Academic literature on the topic 'B. tryoni'
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Journal articles on the topic "B. tryoni"
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Wang, Y., H. Yu, K. Raphael, and A. S. Gilchrist. "Genetic delineation of sibling species of the pest fruit fly Bactocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) using microsatellites." Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, no. 4 (July 2003): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2003249.
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AbstractUsing a large set of microsatellites, the genetic relationships between three closely related Australian fruit fly species, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), B. neohumeralis (Hardy) and B. aquilonis(May) were investigated. Bactrocera tryoni and B. neohumeralis are sympatric, while B. aquilonis is allopatric to both. The sympatric species, B. tryoni and B. neohumeralis, were found to be genetically distinct. It is likely that despite differences in mating time between these two species, some gene flow still occurs. In contrast, the sibling species B. tryoni and B. aquilonis were found to be closely related, despite allopatry. The level of genetic divergence was similar to that found within eastern Australian populations of B. tryoni. Consideration of all available genetic data suggests that this similarity is not due to recent (i.e. within the last 30 years) displacement of B. aquilonis by B. tryoni from the B. aquilonis region (north-western Australia). Instead the data suggests that, at least in the areas sampled, asymmetrical hybridization may have occurred over a longer timescale.
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Reynolds, O. L., and B. A. Orchard. "Effect of adult chill treatments on recovery, longevity and flight ability of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, no. 1 (July 8, 2010): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000210.
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AbstractControl of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), populations or outbreaks may be achieved through the mass-rearing and inundative release of sterile B. tryoni. An alternative release method is to release chilled adult sterile fruit flies to decrease packaging and transport requirements and potentially improve release efficiencies. Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of chilling on the performance of two separate batches of adult B. tryoni, fed either a protein and sucrose diet or sucrose only diet. The first trial compared chill times of 0, 0.5, 2 and 4 h; the second trial compared chill times of 0, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h. Overall, there was little or no affect of chilling on the recovery, longevity and flight ability of B. tryoni chilled at 4°C. Recovery time can take up to 15 min for chilled adult flies. There was no effect of chill time on longevity although females generally had greater longevity on either diet compared with males. Propensity for flight was not adversely affected by chilling at the lower chill times in trial 1; however, in trial 2, adults fed on a protein and sucrose diet had a decreased tendency for flight as the chilling time increased. Fly body size did not affect recovery times although the smaller adult B. tryoni in trial 1 had significantly reduced longevity compared to the larger adults in trial 2. Implications of these findings for B. tryoni SIT are discussed.
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Cameron, E. C., J. A. Sved, and A. S. Gilchrist. "Pest fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northwestern Australia: one species or two?" Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 2 (July 14, 2009): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309990150.
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AbstractSince 1985, a new and serious fruit fly pest has been reported in northwestern Australia. It has been unclear whether this pest was the supposedly benign endemic species, Bactrocera aquilonis, or a recent introduction of the morphologically near-identical Queensland fruit fly, B. tryoni. B. tryoni is a major pest throughout eastern Australia but is isolated from the northwest region by an arid zone. In the present study, we sought to clarify the species status of these new pests using an extensive DNA microsatellite survey across the entire northwest region of Australia. Population differentiation tests and clustering analyses revealed a high degree of homogeneity within the northwest samples, suggesting that just one species is present in the region. That northwestern population showed minimal genetic differentiation from B. tryoni from Queensland (FST=0.015). Since 2000, new outbreaks of this pest fruit fly have occurred to the west of the region, and clustering analysis suggested recurrent migration from the northwest region rather than Queensland. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing also showed no evidence for the existence of a distinct species in the northwest region. We conclude that the new pest fruit fly in the northwest is the endemic population of B. aquilonis but that there is no genetic evidence supporting the separation of B. aquilonis and B. tryoni as distinct species.
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Reynolds, O. L., B. A. Orchard, S. R. Collins, and P. W. Taylor. "Yeast hydrolysate supplementation increases field abundance and persistence of sexually mature sterile Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, no. 2 (January 23, 2014): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000758.
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AbstractThe sterile insect technique (SIT) is a non-chemical approach used to control major pests from several insect families, including Tephritidae, and entails the mass-release of sterile insects that reduce fertility of wild populations. For SIT to succeed, released sterile males must mature and compete with wild males to mate with wild females. To reach sexual maturity, the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), must obtain adequate nutrition after adult emergence; however, in current SIT programs sterile B. tryoni receive a pre-release diet that lacks key nutrients required to sustain sexual development. The chief objective of this study was to determine whether pre-release yeast hydrolysate (YH) supplements affect the persistence and abundance of sexually mature sterile male B. tryoni under field conditions. Experiments were run in outdoor cages under conditions of low and high environmental stress that differed markedly in temperature and humidity, and in the field. Under low environmental stress conditions, survival of sterile B. tryoni was monitored in cages under three diet treatments: (i) sugar only, (ii) sugar plus YH or (iii) sugar plus YH for 48 h and sugar only thereafter. Under high environmental stress conditions survival of sterile B. tryoni was monitored in cages under four diet treatments: (i) white sugar only, (ii) brown sugar only, (iii) white sugar plus YH and (iv) brown sugar plus YH. In a replicated field study, we released colour-marked sterile B. tryoni from two diet regimes, YH-supplemented or YH-deprived, and monitored abundance of sexually mature males. In the low-stress cage study, there was no effect of diet, although overall females lived longer than males. In the high stress cage study, mortality was lower for YH-fed flies than YH-deprived flies and females lived longer than males. In the field, YH supplementation resulted in higher abundance of sexually mature sterile males, with 1.2 YH-fed flies trapped for every YH-deprived fly trapped. Under field conditions, YH supplementation can increase over-flooding ratios and hence may improve the effectiveness of SIT programmes.
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Valerio, Federica, Nicola Zadra, Omar Rota-Stabelli, and Lino Ometto. "The Impact of Fast Radiation on the Phylogeny of Bactrocera Fruit Flies as Revealed by Multiple Evolutionary Models and Mutation Rate-Calibrated Clock." Insects 13, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13070603.
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Several true fruit flies (Tephritidae) cause major damage to agriculture worldwide. Among them, species of the genus Bactrocera are extensively studied to understand the traits associated with their invasiveness and ecology. Comparative approaches based on a reliable phylogenetic framework are particularly effective, but several nodes of the Bactrocera phylogeny are still controversial, especially concerning the reciprocal affinities of the two major pests B. dorsalis and B. tryoni. Here, we analyzed a newly assembled genomic-scaled dataset using different models of evolution to infer a phylogenomic backbone of ten representative Bactrocera species and two outgroups. We further provide the first genome-scaled inference of their divergence by calibrating the clock using fossil records and the spontaneous mutation rate. The results reveal a closer relationship of B. dorsalis with B. latifrons than to B. tryoni, contrary to what was previously supported by mitochondrial-based phylogenies. By employing coalescent-aware and heterogeneous evolutionary models, we show that this incongruence likely derives from a hitherto undetected systematic error, exacerbated by incomplete lineage sorting and possibly hybridization. This agrees with our clock analysis, which supports a rapid and recent radiation of the clade to which B. dorsalis, B. latifrons and B. tryoni belong. These results provide a new picture of Bactrocera phylogeny that can serve as the basis for future comparative analyses.
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Reynolds, Olivia L., Damian Collins, Bernard C. Dominiak, and Terry Osborne. "No Sting in the Tail for Sterile Bisex Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt) Release Programs." Insects 13, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13030269.
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Global markets do not tolerate the presence of fruit fly (Tephritidae) in horticultural produce. A key method of control for tephritidae pests, is the sterile insect technique (SIT). Several countries release a bisex strain, i.e., males and females, however the sterile male is the only sex which contributes to wild population declines when released en masse. In commercial orchards, there are concerns that sterile females released as part of bisex strains, may oviposit, i.e., ‘sting’ and cause damage to fruit, rendering it unmarketable. Australia has released a bisex strain of sterile Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt, for several decades to suppress wild pest populations, particularly in peri-urban and urban environments. Here, we assessed fruit damage in two commercially grown stone fruit orchards where bisex sterile B. tryoni were released, and in an orchard that did not receive sterile flies. The number of detected stings were higher in only one SIT release orchard, compared with the control; however, there was no difference between SIT and control orchards in the number of larvae detected. We showed that there is no evidence that sterile female B. tryoni released in large numbers caused stings, or damage that led to downgraded or unsaleable fruit. The bisex strain of sterile B. tryoni is recommended for use in commercial stone-fruit orchards, under the conditions in which this trial was conducted.
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Park, Soo J., Gunjan Pandey, Cynthia Castro-Vargas, John G. Oakeshott, Phillip W. Taylor, and Vivian Mendez. "Cuticular Chemistry of the Queensland Fruit Fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 12, 2020): 4185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184185.
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The cuticular layer of the insect exoskeleton contains diverse compounds that serve important biological functions, including the maintenance of homeostasis by protecting against water loss, protection from injury, pathogens and insecticides, and communication. Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) is the most destructive pest of fruit production in Australia, yet there are no published accounts of this species’ cuticular chemistry. We here provide a comprehensive description of B. tryoni cuticular chemistry. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify and characterize compounds in hexane extracts of B. tryoni adults reared from larvae in naturally infested fruits. The compounds found included spiroacetals, aliphatic amides, saturated/unsaturated and methyl branched C12 to C20 chain esters and C29 to C33 normal and methyl-branched alkanes. The spiroacetals and esters were found to be specific to mature females, while the amides were found in both sexes. Normal and methyl-branched alkanes were qualitatively the same in all age and sex groups but some of the alkanes differed in amounts (as estimated from internal standard-normalized peak areas) between mature males and females, as well as between mature and immature flies. This study provides essential foundations for studies investigating the functions of cuticular chemistry in this economically important species.
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Zhao, J. T., M. Frommer, J. A. Sved, and A. Zacharopoulou. "Mitotic and polytene chromosome analyses in the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Genome 41, no. 4 (August 1, 1998): 510–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-053.
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The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, like the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, has a diploid complement of 12 chromosomes, including five pairs of autosomes and a XX/XY sex chromosome pair. Characteristic features of each chromosome are described. Chromosomal homology between B. tryoni and C. capitata has been determined by comparing chromosome banding pattern and in situ hybridisation of cloned genes to polytene chromosomes. Although the evidence indicates that a number of chromosomal inversions have occurred since the separation of the two species, synteny of the chromosomes appears to have been maintained.Key words: tephritid fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, polytene chromosomes, in situ hybridisation, chromosomal homology.
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Roohigohar, Shirin, Anthony R. Clarke, and Peter J. Prentis. "Gene selection for studying frugivore-plant interactions: a review and an example using Queensland fruit fly in tomato." PeerJ 9 (August 5, 2021): e11762. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11762.
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Fruit production is negatively affected by a wide range of frugivorous insects, among them tephritid fruit flies are one of the most important. As a replacement for pesticide-based controls, enhancing natural fruit resistance through biotechnology approaches is a poorly researched but promising alternative. The use of quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is an approach to studying gene expression which has been widely used in studying plant resistance to pathogens and non-frugivorous insect herbivores, and offers a starting point for fruit fly studies. In this paper, we develop a gene selection pipe-line for known induced-defense genes in tomato fruit, Solanum lycopersicum, and putative detoxification genes in Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, as a basis for future RT-qPCR research. The pipeline started with a literature review on plant/herbivore and plant/pathogen molecular interactions. With respect to the fly, this was then followed by the identification of gene families known to be associated with insect resistance to toxins, and then individual genes through reference to annotated B. tryoni transcriptomes and gene identity matching with related species. In contrast for tomato, a much better studied species, individual defense genes could be identified directly through literature research. For B. tryoni, gene selection was then further refined through gene expression studies. Ultimately 28 putative detoxification genes from cytochrome P450 (P450), carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferases (GST), and ATP binding cassette transporters (ABC) gene families were identified for B. tryoni, and 15 induced defense genes from receptor-like kinase (RLK), D-mannose/L-galactose, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), lipoxygenase (LOX), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathways and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), proteinase inhibitors (PI) and resistance (R) gene families were identified from tomato fruit. The developed gene selection process for B. tryoni can be applied to other herbivorous and frugivorous insect pests so long as the minimum necessary genomic information, an annotated transcriptome, is available.
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Tasnin, Mst Shahrima, Rehan Silva, Katharina Merkel, and Anthony R. Clarke. "Response of Male Queensland Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Host Fruit Odors." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 4 (May 15, 2020): 1888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa084.
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Abstract The surveillance and management of Dacini fruit fly pests are commonly split by fly gender: male trapping focuses on the dacine ‘male-lures’, whereas female trapping focuses on lures based on host-fruit volatiles. Although the males of several Dacini species have been reported to be attracted to host fruit volatiles, the option of using host-fruit traps for males has, to date, been ignored. Males of the cue-lure responsive fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) have been recorded as responding to host-fruit volatile blends, but it is not known how frequently this happens, if it is age-dependent, or the strength of the response relative to cue-lure throughout the year. Here, we conducted an olfactometer experiment to test the lifetime (weeks 1–15) response of B. tryoni males to the odor of tomato, a known host of this fly, and compare catches of wild males to tomato-based traps and cue-lure traps in the field. Bactrocera tryoni males started to respond to tomato odor as they sexually matured (2 to 3 wk olds) and thereafter showed consistent olfactory response until advanced age (15 wk). In the field, wild males were captured by tomato-based traps throughout the year at a level not significantly different from cue-lure traps. The reason for the consistent B. tryoni male response to host fruit odor at this stage is not known, but it certainly occurs at a level greater than can be continued to be ignored for both basic and applied research.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "B. tryoni"
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Nissan-Rozen, Ittay. "Doing the best one can (while trying to do better)." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/202/.
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The thesis explores the question of how should a rational moral agent reason and make choices when he finds himself accepting inconsistent moral judgments. It is argued that it is both conceptually and psychologically justified to describe such an agent as suffering from uncertainty. Such uncertainty, however, is not uncertainty regarding the truth of some descriptive claim, but rather uncertainty regarding the truth of a normative claim. Specifically it is uncertainty regarding the truth of a moral judgement. In the literature this is sometimes called “moral uncertainty”. Two different lines of philosophical literatures that explore the idea of moral uncertainty are discussed. The first line – the one that originated from David Lewis‟ argument against the “Desire as Belief Thesis” – explores the mere possibility of moral uncertainty, while the second line explores the question how ought a rational moral agent choose in face of moral uncertainty. The discussion of these two lines of research leads to the conclusion that a consistent account of moral decision making under conditions of moral uncertainty that will be applicable to the kind of cases that the thesis explores, must make use of degrees of beliefs in comparative moral judgements (i.e. judgements of the form “act a is morally superior to act b”) and of them alone. Specifically, no references to degrees of moral value should be made. An attempt to present such an account in the framework of an extension of Leonard Savage‟s model for decision making is carried out. This attempt leads to a problematic result. Several implications of the result to ethic and meta-ethics are discussed as well as possible ways to avoid it. The conclusion is partly positive and partly negative: While a plausible account of moral decision making under conditions of moral uncertainty is presented, an account of moral reasoning that aims at finding a complete moral theory (i.e. a moral theory that gives a prescription to every possible moral choice) is shown to be a very difficult – if not impossible - aim to achieve.
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Tryono, Reno [Verfasser], Holger B. [Akademischer Betreuer] Deising, Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Humbeck, and Andreas von [Akademischer Betreuer] Tiedemann. "Two ABC transporters of the MRP subfamily contribute to azole tolerance and virulence of Fusarium graminearum / Reno Tryono ; Holger B. Deising, Klaus Humbeck, Andreas von Tiedemann." Halle, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1116951576/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "B. tryoni"
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deVries, Willem A. Hegel’s Revival in Analytic Philosophy. Edited by Dean Moyar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355228.013.35.
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Analytic philosophy is rediscovering Hegel. This chapter examines a particularly strong thread of new analytic Hegelianism, sometimes called ‘Pittsburgh Hegelianism’, which began with the work of Wilfrid Sellars. In trying to bring Anglo-American philosophy from its empiricist phase into a more sophisticated, corrected Kantianism, Sellars moved in substantially Hegelian directions. Sellars’s work has been extended and revised by his Pittsburgh colleagues John McDowell and Robert B. Brandom. The sociality and historicity of reason, the proper treatment of space and time, conceptual holism, inferentialism, the reality of conceptual structure, the structure of experience, and the nature of normativity are the central concerns of Pittsburgh Hegelianism.
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Glixon, Jonathan E. The Porous Grate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190259129.003.0006.
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There were several reasons why the nunneries found it necessary to hire male music teachers. While in most cases new nuns learned plainchant from the older members of the choir, in certain situations outside expertise was required. Novices also required training in singing their portions of the rituals of clothing and profession, a role often carried out by secular professionals. The nunneries also housed young women resident students, whose studies, in addition to languages and comportment, sometimes included vocal or instrumental music. Teachers for these various purposes included G. B. Volpe, Giovanni Rovetta, Bartolomeo Barbarino, and Francesco Cavalli. All of these activities involved potentially dangerous interactions between the nuns and unrelated men, so the civil and ecclesiastical authorities attempted to maintain close control, if necessary arresting and trying men, including the organist Giovanni Pichi, who violated procedures.
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McAdam, Doug. Putting Donald Trump in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886172.003.0002.
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The tumultuous onset of Donald Trump’s administration has so riveted public attention that observers are in danger of losing a historical perspective. Trump’s rhetoric and behavior are so extreme that the tendency is to see him and the divisions he embodies as something new in American politics. Instead, Trump is only the most extreme expression of a brand of racial politics practiced ever more brazenly by the Republican Party since the 1960s. His unexpected rise to power was aided by a number of institutional developments in American politics that also have older roots. In the spirit of trying to understand these historical forces, the chapter describes (a) the origins and evolution of the exclusionary brand of racial politics characteristic of the Republican Party since the 1960s, and (b) three illiberal institutions that aided Trump’s rise to power, and that, if left unchanged, will continue to threaten the survival of American democracy.
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Grow, Nathaniel. An Aborted Trial. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038198.003.0007.
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This chapter examines Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc. v. National League of Professional Baseball Clubs and its dismissal, focusing on the period between February 1916 and June 1917. In the weeks following the dismissal of the Federal League's antitrust suit, organized baseball worked behind the scenes to resolve its budding dispute with the Baltimore Federals. The American and National Leagues sought to persuade Jack Dunn, owner of the city's International League team, to purchase the BaltFeds's stadium, thereby securing some settlement proceeds for the rival franchise. At the same time that organized baseball was dealing with Baltimore, it was also trying to resolve its own outstanding legal fees from the Federal League case. Baltimore, meanwhile, continued to build its case that federal antitrust law applied to professional baseball. This chapter first considers the BaltFeds's settlement negotiations with organized baseball before discussing the proceedings of its antitrust suit and Judge Oliver B. Dickinson's decision to dismiss the case.
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NAYROBI, Mimi. B*tch I'm Trying! a 45 Day Fitness Journal: Log Your Workout, Nutrition, and Feelings about Your Day All in One Place While Chasing Your Goals. Independently Published, 2021.
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san, Sandro. B*tch I'm Trying! a 45 Day Fitness Journal: Log Your Workout, Nutrition, and Feelings about Your Day All in One Place While Chasing Your Goals. Independently Published, 2021.
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Mordden, Ethan. Pick a Pocket Or Two. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190877958.001.0001.
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This book tells the full history of the British musical, from The Beggar's Opera (1728) to the present, by isolating the unique qualities of the form and its influence on the American model. To place a very broad generalization, the American musical is regarded as largely about ambition fulfilled, whereas the British musical is about social order. Oklahoma!'s Curly wins the heart of the farmer Laurey—or, in other words, the cowboy becomes a landowner, establishing a truce between the freelancers on horseback and the ruling class. Half a Sixpence, on the other hand, finds a working-class boy coming into a fortune and losing it to fancy Dans, whereupon he is reunited with his working-class sweetheart, his modest place in the social order affirmed. Anecdotal and evincing a strong point of view, the book covers not only the shows and their authors but the personalities as well—W. S. Gilbert trying out his stagings on a toy theatre, Ivor Novello going to jail for abusing wartime gas rationing during World War II, fabled producer C. B. Cochran coming to a most shocking demise for a man whose very name meant “classy, carefree entertainment.”
Book chapters on the topic "B. tryoni"
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Drew, Richard A. I., and Meredith C. Romig. "Supraspecific classification." In The fruit fly fauna (Diptera: Tephritideae: Dacinae) of Papua New Guinea, Indonesian Papua, Associated Islands and Bougainville, 11–12. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249514.0006.
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Abstract The definitions of genera and subgenera used in the classification of the Dacini have been in a continual state of change for over a century. The early definitions were based on often homoplasious morphological characters, some examples for the Oriental and Australian regions being Tryon (1927), Perkins (1937), Hardy (1951), May (1951) and Drew (1972). More recently revised subgeneric definitions for most species groups were published by Drew and Hancock (2016) and Hancock and Drew (2006, 2015, 2016, 2017a,b,c,d,e, 2018a,b,c, 2019), based on detailed analyses of dacine biogeography, host plant biology and morphology. This chapter discusses the evolutionary origins of the Dacini, the host plant and its influence on speciation in the Dacini.
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Peterson, Erik L. "A ‘Fourth Wave’ of Vitalism in the Mid-20th Century?" In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 173–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12604-8_10.
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AbstractIn his 1966 John Danz lectures, Francis H. C. Crick decried vitalism in the life sciences. Why did he do this three decades after most historians and philosophers of science regarded vitalism as dead? This essay argues that, by advocating the reduction of biology to physics and chemistry Crick was: (a) attempting to imbue the life sciences with greater prestige, (b) paving the way for bioengineering and the reduction of consciousness to molecules, and (c) trying to root out religious sentiment in the life sciences. In service of these goals, Crick deployed vitalism as a straw man enemy. His wave of so-called vitalists in the middle of the twentieth century in fact raised legitimate questions regarding the relationship of organisms to their DNA molecules that Crick was ill-equipped to answer. Moreover, most were not vitalists at all but advocates for what I term bioexceptionalism—an argument for the methodological utility of keeping biological pursuits within their own domains, distinct from physics and chemistry, regardless of the ontological status of living things. Nevertheless, Crick’s status as a “cross-worlds influencer” entrenched a philosophically-enervated reductionism in the life sciences for decades.
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Cavenaghi, Emanuele, Lorenzo Camaione, Paolo Minasi, Gabriele Sottocornola, Fabio Stella, and Markus Zanker. "A Re-rank Algorithm for Online Hotel Search." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2023, 53–64. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25752-0_5.
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AbstractRecommender Systems were created to support users in situations of information overload. However, users are consciously or unconsciously influenced by several factors in their decision-making. We analysed a historical dataset from a meta-search booking platform with the aim of exploring how these factors influence user choices in the context of online hotel search and booking. Specifically, we focused our study on the influence of (i) ranking position, (ii) number of reviews, (iii) average ratings and (iv) price when analysing users’ click behaviour. Our results confirmed conventional wisdom that position and price were the “two elephants in the room” heavily influencing user decision-making. Thus, they need to be taken into account when, for instance, trying to learn user preferences from clickstream data. Using the results coming from this analysis, we performed an online A/B test on this meta-search booking platform comparing the current policy with a price-based re-rank policy. Our online experiments suggested that, although in offline experiments items with lower prices tend to have a higher Click-Through Rate, in an online context a price-based re-rank was only capable to improve the Click-Through Rate metric for the first positions of the recommended lists.
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Crul, Maurice, Jens Schneider, and Andreas Pott. "New Social Mobility: Pioneers and Their Potentials for Change." In IMISCOE Research Series, 153–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05566-9_7.
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AbstractThis chapter discusses the wider societal and theoretical implications of the empirical outcomes presented in the previous chapters. It highlights the importance of what has been described as the ‘multiplier effect’ whereby social climbers accumulate relevant social and cultural capital step-by-step to compensate for the lack of directly useful resources in their families. It revisits some of the other central theoretical frameworks referred to in this book, such as Bourdieu’s capital theory and the integration context theory. The empirical chapters emphasize the importance of social and cultural capital, but not as it is set out in Bourdieu’s reproduction theory. In this book, these forms of capital, mostly acquired along the way, help to explain the extraordinary social mobility of this pioneering group. The integration context theory, originally developed to aid understanding of educational careers, also proved to be of use when trying to understand labour market careers in specific professional sectors. It underlines the importance of gatekeepers and national or context specific arrangements in certain professional fields which together produce the particular types of pathways in this study. We further describe some of the paradoxes that especially characterize the situation of social mobility pioneers from immigrant families. In addition to the well-known ‘integration paradox’, the authors identify a ‘meritocratic paradox’, a ‘discrimination paradox’, a ‘social and cultural capital paradox’ and an ‘ethnic capital paradox’ that all originate in a social setup in which (a) the population of ‘migrant background’ continues to be widely seen as ‘different’ and ‘Other’ to the imagined National Self, and (b) socially upwardly mobile individuals still represent a small minority in many leading professional fields. The chapter ends by underlining the potential that societies miss out on by not taking more active steps to incorporate the native-born ‘second generation’. It summarizes what we believe is new about New Social Mobility as compared to similar processes among young working-class people without a migration background.
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Boggero, Giovanni, and Karin Oellers-Frahm. "Between Cynicism and Idealism: Is the Italian Constitutional Court Passing the Buck to the Italian Judiciary?" In Remedies against Immunity?, 281–309. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_15.
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AbstractIn this chapter we focus on the consequences of Sentenza 238/2014 for the Italian judiciary. The judgment of the Corte Costituzionale obliges the Italian tribunals to admit claims for the reparation of victims or the heirs of victims and to decide on the merits. In this context, a series of difficult legal questions arise that require consistent answers. The practice shows, however, that consistent answers cannot be taken for granted as long as the decision is in the hands of lower-level tribunals. The questions to be solved concern, firstly, who can bring a claim: the victims only or—in cases where they are no longer alive—also their spouses, children, or even grandchildren and other family members? This raises a second question namely whether there is any time limit for bringing claims, which of course touches upon more general concerns, such as intertemporal law, statutory limitations, prescriptions, forfeiture and inadmissibility due to reparation agreements. Thirdly, there is the question as to the specific nature of the reparations: for example, financial reparations and their calculation standards, or satisfaction only? A further question arising from all decisions granting reparation relates to the execution of the judgments, as it seems rather illusory that Germany will comply voluntarily with such judgments. An additional aspect the chapter addresses is the broader impact of the decisions of the Italian judiciary: the non-recognition of state immunity before Italian tribunals will make Italy an attractive forum for similar claims, evidence of which has already emerged. Furthermore, the decisions of the tribunals will serve—although certainly involuntarily—as precedents in similar cases not only in Italy. Such effects will concern issues such as (a) the reparation of war-related claims on an individual basis and (b) their consequences for the readiness of states to terminate armed activities by concluding peace treaties and reparation agreements on a lump sum basis. With a view to actual armed conflicts that are mostly not international armed conflicts the question has then to be asked (c) whether individual reparation claims will lead to discriminatory consequences as reparation will probably only be realizable for victims of war crimes committed by state organs and not those committed by non-state actors. The chapter will then conclude by trying to assess more in general the task of constitutional and/or supreme courts to balance the consequences flowing from their decisions against their power or intent to enhance the development of (international) law.
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Krochmal, Max. "Trying to Reach Substantially Unanimous Agreement." In Blue Texas. University of North Carolina Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469626758.003.0008.
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This chapter follows the 1961 campaign for Lyndon Johnson’s senate seat. Henry B. Gonzalez and Maury Maverick Jr., the two liberal legislators and frequent allies from San Antonio, each declared their candidacies for the seat. Meanwhile, Mexican-American organizers sought to convert Viva Kennedy clubs into a permanent organization and a force in Texas politics. Their new group, the Political Association of Spanish-Speaking Organizations (PASO), would bring together a diverse collection of mexicano labor, civil rights, and political activists that—despite their common cultural heritage—would debate the organization’s program and methods throughout its formative years.
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Hall, Joe B., Marianne Walker, and Rick Bozich. "The Agony, 1971–1972." In Coach Hall, 112–18. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178561.003.0025.
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This chapter reveals how Coach Rupp sees Joe B. as the villain and tries his best to discredit him, saying Joe B. is trying to take his job away. Coach Rupp’s health has deteriorated and others notice that he is drinking alcohol at the end of the day at school. Joe B. points out Coach Rupp’s good characteristics and the huge sums he raised for his favorite charity, Shriners Hospitals for Children.
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Yablo, Stephen. "The Missing Premise." In Aboutness. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691144955.003.0012.
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This chapter proposes a situation wherein we are trying to win acceptance of A from an interlocutor who admits only B. A is not implied by B, so there are B-worlds where A is false. Who is to say that our world is not among them? This is where R comes in. A ought to inherit whatever plausibility attaches to R, for A is implied by R and B, and B is common ground. More carefully, A inherits whatever independent plausibility attaches to R. R makes a case for A only insofar as it is plausible in its own right. Our preferences can to some extent be explained on this basis.
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Marsden, George M. "Four Views circa 1910." In Fundamentalism and American Culture, 157–74. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197599488.003.0016.
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Various emerging fundamentalists adopted a spectrum of views regarding the relation of Christianity to culture. At one extreme were the radical dispensationalists, such as Arno G. Gaebelein. Such leaders took seriously the implications of premillennial pessimism regarding culture, and condemned modern ideologies. They insisted that Christians must separate into pure churches. William B. Riley, by contrast, embodied the central tension in the movement between premillennial pessimism and continuing hopes for a more Christian America. Moody Bible Institute exemplified that same tension. Evangelist Billy Sunday dramatically embodied the tension between separatism and Americanism. William Jennings Bryan represents a third position, trying to preserve and reform Christian civilization in a progressive but biblically based direction. Conservative Presbyterians like B. B. Warfield and J. Gresham Machen, while staying away from direct political involvement, were more confident that biblically based and rational theological outlooks could challenge modern thought.
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Rhoades, Georgia, Kim Gunter, and Elizabeth Carroll. "Chapter 6. Still Trying to Break Our Bonds: Contingent Faculty, Independence, and Rhetorics from Below and Above." In A Minefield of Dreams: Triumphs and Travails of Independent Writing Programs, 133–48. The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.37514/per-b.2016.0810.2.06.
Full textConference papers on the topic "B. tryoni"
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Carsley, John E., Xu Chen, Zheng Pang, and Yuyang Liu. "Benchmark 2 - Springback of a draw / re-draw panel: Part B: Physical tryout report." In NUMISHEET 2014: The 9th International Conference and Workshop on Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Processes: Part A Benchmark Problems and Results and Part B General Papers. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4849981.
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Li, Hongzhou, Jorge S. Cisneros, Xin Wu, Xu Chen, Xin Xie, Nan Xu, and Lianxiang Yang. "Benchmark 1 - Nonlinear strain path forming limit of a reverse draw: Part B: Physical tryout report." In NUMISHEET 2014: The 9th International Conference and Workshop on Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Processes: Part A Benchmark Problems and Results and Part B General Papers. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4849978.
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Colwell, Richard, and Cathleen Shargay. "Alloy 800H: Material and Fabrication Challenges Associated With the Mitigation of Stress Relaxation Cracking." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21842.
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Abstract Heat resistant Iron-Nickel-Chrome alloys, such as Alloy 800H, are designed to be used at elevated temperatures. At temperatures ranging from 550 to 750°C (1022 to 1380°F) these alloys can be susceptible to stress relaxation cracking (SRC). For these and other high temperature alloys, API Technical Report 942-B provides recommended ranges for material composition, as well as fabrication and heat treatment measures to mitigate Stress Relaxation Cracking. However, it has been shown to be difficult to obtain material that satisfies the API recommended prescriptions. Recommended alloy composition, welding and fabrication steps can become complex for special situations found on projects (i.e. thicker wall piping, dissimilar metal welds, etc.). This paper discusses example applications, and the reasons for selecting Alloy 800H. It also describes the SRC mechanism, the technical justifications for the API 942-B recommendations, and the challenges that have been experienced trying to meet these recommendations.
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Schwenke, Thorsten, and Markus A. Wimmer. "Theoretical and Experimental Investigation on Cross-Shear Dependency of Polyethylene Wear in Artificial Knee Implants." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192648.
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It has been shown that the contact motion path in artificial knee bearings is implant design dependent [1]. It is also known that multidirectional motion of artificial joints leads to higher wear rates compared to the application of unidirectional motion [2,3]. This phenomenon has been linked to “strain-hardening” of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (PE): the molecular chains in the surface layer align along the direction of shear. Since more energy is required to rupture the fibrils in their longitudinal direction than perpendicularly, less wear is generated if the direction of movement follows the molecular chain orientation [3]. Computer models could potentially become an important tool in wear prediction if this relationship could be quantified. A variable, defined as ‘cross-shear’ A/(A+B), with A being the fraction of motion along the molecular orientation and B being the fraction of motion perpendicular to the molecular orientation, takes this into account (Fig.1); however, pin-on-disc studies trying to validate this model found agreement for small cross-shear values only [4].
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Darbha, Swaroop, and Prabhakar R. Pagilla. "Limitations of Employing Undirected Information Flow Graphs for the Maintenance of Rigid Vehicular Formations." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2767.
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In this paper, we consider the problem of decentralized control of a collection of homogeneous vehicles trying to maintain a rigid formation. Each vehicle attempts to maintain a specified constant safe distance from its adjacent vehicles in the collection. We consider an identical structure for each decentralized controller so that it is simpler from an implementation viewpoint as it does not depend on collection size or vehicle indices. We call a vehicle B adjacent to vehicle A if the relative position of vehicle B is known to vehicle A either by communication or by sensing. In this paper, we only consider undirected information flow graphs, i.e., graphs where vehicle A is adjacent to vehicle B if and only if vehicle B is adjacent to vehicle A. We consider a point mass model for each vehicle and assume the actuation transfer function, which relates the control input to the force supplied to the vehicle, to be a strictly proper rational transfer function. It is known that spacing errors due to disturbances amplify if the reference vehicle information is not available to Ω(n) vehicles, n being the size of the collection [1]. In this paper, we generalize this result to show the following: If there are two or more vehicles in the collection that are adjacent to Ω(n) vehicles, then there is a critical size N* so that the motion of the collection will be unstable if the size of the collection exceeds N*. Practical issues of fault tolerance indicate that there be at least two vehicles that are adjacent to Ω(n) vehicles in the collection. We also further show that the use of a kinematic vehicle model for analysis of disturbance propagation yields results which may not agree with what is observed in practice and hence are inappropriate.
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Zinchuk, N. N., and M. N. Zinchuk. "LITHOLOGIC-MINERALOGICAL FEATURES OF ANCIENT DIAMONDIFEROUS THICKNESSES IN THE REGIONS OF KIMBERLITE MAGMATISM DEVELOPMENT." In Проблемы минералогии, петрографии и металлогении. Научные чтения памяти П. Н. Чирвинского. Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/chirvinsky.2021.36.
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Complex research of ancient crusts of weathering on terrigenous-carbonate rocks, dolerites, tufogene formations and kimberlites, as well as products of their rewashing in Mesozoic sedimentary thick layers of main diamondiferous regions of the Siberian platform allowed restoring specific features of their structural-formation generation Results of investigations allowed carrying out zoning of the territory on the area of the following distinction of Middle-Upper Triassic crusts of weathering and products of their redeposition: a) unfavorable (lower parts of paleo-depressions); b) favorable (upper parts of paleo-depressions); c) highly favorable (slopes of these structures). The identified typomorphic features of various minerals in various types of crusts of weathering may be successfully used when trying to determine their (including diamondiferous material) impact on various levels of Mesozoic sedimentary thick layers of the region.
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Olivares, Tulio Daniel, Walid Al-Zahrani, Kreke Latter, and Temu Mukoro. "Nano Technology Micro-Emulsion Technology Removed Invert Emulsion Fluid Filter Cake Damage After Delayed Action Across Sandstone Reservoir." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211496-ms.
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Abstract The objective of this manuscript is to present the value addition of a Nano Technology based Windsor IV Micro-Emulsion which helped to remove Invert Emulsion Fluid (IEF) filter cake across sandstones reservoirs. Benefits such as delayed reaction, uniform treatment across the reservoir, no losses or well control events and improvements in the well producibility expectations will be presented in this paper. The approach was to determine the nature of the filter cake and determine an improved process for removing the cake from the well-bore utilizing a Nano Technology based Windsor IV Micro-Emulsion that will solubilize the filter cake through the creation of Micellar Structures in the 2-14 nanometer range. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to ensure compatibility with the formation, compatibility with formation fluid, along with the removal of the filter cake using the new chemical application process. The ICD screens were deployed and filter cake was removed with a minimum delay of one hour to prevent needless losses that could end up with catastrophic well control situations or excessive non-productive time trying to cure the losses to continue with the completions operations The new chemical blend was mixed and deployed on well A & well B, under capable filter cake removal engineer and using the existing rig equipment with no operational issues. Both wells retained intact filter cake for at least a 2-hours period, thereby preventing initial losses and avoiding an LCM pill being pumped to cure the losses, that could result in formation damage or affect the permeability of the production formation. As demonstrated in the laboratory tests, full filter cake removal was achieved in a 12-24 hours period. In wells A & B, we did not experience losses within the time period required to run the upper completion and close the isolation safety valves. The conclusion from the field application is that this Nano Technology based Windsor IV Micro-Emulsion demonstrated the ability to remove the IEF Filter Cake in a controlled manner, allowing the drilling rig completion operations to be run without any interference or additional steps and after the soak period the wells A & B were opened to show improved Productivity Index post application. The drilling-petroleum industry is continuously looking for technologies to improve the return of investment and maximize the wells producibility, definitely the introduction of this new Nano Technology based Windsor IV Micro-Emulsion package to the area of IEF Filter Cake removal will bring benefits and value to this purpose as was demonstrated after the implementation on wells A & B in the studied area.
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Caires, Sofia, and Marcel R. A. van Gent. "Extreme Wave Loads." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57947.
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This paper compares three main methods for estimating extreme wave loads with a view towards determining the sensitivity of estimates to the particular approach chosen. The approaches considered include: a) The generally used ad-hoc procedure of performing an extreme value analysis of the Hs data, trying to find a relationship between wave height and period at the storm peaks and then, once the return values of extreme wave heights are estimated, estimating the associated return value of the wave period by means of the relationship found. b) The ‘structure variable method’ in which the pairs wave height and period observations are converted into univariate loads to which univariate extreme value theory is applied to estimate the return value of the structural load. c) The multivariate extreme value approach suggested by [1] in which a ‘multivariate return value’, namely the most probable value of the wave period conditional on a return value of the wave height, is estimated. Our study is based on a 44-yr long timeseries of wave conditions created using the shallow water wave model SWAN and calibrated ERA-40 data. The results suggest that the three approaches yield similar estimates. However, the ad-hoc procedure a gives the least conservative estimates. Approach c provides results that apply to any choice of load function and which to a certain extent are independent of the location in which the estimates are obtained, for which reason it may generally be the preferred one.
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Polaert, Isabelle, Bachar Alrafei, Jose Delgado-Liriano, and Alain Ledoux. "Synergetic effect of microwave plasma and catalysts in CO2 methanation." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9806.
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The reduction of CO2 concentration in our atmosphere consists in a big challenge for researchers, who are trying to explore novel technologies in order to transform CO2 into high added-value products. CO2 conversion into methane using microwave plasma (MWP) manifests as a very promising solution due to the ease of transport of methane and its storage. Microwave plasma represents a source of high-energy electrons, active ions and radicals that enhance or enable chemical reaction. It can be supplied by electricity generated from renewable resources. Then, MWP does not require any electrode to be generated and thus, the cost of those electrodes and of maintenance is reduced compared to glow discharge or DBD plasmas. MWP also can be generated over wide range of pressure (between 10 mbar-1bar). In addition, in the case of MWP, more electrons and active species are produced in comparison with other type of plasma[1–4]. MWP is a very suitable medium for this chemical reaction and leads to an efficient dissociation of CO2. The catalytic reduction of CO2 with H2 using MWP has been investigated in this work and the synergetic effects between the plasma and several catalysts were studied. First, the reaction was carried out without any catalysts and the effect of CO2/H2 ratio, total flow rate and input energy were evaluated. Then, a microwave generated plasma process was coupled with several Nickel catalysts that we prepared and characterized [5] in order to lead the reaction into methane formation. Multiple configurations were studied by changing the position of the catalyst bed. Obtained results were compared with conventional catalytic tests made with the same catalysts. It was found that the conversion of CO2 and energy efficiency increased using plasma assisted catalytic methanation of CO2 in comparison with conventional process. Operating conditions were studied in order to optimize methane production and energy efficiency of Plasma-catalytic process. References Qin, Y., G. Niu, X. Wang, D. Luo, Y. Duan, J. CO2 Util., 2018, 28, 283–291. De la Fuente, J.F., S.H. Moreno, A.I. Stankiewicz, G.D. Stefanidis, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41, 21067–21077. Ashford, B., X. Tu, Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem, 2017, 3, 45–49. Vesel, A., M. Mozetic, A. Drenik, M. Balat-Pichelin, Chem Phys., 2011, 382, 127–131. Alrafei, B., I. Polaert, A. Ledoux, F. Azzolina-Jury, Catal. Today, Available online 12 March 2019, In Press, Accepted Manuscript. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.03.026
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Gurevich, Lyubov. "A case analysis of political discourse ambivalence: Between the truth and falsity." In 7th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.07.14149g.
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Many false statements in connection with COVID-19 have fueled a number of rumors and conspiracy theories in the world. Politicians tend to use complicated technical systems and information technologies in order to influence people’s consciousness, feelings and social behavior. Under the guise of taking care of people’s wellbeing they pursue their own objectives. The political leaders have challenged the world with their claims and political statements which hypocritically announced their striving to serve for the sake of the nations, but in fact demonstrating their strong will to benefit from the situation. However, their actions are not treated by people as aggression and don’t lead to open confrontation and aggravation of military and political relations. They paradoxically manage to balance between the truth and falsity, demonstrating ambivalence of what they state in their speeches and appeals to the nations. The basic methods of political discourse ambivalence analysis, used in the article, are: (a) fact-checking method, (b) scientific analysis of the evidence, (c) peer-reviewed studies and the others. There has been also used a method of logical comparison of three options of political discourse: Political Statement → Fact → Consequence. The analysis of mass media articles, devoted to Covid-19, has helped the author to systematize the elements of political discourse processing (the politicians’ statements for the good of the people) and political cognition (the actual meaning of those actions, which can potentially lead to confrontation between nations). The author is trying to find out the actual reasons of the growing gap between the governments and ordinary people, between nations in the world.
Reports on the topic "B. tryoni"
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Werren, John H., Einat Zchori-Fein, and Moshe Coll. Parthenogenesis-Inducing Microorganisms in Parasitic Hymenoptera: Their Mode of Action and Utilization for Improvement of Biological Control Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573080.bard.
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Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria known to cause reproductive and sex ratio disorders in many insects. In various parasitic Hymenoptera, Wolbachia induce thelytokous reproduction. The overall goal of this research was the improvement of biological control agents by reversion of their mode of reproduction. This was attempted from two directions: 1) studying the effect of naturally occurring Wolbachia on the thelytokous species Muscidifuraxuniraptor and 2) trying to transmit thelytoky-inducing Wolbachia to Nasoniavitripennis. In M. uniraptor, gamete duplication was found to be the mode of diploidy restoration and Wolbachia density had a strong effect on sex ratio but not on host fitness. Studies on the natural horizontal transmission of Wolbachia between Nasonia wasps and their Protocalliphora hosts using the Wolbachia Outer Surface Protein (WOSP) gene revealed that (a) two Nasonia species (N. giraulti and N. longicornis) possess closely related strains of B-group Wolbachia, but N. vitripennisapparently acquired B Wolbachia by horizontal transmission from an unknown source, (b) Nasonia and its Protocalliphora host have similar Wolbachia, and (c) the Protocalliphora Wolbachia WOSP gene is a recombinant between the one found in N. giraulti/longicornis and N. vitripennis. Results show parasitoid-host insect transmission of Wolbachia and recombination among Wolbachia strains. Results from gynandromorph studies suggest a novel mechanism of sex determination in Nasonia.
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MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.
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As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.