Academic literature on the topic 'B cells'

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Journal articles on the topic "B cells"

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Tangye, Stuart G., and Kim L. Good. "Human IgM+CD27+B Cells: Memory B Cells or “Memory” B Cells?" Journal of Immunology 179, no. 1 (June 19, 2007): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.13.

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MacConmara, Malcolm, and James A. Lederer. "B cells." Critical Care Medicine 33, Suppl (December 2005): S514—S516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000190616.15952.4b.

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Dörner, Thomas, and Peter E. Lipsky. "B cells." Current Opinion in Rheumatology 26, no. 2 (March 2014): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bor.0000000000000000.

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Ollila, Juha, and Mauno Vihinen. "B cells." International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 37, no. 3 (March 2005): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2004.09.007.

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Haas, Karen M. "Noncanonical B Cells: Characteristics of Uncharacteristic B Cells." Journal of Immunology 211, no. 9 (November 1, 2023): 1257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2200944.

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Abstract B lymphocytes were originally described as a cell type uniquely capable of secreting Abs. The importance of T cell help in Ab production was revealed soon afterward. Following these seminal findings, investigators made great strides in delineating steps in the conventional pathway that B cells follow to produce high-affinity Abs. These studies revealed generalized, or canonical, features of B cells that include their developmental origin and paths to maturation, activation, and differentiation into Ab-producing and memory cells. However, along the way, examples of nonconventional B cell populations with unique origins, age-dependent development, tissue localization, and effector functions have been revealed. In this brief review, features of B-1a, B-1b, marginal zone, regulatory, killer, NK-like, age-associated, and atypical B cells are discussed. Emerging work on these noncanonical B cells and functions, along with the study of their significance for human health and disease, represents an exciting frontier in B cell biology.
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Hananeh, W., R. Al Rukibat, and M. Daradka. "Primary splenic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with multinucleated giant cells in a horse." Veterinární Medicína 66, No. 2 (February 2, 2021): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/61/2020-vetmed.

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A diagnosis of a diffuse splenic large B-cell lymphoma with multinucleated giant cells in a 5-year-old mare was made based upon the clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical findings. The enormous primary splenic mass weighed 51.75 kg. To the best of our knowledge, this is the biggest reported splenic mass and the first case of an equine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with multinucleated giant cells.
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ANDREW, ANN. "DEVELOPMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS OF NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS ." Biomedical Research 6, no. 4 (1985): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2220/biomedres.6.191.

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Yeo, Seung Geun, Joong Saeng Cho, Dong Choon Park, and Thomas L. Rothstein. "B-1 Cells Differ from Conventional B (B-2) Cells: Difference in Proliferation." Immune Network 4, no. 3 (2004): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.4110/in.2004.4.3.155.

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YANABA, Koichi. "Regulatory B cells." Japanese Journal of Clinical Immunology 32, no. 3 (2009): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2177/jsci.32.135.

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Cory, Suzanne. "Masterminding B Cells." Journal of Immunology 195, no. 3 (July 17, 2015): 763–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1501277.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "B cells"

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Carnathan, Diane Gail Vilen Barbara J. "Dendritic cell regulation of B cells." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1200.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 26, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine." Discipline: Microbiology and Immunology; Department/School: Medicine.
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Crawford, A. "How B cells influence T cell responses." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.645118.

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Although studies using B cell deficient mice have been useful in understanding the importance of B cells under different conditions, it is difficult to then dissect exactly how B cells could be regulating T cell responses. By transferring OT-II transgenic T cells into either B cell deficient (μMT) or C57BL/6 mice, expansion and contraction of T cells can be tracked ex vivo. Expansion of OT-II cells is reduced in μMT mice compared to C57BL/6 mice. Thus, B cells can provide costimulatory signals, secrete cytokines and influence the lymphoid microarchitecture. To dissect which B cell factor(s) are involved in enhancing OT-II T cell expansion, a model system was used where one molecule on the B cells is depleted at one time. This was achieved by creating bone-marrow chimeras using a combination of μMT bone-marrow and wildtype or deficient bone-marrow. Thus, all the B cells are either wildtype or deficient for a particular molecule. The molecules examined were MHC-II, which is required for antigen presentation, CD40, due to its costimulatory role, and lymphotoxin-alpha, for its role in maintenance of splenic architecture. Using the OT-II adoptive transfer system, we have shown a requirement for MHC-II but not CD40 on B cells for efficient T cell expansion. In light of these observations, the role of B cell-derived MHC-II for T cell memory generation was examined. To do this, I used MHC-II tetramers to track a polyclonal population of T cells in the host.  Using this technique, I have shown that T cell memory is also diminished when the B cells do not express MHC-II. Thus, a cognate interaction with B cells is required for both efficient expansion and memory generation of CD4+ T cells.
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Memon, Azka. "The function of CD180 toll like receptor(TLR) on control B cells and B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) cells." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507859.

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Snell, Daniel C. "Cell-surface molecules of developing chicken B cells." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326977.

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Mahajan, Simmi. "Development of T cell help for B cells." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12548.

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Ke, Chyan Ying. "Nanoscale antigen organization regulates binding to specific B-cells and B-cell activation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/97825.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, February 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "February 2015."
Includes bibliographical references.
The successes of vaccines in modern medicine diminished the morbidity and mortality of many pathogenic infections. Yet, difficulties remain in improving the immunogenicity of modern subunit vaccines. In addition, isolation of antigen-specific memory B cells that would elucidate the long-term efficacy of vaccines beyond using antibody titers as surrogates has been challenging due to the lack of specific and sensitive detection reagent. We sought to improve the binding and activation of B cells by presenting antigens in a multivalent manner on the surface of liposomes. Motivated by structural requirements originally defined for haptens triggering T-cell-independent stimulation of B cells, we investigated how the mode of antigen presentation, antigen density, particle size, and lipid mobility influence B cell receptor (BCR) crosslinking by multivalent antigen-bearing liposomes, and found that BCR binding is not only a function of antigen density, but also the spacing of antigens on a nanoscale- even for highly multivalent particles. We demonstrated high sensitivity in detecting antigen-specific B cells in vitro, as well as in detecting antigenspecific memory B cells in immunized mice. We first present a novel method of nanoclustering biotinylated antigens conjugated on liposomes with streptavidin, and examine the effect of nanoclustering on BCR binding and B cell response. The mere addition of streptavidin to otherwise 'unclustered' antigens displayed on liposomes increased binding of these particles to antigen-specific B-cells twofold and upregulated activation markers six fold while demonstrating a dose-sparing effect. A three-fold increase in the expression of the activation marker CD86 over soluble tetrameric antigen indicated that surface presentation on liposomes enhances the recognition of nanoclustered antigen by B cells. We then examined how nanoscale organization of antigens influences B cell responses for application to subunit vaccines, using well-defined peptide antigen multimers. Our experiments revealed that B cells bind to and respond to antigens in a valency-dependent manner, with a end-to-end distance spacing of approximately 11.8 nm required between antigens. In vivo immunization experiments demonstrated that higher antigen valencies elicited increased antigen titers and antibody avidity, as well as a responsive memory B cell population that proliferated more rapidly during secondary challenge, indicating a promising strategy for designing subunit vaccines of high immunogenicity. In conclusion, we demonstrated that multivalent presentation of antigens on liposomes enhanced BCR crosslinking and subsequent B cell activation. In addition, we showed that by systematically optimizing the structural requirements of nanoscale antigen organization, we are able to elicit robust B cell responses to low-affinity antigens.
by Chyan Ying Ke.
Ph. D.
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Jo, Tomoyasu. "LUBAC accelerates B-cell lymphomagenesis by conferring B cells resistance to genotoxic stress." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259010.

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Kobert, Antonia. "CNS-resident cells support MS-relevant B-cell responses." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114274.

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The therapeutic success of peripheral B-cell depletion strategies in MS patients has identified B cells as important contributors to new relapsing disease activity in the periphery. However, they may also drive the CNS-compartmentalized inflammatory processes thought to underlie the chronic-progressive stages of disease. The long-term persistence of plasma cells in the CNS of MS patients, and cellular aggregates rich in B cells, T cells and FDC-like cells that have recently been identified in the meningeal compartment, suggest the inflamed MS CNS may be a B-cell fostering environment. The factors that contribute to such a permissive environment, however, have remained poorly understood.Here, we demonstrate that glial cells and their soluble products can support B-cell survival and MS-relevant B-cell responses, including co-stimulatory molecule expression and T-cell activation, effector-cytokine secretion and immunoglobulin production. Glial-cell derived factors have been shown to be abnormally elevated in CSF of MS patients, and we hypothesized that MS CSF may be able to support B-cell survival in-vitro. We demonstrate that CSF alone, in isolation of the complex cellular environment of the inflamed MS CNS, is not sufficient to support B-cell survival in culture. We then considered CNS-resident ECs as another source of B-cell support, and we demonstrate that soluble factors secreted by BBB and meningeal ECs can either enhance or regulate B-cell survival, and increase expression of the T-cell co-stimulatory molecule CD86.Our observations suggest that CNS-resident glial and endothelial cells and their soluble products may significantly contribute to a B-cell permissive environment and support MS-relevant B-cell effector functions within the inflamed MS CNS.
L'appauvrissement des cellules B en périphérie est un traitement effectif chez les patients atteints de la SP et ce type cellulaire semblerait être un important médiateur lors des rechutes associés à la maladie. Toutefois, ils peuvent aussi induire les réactions inflammatoires compartimentées dans le SNC qui semblent être à la base des stades chroniques-progressifs de la maladie. La persistance des plasmocytes dans le SNC et les agrégations cellulaires riche en cellules B, cellules T et en cellules ressemblant aux CDFs dans les méninges des patients suggèrent que le SNC inflammé lors de la SP fonctionne comme étant un environnement favorisant les cellules B. Les facteurs qui contribuent à cet environnement permissif sont restés faiblement compris.Nous démontrons que les cellules gliales et leurs produits solubles peuvent supporter la survie des cellules B ainsi que les fonctions pertinentes à la SP, incluant l'expression des molécules co-stimulatrices et l'activation des cellules T, la sécrétion des cytokines effectrices et la production des immunoglobulines. Les produits solubles gliaux sont anormalement élevés dans la FCS des patients, nous avons donc supposé que le FCS de la SP pourrait supporter la survie des cellules B. Nous démontrons que le FCS seul, en isolement de l'environnement cellulaire complexe du SNC de la SP inflammé, n'est pas capable de supporter la survie des cellules B in-vitro. Nous démontrons aussi que les produits solubles sécrétés par les CEs de la BHE et des méninges peuvent augmenter ou modérer la survie des cellules B et peuvent aussi augmenter l'expression de la molécule co-stimulatrice CD86.Nos observations suggèrent que les cellules gliales et les CEs résidants dans le SNC ainsi que leur produits solubles peuvent significativement contribuer à un environnement permissif pour les cellules B et peuvent aussi supporter leurs fonctions effectrices pertinentes à la SP dans le SNC inflammé de patients.
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Bansal, Raj Rani. "B cell help provided by human γδ T cells." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/36649/.

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Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are a minor subset of T cells in human blood that differ from all other lymphocytes by their specific responsiveness to (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), a metabolite produced by a large range of microbial pathogens. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be skewed towards distinct effector functions, in analogy to, and beyond, the emerging plasticity of CD4+ T cells. Depending on the microenvironment, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can assume features reminiscent of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells as well as professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). The main focus of this PhD was to investigate the role of the follicular B helper T (Tfh) cell derived cytokine IL-21 in enhancing the ability of human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in providing B cell help. In order to try to mimic the physiological conditions in the GC, an in vitro system of autologous Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and B cells from tonsils or blood, the microbial metabolite HMB-PP and IL-21 was used. HMB-PP induced up-regulation of IL-21 receptor on Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. In return, IL-21 played a co-stimulatory role in the expression of the B cell-attracting chemokine CXCL13, the CXCL13 receptor CXCR5, the co-stimulatory molecules inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), OX40 and CD70 by activated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. IL-21 also enhanced the ability of activated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells to support antibody production by B cells. Furthermore, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells not only themselves became highly activated APC marker expressing cells but also modified activation and APC marker expression on B cells. Findings presented in this thesis provide evidence that IL-21 contributes to the acquisition of B cell helper functions by human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. In secondary lymphoid tissues, the interaction between HMB-PP-responsive Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, IL-21-producing Tfh cells and B cells is likely to impact on the generation of high affinity, class-switched antibodies in microbial infections
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Crawford, Alison. "Role of B cells in influencing T cell responses." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13483.

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Books on the topic "B cells"

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Vitale, Gaetano, and Francesca Mion, eds. Regulatory B Cells. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1161-5.

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Mion, Francesca, and Silvia Tonon, eds. Regulatory B Cells. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1237-8.

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Good-Jacobson, Kim L., ed. Memory B-Cells. New York, NY: Springer US, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3950-4.

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J, Paige C., and Gisler R. H, eds. Differentiation of B lymphocytes. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987.

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1948-, Cambier John C., ed. B-lymphocyte differentiation. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1986.

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Petrov, R. V. Suppressor B lymphocytes. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1988.

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1942-, Honjo T., Alt Frederick W, and Neuberger M. S, eds. Molecular biology of B cells. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2004.

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Vitale, Gaetano, and Francesca Mion. Regulatory B cells: Methods and protocols. New York: Humana Press, 2014.

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1952-, Zouali Moncef, ed. Human B-cell superantigens. Austin: Landes, 1996.

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E, Callard R., ed. Cytokines and B lymphocytes. London: Academic Press, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "B cells"

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "B Cells." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 251. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_370.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "B Cells." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_370-2.

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Srinivasan, Ramachandran. "B Cells." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, 67–68. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_960.

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Fujimoto, Manabu. "B Cells." In Immunology of the Skin, 113–30. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55855-2_7.

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Sharma, Sanjeev Kumar. "B Cells." In Basics of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant, 87–120. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5802-1_10.

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Ward, Siobhan, Zeynep Celebi Sözener, and Mübeccel Akdis. "B Cells and Plasma Cells." In Chronic Rhinosinusitis, 47–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0784-4_7.

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Wang, Luman, Ying Fu, and Yiwei Chu. "Regulatory B Cells." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 87–103. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_8.

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Troilo, Arianna, Nagaja Capitani, Laura Patrussi, Cosima T. Baldari, and Mario Milco D’Elios. "Mucosal B Cells." In Humoral Primary Immunodeficiencies, 21–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91785-6_2.

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Mauri, Claudia, and Paul Blair. "Regulatory B Cells." In Encyclopedia of Medical Immunology, 949–55. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84828-0_551.

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Jacobs, Jonathan P. "Innate B Cells." In Molecular Life Sciences, 1–6. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6436-5_121-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "B cells"

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Lommatzsch, M., M. Dost, N. Jaishankar, M. Weise, P. Stoll, J. C. Virchow, and K. Bratke. "Dupilumab treatment increases transitional B-cells (regulatory B-cells) in severe asthma." In ERS International Congress 2022 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2022.3281.

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"02 Targeting B cells and plasma cells." In 8th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE LUPUS ACADEMY, Warsaw, Poland, September 6–8, 2019. Lupus Foundation of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2019-la.14.

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Craft, Joe. "AI-10 Tfh cells and B-cell selection." In LUPUS 21ST CENTURY 2018 CONFERENCE, Abstracts of the Fourth Biannual Scientific Meeting of the North and South American and Caribbean Lupus Community, Armonk, New York, USA, September 13 – 15, 2018. Lupus Foundation of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2018-lsm.10.

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Davidson, Anne. "20 Cells involved in SLE: beyond B cells." In 11th Annual Meeting of the Lupus Academy, Hybrid meeting held 8–10th April 2022 in Florence, Italy. Lupus Foundation of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2022-la.20.

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Sahin, Osman, Ali Kosar, and Murat Kaya Yapici. "Modeling the Dielectrophoretic Separation of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) from B-Lymphocytes (B-Cells)." In 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9631013.

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Sauer, Karsten, Claire Conche, Hyun-Yong Jin, Kelly Bethel, Stephanie Rigaud, Luise Westernberg, Sabine Siegemund, and Changchun Xiao. "Abstract LB-020: IP3 3-kinase B suppresses B-cell lymphoma by antagonizing PI3K/mTOR in B cells." In Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-lb-020.

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Bao, Jiantong, Sandra Stanojevic, Jens Greve, J. Patrick Schuler, Marie-Nicole Theodoraki, Simon Laban, K. Thomas Hoffmann, and Cornelia Brunner. "Human germinal center B cells and marginal zone B cells associate with clinical features in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma." In 94th Annual Meeting German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery e.V., Bonn. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1767147.

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Costa, Leonardo, Jürgen Haas, Henriette Rudolph, Saskia Libicher, Sven Jarius, Tobias Tenenbaum, Horst Schroten, and Brigitte Brigitte Wildemann. "The Choroid Plexus Is Permissive for a Preactivated Antigen-Experienced Memory B Cell Subset in Multiple Sclerosis." In Building Bridges in Medical Science 2021. Cambridge Medicine Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7244/cmj.2021.03.001.2.

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Background: The role of B cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasingly recognized. B cells undergo compartmentalized redistribution in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during active MS, whereby memory B cells accumulate in the CSF. While B-cell trafficking across the blood– brain barrier has been intensely investigated, cellular diapedesis through the blood–CSF barrier (BCSFB) is incompletely understood. Objectives: To investigate how B cells interact with the choroid plexus to transmigrate into the CSF, we isolated circulating B cells from healthy donors (HC) and MS patients, utilized an inverted cell culture filter system of human choroid plexus papilloma (HIBCPP) cells to determine transmigration rates of B-cell subsets, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy to analyze migration routes, and qRT-PCR to determine cytokines/chemokines mediating B-cell diapedesis. We also screened the transcriptome of intrathecal B cells from MS patients. Results: We found that spontaneous transmigration of HC- and MS-derived B cells was scant yet increased significantly in response to B-cell specific chemokines CXCL-12/CXCL-13, was further boosted upon pre-activation and occurred via paracellular and transcellular pathways. Migrating cells exhibited upregulation of several genes involved in B-cell activation/migration and enhanced expression of chemokine receptors CXCR4/CXCR5 and were predominantly of isotype class switched memory phenotype. This antigen-experienced migratory subset displayed more pronounced chemotactic activities in MS than in HC and was retrieved in intrathecal B cells from patients with active MS. Trafficking of class-switched memory B cells was downscaled in a small cohort of natalizumab-exposed MS patients and the proportions of these phenotypes were reduced in peripheral blood yet were enriched intrathecally in patients who experienced recurrence of disease activity after withdrawal of natalizumab. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the relevance of the BCSFB as an important gate for the entry of potentially harmful activated B cells into the CSF.
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Graver, J., M. Sandovici, E. Haacke, A. Boots, and E. Brouwer. "THU0026 Organised b cells and plasma cells in the aorta of giant cell arteritis patients." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2018, Amsterdam, 13–16 June 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.3243.

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Xu, L., F. Hu, X. Liu, L. Zhu, L. Ren, H. Liu, H. Zhu, and Y. Su. "AB0102 Impairment of granzyme b-producing regulatory b cells exacerbated rheumatoid arthritis." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, 14–17 June, 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-eular.2269.

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Reports on the topic "B cells"

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Moran, Nava, Richard Crain, and Wolf-Dieter Reiter. Regulation by Light of Plant Potassium Uptake through K Channels: Biochemical, Physiological and Biophysical Study. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571356.bard.

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The swelling of plant motor cells is regulated by various signals with almost unknown mediators. One of the obligatory steps in the signaling cascade is the activation of K+-influx channels -K+ channels activated by hyperpolarization (KH channels). We thus explored the regulation of these channels in our model system, motor cell protoplasts from Samanea saman, using patch-clamp in the "whole cell" configuration. (a) The most novel finding was that the activity of KH channels in situ varied with the time of the day, in positive correlation with cell swelling: in Extensor cells KH channels were active in the earlier part of the day, while in Flexor cells only during the later part of the day; (b) High internal pH promoted the activity of these channels in Extensor cells, opposite to the behavior of the equivalent channels in guard cells, but in conformity with the predicted behavior of the putative KH channel, cloned from S. saman recently; (c) HIgh external K+ concentration increased (KH channel currents in Flexor cells. BL depolarized the Flexor cells, as detected in cell-attached patch-clamp recording, using KD channels (the K+-efflux channels) as "voltage-sensing devices". Subsequent Red-Light (RL) pulse followed by Darkness, hyperpolarized the cell. We attribute these changes to the inhibition of the H+-pump by BL and its reactivation by RL, as they were abolished by an H+-pump inhibitor. BL increased also the activity KD channels, in a voltage-independent manner - in all probability by an independent signaling pathway. Blue-Light (BL), which stimulates shrinking of Flexor cells, evoked the IP3 signaling cascade (detected directly by IP3 binding assay), known to mobilize cytosolic Ca2+. Nevertheless, cytosolic Ca2+ . did not activate the KD channel in excised, inside-out patches. In this study we established a close functional similarity of the KD channels between Flexor and Extensior cells. Thus the differences in their responses must stem from different links to signaling in both cell types.
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2

Author, Not Given. Appendix B: GPRA07 Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies (HFCIT) program documentation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1216620.

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3

Menlove, Howard Olsen, and Daniela Henzlova. High-Dose Neutron Detector Development Using 10B Coated Cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1331305.

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4

Banai, Menachem, and Gary Splitter. Molecular Characterization and Function of Brucella Immunodominant Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568100.bard.

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The BARD project was a continuation of a previous BARD funded research project. It was aimed at characterization of the 12kDa immunodominant protein and subsequently the cloning and expression of the gene in E. coli. Additional immunodominant proteins were sought among genomic B. abortus expression library clones using T-lymphocyte proliferation assay as a screening method. The 12kDa protein was identified as the L7/L12 ribosomal protein demonstrating in the first time the role a structural protein may play in the development of the host's immunity against the organism. The gene was cloned from B. abortus (USA) and B. melitensis (Israel) showing identity of the oligonucleotide sequence between the two species. Further subcloning allowed expression of the protein in E. coli. While the native protein was shown to have DTH antigenicity its recombinant analog lacked this activity. In contrast the two proteins elicited lymphocyte proliferation in experimental murine brucellosis. CD4+ cells of the Th1 subset predominantly responded to this protein demonstrating the development of protective immunity (g-IFN, and IL-2) in the host. Similar results were obtained with bovine Brucella primed lymphocytes. UvrA, GroE1 and GroEs were additional Brucella immunodominant proteins that demonstrated MHC class II antigenicity. The role cytotoxic cells are playing in the clearance of brucella cells was shown using knock out mice defective either in their CD4+ or CD8+ cells. CD4+ defective mice were able to clear brucella as fast as did normal mice. In contrast mice which were defective in their CD8+ cells could not clear the organisms effectively proving the importance of this subtype cell line in development of protective immunity. The understanding of the host's immune response and the expansion of the panel of Brucella immunodominant proteins opened new avenues in vaccine design. It is now feasible to selectively use immunodominant proteins either as subunit vaccine to fortify immunity of older animals or as diagnostic reagents for the serological survaillance.
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Catalano, A., R. Ayra, M. Bennett, C. Dickson, B. Fieselmann, B. Goldstein, J. Morris, et al. Task B: Research on stable high-efficiency, large area, amorphous silicon-based solar cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5206295.

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6

Author, Not Given. Appendix B: Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies Program inputs for FY 2008 benefits estimates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1216637.

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7

Patz, Jr, and Edward F. Antibodies Expressed by Intratumoral B Cells as the Basis for a Diagnostic Test for Lung Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada621368.

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8

Cooper, Carlton R., and Kenneth Pienta. Induced Expression of Androgen Receptor in Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer Cells Using an I kappa B alpha Super Repressor"". Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada410579.

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Yen, Timothy J. Suppression of Chromosome Instability (CIN) to Enhance Chemosensitivity of Ovarian Tumor Cells by Modulating the Aurora B Pathway at Kinetochores. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada585095.

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10

McElwain, Terry F., Eugene Pipano, Guy H. Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephn A. Hines, and Wendy C. Brown. Protection of Cattle against Babesiosis: Immunization against Babesia bovis with an Optimized RAP-1/Apical Complex Construct. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573063.bard.

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Previous research and current efforts at control of babesiosis fall short of meeting the needs of countries where the disease is endemic, such as Israel, as well as the needs of exporting countries and countries bordering on endemic areas, such as the U.S. Our long-term goal is to develop improved methods of immunization against bovine babesiosis based on an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune protection and parasite targets of a protective immune response. In our previous BARD project, we established the basis for focusing on rhoptry antigens as components of a subunit vaccine against bovine babesiosis, and for additional research to better characterize rhoptry associated protein-1 (RAP-1) as a target of protective immunity. In this continuation BARD project, our objectives were to [1] optimize the immune response against RAP-1, and [2] identify additional rhoptry candidate vaccine antigens. The entire locus encoding B. bovis RAP-1 was sequenced, and the rap-1 open reading frame compared among several strains. Unlike B. bigemina, in which multiple gene copies with variant domains encode RAP-1, the B. bovis RAP-1 locus contains only two identical genes which are conserved among strains. Through testing of multiple truncated constructs of rRAP-1, one or more immunodominant T cell epitopes were mapped to the amino terminal half of RAP-1. At least one linear and one conformational B cell epitope have been demonstrated in the same amino terminal construct, which in B. bigemina RAP-1 also contains an epitope recognized by neutralizing antibody. The amine terminal half of the molecule represents the most highly conserved part of the gene family and contains motifs conserved broadly among the apicomplexa. In contrast, the carboxy terminal half of B. bovis RAP-1 is less well conserved and contains multiple repeats encoding a linear B cell epitope potentially capable of inducing an ineffective, T cell independent, type 2 immune response. Therefore, we are testing an amino terminal fragment of RAP-1 (RAP-1N) in an immunization trial in cattle. Cattle have beer immunized with RAP-1N or control antigen, and IL-12 with Ribi adjuvant. Evaluation of the immune response is ongoing, and challenge with virulent B. bovis will occur in the near future. While no new rhoptry antigens were identified, our studies did identify and characterize a new spherical body antigen (SBP3), and several heat shock proteins (HSP's). The SBP3 and HSP21 antigens stimulate T cells from immune cattle and are considered new vaccine candidates worthy of further testing. Overall, we conclude that a single RAP-1 vaccine construct representing the conserved amino terminal region of the molecule should be sufficient for immunization against all strains of B. bovis. While results of the ongoing immunization trial will direct our next research steps, results at this time are consistent with our long term goal of designing a subunit vaccine which contains only the epitopes relevant to induction of protective immunity. Parallel studies are defining the mechanisms of protective immunity. Apicomplexan protozoa, including babesiosis and malaria, cause persistent diseases for which control is inadequate. The apical organelles are defining features of these complex protozoa, and have been conserved through the evolutionary process, Past and current BARD projects on babesiosis have established the validity and potential of exploiting these conserved organelles in developing improved control methods applicable to all apicomplexan diseases.
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