Relevant bibliographies by topics / B.O.D

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'B.O.D'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "B.O.D"

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Uniyal, Harish, Trapti Sharma, and Yogesh Renwal. "Exploration of Waste Water in Different Open Drains of Kota City." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 9 (June 24, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i9.100.

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In Kota city very small area has been covered by sewerage line. Mainly domestic sewage is treated in septic tank. The effluent of septic tank is discharged into open drains. There are many small and medium scale industries, Commercial center, Coaching Institutions etc.; discharging the waste water into various open drains. At present as the present sewerage system is not operating; the waste water from these open drains is discharged into Chambal River. In this project the analysis of waste water was done to examine the probable pollution caused by the high B.O.D. and C.O.D. in waste water. Some samples of drinking water from tube wells were also analyzed to detect the probable pollution from seepage of surface water into ground water. Average value of the B.O.D. Calculated for the Waste water taken from 20 readings is 388.25 and the maximum B.O.D. was in the waste water of Raipura drain (512)
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Bento, Mauro Sancearusso, and Cristiano Pedroso-de-Moraes. "CONSTRUÇÃO DE UMA INCUBADORA B.O.D. A PARTIR DE MATERIAIS RECICLADOS PARA USO EM ENSINO E PESQUISAS BOTÂNICAS." Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente 11, no. 3 (September 27, 2018): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.17765/2176-9168.2018v11n3p703-717.

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O presente trabalho contempla a construção de uma incubadora B.O.D., para uso em pesquisas na área de botânica, utilizando de materiais reciclados e alternativos, a fim de propiciar economia e ao mesmo tempo garantir a mesma funcionalidade dos equipamentos comerciais. Para verificação de funcionamento utilizou-se sementes de Alface (Lactuca sativa L.) germinadas no novo equipamento e no já existente no laboratório para fins comparativos e atestar a correta calibração da B.O.D. O trabalho apresenta detalhes da construção podendo ser utilizado para construção de mais aparelhos.
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Barbosa, Wilson, Rafael Pio, Nelson Pires Feldberg, Edvan Alves Chagas, and Renato Ferraz de Arruda Veiga. "Enraizamento de estacas lenhosas de pereira tratadas com AIB e mantidas em ambiente de estufa tipo B.O.D. e de telado." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 29, no. 3 (2007): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452007000300033.

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Pesquisou-se o enraizamento da pereira em ambiente controlado de estufa tipo B.O.D. e em telado simples. Utilizou-se a cultivar híbrida 'Limeira', destinada exclusivamente para fins culinários e para porta-enxerto. Estacas lenhosas sem folhas, medindo 25 cm de comprimento, foram tratadas com ácido indolbutírico (AIB) nas concentrações de 0; 2.000; 4.000 e 6.000 mg.L-1 por 10 segundos. Como substrato, utilizou-se da mistura de vermiculita e areia grossa (2:1 v/v), sendo a mesma umedecida com meio contendo solução salina MS e sacarose 1%. As estacas permaneceram por 42 dias dentro de estufas tipo B.O.D. (temperatura de 25ºC, umidade relativa do ar de 90% e fotoperíodo de 8 horas) e de telado com irrigação por microaspersão, sem controle ambiental. Em ambiente controlado de estufa, as estacas não-tratadas com AIB iniciaram intensa brotação das gemas e formação de calo após sete dias do plantio. Já em ambiente de telado, essas estacas demoraram 21 dias para o início de brotação das gemas, mostrando menor desenvolvimento de calo. Nas estacas tratadas com AIB, os calos surgiram nas regiões dos cortes após o terceiro dia de incubação na estufa B.O.D. As raízes desenvolveram-se a partir dos tecidos da base e dos calos, tornando-se mais nítidas a partir de 14 e 28 dias, respectivamente, para os ambientes de estufa e de telado. Após 42 dias, o melhor percentual de enraizamento (83%) foi verificado no tratamento com AIB a 2.000 mg.L-1, em ambiente de estufa B.O.D. O emprego dessa estufa, com temperatura, luz e umidade relativa controladas, mostrou-se viável em relação ao telado, no processo de enraizamento das estacas lenhosas da pereira 'Limeira', podendo favorecer o sistema de propagação vegetativa da pereira e encurtar o período da formação de mudas.
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Mlipano, Chove Lucy, Mongi Richard, and Chenge Lawrence. "Effect of Depth and Distance of the Borehole from the Septic Tank on the Physico-Chemical Quality of Water." Journal of Food Studies 7, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jfs.v7i1.12187.

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A study to examine the effect of depth and distance of the boreholes from the septic tank on physico-chemical parameters of the borehole water consumed in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania was conducted. Samples were collected from 48 boreholes in Ilala, Kinondoni and Temeke districts and subjected to pH, B.O.D (Biological Oxygen Demand), total hardness, copper and lead analyses in relation to safety and quality levels set by WHO and TBS. Analysis by R-statistics indicated that pH and B.O.D significantly (p<0.05) decreased as the depth of borehole increased, whereas total hardness was significantly (p<0.05) higher in very deep boreholes than the other heights. Total hardness and pH were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by distance between septic tank and borehole and the B.O.D levels were significantly higher in the borehole water situated near the septic tank than those which were far. Based on the physico-chemical characteristics of water, 25% of the samples did not comply with WHO and TBS specification limits while 75% complied, most of which had shallow depths and were situated near the septic tank. It may thus be concluded that both the distance and the depth between septic tank and borehole influenced physico-chemical characteristics of water.
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Carvalho, Sérgio Alves de, and Luis Fernando Carvalho Silva. "Monitoring the viability of citrus rootstocks seeds stored under refrigeration." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 35, no. 1 (March 2013): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452013000100027.

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The citrus nursery tree is produced through the bud grafting process, in which rootstock is usually grown from seed germination. The objective of this research was to evaluate, in two dissimilar environmental conditions, the viability and polyembryony expression of five citrus rootstocks seeds stored in different periods under refrigeration. The rootstock varieties evaluated were: Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osb. cv. Limeira), Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf. cv. Limeira), Citrumelo (P. trifoliata x C. paradisi Macf. cv. Swingle), Sunki mandarin (C. sunki Hort. ex Tanaka) and Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq. cv. Catania 2). The experimental design was the randomized blocks in a 11 x 5 x 2 factorial scheme, evaluating from time zero to the tenth month of storage, the five varieties of rootstock in two environments: germination and growth B.O.D type chamber (Biological Oxygen Demand - Eletrolab Brand Model FC 122) at 25 °C; and greenhouse seedbed with partial temperature control (22 °C to 36 °C) and humidity control (75-85%). The plot had 24 seeds in four replicates, using trays with substrate in greenhouse and Petri dishes with filter paper in B.O.D. chamber. The seed germination rate and polyembryony expression were evaluated monthly. It was concluded that Trifoliate and Citrumelo Swingle seeds can be stored for up to seven months, while Volkamer lemon, Rangpur lime and Sunki seeds can be stored for up to ten months. The polyembryony expression rate was slightly higher when measured in greenhouse than in B.O.D. chamber and remained stable in both environments until the seventh month, from which dropped sharply. Citrumelo Swingle seeds expressed the highest polyembryony rate (18.8%), followed by Rangpur lime and Volkamer lemon (average value of 13.7%), Sunki (9.4%) and Trifoliate (3.2%). Despite some differences among varieties, the viability of rootstock stored seeds can be monitored either in the greenhouse or in B.O.D. germination chamber, the latter being the faster and more suitable method.
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أ. م. د. نجلة عجيل محمد. "مُحددات تلوث مياه الصرف الصحي في مُحافظة كربلاء لسنة 2016." journal of the college of basic education 25, no. 103 (June 26, 2019): 900–930. http://dx.doi.org/10.35950/cbej.v25i103.4575.

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تناول البحث دراسة مقارنة لبعض مُحددات التلوث للمياه الواردة والمُعالجة وتقييم كفاءة ثلاث محطات لمياه الصرف الصحي (المنفهان، محرم عيشة، المُجمع السكني) في مُحافظة كربلاء لسنة (2016). من خلال تحليل نتائج خصائص المؤشرات وجدنا تباينها خلال مُدة الدراسة، حيث سجلت المياه الواردة والمُعالجة معاً قيماً ضمن المُحددات البيئية المسموح بها للمؤشرات { مجموع الاملاح الكلية (TDS)، و ومؤشر الدالة الحامضية (PH) }، في حين سجلت المؤشرات قيمة أعلى من المُحددات البيئية المسموح بها { مُتطلب الأوكسجين (البيوكيميائي)(B.O.D 5 ) و الأوكسجين الكيميائي المستهلك (C.O.D) و المواد الصلبة العالقة (T.S.S) عدا المياه المُعالجة لمحطتي (المنفهان، محرم عيشة) فقد سجلت قيمة ضمن الحدود البيئية المسموح بيئياً، وسجلت محطة المنفهان أعلى قيمة مُعالجة لمياه الصرف الصحي للمؤشرات {B.O.D 5)، ) C.O.D) ، (TDS) }، ومحطة محرم عيشة للمؤشر (T.S.S)، في حين سجلت المحطات الثلاثة معاً قيمة سالبة لمُعالجة المؤشر (PH).
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Priest, Charles J. "Operational Experience with Anaerobic/Aerobic Treatment System for Paper Mill Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0010.

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The paper mill located in Indiana began operation in 1975. The initial effluent treatment system was aeration stablization and settling basins. The waste system discharged to the Wabash River. Primary solids from the clarifier are recycled to the mill. Secondary solids from the settling basins were applied to farm land. Original B.O.D. load entering the first aeration basin was 4,000 Kg per day @ 3786 cubic meters water per day. Present raw waste discharge is about 11,000 Kg per day @ 3786 cubic meters. The production rate has increased from 318 to 545 metric tons per day. The designed waste treatment system was 240 horsepower of surface aeration. In an attempt to keep up with the increasing B.O.D. load, surface aeration horsepower was increased to 450. This combination resulted in greater production of secondary solids (biomass). An anaerobic pilot plant study was conducted in 1978. Based on the study's results, the Indiana Water Pollution Control Division approved conversion of the Newport effluent treatment system to an anaerobic/aerobic system. In November 1978 we converted one aeration basin to an anaerobic cell. (The first paper mill in North America to have such a system). The other aeration basin received a total of 300 horsepower available aeration. From November 1978 to April 1979 we learned the operational controls and modified the anaerobic cell. In May 1979 the anaerobic pond efficiency was 80% B.O.D. reduction. Total effluent system efficiency has averaged 98% for the past 3 years. Aerobic biomass generation has been reduced 80 to 90% as measured by settleable solids. Recent studies and project modifications will reduce the aerobic biomass even further. In changing to anaerobic-aerobic treatment a seventy percent production increase has been possible without expansion of the wastewater treatment facilities.
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Khanna, D. R., Anurag Mohan, and Snehlata. "Ganga water quality at Kangri Village, District Haridwar with reference to physico-chemical parameters." Environment Conservation Journal 13, no. 1&2 (June 18, 2012): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2012.131234.

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In the present investigation water quality monitoring of river Ganga at Kangri village, District Haridwar was studied with reference to physico-chemical parameters during the period January, 2009 to December, 2009. Parameters studied was Temperature, pH, free CO2, D.O., B.O.D, T.D.S., Acidity, Alkalinity, Hardness, Calcium, Chlorides and Conductivity. Statistical analysis of the analytical data was computed in the table.
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Vishnoi, Unnati, Jagjeet Kaur, and S. K. Pathak. "Water quality of River Ganga in respect of physico-chemical characteristics at Shyampur, District Haridwar." Environment Conservation Journal 8, no. 3 (December 24, 2007): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2007.080307.

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The water qu ali ty statu s of River Gan ga at Sh yampur was stu di ed with re spec t to physi co–c he mi cal characteristics. Parameters studied were pH, total solids, total dissolved solid, T.S.S., conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, D.O., B.O.D. and C.O.D. The nature of water quality of Ganga with respect to pH is alkaline.
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Costa, Lílian Moreira, Osvaldo Resende, Douglas Nascimento Gonçalves, and Kelly Aparecida Sousa. "Qualidade dos frutos de crambe durante o armazenamento." Revista Brasileira de Sementes 34, no. 2 (June 2012): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31222012000200015.

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Em sementes armazenadas sob condições adequadas, a velocidade do processo de deterioração pode ser diminuída, permitindo a conservação da viabilidade das mesmas por período mais prolongado do que o obtido em condições naturais. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar a qualidade dos frutos de Crambe abyssinica armazenados em diferentes condições ambientais. Foram utilizados frutos de crambe com teor de agua de 6% b.u. Os testes de condutividade elétrica, absorção de água, porcentagem de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) foram realizados no início do experimento (0 meses) e a cada 2 meses, durante um ano. O armazenamento foi realizado em três condições distintas: condição ambiente (26 ± 3 ºC; 55 ± 12% Umidade Relativa - UR), câmara refrigerada do tipo B.O.D. (5 ± 1 ºC; 79 ±5 % UR) e câmara climatizada com aparelho de ar condicionado (18 ± 1 ºC; 53 ± 7% UR). A câmara climatizada (18 ± 1 ºC; 53 ± 7% UR) conserva melhor a qualidade dos frutos de crambe em relação à condição ambiente (26 ± 3 ºC; 55 ± 12% UR) e câmara refrigerada do tipo B.O.D. (5 ± 1 ºC; 79 ± 5% UR). O armazenamento dos frutos por doze meses, nos três ambientes analisados, promove a quebra de dormência das sementes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "B.O.D"

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Heljeved, Christian. "B.A.D : Black.Aromred.Drone." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Maskinteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-23766.

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The aim of this project was to develop and improve Intuitive Aerial AB airborne camera rig system, the biggest focus area in this project has been on the upper part of the UAV camera rig system, whether proofing and make it more portable during transports is the main goal, I am using industrial design methodology to do this.Intuitive Aerial AB is developing a new model of their airborne camera rig system to the NAB show (National Association of Broadcasts) in April 6-11 2013 in Las Vegas USA. The airborne Camera rig is an UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) that targets the professional film and photography industry.Idea generation, sketching, prototype, brainstorming, user research, market analysis, CAD modeling and rendering are some of the industrial design methods used in this project. This project has had a tight time schedule to be ready for the NAB Show. This means that development and production has been hands on.The result presented in this report is a new design of the Intuitive Aerial airborne camera rig system. That is produced to the NAB show in Las Vegas. After the NAB Show in Las Vegas a concept study of the camera rig system has been made. And is visualised as sketches and 3D model renderings.
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Vout, Paul T. "B.O.T. with Chinese characteristics." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1999. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28046.

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China's BOT program is important because China suffers a dearth of infrastructure particularly in the areas of water and waste water treatment, roads and airports, which pure government funding will not be able to meet in the medium to long term. Thus, if China is to continue to develop, and its people to prosper, it must adopt a successful model for attracting private and, in particular, foreign private capital. China's experimental BOT program is an attempt to do just that.
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Costa, Artur Luís Ribeiro Gomes da. "O conceito B.O.T.-Build operate and transfer." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11766.

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黃國洪 and Kwok-hung Gray Wong. "A feasibility analysis of using B.O.T. in the management of public fill in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3196705X.

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Wong, Kwok-hung Gray. "A feasibility analysis of using B.O.T. in the management of public fill in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25139903.

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Bartziokas, Andreas. "Skapandet av B.O.B. - Balls Over Brains : om konsten att väcka intresse hos spelaren för att fortsätta spela." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-3109.

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Detta arbete är skapat av Andreas Bartziokas, som examensarbete för VT 2009. I denna uppsats beskrivs hur spelet B.O.B. har skapats. Vilken litteratur som varit användbar för skapandet av spelet, samt en övergripande beskrivning av själva spelet.

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PARVEEN, NUZHAT. "DEVELOPMENT OF REFINED DO MODEL FOR HIGHLY POLLUTED GOMTI RIVER AT LUCKNOW STRETCH." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/15103.

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This analysis was aimed to determine the current status of river Gomti along the Lucknow stretch. Physico-chemical characteristics, level of organic matter, various heavy metals and sewage pollution and their variation has been studied from upstream to downstream of Lucknow. Gaughat is upstream region and Pipraghat is downstream of Lucknow. Analysis has been done from upstream to downstream regions of the river. Water samples are subjected to analysis like BOD and DO. Study concluded that large number of drains are responsible for pollution in river Gomti that enter directly into the river carrying untreated industrial and domestic waste. Some other causes are like removal of solid wastes at pumping stations is still manual, sometimes pumping station does not work , so the sewage waste is by passed directly to the river Gomti or when most of the branch and trunk sewers do not function properly. Study indicates that the water quality has been deteriorated from Gaughat to Pipraghat due to discharge of untreated waste water from about 26 major drains in its entire course. Water of the river Gomti at upstream of Lucknow i.e.Gaughat showed minimum BOD and maximum dissolved oxygen. But due to the presence of 26 drains dissolved oxygen level decreases along its stretch and showed minimum DO at Pipraghat.
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Chan, Wei-Chung, and 陳威証. "Cyclic Flexural Behavior of B.O.F SCC Column." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06756751156941757823.

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Chiang, Tsung-Chin, and 江宗錦. "The Feasibility Analysis of B.O.T Model at Private University." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67151533601457080989.

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碩士
元智大學
工業工程與管理學系
91
This research focuses on the development of the B.O.T strategy for an indoor swimming pool located in Yuan-Ze University. We will discuss about the feasibility of building up this swimming pool with B.O.T (Build-Operate-Transfer) processes. First, the feasibility analysis is studied before we start to encourage private enterprises to join our project. If the feasibility analysis is positive, we can invite companies to join us. The feasibility analysis includes four parts: Law, Marketing, Technology and Finance. Through this project, we can provides an example for private universities which would also promote B.O.T model on school.
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Sheu, Tsing-Fong, and 許清豐. "Risk management of investment environment under B.O.T. model in Taiwan." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86774528145564791705.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
商學系
84
This study is to discuss what kind of risk the B.O.T.(Build- Operate-Transfer) investor in Taiwan face by using two questi- onnaire with seven construction factories. First questionnaire is to discuss what kind of main risks exist and their source in Taiwan when invest in B.O.T. projects, and how to use the methods of risk treatment. Second questionnaire is to discuss the priority of the main risks using Analytic Hierarchy Proc- ess (A.H.P.). The purpose of study has two perspective : one is to provide B.O.T. investor with the note of risk management , the other is to privide government with the reference of how to establish related law of B.O.T. model and manage local inv- estment. The conclusions of this study are presented as follows : 1. Suggestion for government a.The process''''s delay of land levied, lack and change of related law of B.O.T. model, and heavy and complicated of government''''s administration are the most important risks investor think highly of. Government should improve these content. b.Government and investor can create the phase of win-win. Government should help investor exclude the interference of non-economic factor. 2. Suggestion for investor a.The methods of investing in B.O.T. project should be con- sidered its nature, e.g. the phase of technology, sum of money, time of recovery, related experience, and different level. b.Investor can learn more related methods of B.O.T. risk treatment from foreign firms, e.g.be cooperated with for- eign firms and financial institution who had participated in B.O.T.projects.
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Books on the topic "B.O.D"

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Pinto, Alejandro Recio. Privatización en Venezuela: Primer caso, Banco Occidental de Descuento, B.O.D. Caracas, Venezuela: Librería Mundial, 1991.

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Pinto, Alejandro Recio. Privatización en Venezuela: Primer caso, Banco Occidental de Descuento, B.O.D. Caracas, Venezuela: Librería Mundial, 1991.

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ill, Wyrick Monica, ed. A.D.D. not B.A.D. Washington, DC: Child & Family Press, 2003.

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(Nicaragua), Bloque Opositor del Sur. B.O.S., Bloque Opositor del Sur: 12 apuntes acerca del B.O.S. : Nicaragua. [Nicaragua]: El Bloque, 1985.

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Bostanoğlu, Emre. B.O.S. (Büyük Ortadoğ̮u savaşı). Zeytinburnu, İstanbul: Popüler, 2006.

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Soso, Sakakibara, and Hirakawa Yusa, eds. B.A.D shi jian bu. Taibei Shi: Jian duan chu ban, 2014.

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Soso, Sakakibara, and Hirakawa Yusa, eds. B.A.D shi jian bu. Taibei Shi: Jian duan chu ban, 2013.

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Three Wise Monkeys Theatre Company. B.O.A.: Bay One-Acts Festival 4. San Francisco: Three Wise Monkeys Theatre Co., 2005.

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LC Collection (Library of Congress), ed. B.O.F.: Musiques et compositeurs du cinéma français. Paris: Dreamland, 2002.

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B.O.Q.: An NCIS Special Agent Fran Setliff novel. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair, Publisher, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "B.O.D"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.)." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_1310.

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Chakkaravarthy, G. Vinoth, and Raja Lavanya. "An IoT-Based Sanitation Monitoring System Using Machine Learning for Stagnant Water to Prevent Water-Borne Diseases." In Integrating AI in IoT Analytics on the Cloud for Healthcare Applications, 57–66. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9132-1.ch004.

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In low and middle-income countries, people die as a result of unhygienic water quality each year. The proposed method monitors stagnant water quality. Improving sanitation facilities by prior detection of contamination depends on both knowledge and resources (both microbiological and personnel). The proposed method uses Node MCU as core controller and various sensors to monitor the water quality. The micro controller will access the data from different sensors and then processes the data. Once the data is collected, the data is fed into machine learning models, and it is trained using machine learning algorithms (classification - SVM) or neural networks (ANN). Productive decision can be made out of the results from the model. Model will be trained using the parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (D.O.), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D), Nitrate-N and Nitrite-N, and fecal coliform. The outcome of the proposed work gives a complete report about contamination in the stagnant water and gives early alert to municipalities for preventing water-borne diseases.
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"B.V.D., n." In Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/6138217245.

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WALRAET, BOB. "THE YEARS OF THE B.O.M." In Programming, the Impossible Challenge, 283–92. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-87128-2.50026-1.

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"Durability in B.O.T. bridge projects." In Advances in Bridge Maintenance, Safety Management, and Life-Cycle Performance, Set of Book & CD-ROM, 497–98. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18175-187.

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Dong, P., Z. Yuchang, P. Hong, and L. Guanghua. "Development of B.O.O hydroelectric project in China." In Hydropower in the New Millennium, 19–22. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003078722-3.

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Vinik, Aaron. "Case 95: Neuropathy in Metformin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes." In Diabetes Case Studies: Real Problems, Practical Solutions, 354–56. American Diabetes Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/9781580405713.95.

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A 68-year-old woman with a 3-year history of type 2 diabetes had been treated with metformin 500 mg b.i.d. since her diagnosis. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was 6.5%, and she had no evidence of diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy. She complained of progressive numbness in her extremities for the past 3 months. The symptoms started in her feet and progressed to affect her lower legs up to her knees as well as her hands bilaterally. She denied pain or tingling but complains of mild weakness in her legs.
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Ferrari, M., and G. Simbolotti. "THERMAL AND STRESS ANALYSIS OF THE SOLID B.O.T. BLANKET FOR NET." In Fusion Technology 1986, 1231–36. Elsevier, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-8376-0.50168-6.

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Movva, Narmada, Boby Theckedath, and Janice Gilden. "Case 31: Difficulties in Managing Patients with Insulin Resistance: Alternatives to U-500 Insulin." In Diabetes Case Studies: Real Problems, Practical Solutions, 109–14. American Diabetes Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/9781580405713.31.

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A 63-year-old Caucasian man was referred for management of uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (T2D) of 18 years’ duration. He was taking glipizide 20 mg twice daily and pioglitazone 15 mg daily. Metformin was not given because of his stage 3 chronic kidney disease. Three months of pioglitazone therapy resulted in weight gain of 27 lb (278 lb; BMI 35.5 kg/m2), and a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 7.7%. Other medical problems included hypertension, dyslipidemia, and depression. Other medications included clonidine 0.3 mg/day patch, losartan 100 mg daily, clopidogrel 75 mg daily, gemfibrozil 600 mg b.i.d, simvastatin 40 mg, gabapentin 600 mg twice daily, and aripiprazole 2.5 mg daily.
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Shroff, Gautam. "Learn." In The Intelligent Web. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199646715.003.0008.

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In February 2011, IBM’s Watson computer entered the championship round of the popular TV quiz show Jeopardy!, going on to beat Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings, each long-time champions of the game. Fourteen years earlier, in 1997, IBM’s Deep Blue computer had beaten world chess champion Garry Kasparov. At that time no one ascribed any aspects of human ‘intelligence’ to Deep Blue, even though playing chess well is often considered an indicator of human intelligence. Deep Blue’s feat, while remarkable, relied on using vast amounts of computing power to look ahead and search through many millions of possible move sequences. ‘Brute force, not “intelligence”,’ we all said. Watson’s success certainly appeared similar. Looking at Watson one saw dozens of servers and many terabytes of memory, packed into ‘the equivalent of eight refrigerators’, to quote Dave Ferrucci, the architect of Watson. Why should Watson be a surprise? Consider one of the easier questions that Watson answered during Jeopardy!: ‘Which New Yorker who fought at the Battle of Gettysburg was once considered the inventor of baseball?’ A quick Google search might reveal that Alexander Cartwright wrote the rules of the game; further, he also lived in Manhattan. But what about having fought at Gettysburg? Adding ‘civil war’ or even ‘Gettysburg’ to the query brings us to a Wikipedia page for Abner Doubleday where we find that he ‘is often mistakenly credited with having invented baseball’. ‘Abner Doubleday ’ is indeed the right answer, which Watson guessed correctly. However, if Watson was following these sequence of steps, just as you or I might, how advanced would its abilities to understand natural language have to be? Notice that it would have had to parse the sentence ‘is often mistakenly credited with . . .’ and ‘understand’ it to a sufficient degree and recognize it as providing sufficient evidence to conclude that Abner Doubleday was ‘once considered the inventor of baseball’. Of course, the questions can be tougher: ‘B.I.D. means you take and Rx this many times a day’—what’s your guess? How is Watson supposed to ‘know’ that ‘B.I.D.’ stands for the Latin bis in die, meaning twice a day, and not for ‘B.I.D. Canada Ltd.’, a manufacturer and installer of bulk handling equipment, or even Bid Rx, an internet website? How does it decide that Rx is also a medical abbreviation? If it had to figure all this out from Wikipedia and other public resources it would certainly need farmore sophisticated techniques for processing language than we have seen in Chapter 2.
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Conference papers on the topic "B.O.D"

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Magdum, Shubham Shankar, and Gopal M. Bhosale. "Studies on Application of Spent wash as a Nutrient for Agriculture waste Composting." In 7th GoGreen Summit 2021. Technoarete, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/978-93-92106-02-6.14.

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Due to high organic loading rates, several chemicals in distillery spent wash have high B.O.D. and C.O.D. values. The cost of treating and disposing of spent wash is expensive. Hence Composting is one of the most effective methods for achieving this. Sugarcane farms agricultural waste is used as a raw material. The goal of this study is to figure out how to compost agricultural waste utilizing aerobic and windrow composting techniques. Pits should be 3m long, 1.5m wide and 1m high for aerobic composting, and 3m long, 1.5m wide, and 1.2m high for windrow composting (Composting, W.H.O Book). Turning should be done on the 5th, 17th, and 30th days of the interval for aerobic composting. For windrow composting, it should be provided after 2-4 weeks. To decompose the agricultural waste cow dung and spent wash were utilized as a media. The study research indicates that it should be cost-effective. The quality of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the mass of carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) were analyzed. The parametric values, such as nitrogen 0.8 percent, phosphorous 0.4 percent, potassium 0.4 percent, and C/N ratio = 20 to 30, are all within acceptable ranges, and the results show that the compost is ideal for plant growth.
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Sousa, Gilmara Matias de, and JUAN CARLOS ALVAREZ PIZARRO. "EFEITO DO CONDICIONAMENTO EM ÁGUA DESTILADA NA GERMINAÇÃO DE GRAMÍNEAS FORRAGEIRAS." In III Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências Biologicas. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/iii-conbracib/6830.

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Introdução: As pastagens representam a base alimentar para produção de carne bovina no Brasil, sendo de grande importância para o crescimento da pecuária. O capim Urochloa brizantha e Megathyrsus maximus têm boa representatividade nas pastagens com potencial considerável na produção de matéria seca por unidade de área. Porém a velocidade no estabelecimento da pastagem inicial depende do sucesso na germinação da semente. Objetivo: analisar a taxa de germinação da semente nas espécies de U. brizantha (cultivares xaraés, piatã, braúna e vitória), U. decumbens (cv. basilisk) e M. maximus (cultivares massai 1, massai 2 mombaça, paredão, tanzânia e araúna) quando hidratadas previamente ou não em água destilada por 16 horas. Material e métodos: O teste de germinação foi realizado em papel filtro umedecido com água destilada à temperatura de 25ºC, os quais foram colocados verticalmente em copos contendo 10 ml de CaCl2 0,5 mM. Os copos foram envolvidos com saco plástico transparente e acondicionados em B.O.D. Para cada cultivar, foram preparadas 3 repetições (rolos) cada uma constituída de 30 sementes. Resultados: As sementes de U. brizantha, cv. xaraés e M. maximus, cv. massai 2 e cv. araúna tiveram taxas de germinação melhoradas com o tratamento em água destilada. As demais cultivares do estudo não necessitaram de condicionamento em água destilada para impulsionar a germinação. Conclusão: Mais estudos precisam serem desenvolvidos para investigar os fatores que impulsionam a germinação nas sementes de gramíneas forrageiras, e outros tratamentos devem ser testados para as cultivares do referente estudo que não obtiveram resultado satisfatório com o condicionamento em água destilada.
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Moro, Iulo Pessotti, and Priscilla Moreira Curtis Peixoto. "TESTE DE ENVELHECIMENTO ACELERADO E GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES DE HANDROANTHUS CHRYSOTRICHUS (MART. EX. DC.) MATTOS." In I Congresso Nacional de Ciências Agrárias On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/1621.

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Introdução: A produção de sementes florestais é limitada e a produção de frutos é irregular de um ano para o outro, assim, é necessário um estudo das características ecofisiológicas das sementes de espécies nativas, visando a maior qualidade na produção de mudas. Objetivos: Avaliar o envelhecimento acelerado, o Índice de Velocidade de Germinação (IVG) e a percentagem de germinação das sementes de Handroanthus chrysotrichus (Mart. Ex. DC.) Mattos. Material e métodos: Para isso, as amostras contendo 400 sementes foram dispostas em caixas gerbox contendo 40 mL de água destilada e conduzidas em câmaras para germinação tipo B.O.D. (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) a 40ºC durante o período de 24h, 48h e 72h de envelhecimento, além da testemunha (0h). Após cada período de envelhecimento, foi determinado o teor de água das sementes pelo método da estufa a 105 + 3ºC por 24h, e realizado o teste de germinação. O teste de germinação foi conduzido a 25ºC utilizando placas de Petri com água destilada. Diariamente foi contabilizado o número de sementes germinadas adotando-se a protusão da radícula como critério de germinação. Por meio do teste de germinação foi calculado o IVG. Resultados: Inicialmente, as sementes de H. chrysotrichus apresentaram um teor de água de 8,29%, e após 72 horas submetidas ao teste de envelhecimento acelerado foi de 38,69%. A germinação das sementes foi de 75% para o grupo testemunha (sem envelhecimento) e de 42%, 60% e 38% para as sementes envelhecidas 24h, 48h, 72h, respectivamente. Os IVG foram de 2,2060, 1,1403, 1,7432 e 0,9142 para os tratamentos 0h, 24h, 48h e 72h respectivamente. Conclusão: Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que o máximo de absorção de água pelas sementes ocorreu em 72h após o início do experimento, as sementes envelhecidas apresentaram menores taxas de germinação, perdendo a capacidade germinativa após o envelhecimento, e o grupo testemunha apresentou o melhor IVG e a melhor taxa de germinação.
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Sousa, Tássia Luciane Ferreira de, Giovane Leitão Oliveira, Ana Clara Moura de Sousa, Ana Lucia Aranha da Costa, and Dênmora Gomes de Araujo. "INFLUÊNCIA DE BACILLUS SUBTILIS E TRICHODERMA SP NA GERMINAÇÃO DE MILHETO." In I Congresso Brasileiro On-line de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/ensipex/26.

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Introdução: A microbiolização de sementes tem como objetivo inibir a manifestação de patógenos causadores de doenças e promover maior crescimento à planta, técnica utilizada como alternativa do uso de produtos químicos para tratamento de sementes. Por sua alta capacidade proteica, o milheto é muito utilizado na ração animal, possuindo grande adaptação ao Cerrado Brasileiro, a cultura está em grande expansão no país. Objetivo: Analisar a influência do Bacillus subtilis e Trichoderma sp sobre a germinação de milheto. Material e métodos: A suspensão bacteriana de Bacillus subtilis foi ajustada à uma concentração de 1013 u.f.c, os isolados de fungo do gênero Trichodermasp, utilizados em forma de mix (T06, T09, T12 e T52), foram ajustados à uma concentração de 109 u.f.c. Em todos os tratamentos, as sementes permaneceram imersas por 20 minutos, sendo agitadas a cada 5 minutos. Após a microbiolização, 200 sementes de cada tratamento, divididas em quatro repetições de 50 sementes, foram distribuídas uniformemente sobre duas folhas de papel mata borrão umedecidas com água destilada em caixas do tipo gerbox, sendo a quantidade de água determinada pelo peso dos papéis vezes três. A incubação foi feita em câmara do tipo B.O.D a uma temperatura de 28°C com fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Após o início da sua germinação foi registrado o número de plântulas normais e anormais, considerando o crescimento da raiz e a emergência da parte aérea. Resultados: O lote de sementes avaliado expressou boas condições apresentando média de germinação de 70%. Para as sementes inoculadas com o fungo, obteve-se germinação de 68,75%, sendo estatisticamente igual a testemunha pelo teste de Scoff Kmoff a 5% de significância. Contudo, as sementes inoculadas com a bactéria apresentaram média de 79,37% de germinação, sendo o melhor tratamento. Conclusão: Concluiu-se com esse estudo que a utilização de Bacillus subtilis na microbiolização de sementes de milheto promoveu maior germinação e crescimento, mostrando-se mais eficaz quando comparado ao Trichoderma sp.
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Lima, Joel Wirlo Brasileiro, Oriel Herrera Bonilla, Sandro Ferreira Do Nascimento, Klever Cavalcante Da Silva, and Jéssica Carvalho Horta. "GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES DE MALVA ROXA (MELOCHIA PYRAMIDATA L.) SOBRE EFEITO ALELOPÁTICO DO EXTRATO AQUOSO DE MARMELEIRO (CROTON JACOBINENSIS BAILL.)." In I Congresso Nacional de Ciências Agrárias On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/1600.

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Introdução: Plantas daninhas causam prejuízos a outras culturas desejadas ou cultivadas, causando perca de rendimento, aumento de custo de produção e surgimento de doenças. Um exemplo de planta indesejada, é a Melochia pyramidata L., presente nos períodos de seca, pois as partes aéreas da planta contêm Melochinina, do grupo dos alcalóides piridínicos e causam paralisia dos membros posteriores, braquicardia, hipotensão, fotofobia acentuada, constipação severa e morte no gado. Uma das formas de controle dessas plantas, é a utilização de herbicidas químicos, entretanto já se é conhecido uma série de problemas ambientais sobre seu uso e a busca de alternativas mais naturais é cada vez mais crescente. As plantas do gênero Croton possuem constituintes ativos como terpenóides, flavonóides e alcalóides, se mostrando promissora no controle de plantas indesejadas. Objetivos: O objetivo foi identificar efeitos alelopáticos do hidrolato de Croton jacobinensis Baill. na germinação de sementes de M. pyramidata L. Material e Métodos: O trabalho teve início 16/10/2020 no Laboratório de Ecologia da Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Material e métodos. Utilizou-se 1.200 g de folhas verdes de C. jacobinensis Baill. dos quais extraiu-se o hidrolato e óleo essencial obtidos pela técnica de Destilação por Arraste a Vapor de Água. Resultados: Para analisar o efeito alelopático foram utilizadas 300 sementes de M. pyramidata L. escarificadas com lixa d’agua P80 e higienizadas com hipoclorito 5%, divididas em 12 placas de Petri, com dois papeis filtros cada, umedecidos com 3 ml de hidrolato nas concentrações de 0% (Tratamento 1, controle), 50% (Tratamento 2), 100% (Tratamento3), com quatro repetições cada e mantidas em uma câmara de germinação (tipo B.O.D.) a 25oC e em dois fotoperíodos distintos (12 e 12 h/luz) os resultados analisados foram a porcentagem de germinação e o IVG (índice de velocidade de germinação), comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Dez dias após a semeadura, os resultados obtidos da germinação em porcentagem, foram T1: 56%, T2: 42,6%, T3: 38,6. E no IVG, foram T1: 2,75, T2: 1,69, T3: 1,67. Conclusão: A conclusão do trabalho mostra que apesar dos tratamentos com hidrolato apresentassem menor porcentagem de germinação, estatisticamente não houve diferença significativa do efeito alelopático no IVG.
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Oliveira, Sara Cristine Farias De, Jessica Bianca Reis De Brito, Pedro Camillo Siqueira Dos Santos, Karine Santos Dos Santos, and Joanne Moraes De Melo Sousa. "INVESTIGAÇÃO DA GERMINAÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO IN VITRO DE EPIDENDRUM CARPOPHORUM BARB. RODR." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Biotecnologia On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/conbiotec/60.

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Introdução: As orquídeas, pertencentes a família Orchidaceae, são muito utilizadas comercialmente para a venda de arranjos ornamentais e, devido a isto, são retiradas excessivamente da natureza, levando muitas delas à extinção. Desta forma, o cultivo in vitro apresenta-se como alternativa para estudos e métodos de conservação para redução de risco de extinção. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do meio de cultura na germinação in vitro de sementes de E. carpophorum, com o intuito de facilitar o desenvolvimento de um protocolo eficiente de micropropagação dessa orquídea. Material e métodos: O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. A metodologia do trabalho iniciou-se com a coleta de cápsulas imaturas de E. carpophorum no Orquidário Bosque Rodrigues Alves e, posteriormente, foram acondicionadas até o início do processo de assepsia e germinação. Após a assepsia em câmara de fluxo laminar, foram utilizados diferentes meios de cultura, distribuídos nos tratamentos: T1= meio MS (Murashige & Skoog), T2= meio MS + carvão ativado (2,5gL-1), T3= metade dos sais do MS e T4= metade dos sais do MS + carvão ativado. Após inoculação das sementes, os frascos foram mantidos em câmara tipo B.O.D com fotoperíodo de 16h e temperatura de 27ºC. Foram feitas análises qualitativas da germinação, sendo consideradas àquelas sementes que apresentaram protocormos de coloração verde e bom desenvolvimento. Resultados: Os tratamentos com meio MS sem carvão ativado (T1 e T3) apresentaram elevada germinação dos protocormos à medida que foram realizadas as avaliações, o tratamento T1 apresentou melhores resultados em comparação ao T3. Já os tratamentos com meio MS com carvão ativado (T2 e T4) apresentaram rápido entumescimento e melhor desenvolvimento dos protocormos. Ressalta-se que o tratamento T4 apresentou os melhores resultados de germinação e desenvolvimento dentre os demais tratamentos. Estes resultados demonstraram a influência do carvão ativado no desenvolvimento dos protocormos de orquídeas, possivelmente devido a capacidade de maior absorção de nutrientes em meios que contém este tipo de aditivo. Conclusão: Portanto, nota-se que a presença do carvão ativado e o uso de metade do meio de cultura MS pode estimular a germinação e o desenvolvimento in vitro de E. carpophorum.
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Boissel, J. P., J. C. Peyrieux, J. M. Destors, M. Lievre, and P. Moleur. "PREVENTION OF SYSTEMIC THROMBO-EMBOLISM IN PATIENTS WITH ATHEROSCLEROTIC INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643461.

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Ticlopidine (TI), an anti-aggregating agent which inhibits the ADP-pathway has been tested in patients with intermittent claudication (IC) in 11 randomized clinical trials (RTCs).As expected, a significant reduction of cardio-vascular events (CVE) due to systemic thrombo-embolism was observed in the 2 larger. Reduction in the number of CVE due to systemic thromboembolism in any arterial bed was observed. This prompted us to confirm the hypothesis that TI was beneficial in preventing systemic thrombo-embolism in patients with IC. Four RCTs from the 11 were blindly selected on the basis on pre-set selection criteria : placebo controlled, more than 1 month duration, , less than 5 % lost-to-follow-up (index of quality), parallel groups, proven atherosclerotic disease. Meta-analysis was performed with 5 statistical methods which gave consistent findings : as compared to 311 patients on placebo, the 301 patients on TI have had a 66 % reduction in the number of CVE during the 6 months of follow-up (9.0 % to 3 % , p = 0.002). Walking distance, a secondary objective of meta-analysis, doubled in 42 % of the patients on TI as against 27 % (p = 0.0005).It was concluded that TI 250 mg b.i.d. prevents CVE in patients with atherosclerotic IC.
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Gerhart, T., H. Yett, A. Donovan, M. A. Lee, M. Smith, and E. W. Salzman. "ORGANON 10172 VS. WARFARINTO PREVENT VENOUS THROMBOSIS AFTER HIP FRACTURE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643686.

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Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) remains a serious and frequent complication after fracture of the hip, and even the mostefficacious prophylactic agents, e.g., warfarin, may fail to prevent DVT in up to 2056 of cases. There is evidence that low molecular weight heparin or heparin-like agents may have advantages in antithrombotic prophylaxis with reduced hemorrhagic sideeffects in patients at risk of DVT. We are engaged in a randomized prospective trial comparing the antithrombotic effect ofwarfarin (PT 1.5x control)with that of Organon 10172, a mixture ofsulfated low molecular weight glycosamioglycans (750 anti-Xa u b.i.d. sc., begunpreop and continued 9 days, followe by warfarin). Diagnosis is by 125-1 fibrinogen scan and impedence plethysmography with confirmatory phlebography. At present71 patients have been admitted, and patient groups are comparable in age, sex, type of fracture, and all other significant respects. DVT has been diagnosed in 7of 36 patients given warfarin an in 1 of35 patients who received Organon10172. Pulmonary embolism has not beenencountered. GI bleeding has occurred twice on warfarin and once on Organon 10172 There has been no difference in estimated operative blood loss, transfusion requirements, or other major bleeding complications.One patient on warfarin died ofmyocardial infarction and pneumonia. There were no other adverse reactions.The study is still in progress. The present trend in the results suggests that the heparinoid Organon 10172 may be a promising new agent to prevent DVT in high risk patients, such as those with fractures of the hip.
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Palareti, G., P. Torricelli, M. Poggi, G. Fortunato, G. Oca, and G. Coccheri. "LONG TERM EFFECTS OF TICLOPIDINE ON FIBRINOGEN AND HAEMORHEOLOGY IN PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644211.

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Fibrinogen (Fgn) and haemorheologic parameters were serially measured in 44 pts (38 males, age 59+/−7) with claudicatio intermittens due to peripheral arterial obliterative disease (PAOD) treated for 24 months with Ticlopidine (T group, 250 mg b.i.d. p.os), or placebo (P group), in a double blind randomized controlled study, part of a larger clinical trial. Fgn (immunodiffusion), haematocrit (Ht, micromethod), whole blood viscosity (BV, Contraves LS 30, at 37 C) at high (94.5) and low (0.2 sec-1) shear rates (s.r.) and plasma viscosity (PV, Contraves LS 30) were measured three-monthly. The data were evaluated by means of ANOVA and Student's t test. The values in groups T and P did not differ at baseline except for greater BV at high s.r. in group P (p< 0.05). During the observation period circannual variations appeared especially in group T, where summer-time values for most parameters (Fgn, Ht, PV, low s.r. BV) were lower (significance from p<0.05 to <0.01) than the correspondent winter-time values, while a similar pattern was observed in group P only for PV (p<0.01). Fgn (p<0.05), Ht (p<0.01), and low s.r. BV (p<0.001) were significantly lowered in group T versus group P but only in the summer months (after about 1 year of treatment). In conclusion, this study proves that long-term Ticlopidine treatment in PAOD is associated with significant lowering of fibrinogen and “improvement” in haemoreologic tests although limited to the summer observations. Ticlopidine while positively interfering with haemorheology in PAOD may not counteract other mechanisms of rheologic deterioration probably occurring during winter. Long-term evaluation of drug effects should therefore take into account spontaneous or drug-enhanced seasonal changes of the investigated values.
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Santos, Marco Antonio, and Christiane Lopes Machado. "PETROBRAS 40: Technical Concepts and Solutions for the World’s Greatest Dry Tow." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28190.

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Abstract:
The world’s greatest dry transportation already done is the floating production unit PETROBRAS 40 from Singapore to Brazil. PETROBRAS 40 is a 42000 tons semi-submersible floating production unit of 150000 b.p.d. which was converted from the derrick barge DB100 hull. All the naval design for this conversion was developed by PROJEMAR S.A. The transportation from the yard at Singapore to the South Marlim field at Campos Basin, Brazil was done in a heavy lift ship to accelerate the delivery of the PETROBRAS 40. This study had several analysis performed to guarantee the feasibility of the operation. Due to the three-pontoon configuration of the hull and its large weight, the loads induced by the hull girder analysis of the heavy lift ship were mandatory to the analysis of the unit. The configuration of the semi-submersible structure did not allow it to be supported only at the side pontoons, leaving the center pontoon free to deflect. This situation would lead to large deflection on the hull and, consequently, high stresses would be installed on the PETROBRAS 40 hull. The separate analysis of the vessel and the PETROBRAS 40 hull generated a very conservative interface load and/or deflection. Therefore, the hull girder analysis of the heavy lift ship had to be detailed for a very specific critical wave conditions that the dry transportation could face in the 45 days trip. In order to minimize the contingency factors in a safe condition, several studies were performed on the weather routing and consequently in the wave height and associated period. Then, this paper presents all the technical aspects used in the dry tow analysis and discuss the possible solutions found to make it feasible.
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