo and in vitro. Flow cytometry analysis using different metabolic inhibitors indicate that the proton motive force rather than ATP hydrolysis may represent the driving force for the translocation of peptide substrates. Searching for possible interactors of SbmA, we showed that the yaiW gene, located downstream of sbmA, is part of the same operon. Even if the two genes are cotranscribed, the corresponding proteins do not seem to interact neither at the cytoplasmic nor at the inner membrane level. However, ΔyaiW strain showed an increased resistance to Bac7 suggesting the involvement of this protein in the SbmA-mediated uptake of the peptide. An in vivo screening of the whole proteome of E. coli against SbmA by the BACTH system did not identify any nucleotide-binding domain of the transporter, strengthening the hypothesis that the transport system is energized by a mechanism different from ATP hydrolysis. Two-hybrid analysis allowed us to fish out 9 potential interactors and among those our attention was focused on FieF, an inner membrane protein involved in zinc efflux from the bacterial cell. We demonstrated that FieF is involved in the SbmA-mediated uptake of Bac7 and that the expression of sbmA is modulated by zinc ions in a complex manner, suggesting a stress role for this protein in bacteria. Overall, these findings suggest that SbmA is an unusual peptide transporter likely derived from the widespread ABC transporters, which has evolutionary lost/changed some typical features of this transport systems, such as the request of a substrate-binding protein and the ATP binding domain. The interaction between SbmA and FieF points to a possible involvement of the former in zinc detoxification, a function which may be modulated by the binding of an unidentified peptide substrate. The regulation of the expression of SbmA by zinc ions might have a physiological relevance in the host because it makes the target bacteria more susceptible to the AMPs and activates cellular effectors such as the neutrophils.
XXIV Ciclo
1984
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Mawson, Mark. "Interactive fluid-structure interaction with many-core accelerators." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/interactive-fluidstructure-interaction-with-manycore-accelerators(a4fc2068-bac7-4511-960d-41d2560a0ea1).html.
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The use of accelerator technology, particularly Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), for scientific computing has increased greatly over the last decade. While this technology allows larger and more complicated problems to be solved faster than before it also presents another opportunity: the real-time and interactive solution of problems. This work aims to investigate the progress that GPU technology has made towards allowing fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems to be solved in real-time, and to facilitate user interaction with such a solver. A mesoscopic scale fluid flow solver is implemented on third generation nVidia ‘Kepler’ GPUs in two and three dimensions, and its performance studied and compared with existing literature. Following careful optimisation the solvers are found to be at least as efficient as existing work, reaching peak efficiencies of 93% compared with theoretical values. These solvers are then coupled with a novel immersed boundary method, allowing boundaries defined at arbitrary coordinates to interact with the structured fluid domain through a set of singular forces. The limiting factor of the performance of this method is found to be the integration of forces and velocities over the fluid and boundaries; the arbitrary location of boundary markers makes the memory accesses during these integrations largely random, leading to poor utilisation of the available memory bandwidth. In sample cases, the efficiency of the method is found to be as low as 2.7%, although in most scenarios this inefficiency is masked by the fact that the time taken to evolve the fluid flow dominates the overall execution time of the solver. Finally, techniques to visualise the fluid flow in-situ are implemented, and used to allow user interaction with the solvers. Initially this is achieved via keyboard and mouse to control the fluid properties and create boundaries within the fluid, and later by using an image based depth sensor to import real world geometry into the fluid. The work concludes that, for 2D problems, real-time interactive FSI solvers can be implemented on a single laptop-based GPU. In 3D the memory (both size and bandwidth) of the GPU limits the solver to relatively simple cases. Recommendations for future work to allow larger and more complicated test cases to be solved in real-time are then made to complete the work.
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Saunders, Catherine. "Asymptotic methods applied to problems of steady-streaming flows and acoustic radiation forces." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/asymptotic-methods-applied-to-problems-of-steadystreaming-flows-and-acoustic-radiation-forces(7c4856bd-5d9d-44b5-bac7-d2aed745f258).html.
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Small-amplitude, high-frequency (ultrasound) forcing of fluid/particle systems is being used in a number of applications associated with non-destructive fluid mixing and the movement/manipulation of particles in suspension. Of most importance in this context are the second-order, steady, effects arising from the nonlinear interaction of a leading-order oscillatory field with itself. In this thesis we consider some of these steady effects in both incompressible and compressible fluids. We first consider the axisymmetric steady streaming generated in an incompressible, viscous fluid contained between two (radially) infinite parallel plates, each oscillating in a direction normal to its own plane. In the limit of small-amplitude, high-frequency oscillations, we show that the steady-streaming flow in the fluid bulk is driven by thin streaming sublayers at the plates, at which the normal velocity is zero and the radial velocity varies linearly with distance from the axis of rotational symmetry. Effectively, in the bulk flow, the bounding plates appear as (no-slip) impermeable walls that stretch radially. This bulk-flow problem is extended to allow for the analogous steady flow of two immiscible, incompressible, viscous fluids, each undergoing a radial-stretching motion appropriate to high-frequency steady streaming. For a flat interface between the fluids, a self-similar solution reduces the Navier--Stokes equations to a nonlinear boundary-value problem, the solution of which exhibits an interesting structure in the limit of large Reynolds number. In this limit, solutions can be found using matched asymptotic expansions, but the location of the interface between the fluids can only be determined if terms that are exponentially small in the Reynolds number are included. It is shown that for fluids of almost-equal densities, exponentially-small differences can have a leading-order effect on the observed flow. The second part of the thesis is concerned with the (steady) acoustic radiation force on a rigid sphere submerged in a compressible, inviscid fluid, when the wavelength of the incident acoustic field is large compared to the radius of the sphere. In this limit, a matched asymptotic expansion method is used to derive an expression for the acoustic radiation force, on both fixed and free rigid spheres, due to a range of incident fields. For incident acoustic fields that are appropriate to planar and circular waveguides/channels, expressions are derived for the scattered field and the radiation force on a rigid sphere in the long-wavelength limit. Fixed and free spheres located both on and off the axis of symmetry of these incident fields are considered. This is an extension to the current literature, in which numerical methods are used to examine the scattering from spheres in an off-axis position, and problems are restricted to the consideration of fixed spheres only. It is shown that there are stable and unstable positions within the waveguide where any off-axis acoustic radiation force vanishes, leaving only an along-channel component. For free spheres, these positions are shown to be dependent on the relative particle density and it is suggested that this may allow for a mechanism to sort such small particles radially in a circular waveguide, if secondary scattering effects are neglected.
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Gray, Imara. "Self-esteem and self-concept in individuals with 'poor me' and 'bad me' persecutory beliefs." Thesis, Bangor University, 2009. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/selfesteem-and-selfconcept-in-individuals-with-poor-me-and-bad-me-persecutory-beliefs(60be59cb-0d54-4275-bac7-823bea6cf811).html.
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Background: Persecutory delusions are a common psychiatric symptom, affecting between 50 and 90% of those with psychosis. They are associated with high levels of distress, social isolation and hospitalisation. Psychological theories of persecutory delusions have been developed in order to inform the care of this distressing symptom. Objectives: The current thesis has two aims. The literature review aims to evaluate two current psychological models of persecutory delusions, namely Daniel Freeman's model, which suggests that anxiety plays a direct causal role in persecutory beliefs, and Richard Bentall's model, which suggests that persecutory delusions are a defence against low self-esteem and depression. The research project aimed to further investigate Richard Bentall's model by looking at patterns of self-esteem in two different types of persecutory delusion: 'poor me' delusions, in which the individual feels that their persecution is not deserved; and 'bad me' delusions, in which the individual feels that their persecution is deserved. Methods: The literature review comprises a comprehensive review of the literature looking at anxiety, self-esteem and depression in those with persecutory delusions. The research project used a combination of self-report questionnaires and a computer task to measure self-esteem in those with persecutory delusions. Findings: The literature review outlines high levels of anxiety, depression and low self-esteem in those with persecutory delusions. Little evidence is found to support Freeman's model of persecutory delusions. Some initial evidence however is found in support of a revised version of Bentall's model. The research project meanwhile found patterns of self-esteem in 'poor me' and 'bad me' delusions that were consistent with Bentall's revised model. Conclusions: The current thesis outlines support for Bentall's revised model of persecutory delusions. The thesis also outlines the need for further research in a number of areas.
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Lindberg, Erik, and Lukas Magnusson. "WEC Back-to-back Topology." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-351912.
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Johnson, Lisa Marie. "Back to back they faced each other." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/993.
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Fluhrer, Regina. "Zwei neuartige Aspartylproteasen BACE-1 und BACE-2." Diss., lmu, 2003. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-14423.
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Tan, Jiak-San. "Flexibility in MLVR-VSC back-to-back link." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1119.
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This thesis describes the flexible voltage control of a multi-level-voltage-reinjection voltage source converter. The main purposes are to achieve reactive power generation flexibility when applied for HVdc transmission systems, reduce dynamic voltage balancing for direct series connected switches and an improvement of high power converter efficiency and reliability. Waveform shapes and the impact on ac harmonics caused by the modulation process are studied in detail. A configuration is proposed embracing concepts of multi level, soft-switching and harmonic cancellation. For the configuration, the firing sequence, waveform analysis, steady-state and dynamic performances and close-loop control strategies are presented. In order not to severely compromise the original advantages of the converter, the modulated waveforms are proposed based on the restrictions imposed mathematically by the harmonic cancellation concept and practically by the synthesis circuit complexity and high switching losses. The harmonic impact on the ac power system prompted by the modulation process is studied from idealistic and practical aspects. The circuit topology being proposed in this thesis is developed from a 12-pulse bridge and a converter used classically for inverting power from separated dc sources. Switching functions are deduced and current paths through the converter are analysed. Safe and steady-state operating regions of the converter are studied in phasor diagrams to facilitate the design of simple controllers for active power transfer and reactive power generations. An investigation into the application of this topology to the back-to-back VSC HVdc interconnection is preformed via EMTDC simulations.
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Viteri, Villanueva Wálter, Rosalino Vicente Rojas, Cobos Alejandro Vásquez, Wong Eduardo William Tam, and Padilla Daniel Osores. "Edificio Bach." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas - UPC. Escuela de Postgrado, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/273994.
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El objetivo de este trabajo es promover, proyectar, construir y vender edificios multifamiliares que van dirigidos principalmente a satisfacer la demanda existente en los diferentes niveles socio – económicos de nuestro medio y a la necesidad creciente que tienen los inmigrantes peruanos de invertir en bienes inmuebles Además de generar un negocio que se mantenga a lo largo del tiempo, mediante la colocación en el mercado de productos de buena calidad, con un buen servicio post-venta, creando una marca propia
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Filho, Roberto Panucci. "Lease-back." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-11022015-080815/.
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Nesta dissertação são analisados os contratos de lease-back perante a lei brasileira. Lease-back é uma modalidade de arrendamento mercantil financeiro em que o vendedor do bem e o arrendatário são a mesma pessoa jurídica. Desde 1930, teorias econômicas, políticas e jurídicas têm debatido a importância de propriedade e controle de bens no capitalismo, sendo hoje geralmente aceito que empresas não precisam ter a propriedade dos ativos para desenvolver suas atividades. Neste contexto, operações de lease-back podem ser usadas pelas empresas como uma fonte alternativa de financiamento, em que se dispõe do direito de propriedade sem perder o direito de usar e fruir dos ativos. O foco desta dissertação consiste em analisar (i) o que é um contrato de lease-back; (ii) os elementos de contratos de lease-back; e (iii) a legalidade de contratos de lease-back perante a lei brasileira, especialmente em vista da proibição do pacto comissório em direitos reais de garantia (penhor, hipoteca e anticrese) e na alienação fiduciária em garantia.This dissertation analyzes lease-back agreements under Brazilian law. Lease-back is a type of finance lease (arrendamento mercantil financeiro) wherein the seller of the asset and the lessee are the same legal entity. Since 1930s economic, political and legal theories have debated the importance of ownership and control in capitalism and nowadays it is commonly accepted that companies do not need to retain ownership of their assets to develop their business. In this context, lease-back transactions can be used by companies as an alternative source of financing, by disposing of the ownership of their assets without losing the right to use them. The focus of this dissertation is to analyze (i) what is a leaseback agreement; (ii) the elements of lease-back agreements; and (iii) the legality of leaseback agreements under Brazilian law especially in view of potential violation to rules prohibiting pactum commissorium in agreements involving in rem security interests (pledge, mortgage and antichresis) or chattel mortgage (alienação fiduciária em garantia).
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Bäck, Leif. "The use of radiofrequency thermal ablation for the treatment of upper airway disorders." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2003. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/kliin/vk/back/.
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Fillet, Castella Sergi. "Reducció del mode comú en convertidors Back-2-Back." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/279366.
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This work deals with the study of Back-2-Back converters, with special emphasis on its effects on the common mode. For the study performed, a review of the different known causes for bearing currents and the contribution to the common mode voltatge by different modulation methods, in both B2B and VSIs converters.
Various original methods of modulation are studied that allow us significant reductions in the common mode provided, and therefore the life of the drives and connected loads.
Finally, we study some original contributions using the common mode to take benefits when applying it does not cause us concern.El present treball aborda l'estudi dels convertidors Back-2-Back, amb especial èmfasi en els seus efectes sobre el mode comú. Per l'estudi es realitza una revisió de les diferents causes conegudes dels corrents pels coixinets, així com del mode comú aportat pels diferents mètodes de modulació, tant en VSIs com en convertidors B2B. S'estudien diversos mètodes de modulació originals que permeten reduccions importants en el mode comú aportat, i per tant, en la vida dels accionaments i càrregues. Per finalitzar, s'estudien determinades aportacions també originals que permeten aprofitar el mode comú per a obtenir efectes beneficiosos quan l'aplicació del mateix no ens causa preocupació
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Blaauwbroek, Nikki [Verfasser], Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Bach, and Frank [Gutachter] Lisker. "Geochemical models of Sb(-As,Au,Ag) mineralization in the Archaean and modern hydrothermal settings : Examples from the Murchison Greenstone Belt and the Manus back-arc basin / Nikki Blaauwbroek ; Gutachter: Wolfgang Bach, Frank Lisker ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Bach." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1123194777/34.
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Wheeler, Jeremy Nicholas. "Back-to-back converters for variable speed motor drive applications." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294550.
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Slebodnik, Mary F. "Back to Bluefield." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3269.
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BACK TO BLUEFIELD is a collection of ten short stories set in the fictional small town of Bluefield, Ohio. Like “Dance of the Happy Shades” by Alice Munro, BACK TO BLUEFIELD highlights patriarchal limitations women often face in rural communities. In “This Little Light of Mine,” a teenage girl attempts to escape the sexual abuse inflicted on her by her father, while in “Praise Camp,” a youth pastor counsels a teenager to repress homosexual feelings, yet cannot bury her own unrequited love for her female best friend. In the spirit of Hemingway’s “The End of Something,” each story contain a high, clear note of grief. In “Lottie’s Winter,” a widow pushes away a new chance at love because of her lasting grief over her husband’s death. Disoriented by profound loss, and limited by Bluefield’s cultural expectations and economic struggles, each character confronts staggering gaps between their realities and their desires.
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Dhliwayo, Mercy. "Bringing us back." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63077.
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My thesis takes the form of a collection of short stories set mostly in Zimbabwe and South Africa under the current political, social and economic climate. The themes I explore include forced migrations, identity, family disintegration and destitution. I use non-linear narration inspired by my reading of Dambudzo Marechera and Lidia Yuknavitch’s use of photographic imagery, in Black Sunlight and The Small Backs of Children respectively, to heighten my thematic concerns. The poetry in their language also serves as a source of inspiration, as does the graphic imagery used by Ayi Kwei Armah. In addition, I draw on the fragmented form used by Deepak Unnikrishnan to explore migration in his collection, Temporary People and Miljenko Jergovic’s investigation of violence and displacement in Sarajevo Marlboro.
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Candy, Elizabeth A. "Adolescent back pain." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492968.
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Chentowa, Sofia. "Bach und Schostakowitsch." Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa ; 5 (1999), S. 85-98, 1999. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15627.
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Schostakowitsch hat beide Bände des Wohltemperierten Klaviers bereits als 12jähriger gespielt, als er das Klavierspiel bei Ignati Gljasser, einem Schüler von Hans von Bülow, erlernte. So hat ein Petersburger Junge die deutsche Schule kennengelernt. Im Konservatorium studierte Schostakowitsch später das Klavierspiel bei dem hervorragenden Pädagogen Leonid Nikolajew, einem Schüler von Sergei Tanejew. Bei ihm herrschte der Kontrapunkt der strengen Schreibart vor. Nikolajew schenkte den Werken Bachs eine große
Aufmerksamkeit.
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Budde, Elmar. "Webern und Bach." Bärenreiter Verlag, 1987. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A37209.
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Mota, André Freire. "Departamento "back office"." Master's thesis, FEUC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/32503.
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Relatório de estágio do mestrado em Gestão, apresentado à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação de Paulo Gama e Cláudia Amaral.O presente trabalho visa demonstrar a experiência obtida ao longo de dezanove semanas, no departamento do “Back office” Financeiro da empresa Visabeira Pro – Estudos e Investimentos, no âmbito da conclusão dos estudos no Mestrado em Gestão, pela Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra. Neste relatório serão descritas as tarefas realizadas ao longo do período de estágio nomeadamente conferência de saldo inter-grupo, confirmação de contas correntes, saldos dos fornecedores, saldos dos clientes, confronto de saldos em diferentes programas, análise de saldos antigos e extratos bancários, assim como a importância das mesmas na atividade da empresa e a utilização do software necessário para efetuar o trabalho. Por ter feito parte do departamento do “back office” e mediante as tarefas realizadas, a revisão da literatura deste relatório centrar-se-á sobretudo em quatro ideias chaves, o back office, interações existentes, a tecnologia e por fim a globalização. A partir destas, procurar-se-á aprofundar os conhecimentos transmitidos, pelo departamento do “back office” ao estágiario, percebendo o impacto que cada uma tem sobre a outra, assim como as relações que têm sido desenvolvidas ao longo dos tempos.
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Candela, Nicholas. "Beating Back Babylon." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2347.
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My processes and techniques are driven by the need to explore and to understand my own hesitations and convictions about our world. Initially, I began addressing these needs in my artwork using acrylic paint and sandpaper. This led me to investigate a variety of media including ink, transfers, and oil-based paints, as well as different solvents, cleaners, and varnishes, all to create or remove layers. Through this variety of media, I have come to discover that what matters most to me is the physical process of art-making. Each decision I make is done with regard to the additive elements of the media and what may be revealed through the subtractive processes later. Through my artwork, I continue to explore what I can only describe as the faÇades of the world as I see it. My work is often driven by cynicism and derision, and the media and processes I work with allow me to investigate and understand those aspects of our culture which I perceive with suspicion.
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Chentowa, Sofia. "Bach und Schostakowitsch." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-224605.
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Schostakowitsch hat beide Bände des Wohltemperierten Klaviers bereits als 12jähriger gespielt, als er das Klavierspiel bei Ignati Gljasser, einem Schüler von Hans von Bülow, erlernte. So hat ein Petersburger Junge die deutsche Schule kennengelernt. Im Konservatorium studierte Schostakowitsch später das Klavierspiel bei dem hervorragenden Pädagogen Leonid Nikolajew, einem Schüler von Sergei Tanejew. Bei ihm herrschte der Kontrapunkt der strengen Schreibart vor. Nikolajew schenkte den Werken Bachs eine große
Aufmerksamkeit.
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Kempen, Suzanne van. "Bach - musikpädagogisch betrachtet." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2008. http://d-nb.info/996278222/04.
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Fundakubi, Zukile Anthony. "Back to nowhere." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5071.
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My writing contains elements of hard-boiled detective fiction and crime writing. My stories, written in isiXhosa and English and a mixture of both, transplant these genres into a South African township setting where gang violence dominates and life is cheap. They are driven by uniquely South African characters, brutal crime scenes and fear-inspiring suspense, but none the less still full of humour. I want my work to entertain the reader while also looking realistically and critically at the problem of crime in our townships. I draw on influences of African and Latin American writers to create South African crime fiction in a realistic urban setting, with dynamic characters and sharp dialogue.Le ngqokelela yamabali iqulathe amabali angobomi babantu abasezilokishini nabo bahlala ezilalini. Nangona umfundi angahle awafumanisa ehlekisa amanye elusizi, injongo yombhali asikukuhlekisa nakunyanzelisa imfundiso koko ikuzoba ubomi bababantu, bephila kwezi ndawo neengxaki abajongene nazo. Imeko yaba bantu kumakhaya ngamakhaya yiyo ebangele ukuba umbhali abelane nomfundi ngokuqhubekayo ebomini.
This thesis is presented in two parts: English and isiXhosa.
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Helen, Maureen. "The back flats." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2002. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/851.
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This thesis comprises two interrelated sections. The first is a Piece of creative writing, a period novel, The Back 'Flats, which is set in the coastal hamlet of Greenough in Western Australia in the years 1887-1888. The twin themes of the novel are the resolution of maternal grief and Irish settlement in Western Australia. The second section is an essay concerned with the arrival of Irish people to Australia in the nineteenth century and, the influence they exerted on the culture of the developing nation, demonstrated through history and contemporary novels. The Back Flats is about a group of Irish Catholic settlers in a rural area as they experience the effects of the death of their baby girl from pneumonia on the mother, Kate O'Brien. The close-knit community has a superstitious fear of madness, which they believe can result if a woman withdraws from family and friends as part of her mourning process. An old woman whose baby died many years previously, and who was incapacitated by the death for years afterwards, now suffers from dementia. The Villagers think that the old woman’s condition is proof of what may happen to Kate. During a major flood caused by cyclonic rains at the source of the Greenough River, Kate and the old woman are thrown into close proximity. While she comforts the old Woman, Kate recognises that the other woman is not a threat to her or to her sanity. Irish convicts and freed immigrants accounted for a third of all immigration to Australia in the first century following the arrival of the First Fleet and the beginning of white settlement. The essay describes the settlement of the Greenough region from the early 1850s and the immigration of Irish people to Australia with particular reference to Irish women. It also places The Back FIats in a context of Australian literature about Irish convicts, immigrants, settlers and wanderers.
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Shojaei, Iman. "LOWER BACK BIOMECHANICS AT NON-CHRONIC STAGE OF LOW BACK PAIN." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cbme_etds/52.
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Prior studies have reported differences in lower back biomechanics during activities of daily living between individuals with and without chronic low back pain (LBP). Nevertheless, the literature on lower back biomechanics of patients with non-chronic LBP is scant. Therefore, the objective of this study, as the first step towards future prospective studies, was to investigate the lower back biomechanics in patients with non-chronic LBP. Case-control studies were conducted wherein measures of lumbo-pelvic coordination during bending and return tasks as well as measures of mechanical demand on the lower back during lifting tasks in the sagittal plane were investigated between patients with non-chronic LBP and matched asymptomatic individuals. Patients were enrolled into the study at the non-chronic stage of their LBP. We found distinct difference in measures of lumbo-pelvic coordination as well as mechanical demands on the lower back between patients with non-chronic LBP and controls. Reduced lumbar range of flexion and slower task pace as well as the more in-phase and less variable lumbo-pelvic coordination observed in patients with non-chronic low back pain, may be the result of a neuromuscular adaptation to reduce the forces and deformation in the lower back tissues and avoid pain aggravation. Such a neuromuscular adaptation, however, resulted in a larger shearing demand on the lower back. Persistent abnormal lumbo-pelvic coordination might play a role in transition to chronic stage or recurrence of LBP. However, such inferences need to be further investigated using prospective studies as well as clinical trials involving a combination of physical and psychological treatments aimed at correction of lumbo-pelvic coordination.
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Höjer, Tomas. "Grant back-klausuler i tekniköverföringsförordningen." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-233293.
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Linsley, Dennis Edward. "Melodic inversion in J. S. Bach's keyboard suites / by Dennis Edward Linsley." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7770.
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Chung, Erin H. "The Well-tempered clavier by J.S. Bach : a performance guide to twelve selected preludes and fugues arranged in order of ascending difficulty /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11280.
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Mahony, Christopher. "International crimes prosecution case selection : the ICC, ICTR, and SCSL." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a390aead-46cb-42bb-baa7-431540692d9d.
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International crimes prosecutions have become more common since 1993, both domestically and at international courts and tribunals. The advance of this norm confronts realist state interests causing debate about the norm's status. Kathryn Sikkink views a norm as cascading when enough states adopt it to cause international influence, without domestic pressure, to procure levels of conformity. This thesis considers the degree of conformity by observing the level of case selection independence to determine whether this norm is cascading. By identifying the jurisdictional and functional elements of case selection independence, I develop a framework for observing the interface between politics and law. While Sikkink errs towards the quantity of international crimes prosecutions, I focus on the quality. This project examines case selection independence at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the International Criminal Court, in Uganda. The project considers whether case selection has become more or less independent at these courts - whether the norm of international crimes prosecution has cascaded or contracted. In observing the various case selection independence elements I attempt to explain the observed cascades and contractions at each court. I then consider whether a cascade or contraction occurred during the period of the courts' collective design and function. The research qualitatively observes a cumulative justice contraction. The research observes a combination of factors affecting case selection independence, including shifts in power dynamics between and among weak and powerful states, increasing state sophistication in international court engagement, a shift in jurisdiction triggering actors and forums, and realist state co-option of norm entrepreneurs via endearing explanation of independence-diminishing policies.
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Fry, Andrew E. "Genome mapping of malaria resistance genes : the host ligands of PfEMP1." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:df1ffe4b-ba67-4fc6-9024-b278b887d4f9.
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Erythrocytes infected by mature forms of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite adhere to other components of the vascular space, a behavior considered critical to the pathogenesis of severe malaria. Adhesion is mediated by the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), a highly variant antigen expressed by the parasite and subject to switching during the course of an infection. The host ligands of PfEMP1 include CD36, ICAM-1 and the ABO antigens. By employing a series of population- and family-based association studies from multiple African populations, we examined whether variation in the genes underlying these molecules affects susceptibility to severe malaria. Our results suggest that a common frameshift mutation in the ABO glycosyltransferase, responsible for blood group O, is associated with protection from severe malarial phenotypes (P=2x10⁻⁷), particularly severe malarial anaemia. However, we found no significant disease associations with variation in either the ICAM1 or CD36 genes. We focused on two particular functional polymorphisms, the missense ICAM-1Kilifi and the CD36 nonsense mutation T1264G. We genotyped both markers in around 10,000 individuals, but neither demonstrated an association with severe malarial phenotypes. Malaria has been a profound selection pressure shaping human genetic diversity. The last decade has seen the development of several haplotype-based methods to detect signatures of recent positive evolutionary selection. These techniques are potentially invaluable tools in our hunt for genetic variants that protect from life threatening malaria. We used simulations and empirical data from the International HapMap Project to demonstrate the validity of searching for long regions of haplotype homozygosity, as an approach to finding alleles undergoing selective sweeps. We analysed genetic data from a range of populations, particularly those utilized by HapMap, to investigate whether our candidate genes were associated with signals of recent positive selection. We characterized the distribution of a selection event associated with the CD36 1264G allele, focused in Central-West Africa, and demonstrated a novel signal of low population differentiation at the ABO gene, suggestive of longstanding balancing selection. Our work confirms that variation in the host ligands of PfEMP1 modulates severe malaria susceptibility, and highlights the value of using signals of selection, along with functional experiments and genetic association studies, to dissect the biology of severe malaria.
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Moore, Katie Louise. "High resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of trace elements in cereal grain and roots." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ab4f4a19-baca-48a7-af54-b9c5d87f3b7a.
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This thesis presents information on the subcellular localisation of two important trace elements, selenium and arsenic, in wheat, rice and rice roots for what is believed to be the first time. The general aim of this work was to illustrate the potential of using physical science techniques to solve biological problems. High resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry was undertaken using the CAMECA NanoSIMS50 with a sensitivity down to ppm concentrations and a lateral resolution of less than 100 nm. Selenium in wheat grain was found to be distributed across both the bran layer and the endosperm region with Se-rich hotspots found in the aleurone cells and a higher intensity of Se in the subaleurone region. Arsenic in rice grain was found in two key regions. In grains with high As and high dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) content, As was predominantly localised to the subaleurone region yet in lower concentration, hydroponically grown As(III)-treated grains the As was only localised to the aleurone layer near the ovular vascular trace (OVT). A combined NanoSIMS and S-XRF experiment revealed As hotspots near the OVT. A combination of high pressure freezing, high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry and TEM was used to localise As in the roots of rice plants revealing a contrasting subcellular distribution of As and Si in the roots even though arsenite and silicic acid are transported across the plasma membranes by the same transporters. Fe plaque forms only on the root epidermis and was shown to be a strong sink for As. Colocalisation of S with As in the vacuoles of the endodermis, pericycle and xylem parenchyma supports the notion that As is stored as arsenite-phytochelatin complexes in the roots while Si is localised in the endodermis cell walls and is not strongly affected by the Lsi2 mutation.
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Paksoy, H. B. "Alpamysh." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d83d772b-baca-4336-bff6-2cf0d1c096a6.
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The present work employs the detailed study of one case to illustrate a pattern that may well exist in other cases. It must be borne in mind that the subject population comprises approximately one fifth of the Soviet Union (and steadily growing at a rapid pace) and spread across a substantial portion of the Asian continent What is described in the following pages may have taken place with respect to other non-Russian nationalities in the USSR. Therefore, although this work focuses on Central Asian-Russian relations, it constitutes a possible model for analysis and investigation of Soviet policy toward other nationalities. There is strong evidence to indicate that those policies toward history and literature which were applied to Alpamysh have already been employed with respect to various developing countries as well, not the least of which are those bordering the USSR. It is the hope of this writer that this inquiry will induce others to pursue the questions raised here. Various disciplines and area studies might benefit from this investigation, aside from the obvious Central Asian and Soviet studies. The artificial separation of "areas" and disciplines, that have not existed during the evolution of the subject matter, cannot yield complete understanding. Given the restrictions imposed by the Soviet censorship and bureaucracies who control collections of materials and published works, documentation is not exhaustive. It is anticipated that subsequent research shall unearth additional information. Therefore, the temptation to hold back and wait for such new discoveries is immense. I almost succumbed to it, except for the constant reminders from friends and colleagues - among other reasons, pointing to the number of copies of the manuscript I had circulated in the academic community for comments and criticism who have insistently hounded me to go to print. I do so with mixed feelings, for, since the completion of this manuscript, a German translation (GDR printing) of Alpamysh has been issued It was translated not from the original, but from an earlier Russian translation. Moreover, it has been discovered that at least one, or perhaps two additional printings of Alpamysh have been offered for sale in Central Asia.
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Heley, Jesse. "Rurality, class, aspiration and the emergence of the 'New Squierarchy'." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/157bb0ca-63ba-44cc-ba87-b260990d05d1.
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Investigating the (possible) emergence of a ‘New Squirearchy’ in rural England, this research considers the extent of a practical appropriation of the discourse of the country gentleman within the milieu of a specific community in the South East. A process commonly attributed to the middle class, this study engages with those debates on class and class analysis which continue to play out as a key theme in rural studies, and argues for the incorporation of concepts of performance in providing more nuanced accounts of society in the countryside. Drawing on theories of embodiment as developed in the wider disciplines of sociology and geography, and considering them in direct relation to consumption and cultural capital, this research details the existence of the ‘New Squirearchy’ as a discernable community of practise at work in – and dependent upon – the routine operations of other collectives in rural space. Mapping out the movements of those seeking to fulfil the roles and lifestyle historically accredited to the landed elite in detail, this empirically driven enquiry comes out of an intensive tract of in-situ ethnography. Centred on the act(s) of ‘gentryfication’ in the fabric of ‘village England’ and ‘Eamesworth’ more specifically, this story questions the apparent becoming of the ‘New Squirearchy’ through such institutions as the public house, the Parish Council and the village fete.
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Keogh, Mary. "Energy and regional power in advanced developing states : a Turkish case study." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/cbafba78-fa5c-4993-ba17-fa1f460dc276.
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The first decades of the 21st century have witnessed a proliferation of academic literature on the economically ascendant, internationally engaged states of the global South like the BRICS, Mexico, and Turkey. IR literature on energy has accounted for the rise of these states in terms of the recalibration of global hydrocarbon geopolitics, but is limited in considering the ways in which these advanced developing states use energy to obtain and maintain power. Other sub-schools of IR on middle, emerging, and rising powers pay more attention to how these states accrue and exercise power. One of these literatures - that on regional powers - provides the framework for this project. This thesis argues that IR does not pay sufficient regard to how energy (a key material resource) either contributes to regional power or shapes the agendas of advanced developing states that are also regional powers. This thesis consequently explores the nexus between energy and regional power for advanced developing states. Adopting a case-study approach, the thesis considers how energy and regional power were related for Turkey between 2002 and 2014 in the Caspian region. It argues that despite being disadvantaged by limited energy reserves in a region dominated by major energy states, the governing AKP party saw energy and regional status as intrinsically linked for Turkey. An examination of Ankara's relationships with Iran and Russia - two other advanced developing states enables a detailed analysis of the manifestation of the relationship between energy and regional power in the regional context for Turkey. Overall, the thesis contends that acknowledging the relationship between energy and regional power for advanced developing states facilitates understanding of power relations between states in the global South and provides insight into the ways in which those states effect and affect power in regional politics.
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Lane, Tyler J. "Health and responsibility : the relationship between parental illness and children's work in South Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d5e4439b-bac8-45fb-a124-cf3e43d65a3a.
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South Africa faces a high disease burden and a limited public capacity to provide care to the ill. Research from the UK and sub-Saharan Africa suggests the burden often falls to children, who also take over domestic responsibilities necessary for household survival. To date, there is limited research exploring the relationship between parental illness and children’ responsibilities, or the moderating effect of socio-demographic variables. The thesis is comprised of three research phases. The first is a literature review to summarise existing research and identify substantial gaps, which included limited amounts of quantitative evidence on this topic and a lack of a tool to as-sess child responsibility that had both been adapted to the South African context and included caring responsibilities. The second research phase consists of an exploratory study of n = 349 children living with ill adults in urban and rural communities in the Western Cape province of South Africa to investigate their range of responsibility, which included caring for an ill parent, household chores, childcare, and income-generation. The resulting data were used to create the Child Responsibility Measure, which assesses the range and time burden of re-sponsibilities among South African children. The third research phase is a cross-sectional quantitative survey of n = 2,476 pairs of children and parents from urban and rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Resulting data on parental health, socio-demographics, and child responsibilities were analysed with multiple regres-sions to determine drivers of children’s responsibility. Among the findings were that parental illnesses increase the likelihood children provide care and have larger responsibility workloads, and girls are more likely to take on all types of responsibility excluding income-generating activities, which were more common in boys. Additionally, while urban children were more likely to provide personal care, rural children had greater responsibility workloads.
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Liang, Kun. "A novel linear electromagnetic-drive oil-free refrigeration compressor." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a6b61f49-895d-4587-baa7-91d5d1feff14.
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There is a need to improve the capabilities of cooling technology to dissipate increasingly high heat fluxes (approaching 200 W/cm2) from electronic components in order to maintain acceptable operating temperatures. The linear compressor with clearance seal and flexure spring which has been used for many years for space application, is an attractive proposition for vapour compression refrigeration (VCR) systems in electronics cooling applications because it offers several advantages over traditional compressor technology. This thesis introduces a novel design of oil-free linear compressor and investigates the performance of the linear compressor system and the key issues with respect to the operations of the compressor. A comprehensive system analysis has been carried out for the linear compressor regarding the moving magnet motor characteristics, spring stiffness, damping, imbalance of current in coils, DC offset and leakage across the clearance seal. To measure the performance of the linear compressor, an experimental apparatus and a data acquistion system have been built. A harmonic fitting approach has been proposed to reconstruct current, voltage and displacement signals using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and minimisation algorithms. The piston dynamics have been modelled to infer pressure-volume (P-V) diagrams. Preliminary measurements of the linear compressor at resonance using nitrogen show that an adiabatic efficiency of 42% - 60% and a motor efficiency of 71% - 89% are maintained over a wide range of operating parameters, indicating that systems using this type of compressor could have good part load efficiency. At the design point (a pressure ratio of 3.0 and a stroke of 13 mm), pressure drop loss is responsible for 27% of the total losses and the most significant loss is the copper loss (34%). A commercial crank-drive compressor with comparable properties has also been evaluated for comparison, showing that the prototype linear motor has a much higher efficiency than the rotary induction motor, particularly at low electrical power inputs while the volumetric efficiencies in the crank-drive compressor are about 20% higher. The linear compressor in a refrigeration system using R134a has been measured for different strokes under each pressure ratio with a fixed condenser outlet temperature of 50°C and evaporator temperature ranging from 6°C to 27°C. A model of the resonant frequency using discharge and suction pressures and the stroke has been validated. A coefficient of performance (COP) of 3.2 has been achieved at a cooling capacity of 384 W and an evaporator temperature of 20°C. This is assumed to be a typical CPU cooling condition. A Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID)/Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM) control system using a solenoid operated valve has been developed for DC offset and clearance control. Operation of the linear compressor with a fixed clearance of 0.8 mm using nitrogen has been carried out in comparison with the fixed zero DC offset operation. When operated with a fixed clearance, the volumetric efficiency increases with a decreasing stroke but the fixed clearance operation requires a higher power input. This provides evidence that the piston control in a refrigeration system with capacity control should be for a zero DC offset.
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Nnoaham, Kelechi Ebere. "A multi-centre study of the impact of endometriosis on health-related quality of life and work productivity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b514d4e4-f001-4f73-ba57-72f69d742c64.
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Background: Endometriosis is a common condition in women of reproductive age, causing pelvic pain and subfertility, but little is known about its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and work productivity worldwide. Methods: In 10 countries across five continents, this study recruited 1,418 women, aged 18-45, without a previous surgical diagnosis of endometriosis, scheduled to undergo a laparoscopy to investigate symptoms suggestive of endometriosis or to be sterilised. Pre-operatively, women completed a standardised questionnaire assessing symptoms, diagnostic delay, HRQoL and work productivity using validated instruments. Surgeons completed a standardised questionnaire incorporating findings at laparoscopy including endometriosis stage according to revised American Fertility Society criteria. Results: There was a mean delay of 9.2 years (SD 8.8), principally in primary care, between the onset of symptoms and diagnostic laparoscopy. This diagnostic delay was longer in centres where healthcare was predominantly state-funded (12.8 vs. 7.6 years; p<0.001). In multivariate analyses, the delay was positively associated with the number of pelvic symptoms (chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhoea, dyspareunia and heavy periods; p<0.001) and a higher body mass index (p<0.001). Physical HRQoL was significantly reduced in affected women compared to those with similar symptoms and no endometriosis (p=0.012). Not being in paid employment, severe pelvic pain and moderate-severe disease were associated with reduced physical HRQoL (all p<0.001). Each affected woman lost on average 10.0 hours (SD 10.6) of work weekly, due mainly to reduced effectiveness while working. The annual indirect cost of endometriosis associated with work productivity loss ranged from US$399 per woman in Ibadan (Nigeria) to US$18,586 per woman in Boston (USA). Conclusions: Endometriosis significantly impairs HRQoL and work productivity across countries and ethnicities, yet women continue to experience diagnostic delays in primary care. A higher index of suspicion is needed to expedite specialist assessment of symptomatic women. Future research should seek to clarify pain mechanisms in relation to endometriosis severity.
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Bilton, Matthew. "Activation of MAIT cells, and their role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f6838397-c300-4d00-bac6-60914bc5a69c.
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Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of innate-like lymphocytes, with an emerging role in tuberculosis (TB). They are characterised by the expression of high levels of CD161 and IL-18Rα, possession of a Vα7.2+ T cell receptor (TCR), and restriction by the MHC class I-related protein (MR1). MAIT cells can be activated by MR1 presenting microbe-derived riboflavin metabolites; or, by the cytokines IL-12 and IL-18 in a TCR-independent fashion. How human MAIT cells integrate these signals for their activation in response to Mtb is unclear. Lymphatic TB (LNTB) is a common extra-pulmonary manifestation of TB; however, little is known about the status of MAIT cells in LNTB - or in other granulomatous diseases, such as sarcoidosis. In this study, an in vitro approach was used to probe MAIT cell activation by Mtb, and the roles of IL-12/-18, the TCR, cell-cell contact and the immunological synapse (IS). Following TCR ligation, TNFα expression was rapid and transient, and was enhanced following sustained IL-12/-18 exposure. IFNγ expression occurred following sustained exposure to ng/ml concentrations of IL-12/-18; however, alongside TCR stimulation, pg/ml concentrations were sufficient. Using an artificial bilayer system, CD161 was excluded from the central regions of the MAIT cell IS, whilst the distribution of IL-18Rα remained unaffected. In response to Mtb and BCG, MR1 was necessary for rapid activation and TNFα expression, IL-12/-18 were necessary for robust and sustained IFNy expression, whilst an anti-Mtb effect was indicated in an intracellular infection model. Assessment of patients with TB or sarcoid lymphadenopathy revealed a depletion of MAIT cells in the blood in sarcoidosis, but not LNTB. In both groups, MAIT cells could be detected within a proportion of sampled lymph nodes. Overall, these findings indicate the importance of inflammatory cytokine signals in the induction of high-intensity and sustained MAIT cell effector function, including in response to Mtb. The observation of a numerical deficiency of MAIT cells in sarcoidosis requires further investigation.
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Vaughan, Nancy. "Partitioning of foraging habitat resources among bats (Chiroptera) in Great Britain." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/5dae8611-bacc-4ff5-a3dc-49f7e3d1131f.
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Core, Bryony A. "New main group and rare earth ring-opening polymerisation catalysts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dc881fbc-bac2-4419-a991-ffc863977701.
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This Thesis describes the synthesis and characterisation of new Group 2, Group 3 and lanthanide amide, alkyl, halide, borohydride and alkoxide complexes, and their uses as catalysts for the living ROP and immortal ring-opening polymerisation (iROP) of rac-, L, D- and meso-lactide. Chapter One introduces cyclic esters and possible mechanistic pathways leading to polyesters by ROP. Living and immortal ROP, including their kinetic characteristics are discussed. An overview of ROP from an industrial perspective and a literature review are also given. Chapter Two describes the synthesis and characterisation of a new series of magnesium and zinc amide, alkyl, halide, borohydride and alkoxide complexes supported by a carbazole-bis(dimethyloxazoline) ligand. Their activities towards the ROP of rac-, L- and meso-lactide are presented. Detailed mechanistic studies using spectroscopic techniques are discussed and a new mechanism is proposed. Chapter Three describes the synthesis and characterisation of a new series of calcium, strontium, yttrium, lanthanum and samarium amide, alkyl, halide, borohydride and alkoxide complexes supported by a carbazole-bis(dimethyloxazoline) ligand. Their activities towards the ROP of rac-, L- and meso-lactide are presented. Detailed mechanistic studies using spectroscopic techniques are discussed. Chapter Four describes the synthesis and characterisation of a new series of magnesium, calcium, strontium, yttrium, lanthanum and samarium amide, halide and borohydride complexes supported by a chiral carbazole-bis(isopropyloxazoline) ligand. Their activities towards the ROP of rac-, L-, D- and meso-lactide are presented. Chapter Five contains experimental details and characterising data for the new complexes reported in this Thesis. CD Appendix contains .CIF files for all the new crystallographically-characterised complexes.
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Kylänpää-Bäck, Marja-Leena. "Acute pancreatitis : diagnosis and assessment of severity with markers of inflammation." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2001. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/kliin/vk/kylanpaa-back/.
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Hiltunen-Back, Eija. "Epidemiology of syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia trachomatis infection in Finland in the 1990s." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2002. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/kliin/vk/hiltunen-back/.
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Chaouche, Sabine. "Young men at Oxford (1830-80) : routes into consumption and debt." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e83c1570-5f6e-41a4-ba57-587ad3ff443f.
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Young men's consumption, especially that of students at Oxford, has not received much attention from scholars although they participated fully in the economic life of the University town by becoming customers, indeed often compulsive shoppers, as numerous Chancellor's Court and bankruptcy court cases suggest. My thesis provides a window onto male students' consumer culture and indebtedness, especially their link to the 'credit system'. 'Conspicuous consumption' and overspending was a marker of undergraduate culture which had two dialectical dynamics: students tried to position themselves in their community by displaying the signs and habits of the elite; and, simultaneously they went through a process of individualization, expressing particular tastes and their own extravagance. These processes reflect how students learnt their future roles as rulers by managing their private interests and public image, but also by developing a consumer experience, a majority of them becoming prudent economic agents. This dissertation explores consumption from both an individual and collective perspective. In particular it examines juvenile agency, going beyond the clichés of the 'great masculine renunciation' and the idea of prominent female shopping, reconstructing the different paths undertaken by young men, from their first steps into consumption, to consumption routine. It builds on diverse disciplines including social and economic history, retailing and advertising, education, law and gender studies to tackle a gap in the history of consumption, capitalism and trade in Oxford. Between 1830 and 1880, student consumerism was intertwined with the university reforms and the rise of competition between tradesmen. This study assesses education costs and budget constraints; commercial practices such as 'touting freshmen'; students' social background and insolvency; the use of long-term credit as a tool to drive consumption; and the formation of male identities through the purchase and display of different goods.
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Santos, Guilherme Vianna. "Sistemas de controle aplicados a aerogeradores síncronos com conversores Back-to-Back." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUBD-A3HGQF.
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The work presents the main concepts of the wind power system and wind turbine technology based on synchronous generators connected to the grid through a Back-to-Back converter. A mathematical modeling of the main components of the generation system is developed in this work as well as design of the controllers used to operate the system. The proposed wind generation system is constructed in the laboratory as well as new control platform based on a oating-point hardware to allow experimental testing. The wind turbine is emulated by an induction motor mechanically coupled to the synchronous generator. In this paper we used classical control techniques PI type in synchronous reference and non-linear based on passivity. A theoretical study on the control laws Interconnection and Damping Assignment Passivity-based Control - IDA-PBC in the application context is held and the controller design is presented. The in uence of the IDA-PBC controller parameters is also discussed. Maximum power tracking of the wind generator techniques are developed for simulation and practical system. Finally the simulated and experimental results for the developed system are presented and discussed.O trabalho de dissertação apresenta as principais conceitos do sistema de geração eólica e a tecnologia de aerogerador baseada no geradores síncronos conectados á rede elétrica através de um conversor Back-to-Back. Uma modelagem matemática dos principais componentes do sistema de geração é desenvolvida neste trabalho assim como o projeto dos controladores utilizados para comandar o sistema. O sistema de geração eólica proposto é construído em laboratório assim como a nova plataforma de controle baseado em uma hardware de ponto utuante para permitir a realização de teste experimentais. A turbina eólica é representada por um motor de indução mecanicamente acoplado ao gerador síncrono. Neste trabalho são utilizadas técnicas de controle clássicas do tipo PI no referencial síncrono e n~ao-linear baseado em passividade. Um estudo téorico sobre as leis de controle Interconnection and Damping Assignment Passivity-based Control IDA-PBC no contexto da aplicação é realizado e o projeto dos controlador é apresentado e a in u^encia dos parâmetros do controlador IDA-PBC é discutida. Técnicas de rastreamento de máxima potência do gerador eólico são desenvolvidas para o sistema simulado e prático. Por m os resultados simulados e experimentais para o sistema desenvolvido são apresentados e discutidos.
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Crespo, Herrera Tedy Alain. "Control de orden fraccionario pi en convertidores de potencia back-to-back." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146594.
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Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención EléctricaEn esta Tesis se presenta el uso de un control fraccionario proporcional-integral (FOPI) para convertidores de potencia, el cual es comparado con un control de orden entero proporcional-integral (PI), utilizado dentro del algoritmo de control vectorial, aplicadas a generadores síncronos de imanes permanentes (GSIP), operando con una red a frecuencia constante, interconectados mediante dos convertidores de potencia en una topología Back-To-Back (BTB). La idea de esta estrategia es transformar corrientes y voltajes en un marco de referencia giratorio (dq), donde las corrientes controladas son constantes en estado estacionario y posteriormente transformar las salidas de los controladores (FOPI y PI) en marco de referencia fijo (αβ) entregadas a un algoritmo de Modulación de Espacio Vectorial (SVM) que se encarga de generar los ciclos de trabajo necesarios para la conmutación de los elementos semiconductores que conforman los convertidores. El control del convertidor del lado GSIP tiene como objetivo principal el control de velocidad de la maquina eléctrica, mientras que el convertidor en lado de la red es, mantener el nivel de voltaje en el enlace de corriente continua (Dc-Link) que interconecta ambos convertidores. El sistema de control es tratado en el contexto de recuperación de energía en un mineroducto, pensado en que el sistema de control pueda tener la capacidad de realizar el mismo trabajo de las estaciones de choque, encargadas de mantener la velocidad de la pulpa mineral que transporta, sin embargo con este tipo de sistemas propuesto se podría recuperar parte del potencial energético disponible en el sistema y, emplearla de alguna manera más eficiente, proponiendo en este trabajo que sea conectada a una red eléctrica, buscando de esta manera que el sistema propuesto pueda ser una alternativa que cumpla la función de las estaciones disipadoras y además la recuperación de energía, aprovechando las ventajas de los controladores de orden fraccionario. Cabe mencionar que en este documento solo trata lo correspondiente a la parte de control del sistema eléctrico. El estudio de comparación se realiza a nivel de simulación mediante el uso de programas computacionales Matlab-Simulink y Plecs, para los sistemas de control y los sistemas eléctricos respectivamente. Para determinar los escenarios de simulación del sistema se toma en cuenta los posibles escenarios que pueda presentarse en el mineroducto, siendo estos, una prueba sin posibles cambios en el torque de entrada, dos más cuando sufre cambios de +15% y -15% de la entrada nominal, una más cuando la entrada del sistema se torna de forma oscilante entre ±15%, en la última de las simulaciones se realizan combinación de controladores FOPI y PI dentro del algoritmo de control.
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au, S. Tampalini@murdoch edu, and Sergio Tampalini. "Affective space (looking back)." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20071116.144247.
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You cant be a rationalist in an irrational world. It isnt rational Joe Orton 1
It may be argued that a historically accepted model of an academic career begins with having completed a PhD and in so doing identifying a body of theory that will inform and constitute ones practical academic work. While it may be an accepted model it does not necessarily take precedence as the only model. The relationship between theory and practice is symbiotic and as such it is possible, and indeed at times desirable, that practice inform theory. It is not advisable to be solely operating from a position of theory when making creative work; the risk is far too great.
The gravitational force of theory can all too easily disturb the fragile innocence of creativity. Pulled and constrained by the logic of theory the work risks becoming too didactic and its creativity sacrificed for the sake of rationalism
a symptom almost diagnostic of our culture.
I appreciate that the term creative is open to a plethora of readings, each with their own cogent claim to usage. When I employ the term I am referring to a particular type of decision-making process involved in the solution of problems. I will argue that a creative decision differs from other types of decisions [such as, practical or scientific] in the way the resultant solution of the problem remains open to a greater number of potential readings. I will also argue that it is precisely in those heuristic moments of potential impasse, often associated with a problems resolution, where creativity hangs out.
In any creative venture, I have always been guided by the importance and significance of doing2
in the doing is the theory. This is not meant to dismiss theory but simply to see it in much the same way as when we see objects in our peripheral vision. Just as objects in our peripheral vision do not take their place in our visual field3, theory [for me] participates in creative processes by subconsciously serving as an early guiding system that helps monitor the work. In this age of information we are no longer innocent of theory -it is ineluctable. What is crucial is that we have a command of theory in order that we may go through it and regain our creative innocence. If we do not, we only achieve an artificial innocence born of enthusiasm, exuberance and imprecision. Creative innocence is re-found in doing. This assertion conceives of theory as participating as part of a creative subconscious and goes someway towards explaining the sudden epiphany of understanding that is frequently associated with prolonged and intense work, or the immense pleasure at retrospectively recognising the theory that seemed to have informed ones work without being conscious of it -as if the theoretical component had always been there. This phenomenon is of fundamental concern to my thesis, especially when considering the theatre productions that constitute my creative oeuvre. Upon close inspection, my works ultimately reveal that the defining distance between a visceral creative decision [one whose manifestation is immediately felt as apposite] and one that is conceptualised as the illustration of a theory, is not that great
I just happen to begin working outside of the brackets of theoretical narration.
Throughout my thesis I will refer to all visuals as images but I will argue that there are specific types of images, namely signs, symbols and metaphors.
In language the term image can imply more than a verbal description of a purely visual experience; it can also mean the metaphoric, ornamental, rhetorical figurative use of language as opposed to its literal use. 4
For the surrealists image meant more than the representation5 of an external thing in the material world, it also meant the revelation of an internal mental state, a psychological verity occluded from consciousness.
Images [of this kind] were incandescent flashes linking two elements belonging to categories that are so far removed from each other that reason would fail to connect them and that require a momentary suspension of the critical attitude in order for them to be brought together. 6
Having already built a body of practical work [spanning thirty years] the challenge was to see if it was possible to identify a coherent theory that consistently functioned as the catalyst of the work - albeit disparate in its nature. The analytical process proved to be the reverse of that which may be observed in the historically accepted model of academic discourse
where the process is cumulative. In this instance the process was deductive -a forensic assignment akin to tracing the diverse creative elements to their creative source or motivation. The venture proved illuminating in much the same way as when one is asked to crystallise a complex theoretical argument; you have to reinvent the argument in a way that helps to simplify its complexity without attenuating its integrity -a complexity that is well known to you but that eludes the uninitiated reader.
Whenever I try and think about my theatre practice I am vexed -particularly when I filter my own experiences and try and extract the meanings that seem genuinely inherent in them. At first glance it is satisfying because of a sense of coherence or pattern in a whole host of discrete events. However a closer inspection quickly reveals the fractal complexity of the pattern and demands a reappraisal of how we see and decipher it. Any attempt to understand its disparate nature by investigating one part in isolation from the whole proves initially unsatisfying and finally futile, for each part seems to be informed by and refer to other parts, as if participating in a greater organising principle; a principle that resists traditional cartography; one that is best seen as one sees the earth from outer space.7 When the earth is seen from outer space one becomes aware of the greater organising principle [the universe] within which it functions. Similarly it is only when the topology of my work is seen from a distance that its coherence is apparent
the further away one is, the more clearly one recognises its constituent parts.
Despite our desire to lose ourselves in the living depths of a work, we are constrained to distance ourselves from it in order to speak of it. Why, then not deliberately establish a distance that will reveal to us, in a panoramic perspective, the surroundings with which the work is organically linked? 8
When I am in the middle of a theatre production, I have only the slightest idea of how it will end; I trust in the doing, and at the end I am always surprised by what I have created. Ambiguity and paradox and consequently indeterminacy ultimately emerge as the common features of my work; they appear as sign posts that mark a way of finally mapping it. Each individual piece of work remains coherently intact despite its seemingly obscure coalescence with others, but it is when the works intersect at these points of commonality that one may observe the greater organising matrix.
The phenomenological world is not a pure being, but the sense which is revealed where the paths of my various experiences intersect, and also where my own and other peoples intersect and engage each other like gears. 9
If the most unrelated things share a place, time, or odd similarity, there develop wonderful unities and peculiar relationships and one thing reminds us of everything. Novalis 10