Journal articles on the topic 'B-nodes'
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1
Meir, A., and J. W. Moon. "On Major and Minor Branches of Rooted Trees." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 39, no. 3 (June 1, 1987): 673–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-1987-033-3.
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Let denote a rooted tree with n nodes. (For definitions not given here, see, e.g. [4]). For any node v of , let B(v) denote the subtree of determined by v and all nodes u such that v is between u and the root of ; node v serves as the root of B(v). The branches of are the subtrees B(v) such that node v is joined to the root of . A branch B with i nodes is a primary branch of if n/2 ≦ i ≦ n – 1; if has a primary branch B with i nodes, then a branch C with j nodes is a secondary branch if (n – i)/2 ≦ j ≦ n – 1 ≦ i; if has a primary branch B with i nodes and a secondary branch C with j nodes, then a branch D with h nodes is a tertiary branch if
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Vaze, Rahul, and Srikanth Iyer. "Percolation on the Information-Theoretically Secure Signal to Interference Ratio Graph." Journal of Applied Probability 51, no. 4 (December 2014): 910–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1421763317.
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We consider a continuum percolation model consisting of two types of nodes, namely legitimate and eavesdropper nodes, distributed according to independent Poisson point processes in R2 of intensities λ and λE, respectively. A directed edge from one legitimate node A to another legitimate node B exists provided that the strength of the signal transmitted from node A that is received at node B is higher than that received at any eavesdropper node. The strength of the signal received at a node from a legitimate node depends not only on the distance between these nodes, but also on the location of the other legitimate nodes and an interference suppression parameter γ. The graph is said to percolate when there exists an infinitely connected component. We show that for any finite intensity λE of eavesdropper nodes, there exists a critical intensity λc < ∞ such that for all λ > λc the graph percolates for sufficiently small values of the interference parameter. Furthermore, for the subcritical regime, we show that there exists a λ0 such that for all λ < λ0 ≤ λc a suitable graph defined over eavesdropper node connections percolates that precludes percolation in the graphs formed by the legitimate nodes.
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Goud, S. N., N. Muthusamy, and B. Subbarao. "Differential responses of B cells from the spleen and lymph node to TNP-Ficoll." Journal of Immunology 140, no. 9 (May 1, 1988): 2925–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.140.9.2925.
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Abstract Subcutaneous immunization with the thymus independent Ag, TNP-Ficoll, does not elicit plaque-forming cell response from the regional lymph node B cells even though a good response is obtained with the splenic B cells. Lymph node cells respond well to the thymus independent 1 Ag, TNP-Brucella abortus. Because TNP-Ficoll is a soluble Ag and may not be retained well in the lymph nodes, we emulsified it with Freund's adjuvant and injected it into foot pads. This did not result in any antibody response in the popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes though once again splenic B cells gave excellent responses. We find that the in vivo response to TNP-Ficoll can be induced in the lymph node if TNP-Ficoll is injected along with B. abortus in the foot pads of normal mice. This observation could not be repeated in the splenectomized mice implicating the role of the migration of APC or B cells from spleen to lymph nodes. Similar differential responses are obtained from lymph node and splenic B cells in the in vitro cultures. Lymph node cells respond to TNP-Ficoll with the addition of normal irradiated spleen cells but not with Sephadex G-10-passed spleen cells. This shows the absence of APC or lymphokines which stimulate B lymphocytes to respond to TNP-Ficoll in the lymph nodes. We found that IL-1 but not IL-2 or IL-4 was able to induce TNP-Ficoll response from the lymph node B cells.
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Vaze, Rahul, and Srikanth Iyer. "Percolation on the Information-Theoretically Secure Signal to Interference Ratio Graph." Journal of Applied Probability 51, no. 04 (December 2014): 910–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200011876.
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We consider a continuum percolation model consisting of two types of nodes, namely legitimate and eavesdropper nodes, distributed according to independent Poisson point processes in R 2 of intensities λ and λ E , respectively. A directed edge from one legitimate node A to another legitimate node B exists provided that the strength of the signal transmitted from node A that is received at node B is higher than that received at any eavesdropper node. The strength of the signal received at a node from a legitimate node depends not only on the distance between these nodes, but also on the location of the other legitimate nodes and an interference suppression parameter γ. The graph is said to percolate when there exists an infinitely connected component. We show that for any finite intensity λ E of eavesdropper nodes, there exists a critical intensity λ c < ∞ such that for all λ > λ c the graph percolates for sufficiently small values of the interference parameter. Furthermore, for the subcritical regime, we show that there exists a λ0 such that for all λ < λ0 ≤ λ c a suitable graph defined over eavesdropper node connections percolates that precludes percolation in the graphs formed by the legitimate nodes.
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Janeway, C. A., J. Ron, and M. E. Katz. "The B cell is the initiating antigen-presenting cell in peripheral lymph nodes." Journal of Immunology 138, no. 4 (February 15, 1987): 1051–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.138.4.1051.
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Abstract We have examined the role of B cells in antigen presentation in lymph nodes in several ways. We found that mice depleted of B lymphocytes via chronic injection of anti-mu-chain antibody do not mount peripheral lymph node T cell proliferative responses to normally immunogenic doses of antigen. Depletion of B cells by passage of immune lymph node cells over anti-immunoglobulin columns early after immunization depletes antigen-presenting function from draining lymph nodes, and this function can be restored by using B cells or splenic adherent cells to allow the remaining T cells to proliferate. Lymph node B cells present antigen very effectively to lines of antigen-specific T cells. However, unfractionated lymph node cells from anti-mu-treated mice present very poorly, if at all, whereas unfractionated spleen cells from the same mice do present antigen. This is in keeping with our previous finding that helper T cell function in the spleen is normal in B cell-deprived mice. Finally, when mice homozygous for the lymphoproliferative gene lpr are treated chronically with anti-mu-chain antibody, lymphadenopathy is greatly retarded, suggesting a role for B cells in the massive proliferation of T cells in this syndrome. From this analysis, it would appear that the initiating antigen-presenting cell in the lymph node is a B lymphocyte, and that B lymphocytes in lymph nodes may be distinct from those in the spleen. It is of interest that these results also suggest that the lymph node lacks an antigen-presenting cell that is found in the spleen, perhaps the dendritic cell.
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Ostlund, L., P. Biberfeld, KH Robert, B. Christensson, and S. Einhorn. "Induction of proliferation and blast transformation by interferon in human malignant and non-malignant lymph node B cells." Blood 73, no. 8 (June 1, 1989): 2171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v73.8.2171.2171.
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Abstract The influence of interferon (IFN) on cellular proliferation, blast transformation, and differentiation was studied in lymph node cells from 17 patients with B-cell lymphomas, one patient with T-cell lymphoma, and eight patients with enlarged, non-malignant lymph nodes. The effects of IFN on lymph node cells were compared with effects on mononuclear blood cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients and healthy donors. Natural IFN-alpha (nIFN-alpha) induced a proliferative response in cells from seven of 17 of the B-cell lymphomas, in two of eight of the non-malignant lymph nodes, and in lymphoid blood cells from two of 32 CLL patients. With few exceptions, the proliferating cells were B cells and the data suggest that IFN acts directly on the B cells. Proliferation was not induced with IFN in cells from the T-cell lymphoma or in mononuclear blood cells from 13 healthy donors. nIFN-alpha induced blast transformation in cells from ten of 14 of the B-cell lymphomas and in four of seven of the non- malignant lymph nodes. Also beta- and gamma-IFN were shown to induce proliferation and blast transformation in lymph node cells from some patients. No major effect on the expression of various differentiation markers could be observed following culture in the presence of nIFN- alpha. We conclude that IFNs can induce proliferation and blast transformation in malignant and non-malignant B cells from lymph nodes.
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Ostlund, L., P. Biberfeld, KH Robert, B. Christensson, and S. Einhorn. "Induction of proliferation and blast transformation by interferon in human malignant and non-malignant lymph node B cells." Blood 73, no. 8 (June 1, 1989): 2171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v73.8.2171.bloodjournal7382171.
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The influence of interferon (IFN) on cellular proliferation, blast transformation, and differentiation was studied in lymph node cells from 17 patients with B-cell lymphomas, one patient with T-cell lymphoma, and eight patients with enlarged, non-malignant lymph nodes. The effects of IFN on lymph node cells were compared with effects on mononuclear blood cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients and healthy donors. Natural IFN-alpha (nIFN-alpha) induced a proliferative response in cells from seven of 17 of the B-cell lymphomas, in two of eight of the non-malignant lymph nodes, and in lymphoid blood cells from two of 32 CLL patients. With few exceptions, the proliferating cells were B cells and the data suggest that IFN acts directly on the B cells. Proliferation was not induced with IFN in cells from the T-cell lymphoma or in mononuclear blood cells from 13 healthy donors. nIFN-alpha induced blast transformation in cells from ten of 14 of the B-cell lymphomas and in four of seven of the non- malignant lymph nodes. Also beta- and gamma-IFN were shown to induce proliferation and blast transformation in lymph node cells from some patients. No major effect on the expression of various differentiation markers could be observed following culture in the presence of nIFN- alpha. We conclude that IFNs can induce proliferation and blast transformation in malignant and non-malignant B cells from lymph nodes.
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Cserni, Gábor, Miklós Tarján, and Rita Bori. "Distance of Lymph Nodes From the Tumor." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 125, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2001-125-0246-dolnft.
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Abstract Context.—The nodal stage of colorectal cancers is prognostically important. Most current staging guidelines concentrate on the minimum number of evaluated lymph nodes required for an adequate node-negative stage. Objective.—To evaluate the distance of the lymph nodes from the primary tumors as a possible qualitative feature that could help pathologists select between these nodes. Design.—Prospective analysis of 100 colorectal carcinoma specimens. Setting.—Department of Pathology of a medium-sized teaching hospital. Patients.—Consecutive patients with colorectal cancer. Interventions.—Nodes abluminal from the tumor and the adjacent bowel segments were recovered in 4 fractions (A through D) in 100 colorectal carcinoma specimens. Main Outcome Measures.—Distribution of metastatic nodes in fractions A through D, and their influence on nodal stage. Results.—All tumors but 1 were classified correctly as node-negative or node-positive on the basis of fraction A (nodes abluminal from the tumor and from the 1-cm-long segments proximal and distal to the tumor). All tumors but 1 were appropriately classified as pN0, pN1, or pN2 on the basis of fractions A and B (nodes abluminal from the tumor and from the 3-cm-long segments proximal and distal to the tumor). Conclusions.—Lymph nodes should be recovered from fractions A and B, and if 3 nodes are reported positive, additional nodes should be sought to determine the extent of nodal involvement. This qualitative restriction of the grossing protocol may reduce the time spent in recovering nodes from colorectal carcinoma resection specimens.
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Żurawski, Jakub, Patrycja Talarska, Stanisław Łazowski, Marcin Grochowalski, and Jacek Karoń. "Immunohistochemical evaluation of cellular composition of the immune system of lymph nodes in acute appendicitis." Journal of Medical Science 88, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20883/medical.368.
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Introduction. There is not much data about the composition of populations of the immune system in acute appendicitis. The basic histopathological criterion for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis is neutrophil infiltration of the muscle membrane. Aim. The subject of this publication is a semi-quantitative evaluation of B lymphocytes (CD20+), T lymphocytes (CD3+) and macrophages (CD68+), and the determination of the number of active lymph nodes during the course of inflammation.Material and Methods. The study material was obtained from 79 patients who had an appendectomy due to acute appendicitis. In this group, the tissue was obtained from: 34 women (aged 20 to 91) and 45 men (aged 20 to 72).Results. In the course of acute appendicitis, there is involvement of lymph node B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and macrophages. Independent of the type of inflammation, the cellular make-up of the nodes is similar. The number of lymph nodes decreases with age and is gender dependent.Conclusions. In the course of acute appendicitis, there is involvement of lymph node B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and macrophages. The number of lymph nodes decreases with age and is gender dependent. A statistically significant number of the examined cells of the immunological system in the lymph nodes changed due to inflammation (p<0.001). B and T lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and in the mucous membrane of the appendix differed depending on the sex, and the presence of B lymphocytes in the mucous membrane was significantly higher in the group of 20-40 years of age. T lymphocytes were predominant in the centres of the lymph nodes in groups 20-40 and 61-91 years of age, and in the peripheral zones in the group of 41-60 years of age.
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Solikin, Solikin. "Effect of Node Position and Number of Stem Cutting on The Growth and Yield of ‘katuk’ (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.)." El-Hayah 6, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/elha.v6i4.6336.
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Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) has potential as a vagetable and medicinal plant. This study aimed to determine effect of node position and number of stem cuttings on the growth of katuk. The experiment used Completely Randomized Design with two treatments arranged in split plots. The node position of stem cuttings as the main plot consists of top stem cutting (T, top – 8 nodes under shoot tip), middle stem cutting (M, 8 – 11 nodes under shoot tip) and bottom stem cutting (B, 16-20 nodes under shoot tip). The node number of stem cuttings as a subplot consists of 2 nodes (J1), 3 nodes (J2), 4 nodes (J3), and 5 nodes (J4). Each treatment combination was replicated three times.The results revealed that the top stem cutting resulted in the highest root, total plant dry weight and leaf area, as well stem cutting with 4 nodes produced the highest total plant dry weight and leaf area.
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Formella, Arno, Fernando Aguado Agelet, Luis Mendo, and Jose M. Hernando. "Site selecting algorithms for Nodes B." International Journal of Mobile Network Design and Innovation 2, no. 1 (2007): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmndi.2007.013802.
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Le Roux, Delphine, Agnès Le Bon, Audrey Dumas, Kahina Taleb, Martin Sachse, Romain Sikora, Marion Julithe, Alexandre Benmerah, Georges Bismuth, and Florence Niedergang. "Antigen stored in dendritic cells after macropinocytosis is released unprocessed from late endosomes to target B cells." Blood 119, no. 1 (January 5, 2012): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-02-336123.
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Abstract B lymphocytes can be triggered in lymph nodes by nonopsonized antigens (Ag), potentially in their native form. However, the mechanisms that promote encounter of B lymphocytes with unprocessed antigens in lymph nodes are still elusive. We show here that antigens are detected in B cells in the draining lymph nodes of mice injected with live, but not fixed, dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with antigens. This highlights active processes in DCs to promote Ag transfer to B lymphocytes. In addition, antigen-loaded DCs found in the draining lymph node were CD103+. Using 3 different model Ag, we then show that immature DCs efficiently take up Ag by macropinocytosis and store the internalized material in late endocytic compartments. We find that DCs have a unique ability to release antigens from these compartments in the extracellular medium, which is controlled by Rab27. B cells take up the regurgitated Ag and the chemokine CXCL13, essential to attract B cells in lymph nodes, enhances this transfer. Our results reveal a unique property of DCs to regurgitate unprocessed Ag that could play an important role in B-cell activation.
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Munsonius, Götz Olaf, and Ludger Rüschendorf. "Limit Theorems for Depths and Distances in Weighted Random B-Ary Recursive Trees." Journal of Applied Probability 48, no. 4 (December 2011): 1060–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1324046019.
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Limit theorems are established for some functionals of the distances between two nodes in weighted random b-ary recursive trees. We consider the depth of the nth node and of a random node, the distance between two random nodes, the internal path length, and the Wiener index. As an application, these limit results imply, by an imbedding argument, corresponding limit theorems for further classes of random trees: plane-oriented recursive trees and random linear recursive trees.
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Yoshizaki, K., T. Matsuda, N. Nishimoto, T. Kuritani, L. Taeho, K. Aozasa, T. Nakahata, H. Kawai, H. Tagoh, and T. Komori. "Pathogenic significance of interleukin-6 (IL-6/BSF-2) in Castleman's disease." Blood 74, no. 4 (September 1, 1989): 1360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v74.4.1360.1360.
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Abstract Castleman's disease is a syndrome consisting of giant lymph node hyperplasia with plasma cell infiltration, fever, anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and an increase in the plasma level of acute phase proteins. It has been reported that clinical abnormalities disappear after the resection of the affected lymph nodes, suggesting that products of lymph nodes may cause such clinical abnormalities. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine inducing B-cell differentiation to immunoglobulin-producing cells and regulating biosynthesis of acute phase proteins. This report demonstrates that the germinal centers of hyperplastic lymph nodes of patients with Castleman's disease produce large quantities of IL-6 without any significant production of other cytokines. In a patient with a solitary hyperplastic lymph node, clinical improvement and decrease in serum IL-6 were observed following surgical removal of the involved lymph node. There was a correlation between serum IL-6 level, lymph node hyperplasia, hypergammaglobulinemia, increased level of acute phase proteins, and clinical abnormalities. The findings in this report indicate that the generation of IL-6 by B cells in germinal centers of hyperplastic lymph nodes of Castleman's disease may be the key element responsible for the variety of clinical symptoms in this disease.
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Yoshizaki, K., T. Matsuda, N. Nishimoto, T. Kuritani, L. Taeho, K. Aozasa, T. Nakahata, H. Kawai, H. Tagoh, and T. Komori. "Pathogenic significance of interleukin-6 (IL-6/BSF-2) in Castleman's disease." Blood 74, no. 4 (September 1, 1989): 1360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v74.4.1360.bloodjournal7441360.
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Castleman's disease is a syndrome consisting of giant lymph node hyperplasia with plasma cell infiltration, fever, anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and an increase in the plasma level of acute phase proteins. It has been reported that clinical abnormalities disappear after the resection of the affected lymph nodes, suggesting that products of lymph nodes may cause such clinical abnormalities. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine inducing B-cell differentiation to immunoglobulin-producing cells and regulating biosynthesis of acute phase proteins. This report demonstrates that the germinal centers of hyperplastic lymph nodes of patients with Castleman's disease produce large quantities of IL-6 without any significant production of other cytokines. In a patient with a solitary hyperplastic lymph node, clinical improvement and decrease in serum IL-6 were observed following surgical removal of the involved lymph node. There was a correlation between serum IL-6 level, lymph node hyperplasia, hypergammaglobulinemia, increased level of acute phase proteins, and clinical abnormalities. The findings in this report indicate that the generation of IL-6 by B cells in germinal centers of hyperplastic lymph nodes of Castleman's disease may be the key element responsible for the variety of clinical symptoms in this disease.
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Anderson, S. J., J. L. Bryant, J. Jeong, G. Tang, J. P. Costantino, E. Mamounas, C. E. Geyer, and N. Wolmark. "Rethinking the role of nodal status in TNM staging of node-positive breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 10584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.10584.
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10584 Background: Among TNM staging criteria, the number of positive lymph nodes [PNOD] is the strongest predictor of patient outcome. Based on SEER data, Vinh Hung (2004) asserted that the ratio of the number of positive nodes to the number of nodes removed [NODR] may better predict outcome. We evaluated this assertion in patients from 13 node-positive NSABP phase III trials. Methods: The impact of PNOD, its logarithm (LPNOD) and NODR on survival (S) and recurrence free survival (RFS) were assessed via Cox PH models in 19,768 patients with node-positive breast cancer in 13 NSABP clinical trials. The cohort was split into 2 groups: 9 older trials (Protocols B-05, B-07, B-08, B-09, B-10, B-11, B-12, B-15 and B-16) consisting of 9,915 patients and 4 newer trials (B-22, B-25, B-28 and B-31) consisting of 9,853 patients. Only randomized eligible patients with follow-up were considered. Models were fit to the outcomes for the older trials and validated in the newer trials. Results were adjusted for age, protocol and tumor size. We used Wald z-scores, Nagelkerke R2, and residual analyses to assess the strength of the relationship between nodal status and outcomes. Results: Median time on study was 19.8 years in the older trials and 10.6 years in the newer trials. Ten-year models across the protocols revealed that the relative hazard ratio for each of the outcomes studies was logarithmic according to the number of positive nodes for = 30 positive nodes. Using LPNOD and NODR compared to PNOD improved the strength of association but did not greatly improve goodness of fit ( Table 1 1). For all endpoints, the strength of association and goodness of fit associated with nodal status and other TNM factors attenuated in newer protocols. Conclusions: Nodal status and other TNM factors currently used for breast cancer staging continue to be strong indicators of patient prognosis. However, these factors should be augmented to account for new genetic and biological markers. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Cadieux, Nicolas, Margaret Kalacska, Oliver T. Coomes, Mari Tanaka, and Yoshito Takasaki. "A Python Algorithm for Shortest-Path River Network Distance Calculations Considering River Flow Direction." Data 5, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data5010008.
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Vector based shortest path analysis in geographic information system (GIS) is well established for road networks. Even though these network algorithms can be applied to river layers, they do not generally consider the direction of flow. This paper presents a Python 3.7 program (upstream_downstream_shortests_path_dijkstra.py) that was specifically developed for river networks. It implements multiple single-source (one to one) weighted Dijkstra shortest path calculations, on a list of provided source and target nodes, and returns the route geometry, the total distance between each source and target node, and the total upstream and downstream distances for each shortest path. The end result is similar to what would be obtained by an “all-pairs” weighted Dijkstra shortest path algorithm. Contrary to an “all-pairs” Dijkstra, the algorithm only operates on the source and target nodes that were specified by the user and not on all of the nodes contained within the graph. For efficiency, only the upper distance matrix is returned (e.g., distance from node A to node B), while the lower distance matrix (e.g., distance from nodes B to A) is not. The program is intended to be used in a multiprocessor environment and relies on Python’s multiprocessing package.
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Malaspina, Angela, Susan Moir, David C. Nickle, Eileen T. Donoghue, Kisani M. Ogwaro, Linda A. Ehler, Shuying Liu, et al. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Bound to B Cells: Relationship to Virus Replicating in CD4+ T Cells and Circulating in Plasma." Journal of Virology 76, no. 17 (September 1, 2002): 8855–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.17.8855-8863.2002.
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ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions bind to B cells in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes through interactions between CD21 on B cells and complement-complexed virions. B-cell-bound virions have been shown to be highly infectious, suggesting a unique mode of HIV-1 dissemination by B cells circulating between peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. In order to investigate the relationship between B-cell-bound HIV-1 and viruses found in CD4+ T cells and in plasma, we examined the genetic relationships of HIV-1 found in the blood and lymph nodes of chronically infected patients with heteroduplex mobility and tracking assays and DNA sequence analysis. In samples from 13 of 15 patients examined, HIV-1 variants in peripheral blood-derived B cells were closely related to virus in CD4+ T cells and more divergent from virus in plasma. In samples from five chronically viremic patients for whom analyses were extended to include lymph node-derived HIV-1 isolates, B-cell-associated HIV-1 and CD4+-T-cell-associated HIV-1 in the lymph nodes were equivalent in their divergence from virus in peripheral blood-derived B cells and generally more distantly related to virus in peripheral blood-derived CD4+ T cells. These results indicates virologic cross talk between B cells and CD4+ T cells within the microenvironment of lymphoid tissues and, to a lesser extent, between cells in lymph nodes and the peripheral blood. These findings also indicate that most of the virus in plasma originates from cells other than CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes.
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Carmichael, Stephen W., and Ellen D. Remstein. "Directing Traffic in Lymph Nodes." Microscopy Today 15, no. 5 (September 2007): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500061150.
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How do the right cells get to the right place in lymph nodes? It is known that lymphocytes known as B cells (that originate in the bone marrow) migrate to follicles within the nodes, whereas T cells (that originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus gland) reside in an adjacent region known as the paracortex. By combining confocal, electron, and intravital microscopy, Marc Bajénoff, Jackson Egen, Lily Koo, Jean Pierre Laugier, Frédéric Brau, Nicolas Glaichenhaus, and Ronald Germain have demonstrated a role for the stroma of the node in directing these cells to the appropriate location. The stromal cells that are critical in the B cell follicles are follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and in the paracortex it's the fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs).
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Hastey, Christine J., Jennine Ochoa, Kimberley J. Olsen, Stephen W. Barthold, and Nicole Baumgarth. "MyD88- and TRIF-Independent Induction of Type I Interferon Drives Naive B Cell Accumulation but Not Loss of Lymph Node Architecture in Lyme Disease." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 4 (January 22, 2014): 1548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00969-13.
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ABSTRACTRapidly after infection, liveBorrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is found within lymph nodes, causing rapid and strong tissue enlargement, a loss of demarcation between B cell follicles and T cell zones, and an unusually large accumulation of B cells. We sought to explore the mechanisms underlying these changes, as lymph tissue disruption could be detrimental for the development of robustBorrelia-specific immunity. A time course study demonstrated that the loss of the normal lymph node structure was a distinct process that preceded the strong increases in B cells at the site. The selective increases in B cell frequencies were due not to proliferation but rather to cytokine-mediated repositioning of B cells to the lymph nodes, as shown with various gene-targeted and bone marrow irradiation chimeras. These studies demonstrated thatB. burgdorferiinfection induced type I interferon receptor (IFNR) signaling in lymph nodes in a MyD88- and TRIF-independent manner and that type I IFNR indirect signaling was required for the excessive increases of naive B cells at those sites. It did not, however, drive the observed histopathological changes, which occurred independently also from major shifts in the lymphocyte-homing chemokines, CXCL12, CXCL13, and CCL19/21, as shown by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry, and transwell migration experiments. Thus,B. burgdorferiinfection drives the production of type I IFN in lymph nodes and in so doing strongly alters the cellular composition of the lymph nodes, with potential detrimental effects for the development of robustBorrelia-specific immunity.
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Barbosa, Valmir C. "The Conduciveness of CA-Rule Graphs." Artificial Life 19, no. 2 (April 2013): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00107.
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Given two subsets A and B of nodes in a directed graph, the conduciveness of the graph from A to B is the ratio representing how many of the edges outgoing from nodes in A are incoming to nodes in B. When the graph's nodes stand for the possible solutions to certain problems of combinatorial optimization, choosing its edges appropriately has been shown to lead to conduciveness properties that provide useful insight into the performance of algorithms to solve those problems. Here we study the conduciveness of CA-rule graphs, that is, graphs whose node set is the set of all CA rules given a cell's number of possible states and neighborhood size. We consider several different edge sets interconnecting these nodes, both deterministic and random ones, and derive analytical expressions for the resulting graph's conduciveness toward rules having a fixed number of non-quiescent entries. We demonstrate that one of the random edge sets, characterized by allowing nodes to be sparsely interconnected across any Hamming distance between the corresponding rules, has the potential of providing reasonable conduciveness toward the desired rules. We conjecture that this may lie at the bottom of the best strategies known to date for discovering complex rules to solve specific problems, all of an evolutionary nature.
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Jimenez-Heffernan, Jose Antonio, Mariel Valdivia-Mazeyra, Patricia Muñoz-Hernández, and Consuelo López-Elzaurdia. "Cytologic Features of Lipogranulomatous Reaction in an Axillary Sentinel Lymph Node." Acta Cytologica 65, no. 3 (2021): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513982.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Multinucleated giant cells (MGC) are a rare finding when evaluating axillary sentinel lymph nodes. Some are described as foreign body-type MGC accompanied by foamy macrophages. They have been rarely reported in nodes from patients in which a previous breast biopsy was performed. The tissue damage induced by biopsy results in secondary changes including fat necrosis and hemorrhage that can migrate to axillary nodes. In this report, we illustrate a lipogranulomatous reaction in cytologic samples obtained during a sentinel lymph node examination of a woman previously biopsied because of breast carcinoma. We have found no previous cytologic descriptions and consider it an interesting finding that should be known to avoid diagnostic misinterpretations. <b><i>Case:</i></b> A 51-year-old woman underwent mastectomy of the right breast with a sentinel lymph node biopsy at our medical center. One month before, a control mammography revealed suspicious microcalcifications and a vacuum-assisted breast biopsy resulted in a diagnosis of high-grade intraductal carcinoma with comedonecrosis. Surgery with a sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed. The sentinel node was processed as an intraoperative consultation. Frozen sections and air-dried Diff-Quik stained samples were obtained. They showed abundant lymphocytes with MGC and tumoral cells. MGC showed ample cytoplasm with evident vacuoles of variable size. Occasional hemosiderin-laden macrophages were also present. The complete histologic analysis and immunohistochemical studies revealed no malignant cells. Histologic analysis showed, in subcapsular location, occasional MGC phagocyting lipid droplets. Hemosiderin-laden macrophages were a common finding. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Lipogranulomas may appear at axillary sentinel lymph nodes because of fat necrosis induced by previous breast biopsy. The most important consideration is not confounding MGC with epithelial cell clusters. This can occur with not well-processed samples, especially if unmounted.
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Yang, Jie, Ferry Cornelissen, Natalie Papazian, Rogier M. Reijmers, Miriam Llorian, Tom Cupedo, Mark Coles, and Benedict Seddon. "IL-7–dependent maintenance of ILC3s is required for normal entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes." Journal of Experimental Medicine 215, no. 4 (February 22, 2018): 1069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20170518.
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IL-7 is essential for the development and homeostasis of T and B lymphocytes and is critical for neonatal lymph node organogenesis because Il7−/− mice lack normal lymph nodes. Whether IL-7 is a continued requirement for normal lymph node structure and function is unknown. To address this, we ablated IL-7 function in normal adult hosts. Either inducible Il7 gene deletion or IL-7R blockade in adults resulted in a rapid loss of lymph node cellularity and a corresponding defect in lymphocyte entry into lymph nodes. Although stromal and dendritic cell components of lymph nodes were present in normal numbers and representation, innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subpopulations were substantially decreased after IL-7 ablation. Testing lymphocyte homing in bone marrow chimeras reconstituted with Rorc−/− bone marrow confirmed that ILC3s in lymph nodes are required for normal lymphocyte homing. Collectively, our data suggest that maintenance of intact lymph nodes relies on IL-7–dependent maintenance of ILC3 cells.
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Zhang, Xiaorong, Sanyang Liu, and Yudong Gong. "A New Strategy in Boosting Information Spread." Entropy 24, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24040502.
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Finding a seed set to propagate more information within a specific budget is defined as the influence maximization (IM) problem. The traditional IM model contains two cardinal aspects: (i) the influence propagation model and (ii) effective/efficient seed-seeking algorithms. However, most of models only consider one kind of node (i.e., influential nodes), ignoring the role of other nodes (e.g., boosting nodes) in the spreading process, which are irrational. Specifically, in the real-world propagation scenario, the boosting nodes always improve the spread of influence from the initial activated seeds, which is an efficient and cost-economic measure. In this paper, we consider the realistic budgeted influence maximization (RBIM) problem, which contains two kind of nodes to improve the diffusion of influence. Facing the newly modified objective function, we propose a novel B-degree discount algorithm to solve it. The novel B-degree discount algorithm which adopts the cost-economic boosting nodes to retweet the influence from the predecessor nodes can greatly reduce the cost, and performs better than other state-of-the-art algorithms in both effect and efficiency on RBIM problem solving.
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Scott, Gregory David, Susan K. Atwater, and Dita A. Gratzinger. "Normative data for flow cytometry immunophenotyping of benign lymph nodes sampled by surgical biopsy." Journal of Clinical Pathology 71, no. 2 (September 15, 2017): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204687.
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AimsTo create clinically relevant normative flow cytometry data for understudied benign lymph nodes and characterise outliers.MethodsClinical, histological and flow cytometry data were collected and distributions summarised for 380 benign lymph node excisional biopsies. Outliers for kappa:lambda light chain ratio, CD10:CD19 coexpression, CD5:CD19 coexpression, CD4:CD8 ratios and CD7 loss were summarised for histological pattern, concomitant diseases and follow-up course.ResultsWe generated the largest data set of benign lymph node immunophenotypes by an order of magnitude. B and T cell antigen outliers often had background immunosuppression or inflammatory disease but did not subsequently develop lymphoma.ConclusionsDiagnostic immunophenotyping data from benign lymph nodes provide normative ranges for clinical use. Outliers raising suspicion for B or T cell lymphoma are not infrequent (26% of benign lymph nodes). Caution is indicated when interpreting outliers in the absence of excisional biopsy or clinical history, particularly in patients with concomitant immunosuppression or inflammatory disease.
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Lehner, T., L. A. Bergmeier, L. Tao, C. Panagiotidi, L. S. Klavinskis, L. Hussain, R. G. Ward, N. Meyers, S. E. Adams, and A. J. Gearing. "Targeted lymph node immunization with simian immunodeficiency virus p27 antigen to elicit genital, rectal, and urinary immune responses in nonhuman primates." Journal of Immunology 153, no. 4 (August 15, 1994): 1858–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.153.4.1858.
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Abstract A s.c. route of immunization was developed in non-human primates, which targets the genitourinary-rectal associated lymphoid tissue. A vaccine consisting of rSIV gag p27, expressed as hybrid Ty virus-like particles (p27: Ty-VLP) was administered in the proximity of the internal iliac lymph nodes. Secretory IgA and IgG Abs to the p27 Ag were elicited in the vaginal, male urethral, rectal and seminal fluids, urine and serum. Two or more immunodominant B cell epitopes were identified within peptides 51-90 and 121-170 of the sequence of p27, using serum or biliary IgA and IgG Abs. CD4+ T cell proliferative responses to p27 were elicited predominantly in the targeted internal iliac, as well as the inferior mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen, but not in the unrelated lymph nodes. These cells were then studied for helper function in p27 specific B cell Ab synthesis. Specific IgA and IgG Abs were detected in the same lymphoid tissues as those that displayed proliferative responses. However, cross-over reconstitution experiments between splenic and iliac lymph node B and CD4+ T cells suggest that the iliac B cells are essential for specific IgA Ab synthesis, whereas splenic B cells preferentially synthesize IgG Ab. The targeted lymph node (TLN) route of immunization gave comparable B cell, proliferative T cell, and Th cell responses to the vaginal, male genitourinary, and rectal mucosal routes, which were augmented by oral immunization. However, the TLN route induced urinary and seminal fluid sIgA and IgG Abs in addition to genital and rectal Abs. Generating secretory IgA and IgG Abs at the mucosal surfaces, and T and B cell immunity in the regional draining lymph nodes, spleen and circulation by TLN immunization may prevent transmission of virus through the mucosa, dissemination of the virus, and the formation of a latent reservoir of infection.
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S. Rijab, Khalida, and Saif Muqdad Sadiq. "Implementing a reconfigurable Internet of Things Nodes using non-IP network based on Wireless Sensor Network." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2019.12406.
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The idea of using wireless sensor network (WSN) let’s as to upload multiple node’s data over one IP, to reduce the number of needed IP multiple nodes, it’s necessary to provide a backup sink for the data to let the sensors send their data via the link B when the link A is down. Therefore a web-portal has been designed with a debug terminal for the proposed IoT system to let us reconfigure the nodes and change the path of the wireless sensor network data. Two sink-nodes has been implemented for the proposed system, first one (A) for major data path that collected the data from sensors and uploads it to the web-portal and the second one (B) acts as a backup link for the data path. In the proposed system, we used the esp33 as a Wi-Fi connection for the wireless sensor network, and the NRF24 wireless transceiver module used to send the data from nodes to esp32
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Fatemi, Zahra, and Elena Zheleva. "Minimizing Interference and Selection Bias in Network Experiment Design." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 14 (May 26, 2020): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7289.
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Current approaches to A/B testing in networks focus on limiting interference, the concern that treatment effects can "spill over" from treatment nodes to control nodes and lead to biased causal effect estimation. Prominent methods for network experiment design rely on two-stage randomization, in which sparsely-connected clusters are identified and cluster randomization dictates the node assignment to treatment and control. Here, we show that cluster randomization does not ensure sufficient node randomization and it can lead to selection bias in which treatment and control nodes represent different populations of users. To address this problem, we propose a principled framework for network experiment design which jointly minimizes interference and selection bias. We introduce the concepts of edge spillover probability and cluster matching and demonstrate their importance for designing network A/B testing. Our experiments on a number of real-world datasets show that our proposed framework leads to significantly lower error in causal effect estimation than existing solutions.
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CHEN, BAOXING, WENJUN XIAO, and BEHROOZ PARHAMI. "DIAMETER FORMULAS FOR A CLASS OF UNDIRECTED DOUBLE-LOOP NETWORKS." Journal of Interconnection Networks 06, no. 01 (March 2005): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265905001289.
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An n-node network, with nodes numbered 0 to n-1, is an undirected double-loop network with chord lengths 1 and s(2≤s<n/2) when each node i(0≤i<n) is connected to each of the four nodes i±1 and i±s via an undirected link; all node-index expressions are evaluated modulo n. Let n=qs+r, where r(0≤r<s) is the remainder of dividing n by s. Furthermore, let s=ar+b, where b(0≤b<r) is the remainder of dividing s by r. In this paper, we provide closed-form formulas for the diameter of a double-loop network for the case q>r and for a subcase of the case q≤r when b≤aq+1. In the complementary subcase of q≤r, when b>aq+1, network diameter can be derived by applying the O(log n)-time algorithm of Zerovnik and Pisanski (J. Algorithms, Vol. 14, pp. 226-243, 1993). Obtaining a closed-form formula for diameter of the double-loop network in the latter subcase remains an open problem.
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Seagle, Brandon-Luke L., Douglas Gilchrist-Scott, Stephen Graves, Anna E. Strohl, Wilberto Nieves-Neira, and Shohreh Shahabi. "Association of Lymph Node Count and Overall Survival in Node-Negative Endometrial Cancers." JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, no. 1 (November 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.16.00064.
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Purpose To estimate whether the number of lymph nodes removed during surgery is associated with overall survival among women with endometrial cancer. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of women with node-negative, stage I to IIIB endometrial cancer (n = 152,702) identified from the 1998-2011 National Cancer Database. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression tested for an association of lymph node count with survival. Restricted mean survival and relative hazard curves were plotted for survival as a function of number of removed lymph nodes. Results Among women with node-negative endometrioid endometrial cancer, for each additional five lymph nodes removed, the hazard for death decreased: stage I, the hazard ratio (HR) was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.93 to 0.97; P < .001), stage II, HR was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.87 to 0.94; P < .001); and stage IIIA-B, HR was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.88 to 0.96; P < .001). When grouped by grade, each additional five lymph nodes removed was also associated with decreased hazard for death: grade 1, HR was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.93 to 0.99; P = .009); grade 2, HR was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.89 to 0.94; P < .001); and grade 3, HR was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.92 to 0.97; P < .001). Increased lymph node dissection was also associated with increased survival among women with node-negative stage II (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.98; P = .01) or stage IIIA-B (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89 to 0.99; P = .025) uterine serous carcinoma, but not among women with carcinosarcoma or clear cell adenocarcinoma. Five-year survival for women with one to four nodes removed and endometrioid or serous histology was 85% (95% CI, 84% to 85%) and 54% (95% CI, 50% to 59%), respectively. Five-year survival was significantly higher for women with ≥ 20 removed nodes and endometrioid (91%; 95% CI, 90% to 91%) or serous (72%; 95% CI, 68% to 76%) histology ( P < .001). Conclusion Increased lymph node count is associated with a 1% to 14% decreased hazard of death per each additional five lymph nodes removed and a 5% to 20% increased 5-year survival among women with pathologically node-negative endometrioid and serous endometrial cancers.
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Okada, Takaharu, Vu N. Ngo, Eric H. Ekland, Reinhold Förster, Martin Lipp, Dan R. Littman, and Jason G. Cyster. "Chemokine Requirements for B Cell Entry to Lymph Nodes and Peyer's Patches." Journal of Experimental Medicine 196, no. 1 (June 24, 2002): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20020201.
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B cell entry to lymph nodes and Peyer's patches depends on chemokine receptor signaling, but the principal chemokine involved has not been defined. Here we show that the homing of CXCR4−/− B cells is suppressed in CCL19 (ELC)- and CCL21 (SLC)-deficient paucity of lymph node T cells mice, but not in wild-type mice. We also find that CXCR4 can contribute to T cell homing. Using intravital microscopy, we find that B cell adhesion to high endothelial venules (HEVs) is disrupted when CCR7 and CXCR4 are predesensitized. In Peyer's patches, B cell entry is dependent on CXCR5 in addition to CCR7/CXCR4. CXCL12 (SDF1) is displayed broadly on HEVs, whereas CXCL13 (BLC) is found selectively on Peyer's patch follicular HEVs. These findings establish the principal chemokine and chemokine receptor requirements for B cell entry to lymph nodes and Peyer's patches.
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Ben, Zhifei, Shanshan Gao, Wenjing Wu, Saijun Chen, Shuping Fu, Jianli Zhang, and Yunwen Chen. "Clinical value of the VTIQ technology in the differential diagnosis of superficially enlarged lymph nodes." Acta Radiologica 59, no. 7 (September 19, 2017): 836–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185117732601.
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Background Lymph node enlargement is a common clinical finding in clinical practice with different treatment strategies. Purpose To investigate the application of Virtual Touch Image Quantification (VTIQ) to diagnose benign and malignant superficial enlarged lymph nodes. Material and Methods Between December 2015 and August 2016, 116 superficial enlarged lymph nodes were examined by VTIQ. Maximum (Vmax), minimum (Vmin), and average (Vmean) shear wave velocities (SWV) were obtained from the lymph nodes and from normal muscular tissues (Vn) located at the same level and within 5 mm from the target lymph node. The pathological results were used as the gold standard to evaluate VTIQ. Results All 116 patients underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy for pathological examination. Forty patients had malignant lymph nodes and 76 patients had benign lymph nodes. Lymph node characteristics on B-mode ultrasound showed no differences between malignant and benign lymph nodes, but there were differences in VTIQ parameters (all P < 0.001). Compared with pathological diagnosis as the gold standard, the area under the ROC curves of Vmax, Vmin, and Vmean were 0.815, 0.746, and 0.795. The Vmax cutoff value to diagnose benign from malignant lymph nodes was 3.045 m/s. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 70%, 78.9%, 63.6%, and 83.3%. Conclusion VTIQ has a clinical application in the differential diagnosis of superficial enlarged lymph nodes.
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Gantsev, Sh Kh, R. A. Rustamkhanov, Sh R. Kzyrgalin, and D. S. Tursumetov. "Neolymphogenesis and Immunogistogochemical Study of Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer." Creative surgery and oncology 9, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24060/2076-3093-2019-9-4-266-272.
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Background. Our previous studies have shown that postnatally formed lymph nodes (PNFLN) can serve as a source of biological signals activating antitumour immune reactions and suppressing the spread of metastatic malignant cells.Aim. To determine the expression of CD3, CD20, CD68 in native, sentinel and postnatally induced lymph nodes of the axillary zone in breast cancer.Materials and methods. The study involved an analysis of digitalized images of the immunohistochemical expression of a fixed panel of antibodies CD3, CD20, CD68. The expression levels were assessed quantitatively by counting the expressed cells in each studied node for four main structural and functional zones.Results and Discussion. The results of a comparative immunohistochemical study of native, sentinel and postnatally induced lymph nodes showed that the content of CD3, CD20, CD68 demonstrates fundamental differences in different lymph node structures.Сonclusions 1. In postnatally induced lymph nodes, compared to native and sentinel lymph nodes, the distinct expression of antibodies to the main immunocompetent cells, which realize key immune responses in the lymph node, can indicate an increased functional status of the newly formed lymph nodes. 2. The study demonstrated a high level of antigenic stimulation of T and B lymphocytes in postnatally induced lymph nodes, as well as indicated a possible role of macrophage cells in the stimulation of neolymphogenesis and the formation of new lymph nodes. 3. The study provides the basis for further research into postnatal induced lymph nodes in cancer patients.
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Batista, Rodrigo Peduti, Rafael Denadai, and Rogério Saad-Hossne. "Effects of aspirin on mesenteric lymph nodes of rabbits as basis for its use on lymph nodes metastases." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 27, no. 11 (November 2012): 795–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502012001100009.
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PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of aspirin 10% and 20% on mesenteric lymph nodes of rabbits as basis for its use on lymph nodes metastases. METHODS: A total of 20 lymph nodes from 20 rabbits (randomized in four groups) were evaluated. Aspirin solutions 10% (groups A and C) and 20% (groups B and D) were injected into mesenteric lymph nodes of healthy rabbits and had its gross and histological effects evaluated at 24 hours (groups A and B) and at seven days (groups C and D). RESULTS: In the groups A and B evaluated at 24 hours it was observed extensive necrosis and hemorrhage, a significant increase in apoptosis throughout the lymph node with medullary sinuses enlargement and an increase in germinal centers. In the groups C and D evaluated at seven days of solution injection there was also an increase in apoptosis with higher elevation of histiocytes and a significant decrease of necrosis and an increase of giant cells was noticed causing a foreign body chronic inflammation. In all comparisons, there were no differences between the concentrations used (10 and 20%). CONCLUSIONS: The injection of aspirin on lymph nodes caused necrosis and an increase of apoptosis after 24 hours and after seven days of treatment there was regeneration of the lymph nodes, with intense decrease of necrosis and a great elevation of apoptosis. These experimental results support future clinical studies on application of aspirin in the treatment of lymphatic metastases, since the increase of apoptosis is one of the pillars of cancer therapy.
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Li, Shudong, Yanshan Chen, Xiaobo Wu, Xiaochun Cheng, and Zhihong Tian. "Power Grid-Oriented Cascading Failure Vulnerability Identifying Method Based on Wireless Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2021 (June 26, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8820413.
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In our paper, we study the vulnerability in cascading failures of the real-world network (power grid) under intentional attacks. Here, we use three indexes ( B , K , k -shell) to measure the importance of nodes; that is, we define three attacks, respectively. Under these attacks, we measure the process of cascade effect in network by the number of avalanche nodes, the time steps, and the speed of the cascade propagation. Also, we define the node’s bearing capacity as a tolerant parameter to study the robustness of the network under three attacks. Taking the power grid as an example, we have obtained a good regularity of the collapse of the network when the node’s affordability is low. In terms of time and speed, under the betweenness-based attacks, the network collapses faster, but for the number of avalanche nodes, under the degree-based attack, the number of the failed nodes is highest. When the nodes’ bearing capacity becomes large, the regularity of the network’s performances is not obvious. The findings can be applied to identify the vulnerable nodes in real networks such as wireless sensor networks and improve their robustness against different attacks.
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Kuka, Mirela, Stefano Sammicheli, Pietro Di Lucia, Nereida Jimenez De Oya, Marco De Giovanni, Jessica Fioravanti, Claudia Cristofani, et al. "Inflammatory monocytes hinder antiviral B cell responses." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2017): 122.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.122.4.
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Abstract Antibodies are critical for protection against viral infections. However, several viruses, such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), avoid the induction of early protective antibody responses by poorly understood mechanisms. We analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of B cell activation to show that, upon subcutaneous infection, LCMV-specific B cells readily relocate to the interfollicular and T cell areas of draining lymph nodes, where they extensively interact with CD11b+Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes. These myeloid cells were recruited to lymph nodes draining LCMV infection sites in a type I interferon– and CCR2-dependent fashion, and they suppressed antiviral B cell responses by virtue of their ability to produce nitric oxide. Depletion of inflammatory monocytes, inhibition of their lymph node recruitment, or impairment of their nitric oxide–producing ability enhanced LCMV-specific B cell survival and led to robust neutralizing antibody production. Our results identify inflammatory monocytes as critical gatekeepers that restrain antiviral B cell responses and suggest that certain viruses take advantage of these cells to prolong their persistence within the host.
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LANGE, H., and E. SERNESI. "SEVERI VARIETIES AND BRANCH CURVES OF ABELIAN SURFACES OF TYPE (1, 3)." International Journal of Mathematics 13, no. 03 (May 2002): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x02001381.
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A polarized abelian surface (A, L) of type (1, 3) induces a 6:1 covering of A onto the projective plane with branch curve, a plane curve B of degree 18. The main result of the paper is that for a general abelian surface of type (1, 3), the curve B is irreducible and reduced and admits 72 cusps, 36 nodes or tacnodes, each tacnode counting as 2 nodes, 72 flexes and 36 bitangents. The main idea of the proof is that for a general (A, L) the discriminant curve in the linear system |L| coincides with the closure of the Severi variety of curves in |L| admitting a node and is dual to the curve B in the sense of projective geometry.
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Reyhani Hamedani, Masoud, and Sang-Wook Kim. "On Investigating Both Effectiveness and Efficiency of Embedding Methods in Task of Similarity Computation of Nodes in Graphs." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010162.
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One of the important tasks in a graph is to compute the similarity between two nodes; link-based similarity measures (in short, similarity measures) are well-known and conventional techniques for this task that exploit the relations between nodes (i.e., links) in the graph. Graph embedding methods (in short, embedding methods) convert nodes in a graph into vectors in a low-dimensional space by preserving social relations among nodes in the original graph. Instead of applying a similarity measure to the graph to compute the similarity between nodes a and b, we can consider the proximity between corresponding vectors of a and b obtained by an embedding method as the similarity between a and b. Although embedding methods have been analyzed in a wide range of machine learning tasks such as link prediction and node classification, they are not investigated in terms of similarity computation of nodes. In this paper, we investigate both effectiveness and efficiency of embedding methods in the task of similarity computation of nodes by comparing them with those of similarity measures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that examines the application of embedding methods in this special task. Based on the results of our extensive experiments with five well-known and publicly available datasets, we found the following observations for embedding methods: (1) with all datasets, they show less effectiveness than similarity measures except for one dataset, (2) they underperform similarity measures with all datasets in terms of efficiency except for one dataset, (3) they have more parameters than similarity measures, thereby leading to a time-consuming parameter tuning process, (4) increasing the number of dimensions does not necessarily improve their effectiveness in computing the similarity of nodes.
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Shaazizov, Farrukh, Abdulla Badalov, Alisher Ergashev, and Diyor Shukurov. "Studies of rational methods of water selection in water intake areas of hydroelectric power plants." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 05041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199705041.
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Up to 2021, 42 new hydropower stations will be created in Uzbekistan and 32 existing hydropower stations will be repaired. Hydraulic engineering designers face a number of problems with the open flow division nodes in the field, which are part of the hydraulic structures of such hydropower plants. Considering the above, the main objectives of the research were determined: a) development of a refined method for the hydraulic calculation of flow division nodes with a quiet flow regime; b) the development of methods for predicting deformation of the channel in the area of the division node. The studies were carried out using theoretical and experimental studies using the equation for changing the amount of movement, laboratory studies on a hydraulic model, field surveys of existing water intake nodes, as well as analysis of experimental data available in the literature on this issue. Based on the theoretical and experimental studies, recommendations were made for the open flow division nodes. These recommendations are valid for division nodes at a division angle not exceeding 90°, for prismatic channels of rectangular cross section with relatively small bottom slopes. These recommendations are intended for flows with values of B / H = 3 ÷7.
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Bottaro, Andrea, and Igor Kuzin. "Stromal cells from TNF-transgenic mouse inflamed lymph nodes differentially affect B cell subset maintenance and activation in vitro (IRC11P.429)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 197.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.197.11.
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Abstract Inflamed lymph nodes undergo major structural remodeling, associated with proliferation and functional alterations of stromal cell components. In recent years, critical roles for stromal cells have emerged in determining these architectural changes, as well as affecting the trafficking and localization of immune cell populations and the outcome of immune responses. We have shown that in the TNF-transgenic (TNF-tg) mouse model of arthritis, development of chronic inflammatory joint disease is associated with dramatic changes in the organization of draining lymph nodes and in the phenotypic and functional features of resident B cells, with characteristic expansion of a unique CD23+, CD21/35-high, CD1d-high B cell population (B-in cells). These changes in turn profoundly affect lymphatic drainage function, contributing to pathogenesis. In the studies presented here, we show that in vitro co-culture of B cells on stromal cells from TNF-tg, but not non-inflamed wild-type lymph nodes results in maintenance of the B-in phenotype, elevated surface CD23 expression, and changes in proliferative and functional responses to activation stimuli. Altogether, these results are consistent with a direct role of lymph node stroma in the B cell alterations associated with TNF-tg pathogenesis, and more broadly demonstrate that chronic inflammation-induced changes to stromal cells significantly affect the functional properties of resident B lymphocyte populations.
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Saklani, A. P., T. Udy, T. V. Chandrasekaran, M. Davies, and J. Beynon. "Lymph Node Harvest in Dukes' A Cancer Pathologist May Need to Consider Fat Dissolving Technique: An Observational Study." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/919464.
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Background. National institute of clinical excellence (NICE) recommends that a median of 12 lymph nodes be examined in patients operated on with curative intent- to- treat colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients with lymph node harvest less than this may be considered under staged and may receive adjuvant chemotherapy. The aim of our study was to ascertain median number of lymph nodes examined in early colorectal cancers.Method. Patients undergoing colorectal resection between June 2007 and May 2008 were identified and pathological staging obtained using pathology database.Results. 146 patients underwent standardised laparoscopic or open resection of colorectal cancers during this period. Overall median number of lymph nodes harvested/patient was 14 (3–40). When analysed by stage, median number of lymph nodes harvested in Dukes' A, B, and C cancers was 10, 14, and 15, respectively. 11/18 (61%) patients with Dukes’ A carcinoma had lymph node harvest of less than 12 compared with 15/55 (27%) patients with Dukes’ B.Conclusion. Lymph node harvest in Dukes' A cancers using standard techniques tends to be low. Pathologists may have to consider special techniques in harvesting lymph nodes for early colorectal cancers.
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Patil, Shruti, Sidhesh Murugaiyan, Pravitha Baskar, Divyameenupreetha Ashok, Muhsina Aboobaker, and Sindhu Raju. "A vivid way of differentiating benign and malig-nant cervical lymph node through b-mode ultrasonography and sonoelastography." Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences 11, no. 2 (2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jmas.63227.
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Cervical lymphadenopathy is not a diagnosis but it is a sign or symp-tom. The etiology could be inflammatory or degenerative or neoplastic. Cervical lymph node evaluation plays a vital role in patients with head and neck cancers because the results determine the prognosis and choice of therapy. Ultrasonography can be used to assess the mor-phology, site, number, size and vascularity of cervical lymph node. However, the ultrasound criteria for metastatic lymph nodes are con-troversial. Sonoelastography is a novel imaging modality introduced as a non-invasive technique for evaluating cervical lymph nodes and to map the elastic properties of examined soft tissue. Neck lymph nodes are easily accessible and can be efficiently compressed against under-lying anatomical structures, with use of an ultrasound transducer for elastographic tissue characterization. The detail about the rigidity of a lymph node gives us the direction for percutaneous biopsy and nodal dissection under ultrasound guidance. Use of this information can also improve patient follow-up by enabling detection of cancer recurrence at an early stage. The study aims to differentiate benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes by observing the morphology, vascular Pattern and strain ratio cut-off value. In this trial 40 patients with cervical lym-phadenopathy were studied and the study concluded that Ultrasound elastography is a specific test unlike B-mode ultrasonography in dif-ferentiating benign and malignant cervical lymphadenopathy. The strain ratio cut-off value for benign vs malignant lymphadenopathy is 1.78. Thus Sonoelastography along with B-mode ultrasound increases the rate of detection of malignancy.
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Habenicht, Lauren M., Brian M. Iritani, and Alanna Ruddell. "Distinct mechanisms of B and T lymphocyte accumulation generate tumor-draining lymph node hypertrophy." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2016): 73.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.73.11.
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Abstract Tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) enlarge and remodel in many human cancer patients and murine tumor models, featuring extensive lymphocyte accumulation, lymphatic sinus growth (lymphangiogenesis), and increased lymph flow. B cells can drive these lymphatic alterations, however the cellular and molecular mechanisms that direct lymphocyte accumulation in TDLNs are unknown. This study investigated whether lymphocyte accumulation in TDLNs is due to increased entry via high endothelial venules. The popliteal lymph node of C57Bl/6 mice bearing unilateral footpad B16-F10 melanoma tumors exhibits an 8-fold increase in B cells and 3-fold increase in T cells. Comparative measurements of labeled-lymphocyte entry into TDLNs versus the contralateral non-tumor draining lymph nodes by flow cytometry only partially explained TDLN hypertrophy. Further investigation of TDLN lymphocyte exit, proliferation, and apoptosis identified distinct mechanisms regulating B and T cell trafficking through TDLNs in response to tumors, including preferential retention of B cells. Surprisingly, B and T cell accumulation in TDLNs occurred without increased lymphocyte activation, suggesting an ineffective anti-tumor immune response. These insights could provide new therapeutic targets to manipulate lymph node lymphocyte content and immune responses to cancer and other diseases.
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Kovrigina, A. M., E. A. Shalamova, Yu S. Berezovskiy, D. V. Kalinin, E. M. Gretsov, T. R. Bagdasaryan, L. A. Semenova Semenova, et al. "Pathomorphological and immunohistochemical features of lymph nodes in COVID-19 patients (autopsy study)." CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MORPHOLOGY 9, no. 4 (2020): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31088/cem2020.9.4.12-23.
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Introduction. The pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 is being actively studied. Nevertheless, our up-to-date knowledge of lymphoid tissue response in the secondary immune organs dur-ing severe COVID-19 remains extremely limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate patterns of immu-nomorphological alterations in lymph nodes in patients with severe COVID-19 and to assess lymphocytes functional activity in them. Materials and methods. Lymph node tissue (autopsy material) from 17 deceased patients with severe COVID-19 was examined by histological and immunohistochemical methods using antibodies to CD4, CD8, CD20, CD30, CD123, CD138, PD-1. Results. Examined lymph nodes demonstrated lymphoid follicles reduction and paracortex expansion with reactive plasmacytosis and extrafollicular B-cell activation as well as sinus histiocytosis, variable hemophago-cytic cells, and blood vessel congestion. Red thrombi were observed in some lymph nodes. Hemorrhages in the stroma were frequent, and massive hemorrhages were found in individual nodes. Immunohistochemical study revealed CD4+ T-helpers predominance in the paracortex andcytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes depletion together with an increase in the expression of both the PD-1 suppressor protein and the CD30 activation anti-gen on the lymphocyte surface. CD123-positive plasmacytoid dendritic cells resided in sinuses in abundance. Conclusion. Demonstrated B-associated zone reduction and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes depletion with an up-regulation of PD-1 expression in the lymph nodes in patients with severe COVID-19 indicate immune response exhaustion. At the same time, observed significant reactive plasmacytosis with the presence of numerous T-helper cells constitutes a morphological substrate of the humoral immunity. These findings might indicate the ineffec-tiveness of the humoral response at late stages of COVID-19 infection in context of cytotoxic immunity failure. Keywords: novel coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, B- and T- immune response, lymph node
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Kovrigina, A. M., E. A. Shalamova, Yu S. Berezovskiy, D. V. Kalinin, E. M. Gretsov, T. R. Bagdasaryan, L. A. Semenova Semenova, et al. "Pathomorphological and immunohistochemical features of lymph nodes in COVID-19 patients (autopsy study)." CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MORPHOLOGY 9, no. 4 (2020): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31088/cem2020.9.4.12-23.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 is being actively studied. Nevertheless, our up-to-date knowledge of lymphoid tissue response in the secondary immune organs dur-ing severe COVID-19 remains extremely limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate patterns of immu-nomorphological alterations in lymph nodes in patients with severe COVID-19 and to assess lymphocytes functional activity in them. Materials and methods. Lymph node tissue (autopsy material) from 17 deceased patients with severe COVID-19 was examined by histological and immunohistochemical methods using antibodies to CD4, CD8, CD20, CD30, CD123, CD138, PD-1. Results. Examined lymph nodes demonstrated lymphoid follicles reduction and paracortex expansion with reactive plasmacytosis and extrafollicular B-cell activation as well as sinus histiocytosis, variable hemophago-cytic cells, and blood vessel congestion. Red thrombi were observed in some lymph nodes. Hemorrhages in the stroma were frequent, and massive hemorrhages were found in individual nodes. Immunohistochemical study revealed CD4+ T-helpers predominance in the paracortex andcytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes depletion together with an increase in the expression of both the PD-1 suppressor protein and the CD30 activation anti-gen on the lymphocyte surface. CD123-positive plasmacytoid dendritic cells resided in sinuses in abundance. Conclusion. Demonstrated B-associated zone reduction and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes depletion with an up-regulation of PD-1 expression in the lymph nodes in patients with severe COVID-19 indicate immune response exhaustion. At the same time, observed significant reactive plasmacytosis with the presence of numerous T-helper cells constitutes a morphological substrate of the humoral immunity. These findings might indicate the ineffec-tiveness of the humoral response at late stages of COVID-19 infection in context of cytotoxic immunity failure. Keywords: novel coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, B- and T- immune response, lymph node
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Smit, Laura A., Delfine Y. H. Hallaert, René Spijker, Bart de Goeij, Annelieke Jaspers, Arnon P. Kater, Marinus H. J. van Oers, Carel J. M. van Noesel, and Eric Eldering. "Differential Noxa/Mcl-1 balance in peripheral versus lymph node chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells correlates with survival capacity." Blood 109, no. 4 (October 12, 2006): 1660–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-05-021683.
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Abstract The gradual accumulation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells is presumed to derive from proliferation centers in lymph nodes and bone marrow. To what extent these cells possess the purported antiapoptotic phenotype of peripheral B-CLL cells is unknown. Recently, we have described that, in B-CLL samples from peripheral blood, aberrant apoptosis gene expression was not limited to protective changes but also included increased levels of proapoptotic BH3-only member Noxa. Here, we compare apoptosis gene profiles from peripheral blood B-CLL (n = 15) with lymph node B-CLL (> 90% CD5+/CD19+/CD23+ lymphocytes with Ki67+ centers; n = 9). Apart from expected differences in Survivin and Bcl-xL, a prominent distinction with peripheral B-CLL cells was the decreased averaged level of Noxa in lymph nodes. Mcl-1 protein expression showed a reverse trend. Noxa expression could be reduced also in vitro by CD40 stimulation of peripheral blood B-CLL. Direct manipulation of Noxa protein levels was achieved by proteasome inhibition in B-CLL and via RNAi in model cell lines. In each instance, cell viability was directly linked with Noxa levels. These data indicate that suppression of Noxa in the lymph node environment contributes to the persistence of B-CLL at these sites and suggest that therapeutic targeting of Noxa might be beneficial.
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Applebaum, Benny, Dariusz R. Kowalski, Boaz Patt-Shamir, and Adi Rosén. "Clique Here: On the Distributed Complexity in Fully-Connected Networks." Parallel Processing Letters 26, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626416500043.
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We consider a message passing model with n nodes, each connected to all other nodes by a link that can deliver a message of B bits in a time unit (typically, B = O(log n)). We assume that each node has an input of size L bits (typically, L = O(n log n)) and the nodes cooperate in order to compute some function (i.e., perform a distributed task). We are interested in the number of rounds required to compute the function. We give two results regarding this model. First, we show that most boolean functions require ‸ L/B ‹ − 1 rounds to compute deterministically, and that even if we consider randomized protocols that are allowed to err, the expected running time remains [Formula: see text] for most boolean function. Second, trying to find explicit functions that require superconstant time, we consider the pointer chasing problem. In this problem, each node i is given an array Ai of length n whose entries are in [n], and the task is to find, for any [Formula: see text], the value of [Formula: see text]. We give a deterministic O(log n/ log log n) round protocol for this function using message size B = O(log n), a slight but non-trivial improvement over the O(log n) bound provided by standard “pointer doubling.” The question of an explicit function (or functionality) that requires super constant number of rounds in this setting remains, however, open.
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Gonzalez, Santiago F., Søren E. Degn, Lisa A. Pitcher, Matthew Woodruff, Balthasar A. Heesters, and Michael C. Carroll. "Trafficking of B Cell Antigen in Lymph Nodes." Annual Review of Immunology 29, no. 1 (April 23, 2011): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101255.
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Klinken, S. P., T. N. Fredrickson, J. W. Hartley, R. A. Yetter, and H. C. Morse. "Evolution of B cell lineage lymphomas in mice with a retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome, MAIDS." Journal of Immunology 140, no. 4 (February 15, 1988): 1123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.140.4.1123.
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Abstract Mice infected with LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus develop lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hypergammaglobulinemia, and profound immunosuppression associated with enhanced susceptibility to infection. In this study, molecular genetic analyses of spleen and lymph node cells from infected mice showed the early course of disease was associated with polyclonal proliferations of both B and T cells but that by 12 wk oligoclonal expansions of B or T cells could be detected. When near death, the mice were killed and almost all exhibited clonally restricted populations of B cells, and continuous cultures of B lineage cells were established from three of 19 mice. Histologically, lymph nodes with polyclonal lymphoproliferative lesions were indistinguishable from nodes with clonally restricted populations of cells. However, aggressive immunoblastic lymphomas of characteristic morphology were seen in nonlymphoid organs, particularly in the brain. The demonstration of terminal B cell lymphomas in murine AIDS extends the similarities between this syndrome and AIDS in humans.
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Wang, Yingxu, and Xinming Tan. "The Formal Design Models of Tree Architectures and Behaviors." International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 3, no. 4 (October 2011): 84–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssci.2011100106.
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Trees are one of the most fundamental and widely used non-linear hierarchical structures of linked nodes. A binary tree (B-Tree) is a typical balanced tree where the fan-out of each node is at most two known as the left and right children. This paper develops a comprehensive design pattern of formal trees using the B-Tree architecture. A rigorous denotational mathematics, Real-Time Process Algebra (RTPA), is adopted, which allows both architectural and behavioral models of B-Trees to be rigorously designed and implemented in a top-down approach. The architectural models of B-Trees are created using RTPA architectural modeling methodologies known as the Unified Data Models (UDMs). The physical model of B-Trees is implemented using the left and right child nodes dynamically created in memory. The behavioral models of B-Trees are specified and refined by a set of Unified Process Models (UPMs) in three categories namely the management operations, traversal operations, and node I/O operations. This work has been applied in a number of real-time and nonreal-time system designs such as a real-time operating system (RTOS+), a general system organization model, and the ADT library for an RTPA-based automatic code generator.