Journal articles: 'B. tryoni'

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Wang, Y., H. Yu, K. Raphael, and A. S. Gilchrist. "Genetic delineation of sibling species of the pest fruit fly Bactocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) using microsatellites." Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, no. 4 (July 2003): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2003249.

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AbstractUsing a large set of microsatellites, the genetic relationships between three closely related Australian fruit fly species, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), B. neohumeralis (Hardy) and B. aquilonis(May) were investigated. Bactrocera tryoni and B. neohumeralis are sympatric, while B. aquilonis is allopatric to both. The sympatric species, B. tryoni and B. neohumeralis, were found to be genetically distinct. It is likely that despite differences in mating time between these two species, some gene flow still occurs. In contrast, the sibling species B. tryoni and B. aquilonis were found to be closely related, despite allopatry. The level of genetic divergence was similar to that found within eastern Australian populations of B. tryoni. Consideration of all available genetic data suggests that this similarity is not due to recent (i.e. within the last 30 years) displacement of B. aquilonis by B. tryoni from the B. aquilonis region (north-western Australia). Instead the data suggests that, at least in the areas sampled, asymmetrical hybridization may have occurred over a longer timescale.

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Reynolds, O. L., and B. A. Orchard. "Effect of adult chill treatments on recovery, longevity and flight ability of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, no. 1 (July 8, 2010): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000210.

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AbstractControl of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), populations or outbreaks may be achieved through the mass-rearing and inundative release of sterile B. tryoni. An alternative release method is to release chilled adult sterile fruit flies to decrease packaging and transport requirements and potentially improve release efficiencies. Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of chilling on the performance of two separate batches of adult B. tryoni, fed either a protein and sucrose diet or sucrose only diet. The first trial compared chill times of 0, 0.5, 2 and 4 h; the second trial compared chill times of 0, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h. Overall, there was little or no affect of chilling on the recovery, longevity and flight ability of B. tryoni chilled at 4°C. Recovery time can take up to 15 min for chilled adult flies. There was no effect of chill time on longevity although females generally had greater longevity on either diet compared with males. Propensity for flight was not adversely affected by chilling at the lower chill times in trial 1; however, in trial 2, adults fed on a protein and sucrose diet had a decreased tendency for flight as the chilling time increased. Fly body size did not affect recovery times although the smaller adult B. tryoni in trial 1 had significantly reduced longevity compared to the larger adults in trial 2. Implications of these findings for B. tryoni SIT are discussed.

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Cameron, E. C., J. A. Sved, and A. S. Gilchrist. "Pest fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northwestern Australia: one species or two?" Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 2 (July 14, 2009): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309990150.

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AbstractSince 1985, a new and serious fruit fly pest has been reported in northwestern Australia. It has been unclear whether this pest was the supposedly benign endemic species, Bactrocera aquilonis, or a recent introduction of the morphologically near-identical Queensland fruit fly, B. tryoni. B. tryoni is a major pest throughout eastern Australia but is isolated from the northwest region by an arid zone. In the present study, we sought to clarify the species status of these new pests using an extensive DNA microsatellite survey across the entire northwest region of Australia. Population differentiation tests and clustering analyses revealed a high degree of homogeneity within the northwest samples, suggesting that just one species is present in the region. That northwestern population showed minimal genetic differentiation from B. tryoni from Queensland (FST=0.015). Since 2000, new outbreaks of this pest fruit fly have occurred to the west of the region, and clustering analysis suggested recurrent migration from the northwest region rather than Queensland. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing also showed no evidence for the existence of a distinct species in the northwest region. We conclude that the new pest fruit fly in the northwest is the endemic population of B. aquilonis but that there is no genetic evidence supporting the separation of B. aquilonis and B. tryoni as distinct species.

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Reynolds, O. L., B. A. Orchard, S. R. Collins, and P. W. Taylor. "Yeast hydrolysate supplementation increases field abundance and persistence of sexually mature sterile Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, no. 2 (January 23, 2014): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000758.

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AbstractThe sterile insect technique (SIT) is a non-chemical approach used to control major pests from several insect families, including Tephritidae, and entails the mass-release of sterile insects that reduce fertility of wild populations. For SIT to succeed, released sterile males must mature and compete with wild males to mate with wild females. To reach sexual maturity, the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), must obtain adequate nutrition after adult emergence; however, in current SIT programs sterile B. tryoni receive a pre-release diet that lacks key nutrients required to sustain sexual development. The chief objective of this study was to determine whether pre-release yeast hydrolysate (YH) supplements affect the persistence and abundance of sexually mature sterile male B. tryoni under field conditions. Experiments were run in outdoor cages under conditions of low and high environmental stress that differed markedly in temperature and humidity, and in the field. Under low environmental stress conditions, survival of sterile B. tryoni was monitored in cages under three diet treatments: (i) sugar only, (ii) sugar plus YH or (iii) sugar plus YH for 48 h and sugar only thereafter. Under high environmental stress conditions survival of sterile B. tryoni was monitored in cages under four diet treatments: (i) white sugar only, (ii) brown sugar only, (iii) white sugar plus YH and (iv) brown sugar plus YH. In a replicated field study, we released colour-marked sterile B. tryoni from two diet regimes, YH-supplemented or YH-deprived, and monitored abundance of sexually mature males. In the low-stress cage study, there was no effect of diet, although overall females lived longer than males. In the high stress cage study, mortality was lower for YH-fed flies than YH-deprived flies and females lived longer than males. In the field, YH supplementation resulted in higher abundance of sexually mature sterile males, with 1.2 YH-fed flies trapped for every YH-deprived fly trapped. Under field conditions, YH supplementation can increase over-flooding ratios and hence may improve the effectiveness of SIT programmes.

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Valerio, Federica, Nicola Zadra, Omar Rota-Stabelli, and Lino Ometto. "The Impact of Fast Radiation on the Phylogeny of Bactrocera Fruit Flies as Revealed by Multiple Evolutionary Models and Mutation Rate-Calibrated Clock." Insects 13, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13070603.

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Several true fruit flies (Tephritidae) cause major damage to agriculture worldwide. Among them, species of the genus Bactrocera are extensively studied to understand the traits associated with their invasiveness and ecology. Comparative approaches based on a reliable phylogenetic framework are particularly effective, but several nodes of the Bactrocera phylogeny are still controversial, especially concerning the reciprocal affinities of the two major pests B. dorsalis and B. tryoni. Here, we analyzed a newly assembled genomic-scaled dataset using different models of evolution to infer a phylogenomic backbone of ten representative Bactrocera species and two outgroups. We further provide the first genome-scaled inference of their divergence by calibrating the clock using fossil records and the spontaneous mutation rate. The results reveal a closer relationship of B. dorsalis with B. latifrons than to B. tryoni, contrary to what was previously supported by mitochondrial-based phylogenies. By employing coalescent-aware and heterogeneous evolutionary models, we show that this incongruence likely derives from a hitherto undetected systematic error, exacerbated by incomplete lineage sorting and possibly hybridization. This agrees with our clock analysis, which supports a rapid and recent radiation of the clade to which B. dorsalis, B. latifrons and B. tryoni belong. These results provide a new picture of Bactrocera phylogeny that can serve as the basis for future comparative analyses.

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Reynolds, Olivia L., Damian Collins, Bernard C. Dominiak, and Terry Osborne. "No Sting in the Tail for Sterile Bisex Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt) Release Programs." Insects 13, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13030269.

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Global markets do not tolerate the presence of fruit fly (Tephritidae) in horticultural produce. A key method of control for tephritidae pests, is the sterile insect technique (SIT). Several countries release a bisex strain, i.e., males and females, however the sterile male is the only sex which contributes to wild population declines when released en masse. In commercial orchards, there are concerns that sterile females released as part of bisex strains, may oviposit, i.e., ‘sting’ and cause damage to fruit, rendering it unmarketable. Australia has released a bisex strain of sterile Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt, for several decades to suppress wild pest populations, particularly in peri-urban and urban environments. Here, we assessed fruit damage in two commercially grown stone fruit orchards where bisex sterile B. tryoni were released, and in an orchard that did not receive sterile flies. The number of detected stings were higher in only one SIT release orchard, compared with the control; however, there was no difference between SIT and control orchards in the number of larvae detected. We showed that there is no evidence that sterile female B. tryoni released in large numbers caused stings, or damage that led to downgraded or unsaleable fruit. The bisex strain of sterile B. tryoni is recommended for use in commercial stone-fruit orchards, under the conditions in which this trial was conducted.

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Park, Soo J., Gunjan Pandey, Cynthia Castro-Vargas, John G. Oakeshott, Phillip W. Taylor, and Vivian Mendez. "Cuticular Chemistry of the Queensland Fruit Fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 12, 2020): 4185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184185.

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The cuticular layer of the insect exoskeleton contains diverse compounds that serve important biological functions, including the maintenance of homeostasis by protecting against water loss, protection from injury, pathogens and insecticides, and communication. Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) is the most destructive pest of fruit production in Australia, yet there are no published accounts of this species’ cuticular chemistry. We here provide a comprehensive description of B. tryoni cuticular chemistry. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify and characterize compounds in hexane extracts of B. tryoni adults reared from larvae in naturally infested fruits. The compounds found included spiroacetals, aliphatic amides, saturated/unsaturated and methyl branched C12 to C20 chain esters and C29 to C33 normal and methyl-branched alkanes. The spiroacetals and esters were found to be specific to mature females, while the amides were found in both sexes. Normal and methyl-branched alkanes were qualitatively the same in all age and sex groups but some of the alkanes differed in amounts (as estimated from internal standard-normalized peak areas) between mature males and females, as well as between mature and immature flies. This study provides essential foundations for studies investigating the functions of cuticular chemistry in this economically important species.

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8

Zhao, J. T., M. Frommer, J. A. Sved, and A. Zacharopoulou. "Mitotic and polytene chromosome analyses in the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Genome 41, no. 4 (August 1, 1998): 510–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-053.

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The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, like the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, has a diploid complement of 12 chromosomes, including five pairs of autosomes and a XX/XY sex chromosome pair. Characteristic features of each chromosome are described. Chromosomal homology between B. tryoni and C. capitata has been determined by comparing chromosome banding pattern and in situ hybridisation of cloned genes to polytene chromosomes. Although the evidence indicates that a number of chromosomal inversions have occurred since the separation of the two species, synteny of the chromosomes appears to have been maintained.Key words: tephritid fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, polytene chromosomes, in situ hybridisation, chromosomal homology.

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Roohigohar, Shirin, Anthony R. Clarke, and Peter J. Prentis. "Gene selection for studying frugivore-plant interactions: a review and an example using Queensland fruit fly in tomato." PeerJ 9 (August 5, 2021): e11762. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11762.

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Fruit production is negatively affected by a wide range of frugivorous insects, among them tephritid fruit flies are one of the most important. As a replacement for pesticide-based controls, enhancing natural fruit resistance through biotechnology approaches is a poorly researched but promising alternative. The use of quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is an approach to studying gene expression which has been widely used in studying plant resistance to pathogens and non-frugivorous insect herbivores, and offers a starting point for fruit fly studies. In this paper, we develop a gene selection pipe-line for known induced-defense genes in tomato fruit, Solanum lycopersicum, and putative detoxification genes in Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, as a basis for future RT-qPCR research. The pipeline started with a literature review on plant/herbivore and plant/pathogen molecular interactions. With respect to the fly, this was then followed by the identification of gene families known to be associated with insect resistance to toxins, and then individual genes through reference to annotated B. tryoni transcriptomes and gene identity matching with related species. In contrast for tomato, a much better studied species, individual defense genes could be identified directly through literature research. For B. tryoni, gene selection was then further refined through gene expression studies. Ultimately 28 putative detoxification genes from cytochrome P450 (P450), carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferases (GST), and ATP binding cassette transporters (ABC) gene families were identified for B. tryoni, and 15 induced defense genes from receptor-like kinase (RLK), D-mannose/L-galactose, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), lipoxygenase (LOX), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathways and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), proteinase inhibitors (PI) and resistance (R) gene families were identified from tomato fruit. The developed gene selection process for B. tryoni can be applied to other herbivorous and frugivorous insect pests so long as the minimum necessary genomic information, an annotated transcriptome, is available.

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Tasnin, Mst Shahrima, Rehan Silva, Katharina Merkel, and Anthony R. Clarke. "Response of Male Queensland Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Host Fruit Odors." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 4 (May 15, 2020): 1888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa084.

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Abstract The surveillance and management of Dacini fruit fly pests are commonly split by fly gender: male trapping focuses on the dacine ‘male-lures’, whereas female trapping focuses on lures based on host-fruit volatiles. Although the males of several Dacini species have been reported to be attracted to host fruit volatiles, the option of using host-fruit traps for males has, to date, been ignored. Males of the cue-lure responsive fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) have been recorded as responding to host-fruit volatile blends, but it is not known how frequently this happens, if it is age-dependent, or the strength of the response relative to cue-lure throughout the year. Here, we conducted an olfactometer experiment to test the lifetime (weeks 1–15) response of B. tryoni males to the odor of tomato, a known host of this fly, and compare catches of wild males to tomato-based traps and cue-lure traps in the field. Bactrocera tryoni males started to respond to tomato odor as they sexually matured (2 to 3 wk olds) and thereafter showed consistent olfactory response until advanced age (15 wk). In the field, wild males were captured by tomato-based traps throughout the year at a level not significantly different from cue-lure traps. The reason for the consistent B. tryoni male response to host fruit odor at this stage is not known, but it certainly occurs at a level greater than can be continued to be ignored for both basic and applied research.

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Cruz, Carlos, Alison Tayler, and Steve Whyard. "RNA Interference-Mediated Knockdown of Male Fertility Genes in the Queensland Fruit Fly Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Insects 9, no. 3 (August 10, 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9030096.

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The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, is Australia’s most important horticultural pest. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has been used to control this species for decades, using radiation to sterilize males before field-release. This method of sterilization can potentially reduce the insects’ abilities to compete for mates. In this study, RNA interference (RNAi) techniques were examined for their potential to sterilize male B. tryoni without adversely affecting mating competitiveness. B. tryoni adults were injected or fed double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeting spermatogenesis genes (tssk1, topi and trxt); quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR analyses confirmed that transcript levels were reduced 60–80% for all three genes following injections. Feeding produced a significant gene knockdown for tssk1 and trxt after three days, but interestingly, two genes (trxt and topi) produced an excess of transcripts after 10 days of feeding. Despite these fluctuations in transcript levels, all three dsRNAs impacted the fecundity of treated males, with tssk1- and topi-dsRNA-treated males producing 75% fewer viable offspring than the negative controls. Mating competition assays demonstrated that dsRNA-treated males can actively compete with untreated males. These findings suggest that RNAi technology could serve as an alternative to radiation as a means of sterilizing these insects in an SIT program.

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Amin, Md Ruhul, Shubhati Khisa, Habibur Rahman, Rayhanur Jannat, and Muhammad Badruzzaman. "Seasonal abundance of major sucking and chewing insects of guava." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 47, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v47i1.42025.

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Seasonal abundances of the sucking insects, namely mealy bug, white fly and scale insects, and chewing insect viz., fruit fly was monitored during September, 2016 to June, 2017 in a guava Psidium guajava orchard. Sucking insect was monitored by weekly observation on the leaves and chewing insect was captured using methyl eugenol trap. The mealy bug, white fly and scale insects were abundant during 4th week of November to 4th week of January and they showed fluctuations in their population. The mealy bug, white fly and scale insects had peak abundance in the 1st week of January, 4th week of November and 1st week of December, respectively. The scale insect revealed significantly higher abundance compared to other sucking insects. Two species of fruit fly, namely Bactrocera tryoni and B. dorsalis were found in the guava orchard and B. tryoni showed significantly higher abundance compared to B. dorsalis both in winter and summer seasons. In winter, B. tryoni reached the peak abundance in the 2nd week of January and their peak abundance in summer occurred in the 1st week of May. The daily mean temperature and relative humidity influenced the abundance of the sucking and chewing insects. Temperature individually contributed 30.0, 59.6, 59.3% abundance and temperature with relative humidity had 34.8, 60.9 and 73.5% abundance on mealy bug, white fly and scale insect, respectively. The effect of temperature on the abundance of fruit fly in winter and summer were 42.6 and 50.3%, respectively and the combined effect of temperature with relative humidity were 68.7% in winter and 61.9% in summer. Bangladesh J. Zool. 47(1): 97-105, 2019

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BROADLEY, ADAM, ELLEN KAUSCHKE, and WERNER MOHRIG. "Revision of the types of male Sciaridae (Diptera) described from Australia by F.A.A. Skuse." Zootaxa 4193, no. 3 (November 17, 2016): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4193.3.1.

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A total of 27 male sciarid types described by Skuse (1888 and 1890), held in the Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, and the Australian Museum, Sydney, were remounted and examined microscopically. Of these, 25 species were described as Sciara Meigen, one as Zygoneura Meigen and one as Trichosia Winnertz. Revision of these species revealed the following: 13 species belong to the genus Bradysia Winnertz (B. amabilis, B. conjuncta, B. crassicornis, B. exsequialis, B. frequens, B. froggatti, B. luctifica, B. maesta, B. mastersi, B. ornatula, B. pernitida, B. pictipes, B. unica), 1 species to the genus Corynoptera Winnertz (C. minutela), 4 species to the genus Austrosciara Schmitz & Mjöberg (Aus. infrequens, Aus. montivaga, Aus. spectabilis, Aus. winnertzi), 2 species to the genus Pseudolycoriella Menzel & Mohrig (Psl. cavatica, Psl. ignobilis), 1 species to the genus Pseudozygomma Mohrig (Pseudoz. maculipennis), 1 species to the genus Sciara Meigen (Sc. tryoni), and 1 species to the genus Scythropochroa Enderlein (Scyth. macleayi). In total 26 species were new combinations. Eight species names were declared as new synonyms: Bradysia pictipes (Skuse, 1888) = Sciara notata Skuse, 1888 syn. n. and = Bradysia seticornis Vilkamaa, Hippa & Mohrig, 2012 (from New Caledonia) syn. n.; Bradysia conjuncta (Skuse, 1890) = Sciara serenipennis Skuse, 1890 syn. n.; Pseudolycoriella cavatica (Skuse, 1888) = Sciara familiaris Skuse, 1888 syn. n. and = Sciara festiva Skuse, 1888 syn. n.; Bradysia luctifica (Skuse, 1888) = Bradysia planistylata Vilkamaa, Hippa & Mohrig, 2012 syn. n.; Sciara tryoni Skuse, 1890 = Sciara insulana Vilkamaa, Hippa & Mohrig, 2015 syn. n. (both species are from New Caledonia); Austrosciara winnertzi (Skuse, 1888) = Sciara rufulenta Edwards, 1927 syn. n. (from New Zealand). Lectotype specimens were designated for 17 species in order to fix the names.

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14

Weldon, C. W., S. Yap, and P. W. Taylor. "Desiccation resistance of wild and mass-reared Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 103, no. 6 (July 18, 2013): 690–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000394.

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AbstractIn pest management programmes that incorporate the sterile insect technique (SIT), the ability of mass-reared insects to tolerate dry conditions may influence their survival after release in the field. In the present study, desiccation resistance of adult mass-reared Queensland fruit flies, Bactrocera tryoni (Frogatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), that are routinely released in SIT programmes was compared with that of wild flies at 1, 10 and 20 days after adult eclosion. Under dry conditions without access to food or water, longevity of mass-reared B. tryoni was significantly less than that of their wild counterparts. Desiccation resistance of mass-reared flies declined monotonically with age, but this was not the case for wild flies. The sharp decline in desiccation resistance of mass-reared flies as they aged was likely explained by decreased dehydration tolerance. As in an earlier study, desiccation resistance of females was significantly lower than that of males but this was particularly pronounced in mass-reared females. Female susceptibility to dry conditions corresponded with declining dehydration tolerance with age and associated patterns of reproductive development, which suggests that water content of their oocyte load is not available for survival during periods of water stress.

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Booth, Yvonne K., Patricia Y. Hayes, Christopher J. Moore, Lynette K. Lambert, William Kitching, and James J. De Voss. "Synthesis and absolute configuration of a constitutionally-new [5.6] spiroacetal from B. tryoni (Queensland fruit fly)." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 5, no. 7 (2007): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b701833a.

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Zambetaki, Anna, Antigone Zacharopoulou, Zacharias G. Scouras, and Penelope Mavragani-Tsipidou. "The genome of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae: localization of molecular markers by in situ hybridization to the salivary gland polytene chromosomes." Genome 42, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 744–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-017.

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Nine specific DNA probes (genomic or cDNA) from Ceratitis capitata have been mapped by in situ hybridization to the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae, a major agricultural pest, thus establishing molecular markers for the 5 autosomal chromosomes. Taking into account the present results, as well as previous data obtained mainly by in situ hybridizations, chromosomal homologies among B. oleae, C. capitata and B. tryoni are established. Data show extensive linkage group conservation among the 3 taxa of the economically important and globally distributed family, the Tephritidae.Key words: Bactrocera oleae, Tephritidae, salivary gland, polytene chromosomes, in situ hybridization, mapping.

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Gamage, T. V., P. Sanguansri, P. Swiergon, M. Eelkema, P. Wyatt, P. Leach, D. L. J. Alexander, and K. Knoerzer. "Continuous combined microwave and hot air treatment of apples for fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni and B. jarvisi) disinfestation." Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 29 (May 2015): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2015.02.009.

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Tayler, Alison, Daniel Heschuk, David Giesbrecht, Jae Yeon Park, and Steve Whyard. "Efficiency of RNA interference is improved by knockdown of dsRNA nucleases in tephritid fruit flies." Open Biology 9, no. 12 (December 2019): 190198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.190198.

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RNA interference (RNAi) in insects is routinely used to ascertain gene function, but also has potential as a technology to control pest species. For some insects, such as beetles, ingestion of small quantities of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is able to knock down a targeted gene's expression. However, in other species, ingestion of dsRNA can be ineffective owing to the presence of nucleases within the gut, which degrade dsRNA before it reaches target cells. In this study, we observed that nucleases within the gut of the Queensland fruit fly ( Bactrocera tryoni ) rapidly degrade dsRNA and reduce RNAi efficacy. By complexing dsRNA with liposomes within the adult insect's diet, RNAi-mediated knockdown of a melanin synthesis gene, yellow , was improved significantly, resulting in strong RNAi phenotypes. RNAi efficiency was also enhanced by feeding both larvae and adults for several days on dsRNAs that targeted two different dsRNase gene transcripts. Co-delivery of both dsRNase-specific dsRNAs and yellow dsRNA resulted in almost complete knockdown of the yellow transcripts. These findings show that the use of liposomes or co-feeding of nuclease-specific dsRNAs significantly improves RNAi inhibition of gene expression in B. tryoni and could be a useful strategy to improve RNAi-based control in other insect species.

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El-Sayed, Ashraf M., Uppala Venkatesham, C. Rikard Unelius, Andrew Sporle, Jeanneth Pérez, Phillip W. Taylor, and David M. Suckling. "Chemical Composition of the Rectal Gland and Volatiles Released by Female Queensland Fruit Fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Environmental Entomology 48, no. 4 (May 30, 2019): 807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz061.

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Abstract The composition of the rectal gland secretion and volatiles emitted by female Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni was investigated. Esters were found to be the main compounds in the gland extracts and headspace, while amides were the minor compounds in the gland extracts and headspace. Ethyl dodecanoate, ethyl tetradecanoate, ethyl (Z9)-hexadecenoate and ethyl palmitate were the main esters in the gland extracts, while ethyl dodecanoate and ethyl tetradecanoate were the main esters in the headspace. Four amides (N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide), N-(2-methylbutyl)propanamide, N-(3-methylbutyl)propanamide, and N-(3-methylbutyl)-2-methylpropanamide were found in the gland extracts and the headspace. Among the amides, N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide and N-(3-methylbutyl)propanamide were the main amides in the gland extracts and the headspace. Traces of three spiroacetals were found both in the gland extracts and in the headspace. (E,E)-2,8-Dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, (E,E)-2-ethyl-8-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, (E,E)-2-propyl-8-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane. All compounds found in the headspace were present in the extract of the rectal gland suggesting that the rectal gland is the main source of the headspace volatiles, whose function remains to be elucidated. This is the first comprehensive chemical analysis of the rectal gland secretions and volatiles of female B. tryoni, and further laboratory and field bioassays are required to determine the function of compounds identified in this study. Discovery of the same amides previously identified in the male rectal gland in the female rectal gland raises questions about the pheromonal role previously suggested for these compounds.

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Fu, Qianyan, Tian Zeng, and Yijuan Xu. "Molecular Cloning and Expression Profiling of CncC in Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel." Insects 13, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090785.

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The cap ‘n’ collar isoform C (CncC) transcription factor is thought to be a regulator associated with antioxidant and detoxification genes that can enhance pest resistance by regulating the expression of detoxification enzyme genes. However, this transcription factor has not been well studied in the important agricultural pest Bactrocera dorsalis. In this study, the cDNA sequence of CncC in B. dorsalis was cloned, and the complete ORF sequence was obtained; it had a sequence length of 3378 bp, encoding a total of 1125 amino acids. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that B. dorsalis CncC belonged to the CNC family and that its amino acid sequence showed the closest relationship with B. tryoni. The conserved structural region of BdCncC was analyzed and was found to include a conserved bZIP superfamily structural domain. Spatiotemporal expression analysis revealed that BdCncC was most highly expressed in the adult Malpighian tubules, followed by the antennae, foregut, and midgut, and then the brain, hemolymph, hindgut, and fat body. BdCncC was expressed at every developmental stage, and the highest expression was found in mature males. This study provides a theoretical basis for an in-depth investigation of the function of BdCncC in regulating pesticide resistance in B. dorsalis.

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Pike, Nathan. "Natural incidence of fruit flies with character states intermediate to those of the sibling species Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) and B. neohumeralis (Hardy) (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Australian Journal of Entomology 43, no. 1 (February 2004): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2003.00377.x.

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Futagbi, Godfred, Nana Akosua Gyamfuah Koduah, Benyarku Richard Ampah, Precious Agbeko Dzorgbe Mattah, Maxwell Billah, James Edinam Futse, and Eric Sampane-Donkor. "Microbial Carriage and Contamination of Mangoes by the Oriental Fruit Fly." Open Public Health Journal 10, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501710010267.

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Background: Fruit flies, especially of the Family Terphritidae, are economically important pests for the horticulture industry because many species cause serious mechanical damage to a number of crops of different plant families. Studies have shown that some species of fruit flies have the potential to contaminate fruits and vegetables with enteric bacterial pathogens. However, this has not been conclusively demonstrated. Methods: In this study, we investigated enteric bacteria carriage by Bactrocera dorsalis and its possible role in transmission of microbes into internal tissues of fruits. Fruit flies trapped using liquid protein bait, ripe mango fruits exposed to the fruit flies and controls, as well as mangoes obtained from farms with and without fly-control traps, were analyzed for microbes, such as total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, yeast and molds, Escherichia coli and Salmonella/Shigella spp. using direct culture methods. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that a high percentage of these insects carries pathogenic bacteria. This finding shows that, like B. cacuminata and B. tryoni, B. dorsalis also carries pathogenic microbes. It was also observed that mangoes sampled from fly-control farms had significantly lower microbial loads and proportions of fruits contaminated compared to those from farms without fly-control. Additionally, all microbial counts of internal tissues were significantly higher for exposed mangoes compared to unexposed mangoes. These data indicate that B. dorsalis contaminates not only the external but also internal tissues of mangoes. Conclusion: These findings show that B. dorsalis carries pathogenic bacteria and plays a direct role in internalization of microbes in mangoes.

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Clarke, Anthony R., Peter Leach, and Penelope F. Measham. "The Fallacy of Year-Round Breeding in Polyphagous Tropical Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Evidence for a Seasonal Reproductive Arrestment in Bactrocera Species." Insects 13, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13100882.

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The genus Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) is endemic to the monsoonal rainforests of South-east Asia and the western Pacific where the larvae breed in ripe, fleshy fruits. While most Bactrocera remain rainforest restricted, species such as Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera zonata and Bactrocera tryoni are internationally significant pests of horticulture, being both highly invasive and highly polyphagous. Almost universally in the literature it is assumed that Bactrocera breed continuously if temperature and hosts are not limiting. However, despite that, these flies show distinct seasonality. If discussed, seasonality is generally attributed to the fruiting of a particular breeding host (almost invariably mango or guava), but the question appears not to have been asked why flies do not breed at other times of the year despite other hosts being available. Focusing initially on B. tryoni, for which more literature is available, we demonstrate that the seasonality exhibited by that species is closely correlated with the seasons of its endemic rainforest environment as recognised by traditional Aboriginal owners. Evidence suggests the presence of a seasonal reproductive arrest which helps the fly survive the first two-thirds of the dry season, when ripe fruits are scarce, followed by a rapid increase in breeding at the end of the dry season as humidity and the availability of ripe fruit increases. This seasonal phenology continues to be expressed in human-modified landscapes and, while suppressed, it also partially expresses in long-term cultures. We subsequently demonstrate that B. dorsalis, across both its endemic and invasive ranges, shows a very similar seasonality although reversed in the northern hemisphere. While high variability in the timing of B. dorsalis population peaks is exhibited across sites, a four-month period when flies are rare in traps (Dec–Mar) is highly consistent, as is the fact that nearly all sites only have one, generally very sharp, population peak per year. While literature to support or deny a reproductive arrest in B. dorsalis is not available, available data is clear that continuous breeding does not occur in this species and that there are seasonal differences in reproductive investment. Throughout the paper we reinforce the point that our argument for a complex reproductive physiology in Bactrocera is based on inductive reasoning and requires specific, hypothesis-testing experiments to confirm or deny, but we do believe there is ample evidence to prioritise such research. If it is found that species in the genus undergo a true reproductive diapause then there are very significant implications for within-field management, market access, and biosecurity risk planning which are discussed. Arguably the most important of these is that insects in diapause have greater stress resistance and cold tolerance, which could explain how tropical Bactrocera species have managed to successfully invade cool temperate regions.

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Royer, Jane E., Keng Hong Tan, and David G. Mayer. "Comparative Trap Catches of Male Bactrocera, Dacus, and Zeugodacus Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) With Four Floral Phenylbutanoid Lures (Anisyl Acetone, Cue-Lure, Raspberry Ketone, and Zingerone) in Queensland, Australia." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 4 (June 9, 2020): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa056.

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Abstract The male fruit fly attractants, cue-lure (CL) and raspberry ketone (RK), are important in pest management. These volatile phenylbutanoids occur in daciniphilous Bulbophyllum Thouar (Orchidaceae: Asparagales) orchids, along with zingerone (ZN) and anisyl acetone (AA). While these four compounds attract a similar range of species, their relative attractiveness to multiple species is unknown. We field tested these compounds in two fruit fly speciose locations in north Queensland, Australia (Lockhart and Cairns) for 8 wk. Of 16 species trapped in significant numbers, 14 were trapped with CL and RK, all in significantly greater numbers with CL traps than RK traps (at least in higher population locations). This included the pest species Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (CL catches ca. 5× > RK), Bactrocera neohumeralis (Hardy) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Bactrocera bryoniae (Tryon) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (CL catches ca. 3× > RK), and Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schiner) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (in Cairns—CL catches ca. 1.6× > RK). Seven species were trapped with AA, and all were also caught in CL and RK traps in significantly greater numbers, with the exception of B. frauenfeldi. For this species, catches were not statistically different with CL, RK, and AA in Lockhart, and RK and AA in Cairns. Seven species were trapped with ZN, two at this lure only, and the remainder also with CL or RK but in significantly greater numbers. This is the first quantitative comparison of the relative attractiveness of CL, RK, AA, and ZN against multiple species, and supports the long-held but untested assumption that CL is broadly more attractive lure than RK.

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Meats, Alan. "Attributes pertinent to overwintering potential do not explain why Bactrocera neohumeralis (Hardy) (Diptera: Tephritidae) does not spread further south within the geographical range of B. tryoni (Froggatt)." Australian Journal of Entomology 45, no. 1 (February 2006): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2006.00523.x.

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Siderhurst, Matthew S., Soo J. Park, Ian M. Jamie, and Stefano G. De Faveri. "Electroantennogram responses of six Bactrocera and Zeugodacus species to raspberry ketone analogues." Environmental Chemistry 14, no. 6 (2017): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en17091.

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Environmental contextQueensland fruit fly is a major pest of fruits and vegetables in eastern Australia, sometimes causing complete loss of unprotected crops. Odours that attract fruit flies can help control these pests and this study investigated how six fruit fly species smell these chemicals. The strength of fly responses to tested odours gives insight into the way flies smell and provides information for making better attractants, potentially reducing insecticide use. AbstractThe Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni, Q-fly) is a major horticultural pest in eastern Australia. The deployment of male lures comprises an important component of several detection and control strategies for this pest. A novel fluorinated analogue of raspberry ketone (RK), raspberry ketone trifluoroacetate (RKTA), has been developed with the aim of further improving Q-fly control. RKTA elicited strong electroantennogram (EAG) responses from Q-flies whereas cuelure (CL) and melolure (ML) responses were not significantly greater than a negative control. Further experimentation showed that RKTA also elicited EAG response from five other fruit fly species, included flies known to be strongly attracted to CL (B. neohumeralis, B. kraussi and B. frauenfeldi), weakly attracted to CL (B. jarvisi), or non-responsive to CL (Zeugodacus cucumis), whereas seven other compounds, RK, CL, ML, raspberry ketone difluoroacetate, raspberry ketone monofluoroacetate, anisyl acetone and trimethylsilyl raspberry ketone, elicited only weak responses comparable with a negative control. However, fly EAG responses to RKTA are likely due at least in part to trifluoroethanoic acid, which is a hydrolysis product of RKTA and elicited strong EAG responses from all six species when tested alone. Furthermore, whereas ethanoic acid, methanoic acid and trifluoroethanoic acid all elicited strong EAG responses in Q-flies, the only corresponding RK ester to elicit an EAG response was RKTA, suggesting that RKTA hydrolyses quickly, whereas CL and ML do not. This is in contrast to the idea that CL readily hydrolyses on contact with atmospheric moisture, an assertion that has been made in the literature repeatedly.

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Pike, N., and A. Meats. "Tendency for upwind movement in the sibling fruit fly species, Bactrocera tryoni and B. neohumeralis and their hybrids (Diptera: Tephritidae): influence of time of day, sex and airborne pheromone." Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, no. 2 (April 2003): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2003225.

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Armstrong, K. F., C. M. Cameron, and E. R. Frampton. "Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species identification: a rapid molecular diagnostic technique for quarantine application." Bulletin of Entomological Research 87, no. 2 (April 1997): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300027243.

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AbstractNew Zealand is currently the only major fruit producing country in the world that is free of economically important fruit flies. As part of the effort to maintain this status, there is a need to supplement quarantine decision-making procedures with a means of rapidly identifying immature life stage infestations to the species level. Here we describe a molecular method that achieves this, using simple restriction patterns of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as diagnostic markers. The 18S and 18S plus internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified from larval DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nineteen species, spanning four genera (including five subgenera ofBactrocera) were analysed. Restriction analysis of the 18S PCR product provided poor resolution, even at the generic level. Digestion of the 18S + ITS PCR product, however, generated thirteen diagnostic haplotypes as defined by the composite restriction patterns fromRsaI,Sau3aHaeIII andAluI. No variation was detected at these restriction sites within or between populations. Twenty two restriction enzymes have been screened, but diagnostic RFLPs have yet to been found for six out of the tenBactrocera (Bactrocera)species;B. passiflorae(Froggatt) cannot be distinguished fromB. facialis(Coquillet), norB. kirki(Froggatt) fromB. trilineola(Froggatt) orB. neohumeralis(Hardy) fromB. tryoni(Froggatt). Geographic origin could assist in distinguishing the first four species, but the latter pair are very closely related with overlapping origins, hosts and adult morphology. All six species, however, are considered high risk with respect to their likely establishment in New Zealand. Therefore diagnosis based on this molecular technique would support the same quarantine decision. We consider this method could be useful as a diagnostic technique and discuss directions for further development.

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SUZUKI, Tomoko, Takuro SAITO, Nobutoshi SOETA, Akiyo KANEKO, Chifumu ISEKI, Yoshiro SAHASHI, Hiromi KOMIYA, Masao SUZUKI, Taiga FURUTA, and Tadamichi MITSUMA. "Otsujito Found Effective in Enterocutaneous Fistula after Trying Other Kampo Treatments." Kampo Medicine 68, no. 2 (2017): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3937/kampomed.68.127.

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Gelsthorpe, Simon. "Conflict, collusion co-operationandtrying to be constructive." Clinical Psychology Forum 1, no. 103 (May 1997): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.1997.1.103.34.

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Hviid, Lars, Lea Barfod, and Freya J. I. Fowkes. "Trying to remember: immunological B cell memory to malaria." Trends in Parasitology 31, no. 3 (March 2015): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2014.12.009.

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Park, Soo Jean, Stefano G. De Faveri, Jodie Cheesman, Benjamin L. Hanssen, Donald N. S. Cameron, Ian M. Jamie, and Phillip W. Taylor. "Zingerone in the Flower of Passiflora maliformis Attracts an Australian Fruit Fly, Bactrocera jarvisi (Tryon)." Molecules 25, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122877.

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Passiflora maliformis is an introduced plant in Australia but its flowers are known to attract the native Jarvis’s fruit fly, Bactrocera jarvisi (Tryon). The present study identifies and quantifies likely attractant(s) of male B. jarvisi in P. maliformis flowers. The chemical compositions of the inner and outer coronal filaments, anther, stigma, ovary, sepal, and petal of P. maliformis were separately extracted with ethanol and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Polyisoprenoid lipid precursors, fatty acids and their derivatives, and phenylpropanoids were detected in P. maliformis flowers. Phenylpropanoids included raspberry ketone, cuelure, zingerone, and zingerol, although compositions varied markedly amongst the flower parts. P. maliformis flowers were open for less than one day, and the amounts of some of the compounds decreased throughout the day. The attraction of male B. jarvisi to P. maliformis flowers is most readily explained by the presence of zingerone in these flowers.

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Walschots, Michael. " Achtung in Kant and Smith." Kant-Studien 113, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 238–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kant-2022-2014.

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Abstract This paper argues that Kant’s concept of ‘respect’ (Achtung) for the moral law has roots in Adam Smith’s concept of ‘regard’ for the general rules of conduct, which was translated as Achtung in the first German translation of the Theory of Moral Sentiments. After illustrating that Kant’s technical understanding of respect appeared relatively late in his intellectual development, I argue that Kant’s concept of respect and Smith’s concept of regard share a basic similarity: they are both a single complex phenomenon with two core aspects, namely an attitude and a feeling. I then suggest that the concept of regard offered Kant a way to deal a problem concerning moral motivation that he was trying to solve at the time he likely first read Smith. I conclude by drawing some implications from the account I have offered for our understanding of Kant’s relation to Smith more generally.

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Maheswaran, S., and R. K. Jena. "Recruiters’ Preferences for B-School Campus Placement." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jabim.2012010103.

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Placement has been a vital factor for future existence of b-schools in India. B-schools are trying their best to prepare their students for getting best placements available. This study explores the preference by recruiters in the campus recruitment process in India. Again, this study will useful to both recruiters and B-schools to enhance industry-institution interface.

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Sherman, Herbert, Adva Dinur, and Daniel Rowley. "No exit? Trying to salvage D&H management LLC: Parts A and B." New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 14, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/neje-14-02-2011-b006.

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In this two-part case, Richard Davis and Stephen Hodgetts, co-owners of D&H Management LLC, are trying to come to terms with changes in the real estate market‐changes that have made their rental homes worth less than their mortgages and at best yielding at most a break-even cash flow. In Part A Davis and Hodgetts are weighing the following options: (1) sell all of the properties, assume a loss (walk away with nothing), and avoid the negative cash flow; (2) walk away from all of the properties, assume a loss (walk away with nothing), and avoid the negative cash flow; (3) delay paying the mortgage on some of the homes, allow these properties, if necessary, to go into foreclosure, and in the interim use the positive cash flow to shore up some of the more positive cash flow homes; (4) contact all of the lenders and try to renegotiate the mortgages so as to have lower monthly rates. In Part B Davis proposes that he and Hodgetts go their separate ways. Davis walks away with the two properties that have mortgages in his name, while Hodgetts obtains the four properties that have mortgages in his. From Hodgettsʼ perspective this is a losing proposition since (1) he would have to take over the management of four “loser” properties rather than Davisʼs two, an ʼunfairʼ split of the liabilities; (2) he had no interest in managing properties; and (3) he and Davis would be splitting up a long-standing team.

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Broadwater, Jeff. "Win the Race or Die Trying: Uncle Earl's Last Hurrah by Jack B. McGuire." Journal of Southern History 83, no. 3 (2017): 736–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/soh.2017.0224.

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Linnik, K. A., A. S. Sharipova, A. N. Zagorodnyaya, and S. T. Akchulakova. "Behavior of lead and selenium during leaching of slurry by solution of trylon B at sulfuric acid workshop of Balkhsh copper production plant." Chemical Engineering 22, no. 1 (2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31044/1684-5811-2021-22-1-21-29.

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The results of experiments for the study of behavior of lead and selenium during the leaching process of slurry by a solution of trylon B depending on parameters typical for hydrometallurgical processes and their ranges are presented. It has been found out that trylon B practically completely extracts lead into the solution, selenium is concentrated in cake. However, the process is accompanied by precipitation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (C10H16N2O8). Selenium-containing substances were determined in slurry and cakes.

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Shanteau, James, and David J. Weiss. "Physics envy: Trying to fit a square peg into a round hole." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36, no. 3 (May 14, 2013): 306–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12003160.

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AbstractPothos & Busemeyer (P&B) argue that classical probability (CP) fails to describe human decision processes accurately and should be supplanted by quantum probability. We accept the premise, but reject P&B's conclusion. CP is a prescriptive framework that has inspired a great deal of valuable research. Also, because CP is used across the sciences, it is a cornerstone of interdisciplinary collaboration.

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Donuata, Pujianti B., Muhaimin Rifa'i, and Unggul P. Juswono. "The Effect of Exposure to Gamma Radiation And Giving Extracts Of White Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad) Part of Kidney Health In Animal Trying Mice." Natural B 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.natural-b.2014.002.04.15.

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Egorochkin, Mikhail V. "The Earth of Xenophanes (21 B 28; A 47 DK)." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 13, no. 2 (2019): 554–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2019-13-2-554-579.

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The article for the first time summarizes the views of Xenophanes of Colophon on the earth, its structure and location in the Universe. The most interesting of the fragments devoted to the topic is the fragment B 28, in which Xenophanes, according to the most ancient and modern interpreters, considers the earth to be infinite. The author demonstrates, however, that this interpretation can hardly be correct because Xenophanes speaks not about the infinity of the lower part of the earth, but its lower limit going to infinity. Trying to find out what Xenophanes means by infinity, the author shows that this concept implies both spatial and epistemological uncertainty, so that everything which goes beyond human experience, can be called infinite. Not only the lower part of the earth is infinite in this sense, but also its surface which encompasses many different regions seen as separate worlds, as well as the air going beyond the limits of visibility. Analyzing the testimonies of Pseudo-Plutarch and Hippolytus, the author shows that the Earth’s surface could have been initially made of mud which then was dried and condensed by air and fire. This solid upper part of the Earth, which can be called earth in the narrow sense of the word, can be considered as one of the four elements. However, taken as a whole the Earth of Xenophanes should not be understood as an Aristotelian first principle. Rather it represents the cosmos, that determines the measure of human knowledge, and which can be therefore described by the ancient dictum “all things are Earth” (Arist. Met. A 8, 989a 9–10).

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Galvez Lindegaard, Pia Alejandra. "Quick Response Journey // Viaje de respuesta rápida." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 8, no. 2 (October 31, 2017): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2017.8.2.1092.

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The Quick Response Journey installation is inspired by the QR code (a matrix to store and encode high volumes of data) that is becoming more and more familiar to all of us due to the increasing use of portable electronics. A QR code contains information with fast readability, it is a digital symbol of our times. Digitalised. Virtualised. Dematerialised. But on the other hand, our adaptation as humans is not as fast as technology is. Nowadays we are devoted to the technology, apparently it is important for us. We have faith in tech. This QR code is materialised to go in and experience a metaphorical journey, an ultra-fast pilgrimage trying to balance our primitive and technological needs. We start the journey entering from the carbon society. While we walk through the green corridor we absorb all the condensed amount of data of living nature. The same QR code is in the centre inside an illuminated box from the bottom full of sprouts, symbols of nature and inspiration to reverse the destruction of the earth going towards a post-carbon society. Resumen La instalación de Viaje de respuesta rápida está inspirada en el código QR (una matriz para almacenar y codificar gran cantidad de datos), que se está volviendo cada vez más conocido para todos debido a su uso en aumento en sistemas electrónicos portátiles. Un ´código QR contiene información de rápida legibilidad, es un símbolo digital de nuestra época. Digitalizado. Virtualizado. Desmaterializado. Pero por otro lado, nuestra adaptación como humanos no es tan rápida como la tecnología. Hoy en día estamos dedicados a la tecnología, aparentemente es importante para nosotros. Tenemos fe en ella. Este código QR se materializa para ir en un viaje metafórico y para experimentarlo, un peregrinaje ultra rápido que intenta equilibrar nuestras necesidades primitivas y tecnológicas. Empezamos el viaje entrando desde la sociedad de carbono. Mientras caminamos por el pasillo verde absorbemos todas las cantidades de datos condensadas de la naturaleza viva. El mismo código QR está en el centro de una caja iluminada desde abajo, llena de brotes, símbolos de la naturaleza e inspiración para revertir la destrucción de la tierra yendo hacia una sociedad post-carbono.

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Silva, Ademir Luiz da. "A “Cidade Medieval” de Goiás: o conjunto arquitetônico Lago Ideia Molhada em Hidrolândia – Goiás." Mosaico 11, no. 2 (August 21, 2018): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/mos.v11i2.6180.

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Resumo: O presente artigo pretende problematizar o cenário de inspiração medieval construído pelo ex-prefeito da cidade de Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Freud de Melo em sua propriedade no município de Hidrolândia (GO), onde funciona(va) o Hotel Fazenda Lago Ideia Molhada, um conjunto arquitetônico composto por 37 castelos, uma interpretação livre em tamanho supostamente natural da Arca de Noé, mais de 300 esculturas de animais e monstros lendários dentre outras coisas. Partimos fundamentalmente dos conceitos de Medievalidades e Pastiche, procurando analisar esse conjunto de obras em seu sentido simbólico, artístico e cultural. Goiá’s “Medieval City”: the Lake Ideia Molhada Architectural Set in Hidrolândia – Goiás This article aims to discuss the medieval inspiration scenario built by the former mayor of the city Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, Freud de Melo on his property in the municipality of Hidrolândia (GO), where work(ed) the Farm Hotel Lake “Ideia Molhada”, an architectural complex composed of 37 castles, a supposedly natural size free interpretation of Noah's Ark, over 300 sculptures of animals and legendary monsters among other things. We fundamentally start from the concepts of Medieval and Pastiche, trying to analyze this set of works in its symbolic, artistic and cultural sense.

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Martinerie, Laetitia, Jacques de Mouzon, Joelle Blumberg, Luigi di Nicola, Pascal Maisonobe, and Jean-Claude Carel. "Fertility of Women Treated during Childhood with Triptorelin (Depot Formulation) for Central Precocious Puberty: The PREFER Study." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 93, no. 9-10 (2020): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513702.

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Background: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) administered as depot formulations are the standard of care for children with central precocious puberty (CPP). Puberty resumes after treatment discontinuation, but little is known concerning fertility in women who have been treated with GnRHa for CPP during childhood. Methods: The PREFER (PREcocious puberty, FERtility) study prospectively analysed fertility, via a series of questionnaires, in women treated during childhood with triptorelin (depot formulation) for CPP. Co-primary endpoints were the proportion of women wanting a pregnancy any time before study inclusion and during the follow-up period but not pregnant 6 and 12 months after stopping contraception and the waiting time to pregnancy (WTP). Results: A total of 574 women were identified, and 194 women were included in the analysis. Although there were not enough data for primary endpoint assessment, few women (1.7%) reported issues with fertility or were unable to become pregnant despite trying to conceive. Most pregnancies (84.4%, 95% CI [67.2–94.7%]) occurred within 1 year of trying to conceive, in line with the WTP for women without previous CPP. Conclusion: The results, based on a limited sample of patients, suggest that CPP treated with triptorelin does not negatively impact women’s fertility in adulthood. These results need to be consolidated with a subsequent study performed when these women will have reached their mid-thirties.

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Widodo, Puput, Ibnu Prasetyo Widiyono, and Yogi Ferdy Iriawan. "DEVELOPMENT MODELOF TRADITIONAL GAME (GONTENG) AS PHYSICAL EDUCATION LEARNING IN CHARACTER BUILDING FOR UPPER CLASS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS." Social, Humanities, and Educational Studies (SHEs): Conference Series 1, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/shes.v1i2.26764.

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The study was conducted through two stages: (1) pre-development stage, which includes; (a) review of relevant literature and research, and (b) field studies, (2) the development stage,which includes; (a) drafting, (b) validation expert, (c) testing of small-scale models, (d) testing large-scale models, and (e) of the final product.The small-scale tryout was conducted by involving 30 students of upper grades. The large-scale tryout was conducted by involving 130 students of upper grades. The data collecting instruments were an interview guideline, a questionnaire to assess characters of traditional games, a questionnaire to assess the traditional game development, a questionnaire for the assessment by the media expert, and a questionnaire for the evaluation by students. Based on the assessment by experts andteachers of physical, sports, and health education, it was concluded that the developed models of traditional games were effective to be used in the learning for the students of upper grades.

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Vorotynskiy, B. "P. B. Gannushkin. Acute paranoia (paranoia acuta). The clinical side of the issue. —Diss., Moscow, 1904." Neurology Bulletin XII, no. 3 (January 4, 2021): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb57352.

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The author's dissertation, published by the Moscow Psychiatric Clinic, is devoted to the clinical development of the issue of the independence of acute paranoia as a separate form of mental illness. Dr. Gannushkin is trying to solve this question partly on the basis of his own observations, partly through a critical analysis of cases that were observed by other authors, both Russian and foreign.

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Guo, Yu Qin, Xin Yang, Juan Juan Han, Wei Chen, and Meng Zhao. "Research about Warm-Hot Forming Process Control of LTWB Auto B-Pillar." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 3078–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.3078.

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In recent years, with the trend of auto body lightweight, more and more auto manufacturers pay attention to warm-hot forming of laser tailor weld blank (LTWB). In this article, choosing Audi Q5 B-pillar as the study object provided by Benchmark 2008 and using the stamping specific software Autoform, the effects of blank holder force (BHF) and drawbead on the formability of B-pillar are studied in different forming tempreture and put forward the reverse compensation method to control the weld line offset and the reverse compensation quantity is quantized, which has great significance to direct the industrial production, determine the process parameters of warm-hot forming and reduce the times of trying dies.

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Harris, Nancy Lee. "Indolent lymphoma: follicular lymphoma and the microenvironment—insights from the microscope." Hematology 2014, no. 1 (December 5, 2014): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2014.1.158.

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Abstract Follicular lymphomas (FLs) are neoplasms of germinal center (GC) B cells, which retain many of the morphologic, immunophenotypic, genetic, and functional features of normal GC B cells. Both normal GCs and neoplastic follicles of FL also contain non-neoplastic cells (microenvironment) that influence and are influenced by the GC and FL B cells and are likely important for tumor cell survival. Many insights into the nature of the GC/FL microenvironment have come from morphologic and immunophenotypic analysis, both before and after the discoveries from gene expression profiling. This chapter reviews what we have learned from the microscope and highlights the pitfalls involved in trying to enumerate cells in the microenvironment for clinical prognostication.

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Zannolli, Raffaella, and Guido Morgese. "Hepatitis B Vaccine: Current Issues." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 31, no. 9 (September 1997): 1059–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809703100916.

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Objective To review two main issues concerning the hepatitis B vaccine: (1) the management of unresponsive subjects and (2) the need for routine booster doses. Data Sources Pertinent literature identified via MEDLINE (1980–1996) search as well as references cited in published articles. Data Synthesis The optimal procedure for management of subjects unresponsive to hepatitis B vaccine has not been well established. Most unresponsive subjects are not absolute nonresponders, since most of them can develop protective concentrations of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAg) after hepatitis B revaccination, consisting of a fourth or a fifth dose or a new complete course of immunization. In subjects who do not respond to the hepatitis B vaccine after four or more injections, the benefits of the combination of cytokines (e.g., interferon-alfa, interleukin-2 [aldesleukin]) and vaccine have not been clearly shown. There are two main opinions regarding the need for routine booster doses. Experts from the US, claiming long-term protection from immunologic memory, suggest delaying booster doses for at least a decade after vaccination in subjects with normal immune status. Furthermore, postvaccination antibody testing should be restricted only to high-risk subjects. Once a vaccinated subject has responded satisfactorily, further antibody tests are unnecessary. Only hemodialysis patients should be tested annually for adequate antibody concentrations and the booster dose administered when concentrations decline to less than 10 IU/L. Experts from Europe suggest that vaccine-induced antibody responses should be assessed in all subjects and booster doses administered at intervals, with the theory being that protection correlates with the presence of antibody. However, indications about appropriate timing for booster doses and target titers of anti-HBsAg remain controversial. Conclusions It is possible to obtain seroconversion in nonresponders by using variations in vaccination strategies (i.e., >3 doses, double amounts of HBsAg). Adjuvants such as interferon-alfa or aldesleukin are of limited use. The opinions of American experts regarding routine booster doses, as expressed by the statement of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee, seem to be well defined and helpful to clinicians trying to resolve controversies for individual patients. The opinions of the European experts are not unanimous and are sometimes impractical. A consensus conference is needed.

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Ballestrero, Alessandro, Ezio Maina, Stefano Moretti, and Corrado Pistarino. "Trying to catch the elusive A0 and more. Reactions initiated by b-quarks and the Higgs sector of the MSSM." Physics Letters B 320, no. 3-4 (January 1994): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(94)90661-0.

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Jatko, Beverly Porter. "Action Research and Practical Inquiry." Journal for the Education of the Gifted 19, no. 1 (December 1995): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016235329501900106.

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The identification of children from low-income populations for participation in talented and gifted programs has been problematic for the field of gifted education. An action research approach was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a nontraditional identification technique for economically disadvantaged students known as the “whole classroom tryout technique.” Fourth-grade students from three socioeconomically diverse schools were selected for participation in Future Problem Solving (FPS), one component of this teacher's talented and gifted curriculum. The students selected by the tryout technique competed in Future Problem Solving against students selected by traditional means. Data were collected: (a) to chart the progress of individual teams, (b) to compare the performance of teams within each school based on the mode of selection, and (c) to compare the teams as a competitive sample. The analysis showed that the whole classroom tryout can be an effective means to identify economically disadvantaged students for a talented and gifted program and could be used in combination with traditional techniques.

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Journal articles on the topic 'B. tryoni'

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