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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Rue, David, David Webster, and Alfred Traverse. "LATE HOLOCENE FIRE AND AGRICULTURE IN THE COPAN VALLEY, HONDURAS." Ancient Mesoamerica 13, no. 2 (July 2002): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095653610213210x.

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Pollen and charcoal analysis of a 5.3-m sediment core from Aguada Petapilla, a peat bog, provides evidence of late Holocene vegetation and fire history in the Copan Valley, Honduras. Low concentration and preservation problems characterized the pollen flora, but there are taxa present indicative of major agricultural trends, including Zea mays. Microscopic charcoal fragments are well represented and record continued burning in the region since the lowest level of the core (5700 B.P. [3750 B.C.]). Presence of Zea indicates that maize farming was initiated by as early as 2300 B.C. Three peaks in charcoal-fragment frequencies occur in periods centered approximately at 900 B.C., 400 B.C., and A.D. 600. Fires in this relatively dry region of the southern Maya Lowlands (whose mean annual rainfall is about 1,400 mm) could have resulted from natural forest fires or human agricultural clearing at any time in the Holocene. This contrasts with wetter areas of tropical Central and South America (mean annual rainfall of about 2,500–4,000 mm) where significant climatic drying is required to ignite primary tropical forest.

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2

Wilbur, Terence H. "Northwest hispania ca. 1200 b.c. to 19 b.c." Mankind Quarterly 26, no. 3 (1986): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.46469/mq.1986.26.3.1.

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3

Herbert-Brown, Geraldine. "Jerome's dates for Gaius Lucilius,satyrarum scriptor." Classical Quarterly 49, no. 2 (December 1999): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/49.2.535.

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TheChronicleof Jerome states that Gaius Lucilius was born in 148 B.C. and died in 103 B.C. in his forty-sixth year. TheOxford Classical Dictionary(1996) says that Gaius Lucilius was probably born in 180 B.C. and died in 102/1 B.C.

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4

Street-Perrott, F. A., R. A. Perrott, and D. D. Harkness. "Anthropogenic Soil Erosion around Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico, during the Preclassic and Late Postclassic-Hispanic Periods." American Antiquity 54, no. 4 (October 1989): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280680.

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Lake Pátzcuaro (2,035 m asl), situated in the temperate highland-forest region of central Mexico, was the focus of Postclassic Tarascan civilization. Today, the lake is bordered by wide, swampy flats, which can be interpreted as low-angle fans of colluvial material derived from the deeply eroded, lower-valley side slopes. A gully near the northwest shore exposed two colluvial units: The lower one was dated at 2,300 years B.P. (350 B.C.) at the base of the exposure, while the upper one yielded three 14C ages ranging from 270 years B.P. (A.D. 1680) to "modern." Both units contained abundant charcoal. Pollen studies by Watts and Bradbury (1982) suggest that the first phase was initiated by the widespread introduction of maize cultivation around 1550 B.C. The second, more intense, phase of forest clearance, although it may have begun during the Late Postclassic period, probably culminated during the great expansion of colonial plough agriculture and livestock rearing in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

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5

Magny, Michel. "Successive Oceanic and Solar Forcing Indicated by Younger Dryas and Early Holocene Climatic Oscillations in the Jura." Quaternary Research 43, no. 3 (May 1995): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1995.1034.

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AbstractThe recent extension of (1) the residual Δ14C curve back to 11,400 cal yr B.P. and (2) the lake-level reconstruction in the Jura back to ca. 13,500 cal yr B.P. offers the opportunity of testing by proxy data the relationships between climate, atmospheric 14C, the sun, and the ocean recently suggested from the atmospheric 14C record. The climatic significance of the Jura record is supported by correlations with climatic oscillations reconstructed in the Alps from glaciers and timberline movements. Correspondence between the 14C and paleoclimatic record from the Jura suggests a working hypothesis: two intervals within the Holocene can be distinguished in the middle latitudes of western and central Europe. An early Holocene period shows abrupt climatic oscillations linked to ocean forcing. Major colder climate phases developed between ca. 9000 and 8800, and between ca. 8000 and 7000 cal yr B.C. that coincide with higher Δ14C values. After 6000 cal yr B.C., a second period is characterized by smoother multicentury climatic oscillations linked to solar forcing.

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6

Fugami, Tracey. "B.C. and A.D." Afterimage 33, no. 4 (January 2006): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.2006.33.4.43.

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7

EAST, HARRY, and AMBER ADAMS. "B.C. VICKERY: BIBLIOGRAPHY." Journal of Documentation 44, no. 3 (March 1988): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb026825.

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8

Nagle, D. Brendan, and Keith R. Bradley. "Slavery and Rebellion in the Roman World, 140 B.C.-70 B.C." American Historical Review 96, no. 5 (December 1991): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165310.

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9

Bates, Richard L., and Keith R. Bradley. "Slavery and Rebellion in the Roman World, 140 B.C.-70 B.C." Classical World 84, no. 4 (1991): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4350847.

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10

Harrington, J. Drew, and Michael C. Alexander. "Trials in the Late Roman Republic 149 B.C. to 50 B.C." Classical World 85, no. 6 (1992): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4351164.

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11

Rosenstein, Nathan, and Keith R. Bradley. "Slavery and Rebellion in the Roman World, 140 B.C.-70 B.C." American Journal of Philology 113, no. 1 (1992): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/295139.

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12

Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio, and David Lai. "War And Politics in Ancient China, 2700 B.C. to 722 B.C." Journal of Conflict Resolution 39, no. 3 (September 1995): 467–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002795039003004.

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13

Pohl, Mary D., Kevin O. Pope, John G. Jones, John S. Jacob, Dolores R. Piperno, Susan D. deFrance, David L. Lentz, John A. Gifford, Marie E. Danforth, and J. Kathryn Josserand. "Early Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands." Latin American Antiquity 7, no. 4 (December 1996): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/972264.

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Wetland research in northern Belize provides the earliest evidence for development of agriculture in the Maya Lowlands. Pollen data confirm the introduction of maize and manioc before 3000 B.C. Dramatic deforestation, beginning ca. 2500 B.C. and intensifying in wetland environments ca. 1500-1300 B.C., marks an expansion of agriculture, which occurred in the context of a mixed foraging economy. By 1000 B.C. a rise in groundwater levels led farmers to construct drainage ditches coeval with the emergence of Maya complex society ca. 1000-400 B.C. Field manipulations often involved minor modifications of natural hummocks. Canal systems are not as extensive in northern Belize as previously reported, nor is there evidence of artificially raised planting platforms. By the Classic period, wetland fields were flooded and mostly abandoned.

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14

Pachana, Nancy A. "Anxiety in later life and the development of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory." FPOP Bulletin: Psychology of Older People 1, no. 105 (October 2008): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfpop.2008.1.105.35.

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15

Schroeer, Dietrich. "Super Collider, 2000 B.C." Science 259, no. 5095 (January 29, 1993): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5095.582.b.

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16

Rowell, John M. "Super Collider, 2000 B.C." Science 259, no. 5095 (January 29, 1993): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5095.582.a.

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17

Friedman, Jeffrey F. "Super Collider, 2000 B.C." Science 259, no. 5095 (January 29, 1993): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5095.582.c.

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18

Vandermark, Randy. "ECONOMIC RENEWAL—B.C. STYLE." Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 3, no. 2 (August 1985): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08276331.1985.10600232.

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19

Marshall, Yvonne. "Reading images stone b.c." World Archaeology 32, no. 2 (September 2000): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438240050131207.

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20

Waldichuk, M. "Oilspills on B.C. coast." Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, no. 5 (May 1987): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(87)90457-7.

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21

Philip and Phylis Morrison. "Information Technology, 2500 B.C." Scientific American 284, no. 1 (January 2001): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0101-109.

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22

Pauls, T. "Natron Trade, 2000 B.C." Science 280, no. 5362 (April 17, 1998): 359e—359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5362.359e.

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23

Russell, John Malcolm, and A. Kirk Grayson. "Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium B.C.: I (1114-859 B.C.)." Classical World 88, no. 3 (1995): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4351713.

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24

Casarotto, Anita, Jeremia Pelgrom, and Tesse D. Stek. "Testing settlement models in the early Roman colonial landscapes of Venusia (291 B.C.), Cosa (273 B.C.) and Aesernia (263 B.C.)." Journal of Field Archaeology 41, no. 5 (August 10, 2016): 568–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2016.1211474.

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25

Kidd, Sarah E., Hong Guo, Karen H. Bartlett, Jianping Xu, and James W. Kronstad. "Comparative Gene Genealogies Indicate that Two Clonal Lineages of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia Resemble Strains from Other Geographical Areas." Eukaryotic Cell 4, no. 10 (October 2005): 1629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.10.1629-1638.2005.

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ABSTRACT Cryptococcus gattii has recently emerged as a pathogen of humans and animals in the temperate climate of Vancouver Island, British Columbia (B.C.). The majority (∼95%) of the isolates from the island belong to the VGII molecular type, and the remainder belong to the VGI molecular type. The goals of this study were to compare patterns of molecular variation among C. gattii isolates from B.C. with those from different areas of the world and to investigate the population structure using a comparative gene genealogy approach. Our results indicate that the C. gattii population in B.C. comprises at least two divergent lineages, corresponding to previously identified VGI and VGII molecular types. The genealogical analysis of strains suggested a predominantly clonal population structure among B.C. isolates, while there was evidence for sexual recombination between different molecular types on a global scale. We found no geographic pattern of strain relationships, and nucleotide sequence comparisons revealed that genotypes among isolates from B.C. were also present among isolates from other areas of the world, indicating extensive strain dispersal. The nucleotide sequence diversity among isolates from B.C. was similar to that among isolates from other areas of the world.

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26

UDA, M., S. SASSA, T. YOSHIOKA, K. TANIGUCHI, S. NOMURA, S. YOSHIMURA, J. KONDO, M. NAKAMURA, NASRY ISKANDAR, and BAHAA ZAGHLOUL. "X-RAY ANALYSIS OF PIGMENTS ON ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MONUMENTS." International Journal of PIXE 09, no. 03n04 (January 1999): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083599000553.

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Ancient pigments were analyzed using PIXE and XRD methods in the laboratory, which were painted on ancient Egyptian monuments. On the other hand, those on monuments remaining with entire shape were investigated using the hand-held type of an XRF spectrometer and an X-ray diffractometer in the field. For the laboratory experiment, several wall fragments of the Malqata palace in ancient Egypt (18th Dynasty, ca. 1390 B.C.) were investigated. In the field experiment, the block of Ramesses II (19th Dynasty, ca. 1270 B.C.), the Wooden Coffin of Neb-sny (18th Dynasty, ca. 1400 B.C.), the Funerary Stele of Amenemhat (11th Dynasty, ca. 2000 B.C.), and the painted walls of the Tomb of Userhat (18th Dynasty, ca. 1400 B.C.) were investigated. From white and blue colored parts, huntite and Egyptian blue were found, respectively, which are a very rare mineral and an artificial pigment prepared only in ancient Egypt, respectively.

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27

Macdonald, P. J., and Margie Luffman. "Characterization of Rubus Germplasm at the Canadian Clonal Genebank." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 831E—831. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.831e.

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A collection of indigenous North American red raspberry (Rubus strigosus Michx.) was evaluated in an unreplicated field planting at the Canadian Clonal Genebank, Trenton, Ont. The accessions originated in British Columbia (B.C.) and the United States. Useful characteristics in the collection have been identified under B.C. conditions; however, field performance in Ontario has not been reported. Cultivars originating from B.C., Manitoba, and Ontario were included in the planting as standards. Overwintering injury ranged from slight to severe. Indigenous accessions were vigorous, with cane height comparable to standards; however, in some cases, primocane production was excessive. Most B.C. accessions flowered and fruited equivalent to, or earlier than, the earliest cultivar (`Boyne'), while R. strigosus from other locations were mid-season to late. Primocane fruiting was typical in B.C., but was not consistent in Ontario. Fruit were small, but had good color and structure. Accessions showed resistance to powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca macularis (Wallr.:Fr.)], but were very susceptible to late yellow rust [Pucciniastrum americanum (Farl.) Arth.].

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28

Welsh, Jarrett T. "Accius, Porcius Licinus, and the Beginning of Latin Literature." Journal of Roman Studies 101 (April 27, 2011): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435811000025.

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AbstractThis paper re-examines the scholarly views about the beginning of Latin poetry that were current in the late second century b.c., and proposes that the earliest scholars, specifically Accius and Porcius Licinus, marked Livius Andronicus’ hymn to Juno Regina of 207 b.c., rather than a play in 197 b.c., as the fountainhead of Latin literature. Those histories would suggest that the dominant interpretation put poetry at the heart of the affairs of the state at war; when in the early 40s b.c. Varro and his contemporaries disproved Accius, they were both bringing out new facts about Livius’ earlier career, and rewriting the history of Latin poetry, so that it had its origins in peace, rather than in war.

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29

Harrower, Emma, Joseph F. Ammirati, Adam A. Cappuccino, Oldriska Ceska, J. M. Kranabetter, Paul Kroeger, SeaRa Lim, Terry Taylor, and Mary L. Berbee. "Cortinarius species diversity in British Columbia and molecular phylogenetic comparison with European specimen sequences." Botany 89, no. 11 (November 2011): 799–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b11-065.

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Throughout the world, the diversity of fungi remains poorly characterized and Cortinarius is a classical example of a difficult, species-rich, and under-researched mushroom genus. Here, we sequenced and analyzed ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence barcodes from herbarium specimens to improve understanding of Cortinarius species diversity in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada. Starting with 962 specimen sequences, 617 from B.C. herbaria, we present a maximum likelihood tree showing 179 putative Cortinarius species in British Columbia. As a working definition, we considered a “species” to be a monophyletic clade that included a reliably identified reference sequence, with a maximum of 3% ITS sequence variation. If no reference sequence was available, “species” were groups sharing 97% or more sequence identity. By these criteria, 110 putative B.C. species matched European species and 12 B.C. species matched species exclusively found in the Americas. Of the 56 B.C. species that did not match an identified reference sequence, some may be new to science, while others likely represent described species without available sequences. By depositing sequences from B.C. specimens into GenBank and BOLD, and by providing our alignment to TreeBASE, we have supplied the resources necessary to improve accuracy in identifications of Cortinarius in future systematic and ecological studies.

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30

Lohse, Jon C., Jaime Awe, Cameron Griffith, Robert M. Rosenswig, and Fred Valdez. "Preceramic Occupations in Belize: Updating the Paleoindian and Archaic Record." Latin American Antiquity 17, no. 2 (June 2006): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25063047.

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AbstractEvidence from preceramic Paleoindian and Archaic time periods in Belize has been recorded over the past quarter of a century by a number of projects. This paper summarizes previously published information and presents new archaeological data in bringing the hunting-and-gathering and itinerant horticultural millennia of this region into a more accurate and comprehensive perspective than has been presented to date. The Paleoindian period includes influences from North as well as South America, with settlement preferences shown for river valleys and near-coastal margins. Cave sites hold particular promise for yielding new and well-preserved remains from this early period. The Archaic, beginning as early as 8000 B.C., is poorly dated until 3400 B.C. and was probably characterized by mobile hunter-foragers. The Late Archaic includes two facets, the Early (3400–1900 B.C.) and the Late (1500–900 B.C.) Preceramic, and represents the first appearance and gradual spread of cultivation together with habitat modification. The period beginning around 1500 B.C. shows intensifying maize cultivation, apparently mobile populations, and also the emergence of well-defined stone tool traditions that trend into the early Middle Preclassic. Ceramics seem to appear unevenly from ca. 1200 to 900 B.C., when the Cunil and Kanocha complexes in western Belize and Swasey sphere in northern Belize are reported.

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31

Gilani, Haris R., and John L. Innes. "The State of British Columbia’s Forests: A Global Comparison." Forests 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030316.

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The Forest Resources Assessment 2015 is a comprehensive dataset from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), which provides the opportunity to explore some of the emerging topics related to sustainable forest management. This paper assesses how forests in British Columbia, Canada, compare globally on several key sustainable forest management parameters in four domains—biophysical indicators and legal framework, management plans, data management, and stakeholder involvement. The comparison was done against eight jurisdictions, namely Australia, China, Japan, the European Union, New Zealand, the Russian Federation and the USA. To accomplish our objectives, country-specific data on sustainable forest management parameters were extracted from the 2015 FAO’s Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA). Data specific to B.C. were sourced from Canada’s National Forest Inventory, and National Forest Database. Our results showed that British Columbia (B.C.) has one of the highest proportions of land covered with forests (57%) among all jurisdictions. The total forest area in B.C. has remained stable at around 55 million ha. The current rate of deforestation (6200 ha per year) is among the lowest in all jurisdictions. Data on the extent of primary forests in B.C. is unavailable. However, 22.6 million ha (41% of B.C.′s forests) have been classified as old growth forests (using a definition unique to B.C.). B.C. is the leading provincial forest producer by volume, and produced 67.97 million m3 of roundwood in 2015. With approximately 11 billion m3 of standing timber, roundwood production volume has held steady since 1990. In British Columbia, the National Forest Inventory—British Columbia Program (NFI-B.C.) is used to track and monitor the current status of the forests. It involves both ground plots and remote sensing. The most recent B.C. State of the Forests is one of the most comprehensive reports among all jurisdictions, using 24 topic areas, with each topic comprising several indicators of sustainable forest management. We conclude that British Columbia ranks high among other jurisdictions on several key sustainable forest management parameters with legislation and forest management regimes aiming to meet the environmental, social and economic needs of current and future generations.

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32

Schneider, Adam W., and Selim F. Adalı. "FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR A “LATE ASSYRIAN DRY PHASE” IN THE NEAR EAST DURING THE MID-TO-LATE SEVENTH CENTURY B.C.?" Iraq 78 (October 27, 2016): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2016.5.

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In a recent paper published in the journal Climatic Change, we put forward the hypothesis that drought and overpopulation played an important, if indirect, role in shaping the sudden decline of the Assyrian Empire during the mid-to-late seventh century b.c. This argument was partly predicated on five paleoclimatic proxy records for conditions in different parts of the northern Near East during the first millennium b.c., each of which indicates that relatively arid conditions affected much of the region during the seventh century b.c., especially during its middle decades. Here, we revisit the textual and paleoclimatic proxy evidence for a period of drought in more depth to examine whether this evidence does in fact support the climatic component of our hypothesis. In this paper, we show that the available proxy evidence supports the notion that there was some kind of regional climatic perturbation that affected much of the Near East during the latter half of the seventh century b.c., which caused conditions in many parts of the region to become more arid. The strongest signal for this short-term episode of aridification, which we have termed the “Late Assyrian Dry Phase,” is observed at approximately 650–600 b.c. These proxies thus corroborate and provide the background for the Neo-Assyrian textual evidence for drought during the mid-seventh century b.c.

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33

Şahin, Feyzullah. "Metal Military Equipment from Tepecik Settlement at Patara." Belleten 87, no. 310 (December 1, 2023): 733–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2023.733.

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The subject matter of this work is the metal military equipment that was found in the military settlement of Tepecik, situated on a natural rock north of the Patara city center and east of the inner harbor. Construction activities for defense purposes can be traced back to the 6th century B.C. in the settlement. During the excavations conducted in recent years, a garrison was unearthed, that had been built in the middle of the 4th century B.C. and remained in use until the end of the 3rd century B.C. with some architectural transformation. The metal military equipment comprises a pilum, arrowheads, bolt-heads / spear butts, javelin heads, a catapult trigger mechanism part, sling bullets and a dagger. A limited number of metal military tools are dated to the 6th/5th century B.C. Apart from these, the great majority of the weapons pertain to the period to the middle of the 4th century B.C. and the 3rd century B.C. with a few other examples dating to the 2nd century B.C. All the metal equipment accords well with the history of Patara and strengthens the data on various architectural phases detected in the Tepecik settlement. Furthermore, we can say that certain weapons found among the military equipment stand out as rarely seen specimens: A pilum and a curved dagger which are known to have very few examples in Anatolia. A lead sling bullet inscribed with the names of Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great is the one and only example of this specimen in Anatolia. The trigger claw of a catapult is also of capital importance since it provides evidence for a much-debated mechanism.

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34

Altaweel, Mark, Anke Marsh, Jaafar Jotheri, Carrie Hritz, Dominik Fleitmann, Stephanie Rost, Stephen F. Lintner, et al. "NEW INSIGHTS ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS SHAPING SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA: FROM THE PRE-UBAID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD." Iraq 81 (July 18, 2019): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2019.2.

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Recent fieldwork and archival sedimentary materials from southern Iraq have revealed new insights into the environment that shaped southern Mesopotamia from the pre-Ubaid (early Holocene) until the early Islamic period. These data have been combined with northern Iraqi speleothem, or stalagmite, data that have revealed relevant palaeoclimate information. The new results are investigated in light of textual sources and satellite remote sensing work. It is evident that areas south of Baghdad, and to the region of Uruk, were already potentially habitable between the eleventh and early eighth millennia B.C., suggesting there were settlements in southern Iraq prior to the Ubaid. Date palms, the earliest recorded for Iraq, are evident before 10,000 B.C., and oak trees are evident south of Baghdad in the early Holocene but disappeared after the mid-sixth millennium B.C. New climate results suggest increased aridity after the end of the fourth millennium B.C. For the third millennium B.C. to first millennium A.D., a negative relationship between grain and date palm cultivation in Nippur is evident, suggesting shifting cultivation emphasising one of these crops at any given time in parts of the city. The Shatt en-Nil was also likely used as a channel for most of Nippur's historical occupation from the third millennium B.C. to the first millennium A.D. In the early to mid-first millennium A.D., around the time of the Sasanian period, a major increase in irrigation is evident in plant remains, likely reflecting large-scale irrigation expansion in the Nippur region. The first millennium B.C. to first millennium A.D. reflects a relatively dry period with periodic increased rainfall. Sedimentary results suggest the Nahrawan, prior to it becoming a well-known canal, formed an ancient branch of the Tigris, while the region just south of Baghdad, around Dalmaj, was near or part of an ancient confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates.

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35

Nikolaiev, N. "THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF OLBIA PONTICA OF 2nd CENTURY BC IN THE LIGHT OF THE RESTORED CHRONOLOGY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 136 (2018): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/10.17721/1728-2640.2018.136.1.09.

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Restoration of the chronology of Olbia Pontica IV-I centuries B.C. allowed to significantly refine the dating of a large group of inscriptions. It opens the prospect of revision of socio-political history, in particular, 2nd c. B.C. with a single chronological position. The decree in honor of Nicerat, the son of Papias, dates back to the early Roman times. The decree in honor of Stefan, the son of Alexandros belongs to the times of Mithridates VI Eupator. In the first quarter of 2nd c. B.C. a group of private dedications on granite has been issued. In the second quarter of the century is known inscription of builder walls of Posideos, the son Dionysios, which is interpreted as a measure to strengthen the city's defense from the Skilur. Four dedications of Posideos, the son of Posideos from the Naples of Scythians and one of Olbia dated to the turn of the 3rd-2nd centuries B.C. Accordingly, Posideos was not an advisor of Scilure. Traditional reading of coins legends ΒΣΕ, ΒΑΕΙΡΗ of the end of 3rd – first half of 2nd centuries B.C. as the names of the barbarian kings are only a variant of the interpretation.

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36

Nikolaiev, N. "THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF OLBIA PONTICA OF 2nd CENTURY BC IN THE LIGHT OF THE RESTORED CHRONOLOGY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 136 (2018): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2018.136.1.09.

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Restoration of the chronology of Olbia Pontica IV-I centuries B.C. allowed to significantly refine the dating of a large group of inscriptions. It opens the prospect of revision of socio-political history, in particular, 2nd c. B.C. with a single chronological position. The decree in honor of Nicerat, the son of Papias, dates back to the early Roman times. The decree in honor of Stefan, the son of Alexandros belongs to the times of Mithridates VI Eupator. In the first quarter of 2nd c. B.C. a group of private dedications on granite has been issued. In the second quarter of the century is known inscription of builder walls of Posideos, the son Dionysios, which is interpreted as a measure to strengthen the city's defense from the Skilur. Four dedications of Posideos, the son of Posideos from the Naples of Scythians and one of Olbia dated to the turn of the 3rd-2nd centuries B.C. Accordingly, Posideos was not an advisor of Scilure. Traditional reading of coins legends ΒΣΕ, ΒΑΕΙΡΗ of the end of 3rd – first half of 2nd centuries B.C. as the names of the barbarian kings are only a variant of the interpretation.

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Gushchin, Valerij. "The Image of the Past as Political Myth: Athenian autochthony." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 13, no. 1 (2019): 180–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2019-13-1-180-197.

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Myth of autochthony was very popular in Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. It states that the ancestors of the Athenians allegedly inhabited this territory from the most ancient times and were born by the Earth itself. Autochthony became a part of the national image and state propaganda. In the 4th century B.C. it was an integral part of the Funeral speeches that praised the exploits of the lost Athenians. The birth from earth and residence in one territory were different aspects of autochthony, which were merging into a single whole in the 5th century B.C. The integration of these myths occurred, perhaps, in the 5th century B.C. and was associated with the development of democracy. We however believe that it was a consequence of the Persian wars and the transformation of Athens into the Empire (arche).

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Marriner, Nick, and Christophe Morhange. "Geoarchaeological evidence for dredging in Tyre's ancient harbour, Levant." Quaternary Research 65, no. 1 (January 2006): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.07.004.

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AbstractChrono-stratigraphic data from Tyre's ancient northern harbour delineate extensive dredging practices during the Greco-Roman and Byzantine periods. Radiocarbon dates from four cores consistently cluster between ca. 500 B.C. and 1000 A.D. and indicate rapid rates of sedimentation in the basin, namely ∼10 mm/yr during the Greco-Roman and Byzantine periods, compared to 0.5–1 mm/yr for the period 6000–4000 B.C. Absence of strata between 4000 B.C. and 500 B.C. is not consistent with a natural base-level sediment sink and cannot be interpreted as a depositional hiatus in the high-stand systems tract. Ancient dredging is further corroborated by persistent age-depth inversions within the fine-grained harbour facies. These data support removal of Middle Bronze Age to Persian period sediment strata, with deliberate overdeepening of the harbour bottom by Greco-Roman and Byzantine societies.

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Pang, Kevin D., Kevin K. Yau, and Hung-Hsiang Chou. "Astronomical Dating and Statistical Analysis of Ancient Chinese Eclipse Data." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 2 (1998): 724–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600018591.

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All 13 Shang dynasty oracle bone eclipse records have been uniquely matched to 6 solar and 7 lunar eclipses in the 14-12th centuries B.C. The King Zhong Kang 5th year autumnal (Oct. 16, 1876 B.C.) and King Yu 3rd year “double sunset” (Sept. 24, 1912 B.C.) eclipses confirm the accuracy of the revised Bamboo Annals Xia dynasty chronology (Nivision and Pang, Early China 15, 1990, 87). The eclipse dates are plotted against the number of generations before 841 B.C. (earliest accurate date), the respective kings ruled. The curve of benefit has both the strengths of verified royal genealogy – continuity – and eclipse dating – accuracy. It is 99% accurate, and can be confidently used as a foundation for building a detailed absolute chronology for the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, an important project in China’s new 5-Year Plan (Song, Sci. Tech. Daily, May 17, 1996; Newsweek, July 7, 1997).

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Poehlmann, Egert. "Epicharmus and Aeschylus on Stage in Syracuse in the 5th Century." Greek and Roman Musical Studies 3, no. 1-2 (February 9, 2015): 137–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22129758-12341005.

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New excavations give clear information about the Athenian Dionysus-Theatre of the 5th century b.c.; and the stage in Western Greece can now be reconstructed by analogy with it. Vase paintings depict wooden theatres in Sicily from 400 b.c. onwards, mainly for comedy. Tragedies were performed only after 476/5 b.c., but the lively tradition of comedy since the late 6th century b.c. must have had a stage. For Epicharmus’ short comedies, which had no lyrics or chorus and were addressed to the elite of Hieron’s court, the small theatre carved into the slope of the Temenites rock was sufficient. But the performances of Aeschylus’ Aitnaiai and Persians were politically motivated productions addressed to the whole Syracusan demos; they required a chorus, and space for large audiences. The form of the theatre and its wooden stage building, designed by Damokopos Myrilla, can be hypothetically reconstructed by analogy with their Athenian counterparts.

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Wider, Kathleen. "Women Philosophers in the Ancient Greek World: Donning the Mantle." Hypatia 1, no. 1 (1986): 21–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1986.tb00521.x.

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This paper argues that there were women involved with philosophy on a fairly constant basis throughout Greek antiquity. It does so by tracing the lives and where extant the writings of these women. However, since the sources, both ancient and modern, from which we derive our knowledge about these women are so sexist and easily distort our view of these women and their accomplishments, the paper also discusses the manner in which their histories come down to us as well as the histories themselves. It discusses in detail the following women: the Pythagorean women philosophers of the 6th and 5th centuries B.C., Aspasia and Diotima of the 5th century B.C., Arete, Hipparchia, Pamphile and the women Epicureans—all from the 4th century B.C. the five logician daughters of a famous Stoic philosopher of the 3rd century B.C., and finally Hypatia who lived in the 4th century A.D.

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Kevey, Balázs, and Sándor Csete. "A horvátországi Drávaköz bükkállományai (Circaeo-Carpinetum Borhidi 2003 em. Kevey 2006b fagetosum Raus 1975)." Natura Somogyiensis, no. 12 (2008): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24394/natsom.2008.12.47.

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This paper presents the coenological analysis of a few lowland beech forest stands. The studied area is located in the north-eastern part of Croatia, in the Baranja region (Titelicum floral subdistrict). Several montane plant species are found int he investigated stands, probably originating from the "Beech I. " period (from 3000 B.C. to 800 B.C.), whereas several submediterranean species probably have survived from the "Oak period" (from 5500 B.C. to 3000 B.C.). Based on former research results, these lowland beech stands can be considered a beech subassociation of oak-hornbeam forests of the plains {Circaeo-Carpinetum fagetosum). The presence of some submediterranean plants call the attention to the relatedness of these stands to oak-hornbeam forests (Asperulo taurinae-Carpinetum) and beechwoods {Helleboro odoro-Fagetum) of the neighbouring Mecsek floral subdistrict (Sopianicum). These beech stands are of high significance in terms of floristic and vegetation history, thus deserve strict protection.

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Mattingly, Harold B. "Scipio Aemilianus' Eastern Embassy." Classical Quarterly 36, no. 2 (December 1986): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800012222.

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The famous eastern tour of inspection undertaken by Scipio Aemilianus, L. Metellus Calvus and Sp. Mummius is now generally dated 140/39 b.c., where Diodorus seems to put it. The accepted view, however, involves discounting an explicit statement by Cicero. It also presents historical difficulties. In 140 b.c. there was no need for such a high-powered Roman initiative, and scholars can discover only very minor political results. Sherwin-White indeed criticised the envoys severely, especially Scipio; they were culpably blind to the new menace of Parthia, which was steadily dismembering the Seleucid Empire east of the Euphrates. This is fair criticism only on the 140/39 b.c. dating. Did Scipio and his colleagues fail to see what is patent to us today? It is time to reexamine rigorously the underlying assumption.In Acad. prior. 2.5 Cicero defends a Roman noble's love of Greek learning in the following terms:ego autem cum Graecas litteras M. Catonem in senectute didicisse acceperim, P. autem Africani historiae loquantur in legatione illa nobili, quam ante censuram obiit, Panaetium unum omnino comitem fuisse, nec litterarum Graecarum nee philosophiae iam ullum auctorem requiro.The date of the embassy must be 144/3 b.c., if we follow the logic of this passage. Scipio was censor with L. Mummius in 142/1 b.c. and their public quarrel was hardly less notable than the embassy, in which L. Mummius' brother shared. Another Ciceronian passage – written some six years earlier – seems to contradict the dating offered in 45 b.c. In de republica 6.11 the elder Africanus prophesies his grandson's future greatness in the famous dream:

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Abraham, Abigail, Moses Auza, and Enene Marcus. "Protective Effect of Buchholzia coriacea (Wonderful Kola) on Aluminium Chloride Induced Neurotoxicity on the Prefrontal Cortex of Adult Male Wistar Rat." Nigerian Journal of Neuroscience 15, no. 1 (July 18, 2024): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47081/njn2024.15.1/003.

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Aluminium is highly prevalent in the environment, and due to its possible neurotoxicity, this study assessed the neuroprotective effect of Buchholzia coriacea seed extract (B.C.) on the prefrontal cortex of aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced neurotoxicity in adult Wistar rats. Twenty-five male rats weighing 119 to 286 g were divided into five groups of five rats each. 1 mL of distilled water was administered to the control group, while other groups received 250 mg/kg B.C. only, 200 mg/kg AlCl3 only, 200 mg/kg AlCl3 + 50 mg/kg B.C., and 200 mg/kg AlCl3 + 250 mg/kg B.C. The study employed the Y-maze test to assess for spatial memory, bio-chemical analyses of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and cata-lase (CAT) levels to determine possible oxidative stress and cellular damage, as well as histological tech-niques using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to determine morphological changes in the cells. Results showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the total arm entries, percentage alternation, SOD, CAT, and GSH. However, the MDA level was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the AlCl3 group when compared to the control. Prefrontal cortex histology revealed several fragmentations, vacuolated cells, dark pyknotic neurons, and neuropil in AlCl3-treated groups, which suggest neurodegeneration. B.C., on the other hand, caused a significant decrease in MDA levels and a significant increase in CAT and SOD levels and attenuated the prefrontal cortex neuronal cells following AlCl3 exposure. This study therefore concludes that AlCl3-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxic effects, which the B.C. protected from.

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Buonassisi, Andrea J., Hugh A. Daubeny, and B. Peters. "THE B.C. RASPBERRY CERTIFICATION PROGRAM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 262 (November 1989): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.262.24.

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Gries, Konrad, Livy, and P. G. Walsh. "Livy: Book XXXVI (191 B.C.)." Classical World 86, no. 1 (1992): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4351224.

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Blamire, Alec. "Athenian Finance, 454-404 B.C." Hesperia 70, no. 1 (January 2001): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2668488.

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Ryan, F. X. "Senate intervenants in 50 b.c." Classical Quarterly 44, no. 2 (December 1994): 542–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800044025.

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M. Bonnefond-Coudry has performed a great service by compiling a list of senators who are known to have spoken in the senate (‘intervenants’) in the first century b.c. Yet her list for the year 50 invites a thoroughgoing revision. Beside the rubric ‘supplicatio à Cicéron’ she gives the following list: Cato, Hirrus, Balbus, Lentulus (Spinther?), Domitius (Ahenobarbus or Calvinus), Scipio, Favonius. She also notes that Pompey spoke at a session late in the year (App. b.c. 2.28–9, instead of her reference, 2.29–30), and maintains that Scipio spoke on 1 December (Plut. Caes. 30.4–6).

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HJGAARD, KAREN. "Dentition on Bahrain, 2000 B.C." European Journal of Oral Sciences 88, no. 6 (October 1, 2007): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1980.tb01256.x.

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Waldichuk, M. "Shellfish toxicity persists in B.C." Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, no. 5 (May 1987): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(87)90454-1.

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