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Journal articles on the topic "B-LLA"

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Leng, Xuefei, Zhiyong Wei, Yingying Ren, Yufei Bian, Qinyi Wang, and Yang Li. "Copolymerization of l-lactide/trimethylene carbonate by organocatalysis: controlled synthesis of comb-like graft copolymers with side chains with different topologies." RSC Advances 6, no. 46 (2016): 40371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra05481a.

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Gonzalez-Mendez, Sayra Zooet, Daniel Medina-Bautista, and Alma Barajas-Espinosa. "Translocación Recíproca de los cromosomas 9 y 22 en los Genes BCR y ABL1: Leucemia Linfoide Aguda de Estirpe B Pediátrica." Ciencia Huasteca Boletín Científico de la Escuela Superior de Huejutla 9, no. 18 (July 5, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/esh.v9i18.7050.

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La leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) es la neoplasia maligna más común en los niños, está representa del 70 al 80% de todas las leucemias y se desarrolla con mayor frecuencia entre los 2 y 5 años de vida. LLA es caracterizada por una proliferación descontrolada y acumulación de glóbulos blancos inmaduros en la médula ósea. Un subtipo de LLA es la estirpe B (LLA-B), la cual se caracteriza por el crecimiento y acumulación descontrolada de linfoblastos como resultado a las alteraciones genéticas de células B. Entre las aberraciones genéticas asociadas, se encuentra la translocación recíproca, aunque esta es poco frecuente en la LLA-B, específicamente la translocación t[9;22] [q34;q11.2], que da como resultado la oncoproteína BCR-ABL1 la cual provoca una proliferación descontrolada de células leucémicas. En conclusión, la LLA es la neoplasia pediátrica más común y su correlación con algunas translocaciones genéticas, específicamente la translocación t[9;22] [q34;q11.2], puede fungir como herramienta diagnóstica o como blanco terapéutico en un futuro.
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Ruiz, Oscar, Carla Moore, John Rojas, David Díaz, Carlos Peña, Manuela Marangoni, and Carlos Delgado. "Inmunofenotipo de leucemias agudas del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, durante el periodo 2011-julio 2012." Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 73 (May 7, 2013): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v73i1.2198.

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Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de leucemias agudas, por inmunofenotipo. Diseño: Descriptivo transversal. Institución: Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, UNMSM, y Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (HNDM). Participantes: Pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas atendidos en el HNDM en el periodo 2011-julio 2012. Intervenciones: A todos los pacientes se realizó hemograma, mielograma, citometría de flujo (sangre medular). Principales medidas de resultados: Prevalencia de neoplasias hematológicas y leucemias agudas, características inmunofenotípicas. Resultados: Se encontró 80 neoplasias hematológicas: 42 (52,5%) leucemias agudas, 21(26,3%) mieloma múltiple, 8 (10%), linfomas, 5 (6,3%) síndromes mieloproliferativos crónicos, 4 (5%) mielodisplasias. Las leucemias agudas con citometría, en 12 (41,4%) mujeres y 17 (58,6%) varones se encontró lla 17 (40,5%), 12 (28,6%) lma, 13 (30,9%) no tipificada. Características inmunofenotipicas de las lla: 2 fueron t y 15 b. Orden de frecuencia: lla común pura (10), lla pre b (02), lla pro b (02) lla bifenotípica (01). En lma: (12) lma–m2 (08), lma-m0 (1), lma-m1 (1), lma–m3 (1), lma-m5 (1). Conclusiones: 52% de las neoplasias en el HNDM fueron leucemias agudas. La lla b común fue la más frecuente (58,8% respecto a lla y 34,5% a todas las leucemias agudas con citometría), prevalencia similar a otros estudios internacionales.
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Kim, Ji-Heung, and Ju Hee Lee. "Preparation and chain-extension of P(LLA-b-TMC-b-LLA) triblock copolymers and their elastomeric properties." Macromolecular Research 10, no. 2 (March 2002): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03218290.

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Cavalcanti Júnior, Geraldo Barroso, Wilson Savino, Raquel Ciuvalschi Maia, Jane de Almeida Dobbin, Maria Kadma Carriço, Hansa Cabral Harab, and Maria do Socorro Pombo de Oliveira. "Correlação entre a expressão celular do CD44 e formas tumorais das leucemias linfoblásticas." Revista Brasileira de Cancerologia 43, no. 1 (September 27, 2022): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.rbc.1997v43n1.2834.

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O CD44 é uma molécula de adesão que se expressa em linfócitos-B e T, participa na mediação de adesão destas células e dos componentes da matriz extracelular e na adesão a células endoteliais vasculares. A proposta desde estudo foi a de investigar a expressão celular do CD44 em 108 pacientes portadores de leucemias linfoblásticas (57 leucemias linfóides agudas de linhagem B e 51 de células-T), através de uma metodologia que inclui a análise citomorfológica e imunofenotipagem, com um painel de anticorpos monoclonais detectados pelas técnicas da imunoperoxidase conjugada, e imunofluorescência com análise por citometria de fluxo. Inicialmente, investigamos a correlação do CD44 com as distintas fases de diferenciação celular destas leucemias determinadas pela expressão antigênica Em seguida investigamos a correlação desta molécula com os achados clinico-patologicos como a presença de massas tumorais adenomegalias, infiltração de células leucêmicas no sistema nervoso central e em outros órgãos, além da presença de células blásticas no sangue periférico. Paralelamente ao estudo das leucemias, também investigamos a expressão de CD44 em linfócitos do sangue periférico oriundos de 11 indivíduos sadios. A expressão de CD44 foi positiva em 83 casos (76,8%) das leucemias linfóides agudas, sendo 46 casos (80,7%) das LLA de linhagem B. e em 37 casos (72,5%) de LLA de células-T. Nos quatro subgrupos que compõem as LLA de linhagem B, observamos a expressão desta molécula em dois casos (66,7%) das LLA do tipo nuli; em 34 casos (77.3%) das LLA do tipo comum e em todos os casos de LLA pré-B (cµ+) e LLA-B (Smlg+). Já nas LLA de células-T. a expressão do CD44 mostrou-se variável nos três subgrupos que compõem estas leucemias. No Subgrupo 1 (LLA pré-T), todos os nove casos (100%) foram CD44 positivos; nos 14 casos do Subgrupo II (LLA-T intermediária), quatro casos (28,6%) ftram CD44 positivos e no Subgrupo III (LLA-T-medular) o CD44 foi positivo em 24 casos (85.7%). A correlação da expressão de CD44 com o perfil clínico-patológico destas LLA, mostrou que a expressão desta molécula correlacionou-se com as leucemias que apresentavam formas tumorais da doença, traduzida pela presença de hepatomegalias, esplenomegalias, linfadenopatias e, principalmente, nos casos em que havia a presença de massas tumorais abdominais e de mediastino, assim como infiltração no sistema nervoso central, quando comparadas as leucemias com doença restrita ao sistema hematopoético. Com estes dados, nós sugerimos que o CD44 pode ser empregado como marcador adicional na monitorização da evolução prognóstica e para avaliação dos mecanismos de evolução patológica das leucemias linfoides agudas.
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Silva, SHT, FFS Zacchi, AVS Sousa, YH Maekawa, TTT Catelan, MCA Silva, CE Miguel, AF Sandes, and MV Goncalves. "RELATO DE CASO LLA PRÉ-B CD19 NEGATIVO." Hematology, Transfusion and Cell Therapy 44 (October 2022): S568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2022.09.972.

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Fabra, Macarena, Rocio Patiño, Claudio Enciso, and Natalia Rivas. "Presentación Atípica de Leucemia Linfoblastica Aguda de tipo B en Adulto Joven sin expresión en sangre periférica." Revista Hematología 26, no. 3 (January 16, 2023): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.48057/hematologa.v26i3.479.

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La leucemia linfoblástica aguda B (LLA B) es una patología con distribución bimodal con un primer pico en pacientes menores de 20 años y el segundo a partir de los 45 años de edad (1). Representa el 75-80% de las leucemias agudas en pediatría, principalmente con afectación medular aunque puede presentar compromiso extramedular. La presentación de LLA B sin presencia de blastos en sangre periférica tiene una incidencia de 15% en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes (AYA) (2), y la afectación extramedular al diagnóstico con lesiones óseas osteolíticas e hipercalcemia es infrecuente, por lo que puede retrasar su diagnóstico. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 38 años quien presentó como única manifestación de LLA B al diagnóstico, lesiones osteolíticas con compromiso de calota, esqueleto axial y ambas caderas asociado a hipercalcemia e insuficiencia renal aguda en ausencia de blastos linfoides B en sangre periférica.
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Reyes, Antonio A., Luis A. Ugozzoli, Jimmie D. Lowery, John W. Breneman, Craig S. Hixson, Richard D. Press, and R. Bruce Wallace. "Linked Linear Amplification: A New Method for the Amplification of DNA." Clinical Chemistry 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/47.1.31.

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Abstract Background: Linked Linear Amplification (LLA) is a new nucleic acid amplification method that uses multiple cycles of primer extension reactions. The presence of nonreplicable elements in LLA primers renders primer extension products unusable as templates for further amplification, leading to linear accumulation of products. Through the use of nested primers, linear reactions can be “linked”, providing total amplification yields comparable to those obtained by PCR. Methods: The LLA model predicts (a) that amplification yield will approach that of PCR as the number of primers increases and (b) that the unique composition of LLA products will give lower carryover amplification efficiency compared with PCR. To test these hypotheses, the human β-globin gene was amplified by 10-, 14-, or 18-primer LLA and the yield was compared with PCR. Carryover contamination was simulated by reamplifying a dilution series of LLA or PCR products. To demonstrate the clinical utility of the method, LLA coupled with allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) capture was used to detect the factor V Leiden mutation in a panel of 111 DNA samples. Results: Fourteen- and 18-primer LLA gave amplification yields comparable to PCR. However, LLA carryover amplification efficiency was four orders of magnitude lower than that of PCR. The LLA-ASO assay detected the correct factor V Leiden genotype in all 111 samples. Conclusions: LLA is a robust target amplification method that is comparable to PCR in yield. However, LLA is more resistant to false results caused by carryover amplicon contamination.
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Mulatsih, Sri, and Silvia Meiliana. "Leukemia Limfoblastik Akut pada Anak Usia di Bawah Satu Tahun." Sari Pediatri 11, no. 3 (November 24, 2016): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/sp11.3.2009.219-22.

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Latar belakang. Angka kejadian leukemia limfoblastik akut (LLA) pada anak usia di bawah satu tahun sekitar 2%-5% dari seluruh pasien LLA dengan event-free survival (EFS) untuk 3 sampai 6 tahun hanya 22%-54%. Prognosis LLA pada anak di bawah usia 1 tahun dipengaruhi beberapa faktor, di antaranya usia pada saat diagnosis, angka leukosit awal yang tinggi, ekspresi CD10, ekspresi myeloid-associated antigen, translokasi 11q23/MLL (mixed-lineage leukemia) rearrangements, dan respon pada terapi awal.Tujuan. Memberikan gambaran klinis dan luaran terapi pasien LLA anak usia di bawah satu tahun.Metode. Laporan empat kasus LLA pada bayi mengenai perjalanan klinis, perawatan, dan hasil akhir pengobatan yang dirawat di Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RSUP Dr. Sardjito, Yogyakarta.Hasil. Telah dirawat empat kasus LLA anak usia di bawah satu tahun. Satu kasus drop out dari pengobatan dan satu kasus meninggal pada fase awal pengobatan karena syok septik. Pasien tersebut datang dengan jumlah leukosit 2400/μL, CD10+ (40%), dan imunofenotiping menunjukkan sel pre-B. Terapi yang diberikan adalah protokol risiko tinggi. Satu kasus yang sudah selesai pengobatan mempunyai jumlah leukosit awal 29.400/ μL, CD10+ (68%), dan imunofenotiping menunjukkan sel pre-B. Satu pasien masih dalam pengobatan. Keempat pasien mengalami komplikasi berupa perdarahan dan sepsis.Kesimpulan. Luaran terapi pasien LLA di bawah 1 tahun cukup baik, apabila dilakukan pendekatan terapi serta perawatan suportif yang optimal. Sangat perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan imunofenotiping, sitogenetik ataupun molekular untuk membantu stratifikasi risiko awal sehingga pengobatan dapat lebih tepat.
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Doi, Shouzaburoh, Nicholas Smedira, and Paul A. Murray. "Pulmonary vasoregulation by endothelin in conscious dogs after left lung transplantation." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.1.210.

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We tested the hypothesis that regulation of the pulmonary circulation by endogenous endothelin (ET) during normoxia and hypoxia was altered in conscious dogs 1 mo after left lung autotransplantation (LLA). Sham-operated control and post-LLA dogs were chronically instrumented to measure the left pulmonary vascular pressure-flow (LP-Q˙) relationship. LP-Q˙plots were generated on separate days during normoxia and hypoxia (arterial [Formula: see text] ∼50 Torr) in the intact condition, after selective ETA-receptor inhibition (BQ-485), and after combined ETA+B-receptor inhibition (bosentan). Although LLA resulted in a chronic increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, the ET-receptor antagonists had no effect on the LP-Q˙ relationship during normoxia in either group. The magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) was flow dependent in both groups, and the HPV response was potentiated post-LLA compared with control. ETA-receptor inhibition attenuated the HPV response to the same extent in both groups. ETA+B-receptor inhibition attenuated the HPV response to a greater extent than did ETA-receptor inhibition alone, and this effect was greater post-LLA compared with control. Plasma ET-1 concentration only increased during hypoxia in the LLA group. These results indicate that ET does not regulate the baseline LP-Q˙ relationship in either group. Both ETA- and ETB-receptor activation mediate a component of HPV in conscious dogs, and the vasoconstrictor influence of ETB-receptor activation is enhanced post-LLA.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "B-LLA"

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CRICRÌ, GIULIA. "ActivinA as a key modulator of B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell motility and vesiculation within the bone marrow niche." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/304789.

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La Leucemia Linfoblastica Acuta (LLA) è il tumore più frequente in età pediatrica. Nonostante l’alto successo terapeutico raggiunto, una percentuale di pazienti non risponde alle terapie convenzionali. Numerosi studi hanno mostrato come il microambiente midollare giochi un importante ruolo nella progressione tumorale. Il nostro scopo è stato quello di identificare i pahways cruciali coinvolti nel cross-talk tra le cellule leucemiche e il microambiente stromale e che possano essere dei potenziali target terapeutici. Abbiamo studiato AttivinaA, molecola della superfamiglia del TGF-β, all’interno della nicchia midollare leucemica. Questa molecola è nota nel contesto dei tumori solidi per la sua capacità di promuovere la progressione tumorale attraverso la regolazione della motilità e invasività cellulare. Abbiamo qui definito per la prima volta AttivinaA come un fattore associato alla leucemia: all’esordio di leucemia, questa molecola è altamente espressa nel midollo leucemico e risulta essere prodotta a più alti livelli dalle cellule stromali mesenchimali (MSC) in seguito a co-coltura con le cellule leucemiche. Anche nel contesto della B-LLA, abbiamo dimostrato che AttivinaA promuove la motilità ed invasività cellulare in presenza o meno del fattore chemiotattico CXCL12, fondamentale nella localizzazione delle cellule staminali ematopoietiche (HSC) e delle cellule leucemiche all’interno della nicchia midollare. In particolare, il meccanismo d’azione di AttivinaA dipende dall’incremento dei livelli di calcio intracellulare e della polimerizzazione dell’actina che sono importanti regolatori della riorganizzazione del citoscheletro e del movimento cellulare. Interessante, AttivinaA modula in modo specifico le proprietà biologiche delle cellule leucemiche in quanto svolge un effetto contrario sulle HSC, favorendo quindi le cellule leucemiche nella competizione per la nicchia. Come già riportato in letteratura, abbiamo trovato livelli ridotti di CXCL12 nel midollo leucemico e abbiamo osservato che AttivinaA è responsabile almeno in parte di questa riduzione a causa di un suo effetto diretto sulla secrezione della chemochina da parte delle MSC. Tuttavia, essendo AttivinaA capace di aumentare la migrazione cellulare anche verso concentrazioni subottimali di CXCL12, questi dati suggeriscono un possibile meccanismo tramite il quale le cellule leucemiche persistono all’interno della nicchia midollare distruggendo l’ematopoiesi sana. I nostri dati in vitro circa il ruolo pro-migratorio e pro-invasivo di AttivinaA sono stati confermati anche in vivo. I processi di regolazione dei flussi di calcio e della riorganizzazione del citoscheletro da parte di AttivinaA sono importanti per stimolare anche la vescicolazione da parte delle cellule. Abbiamo dimostrato che AttivinaA è in grado di aumentare il rilascio di vescicole extracellulari (VE) da parte delle cellule di B-LLA. Tali vescicole trasportano al loro interno l’oncogene t(1;19), tipico delle cellule dalle quali esse originano. Sia AttivinaA sia le VE da essa indotte conferiscono chemioresistenza alle cellule leucemiche, diminuendo in maniera significativa la loro sensibilità al farmaco Asparaginasi, che viene poi ripristinata bloccando la via di segnalazione di AttivinaA. Il meccanismo alla base della chemioprotezione esercitata dalle VE può essere spiegato dalla presenza al loro interno di microRNA differenzialmente espressi in seguito al trattamento con AttivinaA, tra cui il miRNA-491-5p precedentemente associato a chemioresistenza all’Asparaginasi nella leucemia pediatrica. Complessivamente, i nostri dati suggeriscono che AttivinaA è una molecola chiave della nicchia leucemica, che conferisce un vantaggio migratorio alle cellule leucemiche e le protegge dai farmaci convenzionali attraverso la produzione di VE. Il nostro lavoro potrebbe portare dunque allo sviluppo di nuovi farmaci in grado di agire sul cross-talk stroma-leucemia.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of cancer in children. About 80% of the cases arises from precursor B cells (BCP-ALL), which abnormally accumulate as a consequence of genetic alterations associated to differentiation inhibition and abnormal expansion. Despite the 85% survival rate, a total of 10-15% of patients retains leukemic stem cells and their progenitors in the bone marrow (BM), thereby relapsing following treatment cessation. The importance of BM microenvironment for cancer progression has been widely recognized in recent years. In this study, we aimed to identify the crucial pathways involved in the bi-directional leukemia-stroma cross-talk that could be an attractive target for future antileukemic therapy. We focused our attention on the characterization of ActivinA, a TGF-β family member, within the BM leukemic niche. Here, we identified ActivinA as a new crucial factor exploited by leukemic cells to create a self-reinforcing niche: indeed, this molecule was highly expressed in the BM plasma of leukemic patients. Furthermore, we reported that BCP-ALL cells, along with the highly pro-inflammatory environment of leukemic BM, induced a strong increase in the molecule secretion by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs). In accordance with its protumoral role in solid tumors, ActivinA strongly induced both random and CXCL12-driven migration of cells also in the context of BCP-ALL. We observed that ActivinA selectively stimulated these leukemic cell biological properties with a calcium- and actin polymerization-mediated mechanism as this molecule showed an opposite effect on Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). According to the literature, we found reduced CXCL12 levels in the leukemic BM, but ActivinA enhanced cell migration also towards suboptimal CXCL12 concentrations, suggesting a possible mechanism by which leukemic cells could persist in the BM niche, displacing healthy hematopoiesis. Our in vitro data about the pro-migratory and pro-invasive role of ActivinA were confirmed also in vivo. By using a xenograft mouse model of human BCP-ALL, we demonstrated the ability of ActivinA to enhance both BM engraftment and metastatic potential intro extra-medullary sites of leukemic cells. Notably, the regulation of calcium influx and cytoskeleton organization by ActivinA is an important process to stimulate also cell vesiculation. Recent studies have shown that cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate cell-cell communication and potentially contribute to tumor progression. Therefore, we investigated whether ActivinA was able to influence vesiculation by leukemic cells. We demonstrated that ActivinA increased the production of both exosomes and MVs by BCP-ALL cells. We found that EVs transport the t(1;19) fusion transcript, typical of cells from which they originate. We then studied the biological effects by which ActivinA-induced leukemia EVs can actively promote BCP-ALL disease, focusing our attention on resistance to therapy. Firstly, we demonstrated that ActivinA significantly decreased the sensitivity of leukemic cells to the anti-leukemic drug Asparaginase (ASNase) which was re-stored by blocking ActivinA signaling. Interestingly, also ActivinA-induced leukemia EVs conferred resistance to leukemic cells. To understand the mechanism underlying EV chemoprotection, we explored their miRNA cargo and identified differentially expressed miRNAs induced by ActivinA treatment. Of these, miR-491-5p has been previously reported to be associated with ASNase chemoresistance in childhood leukemia. The discovery of ActivinA signaling between BCP-ALL cells and MSCs adds significant insights into the mechanisms of communication in the leukemic niche. Moreover, ActivinA-induced leukemia EVs seem to play a crucial role in sustaining leukemic cells, by conferring them drug resistance. Our data provide a new concept to develop alternative therapeutic strategies that include targeting of the leukemic niche in BCP-ALL.
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Mohr, Audrey. "Caractérisation des lymphocytes B régulateurs dans la leucémie lymphoïde chronique." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0066/document.

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Contexte: La leucémie lymphoïde chronique (LLC) est une hémopathie maligne associée à des anomalies dans les réponses immunitaires. Ce qui contribue à la progression de la maladie. Certains LB peuvent induire une inhibition de la réponse anti-tumorale des LT et ainsi promouvoir la progression des tumeurs. Ces LB appelés LB régulateurs partagent des caractéristiques communes avec les LB de LLC.Objectif: L'objectif principal de ce projet est d'évaluer la fonction régulatrice des LB de LLC, afin d’estimer leur influence sur l'absence de réponses anti-tumorales par les cellules T.Méthode: Des modèles de co-culture in vitro ont été développés pour évaluer la capacité desLB à inhiber la prolifération des LT.Résultats: Nos résultats montrent qu’en absence de stimulation, les LB de LLC sont incapables d’inhiber la prolifération des LT contrairement aux LB de témoins. Cependant, deux groupes de patients ont été identifiés après stimulation du TLR-9 des LB. Dans le premier groupe, les LB présentent des fonctions régulatrices défectueuses par rapport aux LB de témoins. Dans le second groupe, aucune activité inhibitrice n’est détectée. L’expression différentielle des gènes associés à la voie TLR-9 entre les deux groupes de patients semble pouvoir expliquer cette dichotomie de réponse. Une corrélation a par ailleurs été retrouvée entre le doublement lymphocytaire et la faible activité régulatrice des LB de LLC.Conclusion: Pour aller plus loin, il convient d'identifier les mécanismes moléculaires endommageant la voie TLR-9. Ces nouvelles données aideront à la compréhension de l’absence de réponse anti-tumorale et des dysfonctionnements immunitaires retrouvés chez les patients
Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by expansion of CD5+B cells associated with disruption of immune responses, contributing to the immunodeficiency and the disease progression. Regulatory B (Breg) cells may control the anti-tumor responses favoring tumor escape. Intriguingly, CLL B cells share phenotypical characteristics with these cells.Aims: The main focus of this project is to evaluate the regulatory function of CLL B cells, aiming to estimate their influence on the lack of anti-tumor responses mediated by T cells.Methods: In vitro models of co-cultures between T and B cells are used to appraise the regulatory capacity of CLL B cells on T cell proliferation.Results: We determined a defective spontaneous regulatory function for CLL B cells. Two groups of patients have been identified following CpG-ODN stimulation. The first group presents defective regulatory B cell functions compared with control B cells. In the second group, no inhibitory activity is detected. TLR-9 gene expression analysis highlighted differential gene expression between controls and the two groups of CLL patients. Moreover, ours observations indicate that patients with low Breg activity have more aggressive disease.Conclusion: These results suggest alteration of the TLR-9 pathway in CLL B cells. To go further, it will be of interest to identify the molecular mechanisms damaging the TLR-9 pathway. These results would contribute to clarify the lack of anti-tumor immune response found in the CLL patients
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Zanin, Rafael Fernandes. "Hidrólise extracelular de ATP e ADP pela enzima NTPDase1 em linfócitos de pacientes com leucemia linfocítica crônica-B." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/11149.

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The NTPDase1 enzymatic activity (E.C.3.6.1.5, Apyrase, ecto-ATP-diphosphohydrolase, CD39) which hydrolyses ATP and ADP, was analyzed in peripheral lymphocytes from patients with B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) which the main characteristic is the accumulation of monoclonal mature B-lymphocyte. The sample was composed by 23 patients with B-CLL whose were diagnosed according to the clinical and laboratorial criteria and also by the immunophenotypic characteristics. The patients were divided, according to the Binet staging system, in 4 groups: stage A (early), stage B (intermediate), stage C (advanced) and control group. The results demonstrated a significant increase in ATP hydrolysis (F(29,3)=26.79 p<0.001) for all the stages of the disease and related to the control as a function of length of disease advance with higher activity in stage C. ADP hydrolysis (F(29,3)=23.76 p<0.001) was also enhanced according to ATP results. Besides this it was found a great correlation between the activity of NTPDase-1 and the total absolute white cells count in peripheral blood. The alteration in NTPDase-1activity in lymphocytes from patients with B-CLL at the different stages, contributes to confirm the ectonucleotidases role in regulate the ATP and ADP levels, which actuates like signalling molecules in many blood cells like the lymphocytes. Therefore more studies need to be done so that we can elucidate such enzymatic system in the nucleotides and its role in the B-CLL.
A atividade da enzima NTPDase1 (E.C.3.6.1.5, Apyrase, ecto-ATP-difosfoidrolase,CD39) que hidrolisa ATP e ADP, foi analisada em linfócitos periféricos de pacientes com leucemia linfocítica crônica (LLC-B), doença que possui como característica principal o acúmulo de linfócitos B maduros. A amostra foi composta por 23 pacientes com LLC-B, diagnosticados de acordo com critérios clínicos, laboratoriais e resultados de imunofenotipagem. Os pacientes foram divididos, conforme o sistema de classificação de Binet, em 4 grupos: estágio A (inicial), estágio B (intermediário), estágio C (avançado) e um grupo controle. Os resultados demonstraram que a hidrólise do ATP foi significativamente aumentada (F(29,3)=26.79 p<0.001) em todos os estágios da doença e em relação ao controle e esse aumento é compatível com o avanço da doença mostrando a maior hidrólise no estágio C. A hidrólise do ADP acompanhou os resultados do ATP e também estava aumentada (F(29,3)= 23.76 p<0.001). Além disso, verificou-se uma forte correlação entre a atividade da enzima NTPDase1 e a contagem absoluta de glóbulos brancos do sangue periférico. A alteração na atividade da enzima NTPDase1 em linfócitos de pacientes com LLC-B em seus diferentes estágios, vem confirmar o importante papel das ecto-nucleotidases na regulação dos níveis de ATP e ADP, os quais atuam como moléculas sinalizadores em várias células sangüíneas como os linfócitos. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para melhor elucidar as funções desse sistema enzimático no controle de nucleotídeos e o seu papel na LLC-B.
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Rebelo, Sandra Sofia da Silva Ferreira. "Estudo por citogenética convencional e FISH de 50 amostras com LLC-B." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/844.

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Mestrado em Biologia Molecular e Celular
A leucemia linfocítica crónica do tipo B (LLC-B) é a forma de leucemia mais comum nos adultos do hemisfério Ocidental e, apesar de afectar sobretudo indivíduos idosos, cerca de um quinto dos pacientes tem menos de 55 anos quando diagnosticada. Esta patologia segue um decurso clínico variável com taxas de sobrevivência que se estendem de meses a décadas. Tem-se verificado uma evolução crescente no conhecimento e compreensão das doenças linfoproliferativas crónicas durante os últimos 30 anos, recorrendo a métodos citogenéticos, moleculares e imunológicos. Até ao final dos anos 70, as alterações cromossómicas eram estudadas por culturas de curta duração in vitro e análise das metafases. Contudo, devido ao baixo índice mitótico espontâneo das células tumorais, não foi possível identificar anomalias associadas à LLC-B através deste método, visto que se obtinham metafases de baixa qualidade e em escassa quantidade. Na década de 80 alguns mitogéneos como TPA, lipopolissacarídeos e pokeweed começaram a ser aplicados para estimulação das células B, permitindo identificar as alterações genéticas recorrentes desta patologia. O presente trabalho teve como objectivo identificar, em cinquenta amostras de sangue periférico com LLC-B diagnosticada, as alterações cromossómicas associadas à doença que estão documentadas na literatura e determinação da existência de novas alterações recorrentes, através da aplicação de técnicas citogenéticas e moleculares (Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)). Relativamente aos resultados citogenéticos deste trabalho, foi possível estimular o crescimento celular na totalidade das amostras, obtendo-se preparações cromossómicas com tamanho e resolução de bandas desejável para análise e em 66% dos casos foram detectadas anomalias cromossómicas. A delecção do cromossoma 13q14 foi a alteração cromossómica mais frequente, seguida da trissomia do cromossoma 12, e da delecção do locus 17p13. Foram identificadas outras mutações pouco comuns, nomeadamente translocações equilibradas em 8% das amostras e, quando presentes envolviam, normalmente, o cromossoma 14q. Relativamente à delecção dos loci 13q14 e 17p13 e trissomia do cromossoma 12, procedeu-se à sua pesquisa por FISH, permitindo a sua identificação em 54% das amostras. Os resultados citogenéticos foram confirmados pela técnica molecular, e em um caso em concreto, a FISH permitiu a detecção de uma delecção subtil do cromossoma 13q14 imperceptível por métodos clássicos. ABSTRACT: B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) is the most common form of adult leukaemia in the Western hemisphere and, although it mainly affects the elderly, about one fifth of the patients are less than 55 years old at diagnosis. This pathology follows a variable clinical course with overall survival times ranging from months to decades. Over the past 30 years there has been an increasing evolution in the knowledge and understanding of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders, based on cytogenetic, molecular and immunological methods. Until the late 1970s, chromosome alterations were studied by conventional short-term in vitro cultures and chromosome analysis. Nevertheless, due to the low in vitro mitotic activity of the tumour cells, it was unable to identify genetic abnormalities associated to B-CLL through this method, once it led to poor quantity and quality of metaphase spreads. In the 1980s some mitogens, such as TPA, lipopolysaccharides and pokeweed, began being applied to stimulate B cells so they could proliferate in vitro and led to the identification of recurrent genetic alterations in B-CLL. The present work´s purpose consisted in identifying, in fifty peripheral blood samples diagnosed with B-CLL, the chromosomal alterations documented in literature associated to this disease, and determining the existence of new recurrent alterations through cytogenetic and molecular (Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)) methods. Relatively to the cytogenetic results within this document, the cellular mitotic activity was induced in every sample, permitting to generate metaphase spreads with suitable size and bands resolution for analysis, and in 66% of the cases chromosomal anomalies were detected. Deletion of chromosome 13q14 was the most frequent chromosomal aberration, followed by trissomy of chromosome 12 and deletion of the locus 17p13. Other unusual mutations were identified, namely balanced translocations in 8% of the cases and, when they were present, they usually involved the chromosome 14q. In what concerns to the deletion of the loci 13q14, 17p13 and trissomy of 12 FISH was performed, allowing their identification in 54% of the samples. The cytogenetic results were confirmed by the molecular technique, and specifically in one case, FISH permitted the detection of a subtle deletion of chromosome 13q14 which was imperceptible by conventional methods.
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Villamor, i. Casas Neus. "Activitat "natural killer" a la leucèmia limfàtica crònica de línia B." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2319.

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Les cèl.lules "natural killer" (CNK) van ser descobertes a l'inici de la dècada de 1970 per la seva capacitat de lisar de forma espontània cèl.lules tumorals. Estudis realitzats posteriorment han posat de manifest que aquesta població cel.lular està continguda en els limfòcits grans granulats (LGG) de sang perifèrica (SP) i que poseeixen unes estructures de membrana característiques definides pel CD16 i CD56.
La funció de les CNK dintre de l'organisme és molt àmplia. Controla el creixement i disseminació de cèl.lules tumorals i de cèl.lules infectades pel virus, regula el creixement de la "stem cell" hemopoètica, participa en el rebuig d'empelts i produeix diverses citoquines que controlen la funció dels limfòcits B i T. La leucèmia limfàtica crònica de línia B (LLC-B) és el procés limfoproliferatiu més freqüent en el nostre ambient. Dintre de l'espectre de signes i símptomes de la malaltia s'han descrit diverses alteracions immunes que afecten tant als limfòcits B com els limfócits T. En els últims anys diversos autors han suggerit que la CNK present en pacients amb LLC-B presenta alteracions. Els treballs realitzats sobre la CNK a la LLC-B són pocs i inclouen un nombre petit de malalts. El motiu que provoca el defecte funcional trobat en la població "natural killer" (NK) no es coneix. A més, cap d'aquests treballs analitza l'activitat "natural Killer" (ANK) en relació amb les característiques clínico-analítiques dels pacients.

Per aquestes raons, els principals objectius de la recerca presentada en la present tesi són els següents:
1. Mesurar l'ANK en pacients amb LLC-B
2. Relacionar l'ANK amb les característiques dels pacients.
3. Valorar l'efecte del tractament sobre l'ANK dels pacients amb especial atenció a l'efecte de l'interferó "in vivo".
Natural killer (NK) cells play a role in immune surveillance against tumoral and infected cells, and display immunoregulatory functions over B and T lymphocytes. In B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) there exist immune alterations affecting B and T lymphocytes. Recently NK disfunction was also noticed regarding activity (NKa) and surface phenotype. NKa was analyzed in 67 patients with B-CLL using the (51)Cr release assay and the lymphocytic phenotype by means of CD2, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD11b, CXD57, CND56 and CD19.
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Moga, Naranjo M. Esther. "Potenciació de la citotoxicitat cel·lular induïda pel Rituximab en cèl·lules B de LLC." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3814.

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L'evolució clínica de la leucèmia limfocitària crònica (LLC) és amb freqüència indolent, però és una malaltia que roman incurable. Els pacients simptomàtics tenen una supervivència entre 1-7 anys, fins i tot utilitzant les millors opcions terapèutiques. Encara que han estat avaluades tot una sèrie de combinacions terapèutiques en pacients amb recaiguda o refractaris als tractaments, cap alternativa ha demostrat ser superior. Per tant, és evident la necessitat de trobar alternatives terapèutiques per aquests pacients.
Diferents estudis en fase II han mostrat que l'associació del rituximab a la quimioteràpia ha millorat el percentatge de resposta i el període lliure de malaltia. No obstant, tots els pacients a la llarga experimenten una progressió de la malaltia. Un dels principals mecanismes d'acció del rituximab és la citotoxicitat cel·lular depenent d'anticossos. Les principals cèl·lules efectores implicades en aquest mecanisme d'acció són les cèl·lules portadores de receptors Fcγ, i dintre d'aquest grup les que juguen un paper primordial són les cèl·lules NK.
La hipòtesi general va ser l'anàlisi de molècules potenciadores de la capacitat citotòxica de les cèl·lules NK i de l'ADCC, per poder ser utilitzades associades al rituximab com a adjuvants en el tractament de les leucèmies limfàtiques cròniques. Entre aquestes molècules es va estudiar el CpG ODN A per mimetitzar l'activitat estimuladora del DNA bacterià, a través del TLR9 i provocar una forta activació i síntesi d'IFNγ per cèl·lules NK. L'altre molècula va ser l'IL-15 per estar estretament relacionada en la supervivència, proliferació i activació de les cèl·lules NK.
Es va observar que la IL-15 i el CpG ODN A eren 2 molècules estimuladores que potenciaven significativament la capacitat citotòxica de PBMCs, en presència o absència de rituximab, quan s'enfrontaven tant a una línia cel·lular de limfoma B humà com a cèl·lules leucèmiques de LLC-B. La principal població efectora responsable d'aquesta potenciació citotòxica van ser les cèl·lules NK. No obstant el mecanisme d'acció responsable va ser diferent. Mentre que la IL-15 incrementava la capacitat citotòxica de la cèl·lula NK tant directament com indirectament, el CpG ODN A ho feia només indirectament requerint de senyals addicionals presents a les PBMCs.
Quan les PBMCs es van enfrontar a cèl·lules de limfoma B de la línia cel·lular Raji va resultar que els dos estímuls es comportaven igual. Però quan van ser cèl·lules leucèmiques de LLC-B, la IL-15 es va comportar com un estímul significativament més potent que el CpG ODN A incrementant la citotoxicitat natural i l'ADCC. La IL-15 en aquest sentit va actuar incrementant l'expressió de receptors relacionats amb cèl·lules NK en desgranulació (CD16, CD69 i NKG2D) i del receptor LFA-1 implicat en la senyalització de la citotoxicitat (adhesió cel·lular). Així com produint un augment significatiu d'IFN-γ.
En presència de TGF-β, citocina immunosupressora que disminueix de manera significativa la citotoxicitat natural i l'ADCC de PBMCs enfrontades a cèl·lules leucèmiques de LLC, la IL-15 va poder contrarestar aquest efecte supressor. De la mateixa manera en presència d'IL-15, la disminució que provoca el TGF-β en la producció d'IFN-γ, va ser menor i més variable no sent significativa.
The clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is often insidious, but it is a disease that remains not treatable. Even using the best therapeutic options, symptomatic patients have a survival between 1-7 years. Several series of therapeutic combinations have been evaluated for patients with relapses and refractory to treatment, but none has been demonstrated to be superior. Therefore, it is notable the need to find therapeutic alternatives for these patients.
Different studies in phase II have shown that the addition of rituximab to chemotherapy has improved the percentage of response and the disease free period. However, all patients suffer progression of the disease at long term. One of the main mechanisms of action of rituximab is the antibody mediated cytotoxicity. The most important effector cells involved in this mechanism of action are Fcγ receptors cells, specifically NK cells.
The general hypothesis is the analysis of molecules enhancing the cytotoxic capacity of NK cells and ADCC, for them to be used in addition to rituximab as adjuvant in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Amongst these molecules, CpG ODN A was studied because its capacity to mimetise the stimulating activity of bacterial DNA through TLR9 and to induce a strong activation and synthesis of IFNγ by NK cells. The other molecule was IL-15, due to its involvement in survival, proliferation and activation of NK cells.
It was observed that IL-15 and CpG ODN A were two stimulating molecules than significantly enhanced the cytotoxic capacity of PBMCs, in the presence or absence of rituximab, when they were confronted to cells from B lymphoma Raji line and to leukemic cells from CLL-B. The major effector population responsible for this cytotoxic enhancement are the NK cells. However, the mechanism of action is different. Whereas IL-15 increased the cytotoxic capacity of the NK cell directly as much as indirectly, CpG ODN A did it only indirectly, requiring of additional signals present in PBMCs.
When PBMCs were confronted to Raji cells from B cell lymphoma, the two stimuli had a similar behavior. However, when PBMCs were confronted to leukemic cells from CLL-B, Il-15 was a stronger stimulus than CpG ODN A, enhancing the natural cytotoxicity and ADCC. In this way, IL-15 worked increasing the expression of receptors related to degranulating NK cells (CD16, CD69 and NKG2D) and of LFA-1 receptor, implied in the cytotoxicity signaling (cellular adhesion), and increasing significantly IFNγ production.
In the presence of TGF-β, immunosupressor cytokine that decrease significantly the natural cytotoxicity and ADCC of PBMCs confronted to leukemic cells from CLL, IL-15 is able to counteract this suppressive effect. In the same way, the reduction caused in IFN-γ production is going to be smaller and more variable in the presence of IL-15, although not significantly.
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Bras, Marlène. "Etude des mécanismes régulant la mort cellulaire indépendante des caspases médiée par CD47 dans la leucémie lymphoïde chronique B (LLC-B)." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066240.

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Il arrive fréquemment que les lymphocytes B de Leucémie Lymphoïde Chronique B (LLC-B) présentent des anomalies qui les rendent résistantes à l’apoptose classique induite par les traitements chimiothérapeutiques. Dans ce contexte, nos résultats montrent que la stimulation de CD47 induit une nouvelle voie de mort cellulaire qui reste fonctionnelle dans les cellules B de LLC-B, alors même qu’elles se montrent résistantes à l’apoptose classique. Cette mort est caractérisée exclusivement par des altérations cytoplasmiques et notamment mitochondriales. Celles-ci ne sont pas couplées à un relargage des protéines pro-apoptotiques et ne sont pas contrôlées par les protéines de la famille Bcl-2. En revanche, ces dysfonctionnements sont gouvernés par la translocation mitochondriale de la protéine Drp-1. Si les caspases ne sont pas impliquées dans ces processus, l’ensemble des dommages cellulaires observés peuvent être inhibés par les inhibiteurs des serpases
B lymphocytes of B Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (B-CLL) frequently present anomalies which make them resistant to classical apoptosis induced by chimiotherapeutic agents. In this context, our results show that CD47 stimulation induces a new cell death pathway which remains functional in B-CLL cells, independently of their sensitivity to classical apoptosis. This cell death is exclusively characterized by cytoplasmic alterations. Mitochondrial alterations are not coupled with the release of proapoptotic proteins and are not controlled by the Bcl-2 family of proteins. However, these alterations are controlled by the mitochondrial translocation of Drp-1. Since the caspases are not implicated in these processes, the whole cellular damage observed can be inhibited by serpase inhibitors
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Ghamlouch, Hussein. "La différenciation des cellules B de la LLC en cellules sécrétrices d'anticorps : conséquences sur notre compréhension de la physiopathologie de la LLC." Amiens, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AMIED002.

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Les cellules B sont des vecteurs importants de l'immunité humorale. Le plasmocyte ou cellule sécrétrice d’anticorps (CSA) est la cellule effectrice résultante de la différenciation terminale de la lignée B. Les cellules B de la leucémie lymphoïde chronique (LLC) ont été utilisées comme modèle pour étudier la différenciation des cellules B humaines. La leucémie lymphoïde chronique de type B est la leucémie la plus fréquente chez les adultes dans le monde occidental. Il s'agit d'une maladie hétérogène caractérisée par la prolifération clonale et l'accumulation de lymphocytes B matures CD5+. Le microenvironnement tumoral joue un rôle central dans la pathogenèse de la LLC. Plusieurs études montrent l'importance de la stimulation CD40L, les toll-like receptor (TLRs), la stimulation antigénique et cytokiniques existante dans le microenvironnement tumoral de la LLC. Toutefois, les effets de ces molécules sur la différenciation des cellules B de la LLC ne sont pas pleinement étudiés. Dans cette étude, nous avons caractérisé les CSAs générées à partir des cellules B de la LLC après exposition à des stimulations qui pourraient se retrouver dans leur microenvironnement tumorale. Nous avons montré que la combinaison de plusieurs cytokines qui pourraient exister dans le microenvironnement de la LLC améliore significativement la survie des cellules B de la LLC in vitro. En outre, nous avons constaté que les cellules B de la LLC ne sont pas figées mais au contraire dotées d’une certaine plasticité. En effet, ces cellules ont étés capables de se différencier en cellules sécrétrices d’immunoglobulines de type IgM. Ces IgM présentent dans certains cas (essentiellement non mutés) une poly/autoréactivité. Ces données permettent de suggérer que les cellules B de la LLC sont plutôt liées aux lymphocytes B B1 ou aux cellules B de la zone marginale. La caractérisation phénotypique et moléculaire indique que les CSAs générées dans nos modèles de cultures ressemblent à un stade transitionnel de la différenciation terminal B appelé préplasmablaste. En conclusion, l’étude des modulations phénotypiques et moléculaires au cours de la différenciation des cellules B de la LLC pourrait être pertinente pour la compréhension de la physiopathologie de la LLC et la définition de la contrepartie normale.
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Neiva, Luciana Barros de Moura. "Toxicidade da polimixina B em células LLC-PK1 e a enzima heme oxigenase-1." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7139/tde-07052009-112206/.

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Na lesão renal aguda, os mecanismos de defesa atuam como genes protetores, como a proteína heat shock 32 (HSP 32), também conhecida como heme oxigenase-1 (HO-1). A polimixina B (PmxB) é um antimicrobiano nefrotóxico. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a participação da enzima HO-1 na toxicidade da PmxB em células LLC-PK1. As células foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: Controle (CTL- 0µM); Hemin (indutor de HO-1, 25µM); Hemin II (250M), Protoporfirina de zinco (ZnPP - inibidor de HO-1, 10M,); Nitro-L-arginina-metilester (L-NAME - inibidor de iNOS, 0,1mM); PmxB (375µM); PmxB + Hemin (25µM de Hemin uma hora antes da PmxB); PmxB + ZnPP (10M de ZnPP uma hora antes da PmxB); PmxB + Hemin + L-NAME (25M de Hemin e 0,1mM de L-NAME uma hora antes da PmxB). Os grupos foram avaliados em 24 e 72 horas. Foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: desidrogenase láctica (DHL), peroxidação lipídica (MDA), expressão gênica da HO-1 por RT-PCR, síntese protéica da HO-1 por imunofluorescência, óxido nítrico (NO) pelo método de Griess e expressão protéica da HO-1 e da iNOS por western blotting. Os resultados mostraram que a PmxB elevou o DHL com aumento dos níveis de MDA. O Hemin e a ZnPP elevaram as variáveis DHL, MDA e óxido nítrico (NO). O indutor de HO-1 incrementou a expressão protéica da HO-1 e da iNOS. A PmxB se confirmou como citotóxica e a HO-1 intensificou a lesão por mecanismos oxidativos. O efeito da HO-1 na lesão celular parece ser mediado pelo NO
In the acute kidney injury, the mechanisms of defense act as protector genes, as the protein heat shock 32 (HSP 32), also known as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The polymyxin B (PmxB) is a nephrotoxic antimicrobial. The aim of this study was to distinguish the role of the HO-1 enzyme in the PmxB toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells. The cells were submitted to the following treatments: Control (CTL- 0µM); Hemin (inhibitor of HO-1, 25µM); Hemin II (250M), Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP - inhibitor of HO-1, 10M,); NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME - inhibitor of iNOS, 0,1mM); PmxB (375µM); PmxB + Hemin (25µM of Hemin one hour before the PmxB); PmxB + ZnPP (10M of ZnPP one hour before the PmxB); PmxB + Hemin + L-NAME (25M of Hemin and 0,1mM of L-NAME one hour before the PmxB). All groups were evaluated in 24 and 72 hours. The following parameters were analysed: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid peroxidation (MDA), genic expression of HO-1 by RT-PCR, protein syntesis of HO-1 by immunofluorescence, nitric oxide (NO) by Griess method and protein expression of HO-1 and of iNOS by western blotting. The results showed that PmxB increased the LDH and the levels of MDA. Hemin and ZnPP also increased the LDH variables, MDA and nitric oxide (NO). The inducer of HO-1 improved the protein expression of HO-1 and of iNOS. The PmxB was confirmed as a cytotoxic and the HO-1 intensified the failure by oxidative mechanisms. The effect of HO-1 in the cell injury seemed to be mediated by NO
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Martínez, Lostao Luis. "STAT1 en la apoptosis inducida por fludarabina e inhibidores de Jak Kinasas en las celulas de LLC-B. Papel de las celulas adherentes en la apoptosis inducida por fludarabina." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3755.

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Books on the topic "B-LLA"

1

Weight, Carel. Strange happenings in the commonplace =: Digwyddiadau rhyfedd mewin lle cyffredin : aretrospective exhibition of the work of Professor Carel Weight R. A., C. B. E.. Newport: Newport Museum and Art Gallery, 1993.

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Coloring, Cartoon. Bẹlla Sára Coloring Book: JUMBO Bẹlla Sára Colouring Book for Children, Amazing Colouring Book for Boys and Girls Ages 2-4, 4-8 and Toddlers. Independently Published, 2022.

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Coloring, Cartoon. Bẹlla Sára Coloring Book: JUMBO Bẹlla Sára Colouring Book for Children, Amazing Colouring Book for Boys and Girls Ages 2-4, 4-8 and Toddlers. Independently Published, 2022.

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Betz, Adrienne J., Brian Burke, Cheryl A. Rickabaugh, and Lester M. Sdorow. PSYCHOLOGY, Nineth Edition (LLF-B/W). Academic Media Solutions, 2022.

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mood, kali. Bịlliẹ ẹilish Calendar 2022: Bịlliẹ ẹilish 2022 Calendar, Monthly Colorful Square. Independently Published, 2022.

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Pearson, Jeff. Welcome to d*ck N B*lls Tower! Independently Published, 2020.

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Smith, L. Murphy, Leonard Bierman, Antonio Arreola-Risa, Julian Gaspar, and James Kolari. INTRODUCTION to BUSINESS, Fourth Edition (LLF-B/W). Academic Media Solutions, 2023.

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DuBrin, Andrew. FUNDAMENTALS of ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, Sixth Edition (LLF-B/W). Academic Media Solutions, 2022.

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FUNDAMENTALS INDUSTRIAL and ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, First Edition (LLF-B/W). Academic Media Solutions, 2023.

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Lor, patrice. Bịlliẹ ẹilish Calendar 2022-2023: Bịlliẹ ẹilish Calendar 2022-2023, 8. 5 X 8. 5 Inch Monthly Square Calendar. Independently Published, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "B-LLA"

1

Peter, Henry, and Vincent Pfammatter. "Social Enterprises and Benefit Corporations in Switzerland." In The International Handbook of Social Enterprise Law, 831–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14216-1_40.

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AbstractMany countries around the world have introduced specific legal forms to meet the needs of benefit corporations and social enterprises. Unlike these jurisdictions, Switzerland’s legislator has decided not to provide for such a dedicated legal structure. And this stance is unlikely to evolve since the Federal Council stated in 2018 that it did not intend to encourage the creation of a new legal structure for benefit corporations or social enterprises, although it supported private initiatives in this sector, such as the B corp movement.In this contribution, the authors analyze the social enterprise, benefit corporation and B corp movement in Switzerland and how such ventures may fit into existing legal structures, given the absence of any specific legal form. To this end, they will review the legal contours of corporations (LLC or LTD), cooperatives, and charities, namely, associations and foundations, and the possibilities that they offer for social enterprises and benefit corporations.Finally, the authors also address tax-related aspects, as well as past and current legislative initiatives intended to make Swiss law evolve towards a legal structure that would be dedicated to social enterprises or benefit corporations.
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Ray, Ipsita. "New Physics Effects in $$b \rightarrow s ll$$ Decays." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 127–31. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2354-8_23.

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Ferreiro, S., R. Sacchi, L. Frølich, D. Herfort, and J. S. Damtoft. "Calcined Clay-To-Limestone Ratio on Durability Properties of Concrete with Low Clinker CEM II/B-M(Q/LL) Cements." In RILEM Bookseries, 425–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76551-4_38.

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Viana, Bianca Gomes, Larissa dos Santos Nogueira, Letícia da Silva Rodrigues, Luiz Enrique Bardales Araújo, and Alexander Leonardo Silva Junior. "Aspectos farmacológicos no tratamento da leucemia linfoblástica aguda B (LLA-B)." In Interdisciplinaridade em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Editora Poisson, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36229/978-65-5866-236-5.cap.17.

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"(Ill) (lll)a (lll)b,c (lll)a,e,f (lll)g,h." In Oxygen in Catalysis, 234–40. CRC Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482293289-39.

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Storey, Valerie Anne, and Michele Gregoire Gill. "Investing in the Future." In Advocacy in Academia and the Role of Teacher Preparation Programs, 288–301. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2906-4.ch016.

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Over the last five years, the education program at the University of Central Florida (UCF) has been redesigned to respond to two distinct but important challenges: (a) crafting program tracks that meet the needs of students desiring a professional career in a nontraditional setting, and (b) responding to 21st-century aspirations of lifelong learners. Within the context of a broader redesign effort, program faculty designed Education Lifelong Learning (LLL) tracks grounded in integrative learning, a place-based education component embedded in experiential-learning internships, and a subject specialism. These LLL tracks enable students to meet community needs by bringing their understanding of learning processes and subject specialism to organizations delivering informal learning. The account provided in this chapter advances existing literature by making visible many of the important granular details associated with LLL, as well as considerations associated with track design and implementation within an elementary-education program.
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Turel, Vehbi. "The Use and Design of Supplementary Visuals for the Enhancement of Listening Skills in Hypermedia." In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 268–91. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6248-3.ch016.

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This chapter investigates the attitudes and opinions (perceptions) of 43 language learners (LLs) towards the use of supplementary contextual visuals (SCVs) in a HME for enhancing listening skills as a part of Foreign Language Learning (FLL). Forty-three LLs' attitudes towards the use of SCVs are examined in 3 areas: (1) at the pre-listening stage in preparing for listening texts, (2) with talking-heads video at the while-listening stage, and (3) with audio-only at the post-listening stage. The study is both quantitative and qualitative in nature. The results are analysed with SPSS (i.e. descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, valid percentages, and cumulative percentages; Spearman test in Bivariate; Chi-square Test in the Crosstabs analysis; Fisher's exact Test). The results reveal that the LLs are in favour of the use of SCVs (a) at the pre-listening stage for preparation, (b) with talking-heads video at the while-listening stage, and (c) with audio-only clips at the post-listening stage. The LLs believe that SCVs could benefit them in a variety of ways that could contribute to the enhancement of their listening. There are also some significant relationships between their perceptions and some independent variables.
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"Allocation of Partnership and LLC Income Under Section 704(b)." In Advanced Tax Strategies for LLCs and Partnerships, 1–1. New York, NY: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119512400.ch1.

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"LG Investments, LLC: A Family Business in Generational Transition (B)." In Growing an Entrepreneurial Business, 304–5. Stanford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780804777568-031.

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"Appendix B: Case Study - Consultants: Leadership Development Services, LLC, and RGP." In Clash of the Generations, 155–60. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119220640.app2.

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Conference papers on the topic "B-LLA"

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Sakaguchi, Alberto Yoich, Marla Karine Amarante, Carlos Eduardo Coral Oliveira, Fausto Celso Trigo, and Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe. "INFLUÊNCIA DO POLIMORFISMO GENÉTICO DO RECEPTOR II DO TGF BETA NA APRESENTAÇÃO CLÍNICA DE PACIENTES COM LEUCEMIA LINFOIDE AGUDA INFANTOJUVENIL NA POPULAÇÃO BRASILEIRA." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Hematologia Clínico-laboratorial On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/625.

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Introdução: A leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA) é uma neoplasia hematológica que acomete a diferenciação celular e a proliferação exacerbada de células precursoras das linhagens B, T e Natural Killer, apresentando maior incidência na faixa pediátrica. O receptor para o fator de crescimento transformador beta (TGFβR) parece estar envolvido em doenças hematológicas, e um polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único foi identificado em sua região promotora (G-875A) parecendo modificar a expressão de TGFβRII nas células. Objetivo: Avaliar o envolvimento do TGFβRII G-875A na LLA infantil brasileira, com foco na suscetibilidade, parâmetros clínico-patológicos e estratificação de risco. Material e métodos: Estudo de associação caso-controle, envolvendo 127 pacientes com LLA e 161 crianças livres de neoplasia. A avaliação foi realizada através da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) seguida da análise do polimorfismo do comprimento do fragmento de restrição (RFLP). Resultados: Em relação à distribuição dos genótipos, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os subgrupos de LLA e as crianças controle. Verificou-se que o G-875A foi estatisticamente associado ao aumento da suscetibilidade para LLA-B no modelo recessivo (OR = 2,16; IC = 1,02–4,57; p <0,05), também foi observada associação significativamente aumentada para alto risco (AR) para recidiva no mesmo modelo (OR = 5,14; IC = 1,05–25,12; p <0,05). Além disso, foi observada correlação positiva entre o grupo de risco e o polimorfismo G-875A no modelo recessivo na LLA-B (p = 0,02). Em relação à LLA-T, foi observada correlação positiva entre recidiva e G-875A nos modelos aditivo e dominante (p=0,05 e p=0,028, respectivamente). Conclusão: Verificou-se que o G-875A foi associado ao aumento da suscetibilidade para LLA-B e AR para recidiva em modelo recessivo. Também houve correlação positiva entre a recidiva de LLA e G-875A nos modelos aditivo e dominante, podendo este polimorfismo ser um forte candidato a um possível marcador prognóstico na LLA.
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Silva, Leandro Vasconcelos Da, and Muriel Pereira Souto. "PANORAMA GERAL SOBRE AS CÉLULAS CAR-T: AVANÇOS NA IMUNOTERAPIA CELULAR CONTRA O CÂNCER." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Biotecnologia On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/conbiotec/41.

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Introdução: neoplasias malignas são um grupo de doenças causadas por fatores ambientais e genéticos, que culminam na proliferação de células anormais e disfuncionais. Sabe-se que o câncer é uma das principais causas de morte e, consequentemente, um grande problema de saúde pública mundial. Dito isso, são necessários constantes aprimoramentos e desenvolvimentos de novos tratamentos, visto que, os disponíveis apresentam baixas taxas de remissão completa. Em especial a terapia celular baseada em linfócitos quimerizados, mais conhecidos como células CAR-T (receptor de antígeno quimérico), são geneticamente modificadas para reconhecer e destruir as células tumorais. Os linfócitos são extraídos do paciente por aférese e modificados geneticamente em laboratório, por vetores virais ou não, que integram o gene CAR no genoma celular. Essas sequências são expressas em receptores de membrana compatíveis às células do tumor, que vão reconhecê-lo e desencadear a resposta citotóxica do linfócito. Objetivo: esse trabalho visa demonstrar como ocorre a utilização da terapia celular em pacientes com prognósticos ruins e/ou tumores recidivos. Apesar de atualmente ser empregada como segunda linha de tratamento, as perspectivas demonstram a prioridade cada vez mais precoce desse tipo de tratamento. Metodologia: a atual pesquisa constitui-se de uma revisão bibliográfica de asserções relacionadas à terapia com células CAR-T. Foram utilizadas as palavras-chave CAR-T, terapia celular e imunoterapia nas plataformas SciELO, PubMed e Google Acadêmico. Com base nesses dados foram selecionados artigos de relevância publicados no período de 2017 a 2022. Resultados: testes de fase I/IIA, com pacientes recidivados/refratários e que já passaram por outros tratamentos, mostraram dados satisfatórios, resultando em remissão completa em casos de LLA (leucemia linfoblástica aguda), LLC (leucemia linfóide crônica), mielomas múltiplos e outros tipos de leucemias e linfomas de células B. Em alguns casos a taxa de sobrevida aumentou em 13 meses e outros perduram por anos. Foram relatados casos de síndrome de liberação de citocinas, neurotoxicidade e aplasia de células B. Conclusão: a terapia ainda precisa superar desafios como, aumentar a especificidade celular ao tumor e, consequentemente, diminuir os efeitos neurotóxicos e inflamatórios, bem como, melhorar a transfecção do gene e diminuição dos custos por meio de novas atualizações da molécula CAR.
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Wehle, Simon. "Rare radiative and semileptonic $b\to s ll$ $B$ decays at Belle." In 9th International Workshop on the CKM Unitarity Triangle. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.291.0073.

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Smith, Robin J., Andrew H. Sherry, Anthony J. Horn, and Adam C. Bannister. "A Method to Derive the JC Value of a 1T SE(B) Using Charpy Impact Energy in the Lower Ductile to Brittle Transition." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45922.

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This paper describes a method by which the elastic-plastic crack driving force, J, of a 1T SE(B) may be calculated using Charpy V-notch absorbed impact energy, Uel+pl,LLD. The method is applicable in the lower ductile-to-brittle transition regime of fracture behaviour and permits the calculation of equivalent critical J-integral values, Jc, using Uel+pl,LLD data. The method is demonstrated using a ferritic steel study material. Comparisons are made between the predictions of a Uel+pl,LLD scaling approach, which was derived using a Weibull stress model, and experimental test data for a ferritic steel. The approach was evaluated using experimental test data composed of instrumented Charpy impact test results and SE(B) fracture toughness test results. The probabilistic predictions were found to be in good agreement with experimental values. Extension of the methodology is recommended to include other material flow properties. Further work is required to ascertain the accuracy of the approach at higher temperatures in the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature range. A practical method for applying the methodology in practice to allow description of the behaviour of a wide range of ferritic steel materials has been outlined.
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Silva, Nilson José Frutuoso da, and Lidiane Régia Pereira Braga de Britto. "REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA DOS MARCADORES MOLECULARES DA LEUCEMIA LINFÓIDE CRÔNICA (LLC)." In Congresso Nacional de Genética. CONGRESSE.ME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54265/xzbb7841.

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A leucemia linfoide crônica (LLC) é uma linfocitose monoclonal de linfócito B, com proliferação e acúmulo de linfócitos maduros no sangue periférico, MO e tecidos linfóides. Os biomarcadores moleculares são usados atualmente no processo de estudo de estratificação clínica, uma confirmação de um diagnóstico exclusivo; fornecendo informações prognósticas que apresentam fatores preditivos de resposta ao tratamento. Cerca de 80% dos prognósticos da LLC estão relacionadas às alterações genéticas, destacando-se quatro anormalidades cromossômicas: deleção de 13q14 (bom prognóstico), trissomia 12 (intermediário), deleção del1q23 (desfavorável), del 17p (ruim ao prognóstico). Por meio das alterações citogenéticas têm sido correlacionados ao prognóstico da LLC, tornando-se de grande relevância na identificação de alterações cromossômicas que possibilita estabelecer subgrupos de indivíduos com prognóstico diferenciado. Objetivo deste artigo é fazer pesquisa de revisão de integrativa sobre marcadores moleculares genéticos relacionados ao prognóstico no tratamento da LLC. Palavras-chave: leucemia linfóide crônica; mutações cromossômicas; biomarcadores.
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Mandal, Rusa. "Right-handed currents in $B\to K^{*}ll$." In 9th International Workshop on the CKM Unitarity Triangle. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.291.0058.

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Watanuki, Shun. "$B\rightarrow K^{(\ast)}ll$ (and$B\rightarrow X_{s}\gamma$) measurements at Belle." In 18th International Conference on B-Physics at Frontier Machines. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.377.0033.

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Boletti, Alessio. "B to K*ll and rare decays at CMS." In 16th International Conference on B-Physics at Frontier Machines. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.273.0045.

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Ribeiro, Alessandro Martins, Caio Cesar Souza Alves, and Roberta Barbizan Petinari. "DIAGNÓSTICO POR IMUNOFENOTIPAGEM PARA LEUCEMIA LINFOCÍTICA CRÔNICA." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Biologia Molecular On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/2319.

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Introdução: A Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica (LLC), que representa aproximadamente 17% das doenças linfoproliferativas crônicas no mundo, acomete indivíduos na sétima década de vida com maior incidência em caucasianos. A LLC caracteriza-se por proliferação desordenada de células B, podendo apresentar adenomegalia, linfodenopatia e esplenomegalia. Em um simples hemograma consegue-se avaliar uma linfocitose, acima de 5x103dL-1, circulando no ambiente medular de forma proliferativa, no entanto somente com a imunofenotipagem se avalia a progressão da doença identificando moléculas, como proteínas, enzimas e cromossomos, que são fatores de prognóstico para o portador. Objetivo: O estudo sistematizou revisões e ensaios clínicos, que respondessem a problemática levantada: Qual seria a relação da imunofenotipagem no prognóstico do paciente com diagnóstico de LLC? Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática utilizando-se as palavras-chave “Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica”, “Imunofenotipagem” e “Hematologia”, consultando-se as plataformas Pubmed, Scielo, Lilacs e Springer, numa retrospectiva de 07 anos (2014 a 2021). Encontrou-se 28 trabalhos que foram categorizados e tabulados em autor e ano de publicação, periódico e resposta à problemática. Resultados e Discussão: Observou-se que, por meio da imunofenotipagem, é possível analisar o fenótipo do paciente com LLC, identificar o vírus Epstein-Barr, associar a neoplasia hematológica com organismos celulares como NK, deleções 11q23 ou 17 na hibridização in situ por fluorescência FISH, permitindo rastrear os marcadores citoquímicos que impactam no bom ou ruim prognóstico da LLC. Conclusão: O maior benefício obtido da imunofenotipagem é a possibilidade de se avaliar a doença no nível biomolecular, sendo, um importante diagnóstico diferencial na sobrevida do indivíduo.
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Uysal, Pelin, Atyac Karadag, Sibel Yurt, Nevin Fazlioglu, Abdulhalim Senyigit, Ramila Hajiyeva, Gonul Simsek, Filiz Kosar, and Hafize Uzun. "Evaluation of plasma LL-37 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa3613.

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Reports on the topic "B-LLA"

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Ryd, Anders. Evidence for the Flavor Changing Neutral Current Decays B->Kll and B->K*ll. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/799971.

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